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UNIVERSITÉ DE LA POLYNÉSIE FRANCAISE Mythes UNIVERSITÉ DE LA POLYNÉSIE FRANCAISE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE : MILIEUX INSULAIRES ULTRA-MARINS THÈSE de DOCTORAT En langues et cultures océaniennes Claude TERIIEROOITERAI Mythes, astronomie, découpage du temps et navigation traditionnelle : l’héritage océanien contenu dans les mots de la langue tahitienne Sous la direction de Claire MOYSE-FAURIE, Directrice de recherches au CNRS, et de Monsieur Bruno SAURA, Professeur à l’Université de la Polynésie française Présentée et soutenue le 09 décembre 2013 JURY : Pr. Éric Conte (Université de la Polynésie française) Mme Anne DI PIAZZA (CNRS, pré-rapporteur) Pr. Patrick V. KIRCH (Université de Berkeley, pré-rapporteur) Pr. Bruno SAURA (Directeur de thèse, Université de la Polynésie française) Mme Claire MOYSE-FAURIE (co-directrice de thèse, CNRS) Itoito manu rere hau « Courageux est l’oiseau au vol paisible » (Teuira Henry) REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance à toutes celles et tous ceux qui m’ont encouragé et qui ont contribué à la réalisation de la présente thèse. La recherche, dit-on, doit avant tout être un jeu et un plaisir. Je n’ai pas vu passer les quatre dernières années, tellement elles furent riches en émotion, car marquées par des rencontres fascinantes, des maîtres navigateurs polynésiens, des spécialistes de la linguistique, de l’anthropologie et de l’archéologie océanienne. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Bruno Saura, à qui je dois ce sujet de recherche. Son dynamisme, son soutien moral et son ouverture d’esprit, pendant toutes ces années, m’ont donné le courage d’aller jusqu’au bout. J’adresse mes plus sincères remerciements à Claire Moyse-Faurie et à Eric Conte qui m’ont éclairé de leurs conseils. Je tiens également à remercier Anne Di Piazza et Patrick V. Kirch, de leur disponibilité, bien qu’ils soient très sollicités. Ma thèse n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans le patient travail de mes relecteurs. Christophe Lassagne, pour ses précieuses remarques sur le fond, et Maître Frank Marchand, pour ses commentaires syntaxiques et stylistiques. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi à mon ami navigateur, Henri Python, qui est sorti momentanément de sa retraite bretonne, pour réaliser les illustrations, à Sébastien Buirette, pour ses conseils en informatique dans la réalisation de la carte vectorisée du ciel tahitien et à Sylviane Garçon, pour qui le fonctionnement de Word n’a pas de secret. Je suis très reconnaissant à Michel Charpentier, mon professeur de linguistique, pendant les années de master. C’est en entamant, sur ses conseils, un travail sur les mots tahitiens d’origines océaniennes, que les concepts astronomiques tahitiens me sont apparus. Qu’il me soit également permis de remercier mes amis Hawaiiens de la Polynesian Voyaging Society, le maître-navigateur, Nainoa Thomson, qui m’a encouragé à aller jusqu’au bout, après avoir pris connaissance des « rua » et des « pou » et ses compagnons navigateurs, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Shantell De Silva, Catherine Fuller, ainsi que Tua Pittman, le maître navigateur de Rarotonga. Merci à mes amis de l’association culturelle Haururu, Urarii, Vetea, Christine, Mateata, Doris, etc., au directeur John Doom, ainsi qu’à tous les membres du Fare Vana’a / Académie Tahitienne, au président de Karuru Vanaga / Académie Pa’umotu, Jean Kape, au président de Tuhuna o te Eo Enata / Académie marquisienne, Toti Teikiehuupoko. Un grand merci enfin, à mon épouse, Diana, pour son soutien sans faille, sa compréhension et sa grande patience, ce qui m’a permis de mener, en toute sérénité, ce projet, ainsi qu’à nos enfants et petits-enfants. A ma famille, à mes proches et à tous ceux que je n’ai pas cités, et qui ont eu une part dans ce travail, un seul mot, māuruuru. i ii MYTHES, ASTRONOMIE, DÉCOUPAGE DU TEMPS ET NAVIGATION TRADITIONNELLE : L’HÉRITAGE OCÉANIEN CONTENU DANS LES MOTS DE LA LANGUE TAHITIENNE TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................. i TABLE DES MATIÈRES ........................................................................................................ iii ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE I : AUX ORIGINES............................................................................................... 7 1. À la découverte de l’astronomie tahitienne .................................................................. 7 2. À la découverte des navigateurs Tahitiens ................................................................. 13 3. Aux sources austronésiennes ..................................................................................... 21 4. Les origines linguistiques ........................................................................................... 23 5. Les langues océaniennes ............................................................................................ 27 6. Les Océaniens « Lapita » ........................................................................................... 32 7. Les origines génétiques .............................................................................................. 34 8. Le tahitien, le bout d’un voyage commencé à Taiwan .............................................. 38 9. Les sources écrites ..................................................................................................... 39 CHAPITRE II : MYTHES ET RÉALITÉS ............................................................................. 43 1. Mythologie et cosmogonie ......................................................................................... 43 2. Astronomie traditionnelle et astrologie ...................................................................... 50 3. La rationalité du mythe .............................................................................................. 54 4. Linguistique et mythe ................................................................................................. 63 CHAPITRE III : COSMOGONIE ET COSMOLOGIE .......................................................... 71 1. État des connaissances au moment du contact ........................................................... 71 2. La coutume du pī ........................................................................................................ 89 3. Cosmogonie tahitienne ............................................................................................... 92 a. La création du monde ............................................................................................ 92 b. La séparation du ciel et de la terre ......................................................................... 99 c. L’apparition des corps célestes ............................................................................ 101 d. L’érection du dôme du ciel .................................................................................. 111 iii e. La répartition du dôme en dix « ciels » ............................................................... 114 4. La représentation du monde ..................................................................................... 117 CHAPITRE IV : ASTRONOMIE .......................................................................................... 127 1. Richesse des termes ................................................................................................. 127 a Les termes géographiques ................................................................................... 127 b Rua mata’i : compas et chemin des vents ........................................................... 129 2. Les termes astronomiques ........................................................................................ 137 3. Les astres : fetūhoro, ‘avei’a, ta’urua, ‘ana, pou .................................................... 140 a. Fetū-horo : planètes ............................................................................................. 140 b. ‘Avei’a : étoiles-guides zénithales ....................................................................... 142 c. Hui fetū ou hui tārava : constellations ................................................................ 143 d. Ta’u-rua : étoiles-guides à l’horizon, repères de rua .......................................... 146 e. Rua : chemin d’étoiles ......................................................................................... 148 f. Rua : Dans les autres îles polynésiennes ............................................................. 155 g. ‘Anā : repère de pou ............................................................................................ 156 h. Pou : pilier céleste - méridien .............................................................................. 160 4. Les étoiles et les constellations remarquables du ciel tahitien ................................. 166 CHAPITRE V : NAVIGATION ASTRONOMIQUE ........................................................... 171 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 171 2. Navigation par les Rua, les« chemins d’étoiles » .................................................... 172 a. Premier préalable : identifier les ’avei’a, les « étoiles zénithales », du point de départ et de la cible ...........................................................................................
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