‘l’he return of re~ìllable

Refillable containers are an ancient tra- From 1950 to 1973, the number of soft dition. Aztecs, Mayans and other native bottling plants in the United States by Americans were using refillable clay con- decreased by 60 percent while sales in Scott Chaplin tainers centuries before other settlers set the industry increased by 276 percent. foot on the continent. Abigail Adams, Ben- During this period, many small bottlers Scott Chaplin wrote this article as a re- jamin Franklin, Harriet Tubman and were bought out, merged or folded as the search associate for the Institute for Local Thomas Jefferson all lived in times when 20 largest bottlers increased their markei Self-Reliance in Washington, D.C. He is nearly all bottles were washed and share from 20 to 32 percent (2). As a bot-, now employed with the Rocky Mountain reused. tling company expanded its market share Institute in Snowmass. Colorado. Although there is a general perception by increasing the geographic range of iti that the use of refillable bottles has de- distribution network, the conveniente oi clined everywhere, this trend is not uni- one-way containers became more attraq versal. Recent concern about the environ- tive. For large bottlers to compete in local, ment, coupled with favorable economics markets where refillables had a cost ad-’ Although the use of refill- has led to an increase in the use of refill- vantage over throwaway bottles, small able bottles has declined 8 ables in some areas. bottlers needed to be removed as a com! over the last 30 years, en- petitive forte for the most costly ec! Thirty years of change onomics of conveniente to succeed. s vironmental and economic I To understand the environmental and Statistics on tri e rates are hard t concerns are leading to their economic effects of using refillable glass growing use. bottles, one must first assess how many times - or trips - a goes from the bottler to the customer and back. The number of times a bottle is refilled their bottles five to SIX times per yea is known as “trippage.” According to average, however, is probably I Douglas Dichting, manager of Coca- While one Michigan Coca-Cola bottler Cola’s recycling planning and programs, ported that between 98 and 99 percen in the 1950s refillable Coke bottles aver- his company’s refillable bottles were aged 50 trippages; today the average for turned for refilling, a Texas Coca-C Coke bottles has fallen to 8.5 (1). Pepsi- bottler reported a return rate of only Cola reports -current trippage rates be- percent. tween 5 and 20 in various locations in The higher rate of retur Canada. dueto the well-developed The decline in trippage rates parallels frastructure that exists in the decline in the refillable glass bottle’s share of the container market. Dichting identified the cause of the decline to changing consumer lifestyles that de- is sold. The cont manded more “convenient” packaging, are sorted at the but small bottling companies claim the move to one-way containers was part of a concerted effort by larger bottling companies to dominate the mar- not uncommon to find a bottle on ket. While the advent of the “throwaway store shelf that was manufactured in tN society” in the 1950s certainly hastened early 1970s. One Pennsylvania soft dii the demise of refillables, the effect of in- bottler used bottles that were manufa? creasing market consolidation by large tured, on average, in the mid-1960s s c . bottlers on the decline of refillables is less some that were manufactured as far bah clear. as 1926. and soft have the lowest impact OI the environment when trippage rates are above six to 10 (3). 7 It is generally agreed that the mos energy efficient and environmentall! friendly containers are refillable glass bot Environmental effects they are actually refilled. The major tles for single-serving (M-liter or less) bee. Refillable bottles affect the environment studies on the effects of containers indi- and soft drink containers (3). While larger less than one-way containers, but only if cate that refillable glass bottles for beverage containers, such as half-gallon

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Circle 217 on RR service card . -- I

*\ Pennsylvania bottler Peter Chokola seis Economics soft drinks in bottles that are over 18 At the retail level, beverages are generally years old (1). Major brands of beer and soft less expensive in a refillable container drinks are still availabie in refillables in the than in the same one-way container. Pre- U.S. (2and3). liminary results from a price survey being conducted by the United States Public In- terest Research Group indicates that most brands of beer and soft drinks are 20 to 40 percent cheaper when purchased they are refilled. Accordincl to E. Gifford in a refillable container than the same bev- Stabk of the National Soft ¡%nk Associa- erage in the same size one-way container tion, refillable glass bot-tles are absolutely (sale prices excluded). safe and sanitary. Colleen Newell, a representative of the

3 w ate lnd gallon sizes, are available in both re- bllable glass and refillable plastic, only ie Jlass is used for single-serving refillable me containers in the United States. las A 1989 study by Franklin Associates !SS mmpared i6-ounce (almost Witer) re- ile fillable glass bottles with 16-ounce poly- llf-l ethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bot- TURWIWGUWMANAGEABLE - Ues, 12-ounce aluminum cans and sev- eralother sizes of one-way glass and PET SCRAP... I containers, including three-liter PET bot- Powerful Sweed Choppers set you free tles. The Franklin study showed that at from the hassle and cut the cost of current recycling rates, a 16-ounce re- scrap disposal! They dramatically cut w fillable glass bottle refilled eight times has the lowest atmospheric emissions and waterwastes impact of any of the alterna- of those unwanted materials that crowd into valuable lies, including three-liter PET bottles. In addition, the study showed that even if floor space, hamper efficient production and cause .~nrefillable containers were made from housekeeping and safety problems. @O percent recycled materials, and if re- Sweed Choppers pay for themselves by providing fillables were used 20 times, refillables Wuld still have the lowest impact for more operating space, increasing ‘be types of emissions. productivity and producing ! in terms of solid waste, refillables are premium-priced recyclable scrap JW’of the lowest waste generators. At :MaY’s recycling rates, according to the from unwanted wíre, strap, bands, Lffmklin study, a 16-ounce glass bottle seals, tubing, cable, extrusions, plas- refilledeight times generates far less solid tics and steel bar. e than other single-serving contain- the exception of 12-ounce alu- :pum cans. Most of the solid waste cal- . ..lHTOMAWAGEABLE ASSETS. wted for the refillable bottles was due bunrecycled broken or discarded bottles gh caps, carriers, pallets and min: tes were also taken into account bottles pose no health threats Sweed Mzhinery, Inc. rs. Bottle washing plants in tates use high technology op- P.O. Box 228 l Gold Hill, Oregon 97525 aromatic contamination detec- Toll Pree 1-800-888-1352 sure that bottles are free of sub- (503) 855-1512l Fax (503) 855-1165 Bottles are washed and rinsed l times at high temperatures before 0 1990. Sweed Machinmy, Lnc Clrcle 184 on RR service card Ontario Soft Drink Association and an em- approximately half as much as the con- when they shop. Aluminum cans, which ployee of Pepsí-Cola in Canada, recently taíner ítself. The cost of containers varíes are often the most expensive beer and stated that one of the main selling points wídely, depending on the quantity or- soft drínk contaíners, are also the most of soft drinks sold in refillables was the dered, delivery distances and other fac- popular in the United States. For example, 30 percent cost savings to consumers. In tors. A brief survey of severa1 suppliers alumínum cans captured about half of the 1989, both Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola showed that 12-ounce aluminum cans beer market ín 1989 (see Table 1). conducted studies in Canada that com- cost approximately 8.0 to 8.5 cents each, In addition to the lower cost to the con- pared the consumer price for their product 12-ounce bí-metal cans cost 7.5 to 8.0 sumer over the lífe of the container, the sold in refillables compared to nonre- cents per can, 16-ounce PET bottles cost use of refíllable glass bottles yields other fillables. In both studies, 16 ounces of bev- 7.5 to 8.0 cents each, one-way 16-ounce economic benefits. Refillable bottle sys- erage averaged approximately 4.5 cents glass bottles cost 9.0 to 13.8 cents, and in nonrefillables and 30 cents in refillables refíllable l&ounce glass bottles cost ap- (in Canadian funds). proximately 20 to 30 cents each. W Table 1 - Estimated draught A comparison of milk sold in refillable Many bottlers prefer customized re- and container sharc and nonrefillable plastic containers fillables. Small bottlers that market their by state, 1989 showed a cost advantage of 10 cents per own brand of beverages often fínd the cost (in percent) gallon for refillables. This savings was re- of customized bottles prohibítive due to Metal One-way Refillable ported by the Stuart’s chain of conveni- poor economíes of scale. Bottle manufac- State -cans hopo bottles Draug ence stores in New York with a Lexan (an turers are reluctant to change bottle molds Alabama 85 ll 1 3 engineered plastic) jug, and also by the and composition formulas for small or- Alaska ai 32 1 6 Schroeder Daity in Minnesota with a high ders. Refillable glass bottles, whether Arizona 60 27 4 9 density polyethylene container. Further- customized or standard bottle type, are Arkansas 79 15 2 4 California 53 35 4 a more, orange juice is available for $1.29 more expensive than one-way bottles be- Colorado 53 25 6 16 per quart and soft drinks for $0.50 per cause they are thicker and heavier to pre- Connecticut 56 15 15 14 quart delivered in refillable glass bottles vent breakage. Delaware 76 6 6 12 in Pennsylvania. The cost of a single servíng of a bever- D.C. 55 34 1 10 A general rule of thumb in the beer and age has líttle to do with the popularity of Florida 66 22 1 9 Georgia 72 22 1 5 soft drink industry is that the conten& of íts container type; conveniente plays a Hawaii 63 31 1 5 a single-serving one-way container cost far greater role in most consumers’ mínds Idaho 62 16 6 16 Illinois 57 26 2 15 Indiana 72 12 7 9 Iowa 54 ll ll 24 Kansas 69 14 3 14 Kentucky 73 17 4 6 Louisiana 72 21 1 6 Maine 56 ia 19 7 Maryland 58 29 2 11 Massachusetts 49 17 23 ll Michigan 50 24 14 12 : Minnesota 54 19 10 í7 :: Mississippi 75 22 1 2 :i Missouri 67 19 3 ll T< Montana 68 15 4 í3 : Nebraska 64 17 4 15 ; Nevada 48 40 2 NewHampshire 63 29 2 NewJersey 45 37 6 NewMexiw 72 20 1 NewYork 40 35 12 Introducing . . . NorthCarolina 67 28 1 NorthDakota 74 15 2 Ohio 57 28 5 Oklahoma 72 15 4 Oregon 52 22 7 Pennsylvania 40 26 12 Curbside Recycling Made Easy! RhodeIsland 48 36 4 SouthCarolina 72 22 2 The new Curb Runner from Brothers Industries SouthDakota 72 14 3 makes curbside recycling quick and efficient. DD Tennessee 62 33 1 Brothers Industries, a leading innovator in the Texas 70 22 2 solid waste industry, designed the Curb Runner DD Utah 65 22 2 recycling trailer for long-lasting, trouble-free oper- BROTHERS Vermont 50 16 25 ation in all types of weather & conditions. INOUSTRIESINC Virginia 65 25 2 Brothers Industries Washington 50 27 4 For more information on Curb Runner recycling Hwy. 59 South WestVirginia 72 la 1 trailers or Load Runner transfer trailers, contact: P.O. Box 190 Wisconsin 53 14 Monis. MN 56267 Wyoming 61 27 Call Toll Free l-800-833-6045 Source:Beer Institute,1990.

Circle 36 on RR service card

134 Resource Recychg March 1991 -._ ‘_. ..------_--1 z<_-~_...-. _ .._._.. _

whict- s strengthen local economies. Gener- since 1985 that mandates the use of re- Danish officials estimate that 99 per- ser ant speakìng, most refillable bottlers are fillable bottles for at least 30 percent of cent of their country’s beer and soft drink e mos lted near their distribution areas, thus the beer and soft drink container mix. The bottles are collected and refilled (8). In the :ample ing to the number of local jobs. Also, recently elected provincial government for Netherlands, refillable bottles represent If of tht ‘e labor is required at a plant that Ontario, the New Democratic Party, rode 90 percent of the beer market, 45 percent ). ;hes and refills containers than at a to victory on a platform that incorporated of the soft drink market and 30 percent of he con lt that uses only one-way containers. severa1 green initiatives, including a call the milk market (9). ler, thl for a return to the use of refillable bottles In Japan, 1.8-liter refillable bottles are Is othe for all soft drinks, beer, ales, wine coolers still the most popular containers for soy tle sy~ Berience elsewhere and Ontario-produced wine and liquor sauce and sake. A deposit makes these iost other countries, refillable contain- sold in the province. bottles a valuable commodity for recycling for beer and soft drinks are still the In Mexico, refillables account for over processors, although the use of plastic ght 17. 80 percent of the beer container market bottles is beginning to dampen demand. ihare he United States is surrounded by re- and over 70 percent of the soft drink con- A new “Ecomark” rating system that is ales. Disposable glass beer bottles are tainer market (6). being placed on environmentally friendly available in Canada, where refillables Other countries use refillables exten- products is expected to increase the use ounted for 73.5 percent of the beer sively. In 1978, 94 percent of the pack- of refillables (10). Draught tainer market in 1989 (5). According aged beer and 88 percent of the soft The reliance on refillables worldwide 3 he Brewers Association of Canada, drinks in West Germany were sold in re- isn’t limited to just beer and soft drink con- 6 3 percent of the beer bottles used fillable containers. While these percent- tainers. In India, ballpoint pens and 9 :anada are returned for refilling. On ages fell during the ‘8Os, new efforts are cigarette lighters are refilled as well as 4 ce Edward Island, all packaged beer being made to reverse the decline. The beverage bottles. In Central America, 6 16 been sold in refillable bottles since West German government has seta 1991 motor oil is often sold in refillable glass 14 mid-1970s, all packaged soft drinks goal of 90 percent refillable containers for bottles; automobile battery cases are re- 12 :e 1984, and all wine coolers since beer and mineral waters, 80 percent for filled with fresh lead and acid; and cooking 10 9. carbonated beverages, 35 percent for fruit oil and home care products are available 9 I Ontario, legislation has been in effect drinks, and 50 percent for wine (7). in refilled glass bottles. In Argentina, wine 5 5 16 15 9 24 14 6 6 RECYCLERS! 7 GETY’OUR ll 11 WIASTE Midwest Plastics 12 17 f3uvs A// High Density i EDUCATION ll Polyethylene Bottles 1: CAMPAIGN Plastic Dairy Bottles l! ll Household Detergent Bottles l OFF THE Oil Bottles l Water Bottles 11

GROUND . l paper label, milk, dirtcontamination, mixed colors, Planning a recycling, composting, or household not a problem, no separation required hazardous waste education campaign? Make it l we take on a year-round basis p .I fly-with the award-winning l Community Waste Educa- l always the highest cash prices paid at delivery tion Manual! This handbook has every- l deal with a manufacturer, not a broker, large l thing you need to get your stable markets message across-ad slicks, f. .i radio, advertisements, plan- ning charts, and budgeting forms. . It’s packed with We consume large quantities for our product. good ideas and designed to guide you from the first meeting right through the follow-up analysis. So get organized. with the easy-to-use manual Contact us: that will help your community learn to reduce reuse, and recycle. Get your copy today for just $22.95 plus Midwest Plastics $2.00 for shipping and handling. (608) 884-3433 Available at: M’mnesota ’s Bookstore, 117 University Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55155 (prepayment required). PO. Box 332 ‘r, call (612) 297-3000 and placea phone order using Edgerton, WI 53534 ’ ‘IBA. MasterCard or Ameritan Express.

* t Circle 313 on RR service card Circle 131 on RR service card

135 Resource Recycling March 1991 and other beverages are delivered to the cans rather than to changes in consump- continue to sell beverages in refillable blot- I door in refillable bottles. tion of draught beer. tles as long as there is consumer deman Id. Overall in the United States, refillables’ Many firms are using refillables: I Prospects for the U.S. share of the beer container market has n The Stuart’s chain of 172 convenien Ce While there has been a general trend fallen from nearly 100 percent during stores in New York sells approximatc =l F away from refillable containers in many World War II to approximately 5 percent 10,000 cases per week of soft drin;k; states, refillabie bottles still share a signif- today (12). Likewise, refillables’ share of in refillable bottles, as well as a large t icant portion of the market in others. In the soft drink market has fallen to 8.7 per- volume of milk in one- and two-qu art 1989, it was estimated that refillable con- cent (13). refillable bottles. Company preside?nt I tainers comprised over 10 percent of the The actual number of bottles refilled has Bill Dake estimates that each of its so da F volume of beer sold in non-draught con- not decreased nearly as rapidly as the bottles is refilled three times, each Of ti tainers in Iowa, Minnesota and New York; market share of refillables has dropped. their one-quart milk bottles is refill ed 11 over 15 percent in Michigan and Pennsyl- While refillables’ share in the soft drink 20 times, and each of their two-qu,art C vania; and over 25 percent in Massachu- market dropped over 85 percent, the ac- milk bottles is refilled 50 times. f setts and Vermont (see Table 1). Sales tual number of bottles refilled annually has n General Electric, which manufactur es n E of new refillable glass milk bottles in- fallen less than 70 percent since 1947 the Lexan resin used in the milk ju gs Y creased 25 percent in 1990 over the 1989 (14). This is due in part to increased popu- sold by Stuart’s, is planning to set Y level (ll). lation and increased per capita consump- pilot projects in the Northeast over t C Refillables’ share of the beer market ac- tion of packaged beverages. Per capita next six to 12 months. Lexan bottk?S, tually increased in ll states between consumption of soft drinks has more than which were first used in 1971, are nc E 1982 and 1989. In Massachusetts and quadrupled since 1945 (15). being used by 30 dairies in NOI” n Vermont, refillables’ share of the beer All major brands of beer and soft drinks America. According to a compa nY IE market increased by over 100 percent are still available in refillables in the United spokesperson, the bottles are wash ed E from 1982 to 1989. In states where there States, including Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, at high temperatures, using the sarne ir was a significant drop in the use of re- Budweiser, Coors and many others. equipment that is used to wash glaSS tc fillables in this time period, there was a Anheuser-Busch, which holds over 40 bottles, and can be refilled 50 to Ir e dramatic increase in the use of cans, as percent of the U.S. beer market, still refills times. b well as a decrease in the volume of bottles at ll of its 12 U.S. breweries. Rep- n The St. Julian Winery in Michig;an fe draught beer sold, suggesting that re- resentatives of Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola began washing refillable wine bottlieS a: fillables are losing their market share to and Anheuser-Busch maintain they will in 1987 for its own wine production ,35 ir b . ..NO. 1 IN RECYCLING... EVERYTHINGFROM YARD WASTE c COAsì- P$ ’ % AY CiD +9 T N&V 0 TO PALLETS .. . INTERNATIONAL-

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Circle 23 on RR service card Circle 324 on RR service card ible bot- well as for other wineries. Company refilled glass jars. Across the nation, turers need to realize that their business emand. rspresentative Chaz Catherman ac- many cooperative markets sell sham- is delivering beverages, not producing s: knowledges that with the difficulty it poo and other health care and food containers. While a transformation to re- Teniente now has in getting a high return rate products in bulk and provide refillable fillables would entail significant increases ximately for these bottles, the firm’s refilling op- containers for customers. These mar- initially in glass bottle production, in the fl drinks erations save only 10 to 20 cents per kets also encourage customers to bring long run, production of glass bottles would i a large box of wine. One reason for the low their own containers to be refilled. probably drop to 50 to 75 percent of No-quan return rate is the lack of infrastructure A return to a refillable system is one of today’s levels. In 10 to 15 years, we may Iresiden for bottle return, since there is no de- the first steps that our country can take see the conversion of bottle manufactur- f its sed: posit on wine bottles in Michigan. Al- in its transformation from a “disposable ing plants to bottle washing plants. each o though St. Julian pays consumers five society” to a society with an environmen- Ultimately, the use of refillables in the j refillec to 10 cents per wine bottle at nine retail tally sound economy. Container manufac- United States will not depend on the cost no-quai outlets in Michiaan, for manv consum- s. ers the systemls tóo incon;enient. ifacture m Encare of Richmond, California has nilk jug washed and reused wine bottles for 15 :o set u years. The business, which grossed over th over $3 million dollars in 1989, delivers ‘I bottle! approximately 9.3 million refillable wine RUSHERS l BLOWERS l SEPARATORS are no bottles to over 300 wineries in Califor- Qualit y built b y “Bell” in Nol, nia (16). idea/ for an y size recvclímq opera tíon. zampar m Beginning in April 1990, the Rainier ? wash( Brewing Company of Seattle, Wash- Can Crusher Model CM-95P :he san ington switched its entire line of bottles ish gla: to refillables. Company president io to II Bruce Vaughan estimates that if all its bottles are returned, two millìon cubic Michig, feet of trash will be kept out of landfills le bottl and off highways. Rainier was joined estgned for long term efticient op- uction in the switch to refillables by its sister eration and maintenance. Dis- brewery, BI&-Weinhard, in Portland, charges cans into a standard Oregon (17). Both breweries are container or the Model CS- Can ; owned by the G. Heileman Brewing capacity- Blower. Large 3/4 cubic yard i Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin and 1000 Ib/hr Q 5-6 Ib./cu. ft. density. hopper with wide ful1 opening for * sell beer in 12 Western states. To date easy can feeding. ’ company officials estimate the brewi 1: eries are receiving 78 percent of their :,,Ibottles back from deposit law states g and 24 percent back from non-deposit ; states. ? Anheuser-Busch updated bottle wash- @ ing equipment during a multi-million 0 dollar renovation of its bottling plant ìn k Newark, New Jersey, where over 100 !’ milIion bottles are refilled annually. 1 Schroeder’s Daity of St. Paul, Min- ‘p’ nssota reports that sales of milk in re- !llable containers have increased by Ean Blower Model CS- Can Separator Model CSC-95 over 400 percent in the last two years 3lower discharge tube is adjustable for A conveyor with a magnetic head md now account for over 30 percent pulley used to separate steel and Of its milk sales. mgle or height. Large 3000 Ibs. per aher dairies across the U.S. are re- rour capacity. bimetal cans from aluminum cans. All Bel1equipment is Ameritan made, all welded steel construction with 6” ccLFtersfor easy mobility. For more information call 419 448-0791

* High Volume Glass Crusher Mudel HFrlG-40 * .Self Contained Glass Crusher Afodel HMG-16P e-gallon containers for spring r has dramatically increased the nation. In California, tofu is C.S. BELL COMPANY le in refilled buckets; in Michi- P.0 Ro\: 291 . Tiffin, Ohio 44883 ms and jellies are available in l’honr 419 448-0791 l FAX 419 U-1203

Clrcle 54 on RR service card per container, but on consumer prefer- Lindhqvist, Thomas, Comparative Analysis (9) Ecunomic Instruments for Environmental Pro. ence. Consumer awareness of the of Severage fackaging, University of Lund tection, Organisation for Economic Co- ecological soundness of refíllable contaín- - TEM, Sjobo, Sweden, 1987. operation and Development, 1989, p. 84. ers will determine the future of refillable Second Repoti to Congress: Resource Re- (10) Personal conversation with Hidefumi bottles in this country. RR covery and Source Reduction, U.S. Environ- Kurasaka, Chief of Planning Section, En. mental Protection Agency, 1974. vironmental Agency of Japan, August 1990.

Referentes (4) This portion of the Franklin study assumed (ll) “Programs in Action,” Resource Recyclin! a recycling rate of 50 percent for the October 1990, p. 25. (1) Dichting, Douglas, “Recycling: A Commit- aluminum cans and 0 percent for the dis- ment of the Coca-Cola Company,” a paper cardedlbroken refillable bottles. There is a (12) “1989 Estimated Draught and Contain, presented to the National Mayors Confer- high possibility, however, that some of the Share by State,” Beer Institute, 1990. encein Washington, D.C., March 30,199O. discarded refillables might be recycled and that the bottle carriers could be made reus- (13) “Sales Survey of the Soft Drink Indusb (2) Beverage Containers - Re-use or Recy- able or more recyclable. Both of these factors 1986,” National Soft Drink Associaticl cling, Organisation for Economic Co-opera- would reduce the estimates for solid waste 1987, p. 5. tion and Development, 1978, p. 97. generation from refillables. -. (14) Choices for Conservation: Resource & (3) Reports that found refillable glass bottles to (5) Brewer’s Association of Canada, October servation Committee Final Report to b<~ be the most energy efficient single serving 1990. fresident and Congress, U.S. Environ beverage container include: mental Protection Agency, July 1979, p. 8 by (in conjunction with National Sofi Drink & (6) Telephone interview with Gonzalo Escamez, Beverage Containers - Re-use or Recycl- sociation data). ,.I Bart íng, Organisation for Economic Co-operation Vitro Glass Company, Monterrey, Mexico, October 1990. SM? and Development, 1978. (15) “Sales Survey of the Soft Drink Indua 1986,” National Soft Drink Associa& She’ Comparative Energy and Environmental lm- (7) Sudol, Frank J., “German Waste Reduction 1987, p. 26. villac pacts for Soft Drink Delivery Systems, and Green Consumerism - Is It the An- ,.l Franklin Associates, March 1989. swer?,” Division of Engineering, City of (16) Gitlitz, Jennifer S., “Beverage Contains Newark, New Jersey, September 1990. Reuse: A Company Profile,” Resource Re Gaines, L.L., Energy and MateriaIs Use in cycling, July 1990, pp. 22-23. the Production and Recycling of Consumer- (8) “Recycling in Other Countries,” Bottle/Can Goods Packaging, Argonne National Recycling Update, Val. 1, No. 1, January (17) Press release, Rainier Brewing Compay, Rec: Laboratory, 1981. , 1990, p. 6. April 1990. ìi mre1 usir: ate 18 GALLON BIN Iavf The sculptured design of the 18 gallon BIG BIN provldes an commlngled recyclables. Unllke most standard zai1 $ti ’ i”

COMMINGLED RECYCLING PRODUCTS & SYSTEMS 22 GALLON CAN 4n attractrve 22 gallon capaaty round contalner for commingied recyclable refuse. Tastefully deslgned Mh ribbed construction for strength. the unlt IS low and compact and requlres a minlmum of storage jpace. Large comfortable handles and grlps for easy handltng and pickup The color IS molded-In wlth Jltrawolet Inhlbítors, therefore the contalner will retarn ~tsgood looks even wlth rough handllng. When zquipped with the optional snap-lock IId thls 22 gallon can becomes a weathertlght contalner and fur- .her protects the contents from small anlmals. Customlzed hot stamping IS avallable. Llke many of the ZARN contalners thls unlt is available with recycled material and IS Itself recyclable.

For further information. specificalions and pricing contact:

NE MARKET STREET EXToPO REIDSVILLE, NORTH CAROL T@ ZARN, ING.919-349-3323 l Circle 211 on RR service card

138 Resource Recyding March 1991