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Crusaders and Commissars: a Comparative Study of the Motivation of Volunteers in the Popular and National Armies in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

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Crusaders and Commissars: a Comparative Study of the Motivation of Volunteers in the Popular and National Armies in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 Crusaders and Commissars: A Comparative Study of the Motivation of Volunteers in the Popular and National Armies in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 Christopher Bannister Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 09 September 2014 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Crusaders and Commissars: A Comparative Study of the Motivation of Volunteers in the Popular and National Armies in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 Christopher Bannister Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Heinz Gerhard Haupt, EUI (Supervisor) Prof. Xosé-Manoel Núñez Seixas, LMU München (Supervisor) Prof. Lucy Riall, EUI Prof. Mary Vincent, University of Sheffield © Christopher Bannister, 2014 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author i Abstract This thesis is a comparative analysis of the propaganda programmes employed in the motivation of volunteer soldiers in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. It focuses on the successes and failures of each programme in convincing volunteers from various political backgrounds to fight for values that differed from those for which they took up arms. The programme of the Francoist National Army, known as ‘the Crusade’, presented the war as a conflict between the true, Christian Spain and a Muscovite invader, intent of destroying the nation and enslaving its people. The Popular Army’s programme was neither as singular nor as emotive and the message that was presented was a diffuse one. Evoking Spanish nationalism, proletarianism and antifascism, ‘Republicanism’, as this thesis shall refer to it, was designed to broadly appeal to all groups within the disparate Republic polity. The thesis first establishes the content of both programmes clearly and the means by which they were disseminated, with special attention paid to the Political Commissariat of the Popular Army. Attention then turns to how each programme was presented to the volunteer soldiers of four distinct political affiliations across four case study chapters. On the Republican side the case studies chosen are those of the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Basque nationalist Partido Nacionalista Vasco, while the Francoist case studies are the fascist Falange Española de las JONS and the reactionary, parochial and Catholic Comunión Tradicionalista. Each case study examines how each programme was presented to politically motivated soldiers and what ideological questions were emphasised, answered, altered or ignored in order to ensure volunteers’ continued bellicosity. The thesis will highlight the innate advantages of having a coherent, singular motivational programme such as the Crusade over a more diffuse, all-encompassing programme, such as the one presented to the soldiery of the Popular Army. However, it will also highlight that, with a propaganda service as dedicated as the Republic’s Political Commissariat, the Republic was able to overcome some (although not all) of its inherent disadvantages. ii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: 'The Sacred Crusade to Save Spain' – The Martial-Political Discourse of the Ejército Nacional .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter Two: Defining ‘Republicanism’ – The Motivational Programme of the Ejército Popular, 1936-1939 .................................................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter Three: Revolution or Victory – Cenetista motivations in the Popular Army .................................................................................................................................................. 95 Chapter Four: God, Patria and Freedom – Motivating the gudaris of the Euzko Gudarostea ................................................................................................................................................ 149 Chapter Five: A ‘March on Madrid’ – Requetés and the Crusade ................................................................................................................................................ 195 Chapter Six: ‘Rescuing the Patria from the clutches of beasts’ – Falange Volunteers and the Crusade ............................................................................................................................................... 249 Appendix I ............................................................................................................................ 321 Appendix II ........................................................................................................................... 322 Appendix III ......................................................................................................................... 323 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 325 iii Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the help of the following people and to them I extend my sincere gratitude. Firstly, to the various senior academics who have been involved in the project, chief among them my supervisor at the EUI, Prof. Heinz Gerhard Haupt. Without his unwavering support and prudent advice over the past five years, there would be no final draft. Secondly to my co-supervisor, Prof. Xosé-Manoel Núñez Seixas, whose own knowledge and enthusiasm for the topic never faltered when my own flagged. His criticism of and input to the project allowed it to be what it is today. To Prof. Steve Smith, whose always forthright – yet always welcome – criticism helped to focus the thesis and allow me understand what I wished to write. Finally, to Dr. Alejandro Quiroga, whose support for, and friendship throughout, all my academic endeavours has been invaluable. The thesis would also not have been possible without the help of the various members of staff at the various institutions where it was written and researched. The staff at the EUI library deserve special praise for their constant willingness to provide me with the myriad and increasingly idiosyncratic materials that I regularly requested. Outside of Florence, the staff at the library of Newcastle University as well as those of the Biblioteca Nacional de España also deserve special thanks, as do they at the various archives I have visited over the past four years; The IISG in Amsterdam, the Archivo General de Militar in Ávila, the Sabino Arana Fundazioa in Bilbao, the Hemeroteca Municipal in Madrid and the Centro Documental de Memoria Histórica in Salamanca. I would also like to thank all those whose patient instruction and help allowed me to (partially) overcome my linguistic failings and write this thesis. To Edurne Iraizoz, Juana Lamote de Grignon and María Consuelo López Vicente, I offer my gratitude and thanks to you, not least for your patience with my repeated butchering of your beautiful language. The list of people whose friendship I have been lucky enough to enjoy over the writing of this thesis is too long to put here. However, to all my friends, from Florence, Manchester, Newcastle, Madrid, London and beyond to whom I owe thanks, you know who you are and I will ensure to thank you all in person when I next see you. Special thanks is owed to my parents, Dr Paul Bannister and Dr Sherry Faye, who provided not only lofty academic targets to emulate, but the love and support to ensure that I could attempt to do so. iv Finally, any attempt to articulate my gratitude to Hannah Knowles would be insufficient, I deserve neither her love nor friendship and am eternally thankful to have received each daily. 1 Introduction Seventy-five years after the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War this thesis will ask a question with a simple premise, what motivated men to fight in it? It is a question that has captivated scholars, many of whom have focused on the international aspect, looking at why soldiers from across the world chose to fight in the war.1 This investigation will, rather than continue this approach, instead look at volunteers from Spain who were as equally motivated as their international brethren. Yet it will not merely examine their initial motivations for joining the conflict, but ask how and why they continued to do so, even after their original motives had been quashed. The exact question investigated by this thesis revolves around the success of overarching motivational frameworks in enthusing previously politically affiliated soldiers to fight in the Republic’s Popular Army and Franco’s National Army. The hope is to contribute an original study on the successes and failures
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