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La Presencia Italiana En La Guerra Civil Española

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La Presencia Italiana En La Guerra Civil Española Máster Interuniversitario Europeo: Europa y el mundo Atlántico, Poder, cultura y sociedad. Trabajo Fin de Máster. 2013/2014. La Presencia italiana en la Guerra Civil Española: El Corpo Truppe Volontarie en la provincia de Burgos. Autora: Carlota Martínez Sáez. Tutora: Mª Concepción Marcos del Olmo A mis cinco abuelos. Los de aquí y los que esperan en la eternidad. Agradecimientos. Quisiera aprovechar para dedicar unas breves palabras a todos los que me han presentado una ayuda sincera y desinteresada y que han contribuido de diversas maneras a la realización de este trabajo. A mi familia por su apoyo y comprensión, especialmente a mis padres. A quienes han dejado su testimonio, agradecerles su valiosa colaboración. A los historiadores y amigos, por sus sugerencias, por facilitarme materiales imprescindibles o simplemente por aportar soluciones cuando intentaba apagar incendios con vasos de agua. Así como agradecer al personal de los diferentes archivos que me han ayudado. En especial al Archivo Municipal de Burgos, al Archivio Provinciale di Bolzano y al Monasterio de Bujedo. A Pascual Martínez Sopena y a Mauricio Herrero Jiménez, por trasmitir grandes dosis de conocimiento a través de palabras siempre amables y tranquilizadoras. Y para finalizar, a Mº Concepción Marcos del Olmo, por haberme permitido, bajo su guía y magisterio, haber realizado el presente estudio. A quienes nos infunden o infundieron ánimos para seguir batallando en una historia única, cotidiana y anónima, gracias. La Presencia del CTV en la provincia de Burgos. Índice. 1. Estado de la Cuestión del estudio. .............................................................................. 11 1.1 Estado de la Cuestión general. .............................................................................. 11 1.2 Estado de la Cuestión del caso particular Burgalés: ............................................. 23 2. Hipótesis de trabajo y metodología. ........................................................................... 33 2.1 El valor de los testimonios. .................................................................................. 33 2.2 El perfil de los informantes. ................................................................................. 35 2.2.1 Entrevistas ...................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 La memoria escrita ......................................................................................... 35 3. La intervención italiana .............................................................................................. 37 3.1 Aspectos Generales. .............................................................................................. 37 3.2 Organización militar del contingente italiano desplegado en España. ................. 42 3.3 El Número de material y volumen del contingente enviado desde Italia a España. .................................................................................................................................... 51 3 4. Naturaleza, procedencia y perfil de los combatientes. ......................................... 54 4. La presencia del CTV en la provincia burgalesa. ....................................................... 67 4.1 La importancia geoestratégica de la provincia...................................................... 67 4.2 Las zonas de retaguardia ...................................................................................... 71 4.2.1 Aranda de Duero (como sede de la base nord italiana en España) ................ 71 4.2.1.1 Peñaranda de Duero ................................................................................. 74 4.2.2 Burgos Capital. .............................................................................................. 81 4.2.3 La comarca de la Bureba y Miranda de Ebro. ................................................ 90 7 Carlota Martínez Sáez 4.2.3.1 Miranda de Ebro. ..................................................................................... 99 4.2.3.2 Orón ...................................................................................................... 105 4.2.3.3 Los pueblos alaveses cercanos a Miranda. ............................................ 106 4.2.3.4 Monasterio de Bujedo ............................................................................ 108 4.2.3.5 Fresno de Rio Tirón ............................................................................... 113 4.2.3.5 Briviesca. ............................................................................................... 115 4.2.3.6.Bañuelos de Bureba. .............................................................................. 120 4.2.3.7 Grisaleña. ............................................................................................... 120 4.2.3.8. Busto de Bureba. .................................................................................. 123 4.2.3.9 Cubo de Bureba. .................................................................................... 128 4.2.3.10 Pancorbo .............................................................................................. 130 4.3 Las zonas burgalesas de vanguardia: Las Merindades. ...................................... 133 4.3.1 Trespaderne. ................................................................................................. 134 4.3.2. Bocos. .......................................................................................................... 136 4.3.3. Villarcayo .................................................................................................... 137 4.3.4. Medina de Pomar. ....................................................................................... 147 4.3.5. Poza de la Sal. ............................................................................................. 148 4.3.6. El Almiñe y Quintana de Valdivienso......................................................... 150 4.3.7. La zona de primera línea de Batalla: Ahedo, Cidad, Dosante..................... 153 4.4 Batalla del Puerto del Escudo ............................................................................. 155 4.4.1 El Hospital Militar de Oña. .......................................................................... 157 5. Espacios de muerte y memoria: el mausoleo italiano del Puerto del Escudo .......... 161 8 La Presencia del CTV en la provincia de Burgos. 6. Conclusiones ............................................................................................................. 165 7. Anexos. ..................................................................................................................... 171 7.1 Anexos Documentales y fotográficos. ................................................................ 171 7.2 Mapas .................................................................................................................. 171 8. Fuentes y Bibliografía. ............................................................................................. 172 8.1 Fuentes consultadas ............................................................................................ 172 8.2 Entrevistados. ...................................................................................................... 173 8.3 Bibliografia. ........................................................................................................ 175 9 La Presencia del CTV en la provincia de Burgos. 1. Estado de la Cuestión del estudio. 1.1 Estado de la Cuestión general. Tal vez el acontecimiento histórico español ocurrido entre 1936 y 1939 sea el que más obras historiográficas ha producido a nivel internacional y que aun, a día de hoy, genera polémicas tanto políticas como historiográficas. Precisamente uno de los aspectos que más polémica ha despertado dentro de la ingente cantidad de obras publicadas sobre la contienda española y no siempre a nivel historiográfico es el de la intervención extranjera en la guerra, sobre todo en lo que respecta a las dos grandes potencias que se verían las caras irremediablemente unos años después: Alemania y la Unión Soviética, sin dejar de lado el papel jugado por el tercer elemento, con las democracias liberales de Inglaterra y Francia y su postura de no-intervención. Tal y como expone José Miguel Campo Rizo1, quizá sea exagerado afirmar que la guerra civil fuera el primer campo de batalla previo a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero es incuestionable que en España se sentaron las bases del posterior Eje Roma-Berlín. No obstante en la península ibérica se enfrentaron los tres grandes sistemas ideológicos que pugnaban por el control de Europa Occidental: el comunismo, el fascismo y la democracia liberal. Cuando estalló la guerra, ambos bandos pidieron inmediatamente ayuda a los gobiernos extranjeros que por su postura previa pudiera parecer más probable que simpatizaran con su causa. Los hechos se fueron sucediendo a una velocidad de vértigo y antes de que hubieran pasado dos semanas desde el fallido golpe de estado, la prensa francesa informaba de que el gobierno galo apoyaba al gobierno legítimo de la República 1 CAMPO RIZO, José Miguel, La ayuda de Mussolini a Franco en la Guerra civil española, Arco libros, Madrid 2009, p. 9. 11 Carlota Martínez Sáez mientras Italia y Alemania hacían alusiones triunfantes sobre el bando de los rebeldes. Así, hay que suponer que la Guerra Civil obtuvo el perfil de un conflicto ideológico mundial que se disputaba en suelo español y que lógicamente puede apreciarse en la evolución
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