DOCUMENT RESUME

-ED 218 699 CS 503 912.

. TITLE. Mass Communication: Abstracts of.Doctoral Dissertations Published in "Dissertation Abstracts- International," January through June 19&2 (Vol. 42 Nov. 7 through 12)". INSTITUTION ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills, Urbana, Ill. PUB DATE 82 NOTE 27p.; Pages may be marginally legible.

'EDRS PRICE MF1/PCO2 Plus 'Postage.

DESCRIPTORS *Advertising; Annotated Bibliographies; Content i Analysis; Court Litigation; Developing Nations; *Doctoral DissertationS; Educational Media; Elementary Secondary Education; FilmsForeign Countries; Higher Educatioh;.*Mass Media; Measurement Techniques; *Media Research; News Media; Newspapers; *News Reporting;. *Programing (Broadcast);A:tadio; Television . . ABSTRACT

This collection of abstracts is part of a continuing . - series providing information on recent doctoral dissertations. The 53 titles deal with a variety of topics/ including the following: (1) international news flow and the nonaligned pations(2)r cameras in the courtroom; (3),public service communication source influence .and . -radio gatekeeper.Vehavior; (4) television modes of presentation,and their implications for learniIng; (5) United States elite- media news '' coverage of Latin Amenidgitin 1977;(6) television programing evaluation;('I) boys' understanding of television dnd real-life models; (8) mediedependence and rommunity,influences; (9) television and children's self- perceptions; (10) the Nazi anti-Semitic film; (11). newsworthiness as a privacy defense for the media; (12) Israeli general television; (13) television situation comedy and'post-war liberal ideology from 1950 to 1980'; (14),the merger of National Public Radio and the Association,of Public Radio,Stations; (15) public perceptions of influenceson teleyision content; (16) the, programing practices of black-owned,, black- oriented radio stations and white-owned, bleak-oriented radio stations; (17)parental awareness o the use of television and its influence on elementary -school n-;- and (18) news media operations in natural disasters. (FL) 4

***************-******************************************************** Reproductions"hupplied by EDRS are the best that can be made\ * from the original document. **************************************0A*******.*********************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OTEDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCtSINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) a document has beenreproduced as received froin the person Of organization originating it Minor changes have been made toimprove reproductionquality

Points of view or opinions stated inthis docu- mentdo notnecessarily. represent official ME or poliCy position e

$

Mass Communication.:

I. . - . - Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations Published in Dissertation AbstractsInternational, Januarythrough June 1982 (Vol. .42 Nos.-7 through 12), ...

. Compiled by the Staff , ° of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATtRIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY University Microfilms International

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES . INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

A 1

'7

1,

O

O

A

\ V, s, .` ...... , , :', , .... .'- t. .' ... , , , -: I ,.. ., -, . a a .s. '.. e....,, . s ,. . ," '- \ . ,.. . A / - .. ,. A. ;.; -4 ' .,* . . * . 9 t . . , The dissertation Eitles:contained hereare .publistied witlt, permission- of, the University Microfilms. International, .. publishers Of. Dissertatton Abstracts International '(,cb-pyfight I? 1982 by Universitf 14icrofilm.# Internatio al) . , and mays not. e, reproduced w.ithout .their proper pe ipn. o

.r

t This, bibliography has been compiled as part ofa continuing series designed

to make information on relevant dissertations available to users of the ERIC

system: Monthlyissues\Rf Dissertation Abstracts International are reviewed

in order to com6ilestracts of dissertationson related topics, which thus .

become accessible in searches of. the ERIC ,data base. Ordering information

for the dissertations themselves is included at the end of the bibliography., 4 , Ak, Absti4cts of the following dissertations areincluded in 'this collection:

Aikn, Edward Anselm Bushe, Cornelids STUDIES IN THE MOTION PICTURE TELEVIStON MODES OF"PREGENTATION AND 20TH CENTURY ART, 1909 - AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS'F011 19 30 LEARNING

.9- Austin-, Bruce Andrew Carol*t 'Garrett M.P,A.A. FILM RATIIG'INFLUENCE OUR NEpcitb gEiGkBORS: ; HOW THE

ON STATED LILIffold!D4 OF HIGHS U.S. LITE MEDLO. COVERED tATIN. . ,SCHOOL STUDENT FILM ATTENDANCE: 'AMERTCA IN 1977 '' A TEST OF REACTANCE THEORY Darabi,Golnoosh Babbtli Anantha Sudhaket, A'HISTORICAL.SURVEY OF THE DEVELOP- INTERNATIONAL NEWS FLOW 01THE MENT OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION NON- ALIGNED NATIONS: HE PRE-' IN THE COMMONWpd.TH.,OF MASSACHUSETTS DICAMT OF IMBALANCE AND THE RIGHT-IQ COMMUNICATE Domzal, Teresa Jane TELEVISION PROGRAMMfNG'EVALUATION:.

.. Barber, S'usahna Ruth . A NEED-GRATIFICATION MODEL FOR CHANDLER V. FLORIDA: A SOCIAL AUDIENCE SEGMENTATION. SCIENTIFIC, LEGAL AND HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF CAMERAS IN THE Ekdom, Leah Rae COURTROOM AN INTERPRETIVE kUpY OF THE NEWS: AN ANALYSISIOF NEWS-FORMS Bechara, Assad RELIGIOUS, TV SPOTS: Ei Jerary?,AbdallahTaher GUIDELINES e FOR DEVELOPING A MASS MEDIA AND THE DESIGN OF A MASS MEDIA TRAINING FOLLOW-UP STRATEGY .PROGRAM:' THEfFORMULATION OFIA PARADIGM FORJTHE DEVELOPING NATIONS Bolton, William Thloddre, Jr. WITH PARTICULAR APPLICATION TO THE

THE PERCEPTION AND'POTENTIAL LIBYAN,EXAMPLE'. ;

ADOPTION OF, CHANNEL 2000: IM- . .

PLICATIONS FOR:DIFFUSION THEORY , E1-Sayed: Satd Mohamed

AND VIDEOTEX TECHNOLOGY . POLICYMAKING.IN THE EGYPTIAN BROAD- CASTING SYSTEM: AN HISTORICA Busbin, James Walker, II , CASE-STUDY ANALYSIS PUBLIC SERVICE COMMUNICATION SOURCE INFLUENCE AND RADIO- Fejes, Fred Allan^ GATEKEEPER BEHAVIOR: A CON- 4.'IMPERIALISM, MEDIA, AND THE GOD TROLLED FIELD EXPERIMENT NEIGHBOR: NEW DEAL FOREIGN POicy AND UNITED STATES SHORTWAVE tit CASTING TO LATIN AMERICA

1 .

$. 4

-2-

6.6 .

Fernie; David Eldeti' Hayes, Mark Stephen BOYS' UNIITZSTANDINbOF TELEVISION PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF INFLUENCES AND REAL-LIFE MODELS. ON TELEVISION CONTENT , try, Donald Letteli Hollins, Wayne Charles MEDIA DEPENDENCE AND COMMUNITY THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN. INSTRUMENT INFLUENTIALS: A 'STUDY OF ACCESS- TO'MONITOR SCIENCE COURSE CONTENT

. IBILITY, EVALUATION AND CROSS- OF TELEVISION NEWS FOR NON-COLLEGE CHECKINGoIN ONE AMERICAN COMMUNITY PREPARATORY STUDENTS 4 ir Gatramone, Gina Maria Jeter, James Phillip TELEVISION AND_CHILDREN'S SELF A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEPTIONS, PROGRAMMING PRACTICES OF BLACK- OWNED BLACK-ORIENTED'RADIO STATIONS George, Nancy Ann AND WHITE-OWNED BLACK-ORIENTED RADIO' MAKINGEDOOATIOPAL MEDIA =RI ON STATIONS A. THIRD WORLD CONTEXT: STUDY OF JAMAICA Jochums, Brenda Lee, IgPACT OF.INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION 0 Gitlis, Baruch PROGRAMS ON SIXTH GRADERS' COGNITIVE THE NAZI ANTI -SEMITfC FILM: A STRUCTURE AS A FUNCTION OF COGNITIVE STUDY OF ITS PRODUOTIONAL RHETORIC STYLE'AND CQNTENT'ACQUISITION

Good, Sherrie L. Kitatani, Kenji NEWSWORTHINESS AS A PRI/ACY DEFENSE ASSESSMENT OF THE NEW' WORLD INFORMA- FOR THE MEDIA TION 'ORDER: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF INT.ERNATI.O.NAL-AEEAIRS-COUERAGFBY Gotliffe, HarveyLeonid THE PRIMARY-WESTERN TELEVISION ISRAELI GENERAL TELEVISION: A HIS- NETWORKS TORICAL EXPLORATION.OF CONTENT AND INFLUENCE 1968 - 1973 Kleiman, Howard Michael PUBLIC BROADCASTING AND FREE EXPRES- Hamamoto; Darrell Yoshito SION: AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT TELEVISION SITUATION COMEDY AND OF THE GOVERNMENT NEXUS POST-WAR LIBERAL IDEOLOGY,: 1950

o - 19 80 Lewis, Elaine Mary , AN EFFECTIVENESS MEASURE FOR VISUAL Haney, James Michael COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA: TOWARD DEFI- A-HISTORY OTHE MERQER OF, NATIONAL NITION OF VISUAL PRINCIPLES PUBLIC RADIO AND THE ASSOCIATIONOF.

PUBLIC RADIO STATIONS McGrath, James Thomas A A STUDY OFPARENTAL AWARENESS OF THE USEW TELEVISION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL- bHILDREN

e" 5 4

-3-

Mcllwraith, Robert Douglas 'Schweizer, Heidi FANTASY LIFE AND.MEDIA USE PAT- AN'EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION INTQ (URNS' OF. ADULTS AND CHILDREN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SURVEY IN- STRU4ENTTO DESCRIBE THE MORAL

Martin, David C. ti CONTENT OF PRIMETIME TELEVISION USES AND GRATIFICATIONSASSOCIATED PROGRAMS BASED.ON KOHLBERG'S

WITH PRIME TIME TELEVIS .ION: CONTENT . THEORY OF COGNITIVE MORAL AND INDIVIDUAL VIEWER DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT

Tiller, James Robert . Shaner, James Michael

THE OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS . -PARENTAL EMPATHY AND FAMILY-ROLE POLICY AND -BROADCAST ISSUES: A. INTERACTIONS AS PORTRAYED ON CASSTUDY OF MEDIA-STATE INTER- COMMERCIAL TELEVISION ACTION . Shapiro, Karen Ann Rosenkraptz N'colini,-Pia THE CONSTRUCTION OF TELEVISION ILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF TELEVISION COMMERCIALS: FOUR CASES ,OF INTER- CHARACTERS ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEM SOLVING

\ Ohani n, Roobina Shores, Donald Lewis, Jr. APPLI ATION OF PRIMACY-RECENCY IN THE EFFE S OF COURTROOM CAMERAS COMP TIVEADVERTISING V AL.BEHAVIOR: AN ANALYSIS.OF, e SIMULATED TRIAL WITNESS TESTIMONY Paluzzi, James Vincent IN COURTROOMS USING TELEVISION' EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION PRODUCTION: CAMERAS A DEWEYAN PERSPECTIVE', Shyles, Leonard C. Pratt, James. David AN ANALYSIS OF IMAGES, ISSUES, AND A IfibRQ STUDY OF TELEVISION NEWS PRESENTATIONAL METHODS OF TELEVISED AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: TELEVISION POLITICAL SPOT ADVERTISEMENTS IN STATION, WBAP-TV FORT WORTH - 1980's AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL.PRI- DALLAS; TELEVISION NEWS DIRECTOR, g MARIES' O JAMES\A. BYRON; TELEVISION NEWS- I CAST, "TIE TEXASAEWS"; EACH A Sood, Rahul Swaroop FIRST IN TEXAS 115.VS MEDIA OPERATIONS IN-NATURAL DISASTERS Reagan:: Joey Blaine .MEDIA EXPOSURE AND COMMUNITY INTE- Towhsele-nd, James Edward GRATION ALPREDICTORS OF POLITICAL THE,HISTORY OF A RIGHT OF ACCESS TO 'ACTIVITY BROADCASTING

Scholl, Mary .Kathleen Traudt, John 'FOUR YOUNG CHILDREN CONSTRUCT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON TELEVISION REALITY:* TELEVISIbN WATCHING IN AMIi.THE FAMILY: PHENOMENOLOGICAL -THE HOME APPROACHES TO MASS COMMUNICATION'''. AND SOCIAL. BEHAVIOR o

4

4

. 4ir

110 a

Udofia,r;Callix.Ime 4 AFRICA AND THE. INTERNATIONAL'TELE-0'. COMMUNICAT.i.OWUNION'

Uyo,44D'Ke'libe Aaidi -PRODUCERS' EXPRESSED PARTICIPATION .IN PROGRAM DpfSION Mal-tIq AND ORGANIZA- TIONAL COMMITMENT IN N=RIAN,RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS

WeinsteinStuart Harris-- ,

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER , CEPTIONS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISON ° DELIVERY SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR,.... USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION PRO- GRAMMING

Zellerbach,. Jadice Sub AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF TELEVISION'S IMPACT ON CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTS AND CHILD-REARING-

A,

mit

r

-4

p STUDIES IN THE MOTION PICTURE AND 20TH CENTUFIY INTERNATIONAL NEWS 8FL-OW AND THE NOg.ALIGNED ART, 1909 - 193a Order No. DA820,48B0 NATIONS: THE PREDIC4MENT OF IMBALANCEAND THE AIKEN, EDWARC ANSEVA, PH.D. Northwestern University, 1981. 305pp. RIGHT TO COMMUNICATE Order No. DA8209961 Chairman: Professor James Breckenridge.;. BABBIU-i, ANANTHA SuOHA KEA, PH.D. The University of Iowa, 1981. This dissertation* a series of studiespn'the motion picture andits 404pp. Superwsoi: Professor Hanno Hatt - relation to Tkentieth Century Art, 1910-1930 Because of the This dissertation conceptualizes the democratization of the importance of Futurism to this general subject, its rdle will be international news flow, withtparticular reference to tne Third World explored as a leitmotif stretching acrosalhe five essays nations as equal in the collectionand disseminationof The Studies in this dissertation,howter, are not confined solely to news. Towards this c n eptualization, the Mt.* describes the issues within Futurism, but rather the fctis is onbroader set of problem of imbalance in the international news flow and explains the concerns. The sequence of theessays'itrves from studies of origins of the political debate in the light of what is new in post- individual artists to broader cultural asielissments.In this way a variety Second World War international relations. Particularly, this study of problems will be examined, thus pro ling a fulleru.nderstanding of examines the aspects of power and the status quo in international the issues involved. relatiobs alongside Third World nationalism expressed through Non. The first study, "Leger, Ballet mecanique and Futurism," aligned foreign policy as decisive factors in the debate. This approach considers Fernand Leger's relation to Fitturism and theinflu ce of defines, identifies, and describes the problem of imbhlance and the that movement on Leger's motion. pictGre. Thesecond eshay, arcel consequent evolution of the still-nascent concept of the Right to Duchahip and the Metaphor of the Arc:ne Pornographic Film," Communicate. The study also describes and critically examines the touches briefly on Futurism, but its major concernlies in the practicality of political solutions offered by Western, Socialist, and.., extraordinary agd peculiar role the cinema came to playin Duchamp's Third World nations to redress the imbalance of news flow and to oeuvre. The third essay, "Th'eCinematpgraPhLA Critique of Futurism conceptualize several policy recommendations towards alleviating and.Vorticism," raises questions concerning the impact of Fuhtnsm in thteproblem. England with special emphasis on Imagism and Vorticism.The Within the context of contemporary international relations and the subsequent study, 7/ Saw the Figure S inGo/danEmblematic Work," realist school of political thought, the study argues that explores the dense background behind thispainting with special Awcommunication is a vital component in overall power relations emphasis on the roles of Futurismandthe cinemain the development wbetween the Western and the Socialist blocs of nations. This of American modernism. The final essay, "Suprematismand the argument rests on three propositions. First, the study assumes that Motion Picture." questions Malevich's role in therich interchange the problem of imbalance is, to an extent a consequence of the post- e between the cinema and modern art in Russiaduring the two decades Second World War politics. Second, it assumes that the present between 1910 and 1930. system of informition flow serves, explicitly or implicitly, to maintain through the the status quo of advanced nations in international relations. Third, it % It is th'e intent of this dissertation to help provide, montage of these various essays, a broader andricher understanding assumathat the evolving Right to Communicate-dedving its moral of the interchange between modern art andthe motionpicture., foundations from a multicultural context and emphasizing interactive participatory communicationis congruent with, and an expression of, Third World national interests and a post-colonial sense of nationalism.. - Finally, the study conceptualizes a model for an alternative source of international news. The alternative calls for models centered on cultural diversity, that is, a sensith,ity to heeds and aspirations of Third World nations, Within that perspective, the study makes some broad policy recommendations concerning both structural components of M.P.A.A. FILM RATINGINFLUENCE ON STATED the model and desired changes in news value judgment and LIKELIHOOD OF HIGH SCHOOL 'STUDENT FILM journalistic professionalism. ATTENDANCE; A TEST OF REACTANCE THEORY .Order No. DA8210452 BRUCE ANOREW, PH.D Terndie University, 1982. 253pp. The effect of the Motion Picture Association of America's four- CHANDLER V. FLORIDA: A SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC, LEGAL goint film rating system on movie attendance was investigated under AND HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF CAMERAS IN THE experimental and selfreport conditions. The study used as its COURTROOM 'Ordel No. DA8206585 theoretical lens Brehm's theory of psychological reactance. In._ addition, movie ratings werealsoexamined from theexpectancy-, BARBER, SuSANNA RUTH, PH.D. Bowling Green State UniverSity, 1981. value theory peripective of being one variable in the co text of 27 287pp. potentially influential variable* for film attendance. D,ata for the otter This study compared the U S. Supreme Court's decision in study were gatherecffrom a convenience sample of 130 h school Chandler v. Florida (1981) with the conclusions of historical, legal, freshmen and seniors. Results of the experiment (n = 108) showed that movie rating's in and social scientific literature on the impact of cameras on the teal process and its participants. and of themselves,did tend to exert an influence on likelihood of attendance among subjects under 17 years of age: these persons Historical research concluded that since cameramen were not responsible for disrupting or prejudicing the Hauptmann trial, the were significantly more likely to attend 0-, PG-, and R-rated movies over those films ratedX. Self report data (n = 130) indicated that films ABA's rationale in adopting Canon 35 should be viewed skeptically. pith a PG or R rating received the highest mean scores for general Moreqver, camera coverage of a trial does not necessarily make the case notorious--many cases, such as those of Scopes, Hauptmann, 4itkelihpoci of attendance and accountectjor the greatest percentage of actual attendance under two conditiOns. for the movie most recently Zamora, Chandler and Granger, Herman and Bundy, were intrinsically attended and attendance over a threemonth period. Overall, sensational and newsworthy by virtue of the issues and/or people reactance theory received, at best, only limited support. involved in the litigation. Within the context of 27 ()thou attendance variablesinovie ratings Legal-research showed that televised trials, such as Estes v Texas .yere found to play asomewhafTimited role. The predictive capacity of 1965) and Sheppard,v. Maxwell (1966), have often been associate,* -the ,tarlables. as assessed by multiple regression analysis, was found with prejudicial publicity, but that double standards may have beenI to account for about one third of the attendance variance for the applied to broadcast versus print media trial coverage-courts being sample as a whole. . less prompt to reprimand print than broadcast media for transgressions such as the publication of contemptuous material/. 4. o' The e mpirical research examined by the SupremCourt showed no significant correlation between the presencekt cameras at a trial religious purposes because of rating pressures and time/media considerations. Finally, literature concerning'audienc related and perceived prejudicial behavibr dr attitudes on thepart of jurors, witi-iesses, judges, or attorneys. However, the Court relied on the aspects of TV spots contains many studies showing that audiences relevant social-science research only to a lirgited degree and are most attentive to that which speaks,to their felt needs and frequently circumscribed its decision with reservations about the interests. It is determined, however, that the religious communicator scientific nature of the data, the validity of its conclusions, and the should seek to stimulate his audience as well as meet its felt needs. pervasiveness of its implications. Personal experience has given insights into the actual Future research on courtroorcamerasshould be careful to development of a TV spot series for evangelism. Since television employ scientific methods which supercede the collection of reaches a large, heterogeneous audience, other media may be subjective attitudes and opinions of trial participants. For obvious necessary in order tospeak to specific segments of a population reasons, real trials can not-be used in experimental research, but during a campaign. Lach medium has various advantages and . , carefully controlled simulated trials can. Several suggestions are disadvantages which nee8 to be taken into account in the made for future research. development of a media mix. The impersonality Of television also Two important questions arose from an examination of the makes a simple spot series insufficient. A message as personal as the empiritat data on televised trials, and, from the Court's majority Gospel must be communicated also in person. A personal followup ...Chandler opinion: (1) -Why are judges and attorneys reluctant to program is, therefore, necessary. Youth gr'oups function very well in accept broadbast trial coverage on a permanent basis, even though this activity Not only can young people bring a vibrant message of the majority of these two categories of participants perceived few, if love to the public, but--as a result of the climate of credibility established by the TV spotsthey can experience new witnessing -any, adverse effects in the presence of cameras on trials? (2) If the confidence and personal spiritual growth. empirical data shows that cameras are not a threat to fair trials or . appeals instate courtrooms, why does the U.S. Supreme Court still -Conclusion' The TVspot series, in conjunction with a media mix refuse to allow cameras access to federal courts and to the U.S. and a followup program conducted by the youth, of the church Supreme Court? appears to be a valuable addition to the evangelistic program of the Six answers to these qUestions are presented and they should also Brazilian Seventhday Adventist Church. Spots are eoonqmical, well. be read as a suggested rationalefor the Supreme Court's refusal to -accepted, and effective. Campaigns which use them bring favorable endorse televised trials or to grant broadcasters the right to cover attention from the general public to the church. But most importantly, trials. they help to meet the needs of the communitywith sensitivity born of' love and to turn the eyes of a seeking world to God's message of hope.

RELIGIOUS TV SPOTS: GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A THE PERCEPTION AND POTENTIAL ADOPTION OF CHANNEL MASS MEDIA AND FOLCOWUP STRATEGY 2000:IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFUSION THEORY AND .Order No. DA8205 789 VIDEOTEX TECHNOLOGY Order No. 8128968 BECHARA, ASSA 0, D MIN. Andrews University, 1980. 229pp. BOLTON, WILLIAM THEODORE, JR., Ps.D. The Ohio State.Unlversity, Chairperson: James David Chase 1981. 293pp. Adviser. Professor Thomas McCain Problem. Television is being regarded by the Seventh-day The diisemination of computerized information intothe home, via Adventist Church in Brazil as a new avenue for evangelism. Since interactive home information systems, has been characterized as a research indicates that one of the most effective formats far TV revolUtionary technologic& innovation which will affect the way evangelism s the TV spot, this project suggests the uselPthirty- people work, and how-they conduct their daily lives. This research secondr TV spots as a viable means of evangelism in the Brazilian examined one form of this technology during a three month field test context. The project further recommends principles for the- of a prototype viewdata system called Channe1.2000. development of a TVspOit series to be used al6ng with a media mix Channel 2000 as an electronic informational device; delivered and a followup program conducted by youth groups. library and banking services, in addition to various types of Method. An analysis of the histOry of God's communication with Community information, to 71 randomly selected Columbus, Ohio mankind reveals several principles that can be applied to even the households. Users had free and unlimited access to these electronic most modern methods of communication. Perhaps the most important services throughout the-field test. of these can be found in Gods ultimate effort to reach humanity, Diffusion theory served as the theoretical model which guided the Jesus Christthe Word made flesh, In addition, Christ's own methods questionnaire development and data interpretation procedures used of touching His hearers previde a model for communicators of today. in this research. According to diffusion theory, the perceived His parables, in particular, had goals strikingly similar to those of attributes of an On vation can to a certain extent, determine whether today's carefully designed TV spot. Their very brevityvalidates the an innovation such Channel 2000, is either accepted or rfected. In religious TV spot's attempt to communicate a stimulating religious an effort to assess degree to which these perceptions, and other message in thirty seconds or less. Jesus' use of simple language and life style, personality, and socio demographic measures could symbols drawn from everyday life in His parables also illustrates discriminate between potential adopters and non-adopters of Channel valuable principles of communicatidn. 2000, a series of three stepwise two group discriminant analyses were A review of literature confirmas well that-the spot isan effective completed. Three significant discriminant functions were derived using each genre', currently popular with religious groups and statibn and of these measures before; during, and after the test. The innovation network executives alike. The literature which deals with production. perceptions consistently demonstrated the most discriminatory related aspects of TV spots indicates that spots are in dem'and as a strength among all other measures. The perceptions themselves also form of advertisement because of their short segment length. They indicated that although-Channel 2000 was perceived as being not are also one of the most economical methods of religious complex, users felt that it offered them few advantages, and that it Presentation But His evident that, if spots are to be accepted for was not Very compab e vOth their current experiences, values; or airing; especially during prime time, they must be of excellent qfiality. needs. A study of station /network related aspects of TV spots reveals that The results of this sdy suggested that innovation perceptions leaders in television are enthusiastic about the use of spots for may be a very useful discriminatory tool, as well as a helpful device in the development of future home information systems. Other recommendations for future research, and the implications for diffusion tory and videotex technology which resulted-from this research, ar resented within the disdission bf the findings. All questionnaire iems and frequency tabulations are also included as Appendices. . 1 .

SERVICE COMMUNICA,TIOWSOURCE INFLUENCE . , AND fltADIO GATEKEEPER BEHAVIOR., A CONTROLLED TELEVISION MODES OF PRESENTATION AND THEIR FIELD EXPERIMENT Order No. DA8203822 IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING Busam. JAvaS WALKER, II, PH D The University of Tennessee, 1981. BUSHE, CORNELIUS, PH.D. University of Tordnto (Canada), 1981. ' 260pp klajor,Professor Jerry R'Lynn Although televisiop viewing is the pref &red leisure-time activity` of As American society has become more service oriented the most people in Western Societies, relatively little is known about how significance of public service communication (PSC) has incrtased television operates as an educational force. This studt views and yet format research in this area has been limited The purpose of broadcast television programmes as a curriculum for informer this study was to examine one aspect within' the realm of 'public learning and addreises the question "how is information structured in service communicationaccess to PSC radio air time through`radio programmes and what consequences may this have fqr learning?" Its gatekeepers. Additionally, in doing so, a communication theory was purpose is to develop and illustrate an analytic framework that can tested through an experimental design allowing the deduction of help account for how information is organized and communicated in cause and effect relationships. . programmes. Hypotheses were derded from a theory of soiirce valence, or Chapter 117eviews ways in which various groups perceive source effects, originated by Herbert Kelman. This theory separated television communication and discudses problems of receiver response to source influence into three separate Processes conceptualizating programme information. It gives an overview of compliance, identification`and internalization. In essence, a subject commercial broadcasting, a summary Of influences attributed to complies with a source who has control, a subject identities With a television, and an account of what aUdiencesarthlY erect to learn source who is attractive, and a subject.internalizes the cause of a from it. Each group tends to describe pfogrammesffi terms that suit source wilt) credibility, all of which would result in source-to-subject it%needs. Ediaoational broadcasters focus mainly 6ig content and they influence have difficulty in explaining an justifying using popular formats of The field - experiment revolved arou nd the Innovation Center -a television for educational pprPOses, The usual descriptions of government sdonsored, nonprofit organization created to provide programmes deal with only ,Ove aspect su ch as subjectInatter, format commercialization assistance to small time inventors The Innovation or purpose and give no pluelo how meaning is communicated. What Center is headquartered in Knoxville. Tennessee and is chartered to is needed is a way of concePtualizing programmes in terms that might serve the Appalachian region of Tennessee which is approximately account for patterns in their content- structure meaning relationships. the eastern half.of the state Chapter,111derives,aninalytic framework from sets of concepts The experimental subjects were gatekeepers at the ninety radio about langulge modeSgescnbed by Havelock, Olson and others. It ° stations in eastern Tennessee 9 comparative treatments controlled follows Olson's general:Method of contrasting oral and literate modes field experiment was ppriclUcted to test the Kelman based hypotheses in !flew most distinct lams and compiles a set of concepts into an r concerning a request from the Innovation Center to air public service analytic framework thitontrasts charactenstrcs of each mode along advertisements (PSAs)' and subsequent radio gatekeeper behavior thb dimensions of type of thformation, structure of information, locus The runeky stations were randomly assigned into for groups of meaning, truth valUefunctionsernd dysfunctions.Chapter IV. Compliance, identific apori and internalization source effects illustrates how the anOtic'framework can tt applied to the treatments` were administered tothree groups while the remaining information structure &broadcast television programmes. It shows group received a placebo treatment. The four treatments were that characteristics such as the prevalence of story structures, the operationahzed through cover letters accompanyirris the Innovation 0'emphasis on featured personalities, the cyclical structured series Center's public service campaign package--all Other elements were and serials, and the overall concept df flow are characteristics that held constant while the author and content of Coy& letters was have distinctive oral qualities. It illustrates how commercials organize varied_ Thectependent-variable -was the ac-tual-number-cf eirtn'gs associations and feelings for a prOduCt by using Story-ttructures. granted the PSAs as later determined by station log bdok records in rhythmic lianguage, repetition, personification, testimonials and direct response to self-adriiinistered, mailed questionnaires. address to audiences. The analysis of news items illustrates that, A major finding was the existence 'of significant differences among, deipite their apparent literate structure, many oral patterns are used the treatment groups in extent of PSA airing. The dompliance to provide cultural orientation and, in effect, reinforcement through treatment elicited a far larger number of total airings followed in order cliche and repetitizy3f pdpular beliefs and attitudes. by identification, placebo, and ihternalization treatments An 'Chapter V assesses the usefqlness of the conceptualization noting additional finding reg'arded the time slot placement of public service, that the bipolar framework offers the advantges and disadvantages of announcements Untrue to the conventional belief that PSAs are contrasting terms. These provide a broad framework to examine relegated to undesirable time slots (e glate at night), the innovation programmes and to give purpose and direction to programming policy .Center's PSAA receiveckquitable placeinent in all time slots with an but they do not offer categories into which programmes neatly fit. Oral inclination toward more desirable time slots Slight differences in time slot placement among treatment groups were noted. and literate modes of Television favour distinct kinds of subject-matter, From a practical standpoint these findings indicate &possible structuring processes and functions. A section bn programmes and means by which PSA sources can increase message airing4a learning outlines examples of prOgommes that account of the variable over which broadcasters have control From a research learning contexts and needs of captive and non captive audiences. It standpoint this study makes an incremental contribution to Much also discusdes the relationships behlieen how programmes structure needed, research and them deyelopment In public service information and how audiences may learn from them. Because the communication Also, the procedures used in operationalizing ...conventions of both oral and visual presentations tend to favour a Keiman's communication theory to this specific research setting will smooth tiny.; of information, presentations often leavelittle to the aid ,r1 the successful future application of Kelman 's approach to other viewer's imagination.,The use of metaphorical structures to invite situations comparison art revitalization of cliches is suggested as a means to involve the viewer and cultivate independent interpretation. ,

OUR NEGLECTED NEIGHBORS: HOW THE U.S. ELITE Procedure. The data were obtained in the following manner:. MEDI)it\OVERED LATIN AMERICA IN 1977 (1) Personal taped interviews with key individdels involved inthey 'r deveiopment'of Massachusetts instructional televisioh. . Order No. 8202968 (2) Correspondence with actual participants in the growthof CciNe,CARLINGomm, PH.D. 4ndiana University, 1981. 194pp. Massachusetts instructional television. (3) Examination of The western media have been charged with biased reporting.of , documents. After thedata Were collected, they were subjected Itt third world rrdons, and discussion continues over proposed controls -internal and extemal criticism. Then the evaluated information was of international news flow However, most criticism has been based synthesized chronologically and dividedinto lout distinctive eras upon impressions or limited studies. (reporting from 1'946 to 1980), with topical arrangement ineach_era Latin America has been particularly neglected, both as a newt Findings. The roots of instructional television in Massachusetts go source and a research topic. This dissertation examines Latin back to'WGBH Educational television, Chann6,1 2, in Boston. American coverage by the elite media. three news magazineslor 1977 Instruction'al television was born and,nourished at WGBHTV, with the . and a constructed month for seven prestige pape?s ancizetwork newt collaboratioctof school oifiCials in Eastern MassachulEtts.WGBHTV broadcasts itself g 'rew out of the Lowell-Institute Coopeiative Broadcasting ( A total of,6,784 stories were analyst d: 224,860 square inchet of Council through the WGBH Educational Foundation. WGBHTV print copy and 474:5b minutes of network news. began RS operations on May 2, 1e55. Itwas not until fsliatch 28. 1958 One conclusion comes easily there was no monolithic "American that it initiated its in-school morning telecasts known,as he 211nch ndia but media stressing individual areas of interest and different Classroom" or Massachusetts Instructional Televiaton.. Arts of the world But, in general, three hypotheses were supported. The penod from 1946 to 1955 was f haractenzedas t formative (1) Latin Americaroews was reported less than news from other era, when the base for Massachusetts Educational television, out of world drea.s, (2) "official" news 9f business or diplomacy dominated which instructional television grewrwas constructed. Latin Amer& coverage, (3) the average story from Latin America The next period, 1955.1960, marked the infancy acid early history was shorter than-thl average foreign story. of the'developrnent of Massachusetts instructional television within A Latin.Amed4 was a poor news source for American gatekeepers, the WGBH operation. 1 and the media miSsed religious and political,delelopment The period from 1960-1974was an ers of tremendous growth, throughout Latin America, Chiefly in El Salvor and Nicaragua. - recognition, expansion, and conflicts for the Massachusetts School There is a nee$ fOr a better system of information flow among. Television agency. Conflicts arose in regard,to controversial issues of nations, but JO impractical to expect the western media totat a fiscal control by the Department of Eaucatioh, whereas funding was bureau in eat" nation. Thus, work must be done with third world acquired through school membership fee assessnient. nations to improve the overall flow of news The era from 19f4lo the pretent has been one of clarity, with lear.cut delineatlorrof responsibility and financing for However, much' f the problem with the argument aboutlhe chusettS instructional television. It has keen a transitional western nrecliaei tendency to ignore developmental news nay be a period, with wise planning that directs i( into the future. ohilotophicarbifference in the definitioloof news More sophiOcated Conclusions. (.1) The inception of WGBH Educational.Televisibri research needs to be done to determine if a bias does exist in the lltS was a result of allocation of Channel 2 td Boston by the federal media a ttitUde toward the Latin American nations...._, CoMmunications Commission for noncyamercial purposes and The conclUsion of the study is that whilemedia coverage df L financial support of Your private foundaftohs. (2) instructional America was not as bad as earlier critics had said, it still lacks see television in Massapbusetts_was_conceived_due.tothe_ettortsof and an ability to spot trends, tending to descend upon Latin Amen , collabotation between WG131-1TV and Eastern Massachusetts school When a crisis "suddenly erupts." The media arrive too late, too officials43) The status of Massachusetts instructional television has unprepared and too set jp their attitudes toward Latin America. . altered as follows: 1958.60, autonomous project; 1960.74, quasistate 01 operated; 1974-present. state agency. (4) The programming trend of instructional television in Massachusetts switched from 100 percent dependence on total production in 195 to9percentacquisition in .41! 1980. (5) The opencircuit delivery mode has been a major limitation . for Massachusetts instructional television that has continued throughout its growth.

A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS Order No:81266 9 6 TELEVISION PROGRAMMING EVALUATION:" DARNS!, GOLNOOSH;Ep.d. Boston Upiveraity School of Educatibn. A NEED. 1981. 286pp. Major Profus4.Gaylen B. Kelley GRATIFICATION MODEL FOR AUDIENCE SEGMENTATION - s Order No. DA8201220 Problem. The purpose of alit study was to trace the history of the development of instructional televisicin in Massachusetts to datermine Doha AL, TERg A JANE, F,'H.D. University of Cincinnati:1981.354pp. the factors that led to its-Inception; the`siinificaneevents that affected ,Chairinan: Jer 'me B. Kernan : and changed its,direction; its structure in terms of organization, Cable televise n is strong evident tat the-television policy, and financing; as well as problems and limitations industg is changing. Cable becoming a significant means of widening the encountered in structure, programming, and utilization daring twenty- range of programm g and information services available to two years bf growth. the American consumerarketing television programming is not much Objectives. (1) To identify thereason and factors that led to the different from marketi other products. It includes research, inception of WGBH Educabonal Television. (2) ,To identify the tektertising, compreheeve and systematic planning. Understanding reasons and factors that led to the inception of instructipnal television viewer preferences in tel in Massachusetts. p To determine the significant events that took ision programming is essential for the successful marketing of ca le and network programmingdirectly to plate during the twenty-twoyear span of growth of Massachusetts viewers: instructional television. (4) To discover the 'structural changes of Empirical investigations of ses and 9ratificationsfocus on Massachusettrinstructional television since its inception in terms of , ,organization, policy, and financing. (5) To determine the specifying certain needs that ca be satisfied bywatching television. Watching TV is not necessarily r prograinining changes since its inception in thecontext of ted to all, or even most needs, but rather.to certain welldefined are production, acquisition, quality, and quantity of programt. (6) To of need for Which television might determine the problems that Massathusetts instructional teleVision be especially suited {e.g., a need for 'nformation,to escape from problems, etc.). The basic premise of tias encountered in terms of structure, programrriing,and utilization. is study is that the choice of television programming varies accordin tothe needgratification eipectedfrom watching television (i.e., rsons for viewing, enjoyment derived, etc.). 1 ' _ . I segmentation. This approach shows not onlyt?ehavioral intent to OF A MASS MEDIA, TRAINING PROGRAM:. watch certain television shows, but also differences in how members THE DESI , of each audience segment perceive, evaluate and categorize THE POR ULATION OF A PARADIGM FOR THE programming. This approach might serve as a building block in terms DEVELO ING NATIONS WITH PARTICULAR.4PPLICATION Order No. 8124607\ .of theory-anti practical application of methodology oti which future Tb THE LIBYAN EXAMPLE a research might progress intb such areas as designing.programmina El JERA1RY, ABOALLAH TAHER,PH.D. The University of Wisconsin Is \ for atighly segmented audience, input for designing programming 'Madison, 1981. 319pp. Supervisor professor Don R.Le,Duc pack4ges for network and cable television; making television_a more useful and enjoyable medium, and4understanding audience needs The lack o,f adequate planniqg in training programsfor mass more fullyipy direct assessment of televisionrogramming. media in many developing countries has resulted ingeneral dissatisfaction about the quality of programs and filmsshown in these A study was conducted to determine view rs' choibe patterns of cduKtpes. The principal purpose of this study is to develop ageneral television programming.A sample of 139 women was shown mbdel that carvbe applied when designingtraining programs in mass videotapes of 20 television program segments and asked to 'relate media, a9d applicable in almost any situation,whether the particular their perception, evaluation, categorization and choice of each shovs 4 medium-Is government dwned or privitelyowried. on scales provided in did questionnaire. A kirerarchical cfustering Thin model must take into account tOe-eerceivedcommunicatioi algorithm then was used to group respondents according to their, . needs of a givennation and the potential pf a particular choice of all 2Q programs; it yielded three distinct groups (segments) communications medium to deliver messages designed to meetthese of television viewers. The analysid of these clusters was based on a needs. Cultural factors affect the probable perceptionof these need satisfaction paradigm that identifies threte types of needi messages and th'e degree of firsagci,alandtechnical support available. 'associated with watching teleVision: knowledge, action; and emotion. for the production and delivery 10.-ernessaliges. The need gratific'ation context was examined for significant . The Genial Training Paradigm cOntains the followingelements: differences among clusters. Profiles were developed for each ' (1) Perceived Purposes (2) Selection of Medium andPrograming segment includingtelevisionviewing habits, lifestylechardaeristics, Content, (3) ExpX.cted Organizetional StWctures;(4) External other media habits, and socioeconomic background . 'Control Factors; (5) Training Pcbgram Structure; (6)Sourcesof Vrgversiin Clustel 1 were identified as "television embracers," the Support; (7) Operation. segment that is the most accepting ofielevision and its programming The-principal facts of this paradigm correspond tp thechapters of it relates to, , In the need gratification context, embracers watch more "escapist" . this dissertation. (1)A survey of communication as -shows thaD the other segments and watch mainly td get away from developm,ent, beginning with an historical perspective,and - their pioblions. Thesis an ernottbnal orientation toward television. continuing with an assessment of "dominartt paradigm of Viewers in Cluster 3, identified as "television protesters." are the . development" asexpounded by Daritel Lerner andWilbur.SChramm, most selective in choosing programm9g, and critical of the.inednim. and an assessment of other, alkerriative paradigmstructures. (2) A In the need gratificaponcontext, theffeel that watching television is continuation of the assessments outlined in theparagraphs above, worthy:41,01s° Icing as they learn something. This is the knowledge and preliminary application ofrthe paradigm developed,to ctraining' Program fordocumentary filmproduction.ih LIBYA.(3)A discussion orientation towardlelevision. ,. .- ., Viewers in Cluster 2 were identified as "television ofthree principaltopics: theitheoiy ofdocumentaryflirn, the technical taccommodators.r The most obvious characteristic otthisproup is and .organizational basis of filrnmaking, and the history of severpL in under-developed countries to Illeir choice of programming, They are less tetective than prbtqte , major documentary filys,progeams andohoose almo t as many prog(ams as embracers, but the coliterQ Otabilithhe valtie ot'dcymentary film as a tool in development, both ,e-'' skille,through -of the shows-choti ikinoresophisticated, nontrivial and less o _nprornotin9 nationatsurrity and in teaching technical "escapist. The n grat)ficatisncontext indicate* that the use of documentary nonficlional medium.(4) An examination of accommadators watch mainly To be sociable. This ithe action specific features of Libya to establish how they conformto-the .J , historical and 1 ..orientaton of the need satisfadtion paracligm.. 'General Traicin%Paradibm, The geographical, Analysts of variance performed on psychogrisphic variables 16* economic features will be discussed as well as thecultural4ctrs, Islam will be examined at onit revealed significant differences among clusterslin at of 75 and (inparticular,the influenceof Libya, the,"Third s ' activities, 38 interests, and some items on fenA70.11fe style such as length. As the final part of this descriptionof Theory" and Libyan governmental theory, anii practiwillbe s sex rolerstereotyping, television viewing aid opinion letidership. with,the mass Significant differences were also discovered in other rnedia habits,. discussed, particularly emphasizing the relate reship media. (5) Aurvey of some of the general problemsof establishing a and demographics such as edVcatioh andincpme among clusters: previous Grouping audience members according tolheir choice of 20i training program, drawing upon the information from the chapters to apply the Genera,1 Training Pfiradigm tothe specific needs te4evesion programs has proved to ttetyserutoprohch to % . chapter consideri , ..0 , 'of the film medium iirlibya. The first section otthis , 1f( . gomi3 of thebasic reqthrements and considerations of training . 4 programs. It also examines the history of attempts at establishing filrn . 1 training' enters in various countries of the Arab World:The final part ' of this examinationrings together all of the threadsof the General AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF THE .NEWS: AN ANALYSIS Training ProgcanTend,combines them alto a spe'cific proposal fozse .filrvIlligning program.. ' OF NEWS FORMS s Order No. D A8209989 EROOM, LEAH RAE, P+.D. The University of Iowa. _1981. 183pp.

'Supervisor: Professor Samuel L. Becke , . . 4 . 'This study was an.interpretive study e cultural form called `f)OLICYMAKING 114,THE EGYPTJAN BROADCASTING news, it examined the news which appeared on three television SYSTEM: AN HISTORICAL CASEgTUDY ANALYSIS stations, three radio stations, and two newspapers for an eighteen- hour period on one randomly selected ,day. Using a formal, structural Order No. 8126629 approach to narrative analysis, the study explicated tour news forms- EL- SI Y ED,SAID mom AlaE0s:PH.B. The. Wit vprsity OI Wisconsin: the mythic narrative, the announcement, the conversation, and the -Madison, 1981. 3430p: $upervieor. Aist,Protessor7ttrnothy R. anecdote. Narrative forms found included these.general types -the Haight heroic narrative, the oracular narrative, and the controversia narrative. Heroic narratives had five vanants, each of which featured; The-Egyptian broadcasting system historically deVelopediaissk. different types of social actors as heroic figures. Substantial governmental agenby until 1979 when a new broadcasting code was differences were found between the types ofnews forms which promulgated. It mandates the formation of apublic organization comprised most of the news on each medium. Dffferrces were fdund -called The Federation for Radio and Television to be responsible for broadcastingtactivities. between local and national newscasts on radio. Newspapers were found to have both simple and compound narratives. The study This code assigned a General Assembly forsBroadcastingas the concludes that the forms in which news is cast affect ttfe meanings highest authority in the organizaton At a lower level,a board of o evoked by particular news stories and the pictures dila: world the Trustees is responsible for developing plans to be submitted to the assehibly fdr approval, as well as for the supervision, of the FRT'-s audience can construct from those stories, The study also conartreas , that one acquires a different picture ot,Lhe world from television than different sectors Public figures are to be represented in thesetwo one does from the other two news medllt studied. governing bodies, arid have to have the numerical ipaidrity on the Board of Trustees-Public figures are defined as prominent individuals active in deerent aceaeof social life. . . In contrast with the model maintaining that legal provisions are the The subjects were seventy elementary schoolagW boys. I he determining factor in mass media policy, formation, this research younger group (n 21.) were kindergarteners and first graders, the adopts the view that mass media characteristics are defined through middle group (n 25) were thltd graders. and the older groUp (n = the interaction of different social institutions. It is conducted in the 24) were fifth and sixth graders. framework of general systems theory, whereby the media's basic, For conceptions, after being shown sets of three photographs of features are defined through the conversion activities of the system model; (two of which were the same type), boys selected pairs that which transforms inputs of demand and support into policy output. "go together best," and gave reasons why. The data revealed similar This conversion occurs in a core of authoritative agencies and results numbers of correct pairs at each age, with both UCs and RPs most' in output of public policies which return by means of feedback link often correctly paired. Boys' reasons revealed that UCs and RPs (but .-through the general environment to constitute and influence new not MRCs and RCs) were stereotyped. The few salient features of UCs outputs. The recurrinwparticipan)6 in the broadcasting polic4making (strength, special powers) and RPs (occupation) were evident to boys agencies within the "core." These are singled out as follows. (1) The in all age groups. A more diverse set of salient features characterized broadcasting organization. (21 State regulationslnd presidential MRCs and RCs across age groups. power. (3) The legislative body acting in responte to other For the second conceptions task, attribute profiles of UCs, RCs, participants. (4) The political parties. and RPs were compiled from boys' answers to questions about 'Each oftheseparticipants andlhei-retationships with physical and nonphysical attributes. The data revealed that boys at all broadcasting are discussed in a separate chibter. Case studies ages characterize UCs as significantly less realistic than RCs and involving policy-making decisions have been brought up along the RPs. With age, there was also a tendency for boys to describe models discussion. These cases attempt to discern whether broadcastirig is as more realistiC in nonphysical areas, but physical differences Overpowered by external forces, the extent to which the managersare -between UCs and others remained constant across age. RCs and RPs, able to dominate the decision.malfing.process; and whether the differed from one another only in nonphysical attributes (such as outside occupational positions of public representatives affect their 'emotions and interactions with others). stand on the,issues. Identification with models was assessed by having boys select,,at separate times, models they wished to be (fantasy mode) and models they believed were similars to themselves (realistic mode). Reasons were given in both modes. In the fantasy mode, boys of all ages wished to be UCs and MRCs, and were attracted by their novel abilities. In the realistic mode, boys both noted their similarities to RCs and RPs more frequently, and relies less on physical features as reasons for similarity with age. IMPERIALISM, MEDIA, AND THE GOODNEIGHBOR: NEW Answers tolhe four questionsex(miningactor knowledge 'DEAL FOREIGN POLICY AND UNITED.STATESSHORTWAVE revealed a gradual age-related improvement in boys' understanding BROADCASTING TO \LATIN AMERICA Order No. DA820956 7 of the character /actor relationship. A post hoc examination of the interview tasks revealed both an age.related tendency for older FEJES,FRED ALLAN, PH D.A.Inive?sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, subjects to spontaneously apply this knowledge in the conceptions 1982. 228pp. tasks. and to refrain from applying it in the identification task. 'Thus, Thiestttdy presents an historical scot:Ault of the expansion of once available to boys, this knowledge is selectively applied by them. United St@% interests iri Latin A metitan communicationsin the first It was concluded that these aspects of boys' understanding

,half of this century. Particular emphasis is laid on how United Stales . change considerably during elementary school-aged years. thortwdve broadcasting Watused asvehicle for the penetration and 'Furthermore. boys in each group noted differences between models dominance of Latin American mass communication systems. Such In age-adbroppate ways. Implications were drawn for people's penetration is analysed in relation to the overall context of the gbals understanding of,models,beyond these formative years. and how this 'and activities of the Good Neighbor Policy of franklin D. Roosevelt. ,understanding modifies models' influence. Concomitantly, with the developmentAl4fditwave broadcasting . as a tool of foreign policy, there arose thinelscl to restructure the traditional relatibns between the broadcastingindustry and the government. Thitstudy describes the rifeiSess by which the-American r---broadcasting industry came to accept government control and dominance in the field of international broadcasting. MEDIA DEPENDENCE AND COMMUNITY INFLUENTIA LS:A Finally, this Study attempts to show how such an historical account STUDY OF ACCESSIBILITY, EVALUATION AND CROSS- aS this can be used to elucidate the notion of media imperialism. CHECKING IN ONE AMERICAN COMMUNITY . Order No. DA8207183, FRY, DONALD LETrELL, PH.D.* The Ohio State University, 1981. 164pp. Adviser: Professor Thomas McCain

The present-study attempted to describe and define the . information environment of a group of community influentials in one: , community as it relat&lb a high conflict issue. Media dependence was the primarytonstrat through which the information environment BOYS' UNDERSTANDING- OF TELEVISION AND REAL-LIFE was analyzed. Beginning with the basic media.dependence model MODEL'S Order No. 8201325 ' developed by S. Ball-Rokeach and M. DeFleur, an elaborated model FERNIE. DAVID ELDEN, ED.D., University of Massachusetts, 1981. was developed which included accessibility to sources, evaluation of 419pp. Director: Dr. George E. Forman sources and information crosschecking with sources. Using these, variables, the study explored theievel of dependence community During the elementary school yefars, children meet a variety of inflirentials had on newspaper, television, radio and interpercoae" influential adult models both in everyday life and on television. The sources of information'abOut an ongoing urban redevelopment -central thesis of this study is that models' influence upon children is controversy. modified by children's changing understanding of them. The results indicated that the community inffuentials tended to be Four types of models were examined: familiar real people in more dependent on interpersonal sources than on mediated sources children's lives (RPs), unrealistic characters (UCs), mixed reality for information. Interpersonal sources were more highly evaluated characters (MRCs), and realistic characters (RCs) on television Three and were used as an InfOrmation crossverification source much more aspects of children's understanding of these types of models were frequently than were the mediated sources, there were strong, considered: Conceptions (i.e,,the salient features and nonsalient indications that this interpersonal dependence was largely a function attributes of each charactertype); identification (i.e.. their of the accessibility of expert information through those channels. involvements with each charactertype); and actor knowledge (i.e., Mediated sources were a significant source of information as well. their aviereriessiof the fictive status of television models). Mediated sources were perceived as being equally accessible when compared to interpersonal sources. Newspaper and radio were evaluated only slightly less positively than interpersonal sources. . Of the mediated sources, influentials were most dependent on Through the history of EBS, the thesis examines the individual newspapers. though radio was a surprisingly important factor in the elements which have played a role in the functioning of EBS as a informaMh environment. Television was perceivedas least curriculumsupport sec ice of the Ministry of Education. Each of the I accessible and was evaluated least positively of aji sources. The data infrastructure' elements, the thesis contends, is an interdependent suggest that when ttle interpersonal network protides relevant and link in a chain. when each one is present at the same time as all'of the useful information to influentials, they will tend to rely on those others, EBS functions successfully; when any one or more of these sourcesAut, when the interpersonal network becom& fragmented elements,is absent, the operation of EBS is undermined, and is unable to provide needed information, influeneals will turn to The history of EBS is divided into four sections: (1) Background mediated sources. Finally, the data suggest thatnewspapers, radio and Origins; (2) The Early Years (EBS and US/AID); (3) The Middle and interpersonal sources may serve a corhplementary function in the Years (EBS and The World Bank), (4) The "Inflationary Years" (EBS information environment. and External Forces). The structure of the Chapters emphasizes the significant role played by foreign aid in the establishmentand operation of EBS durihg the course of its history. Although treated separately, the objectives and the funding of the Service are also presented within this historical framework; each complements the statements by interviewees and the documentation TELEVISION AND CHILDREN'S SELF PERCEPTIONS ; used in the thesis. Order No. DA8206831 The history and the research findings highlight the interdependent nature of the elements which facilitate the production and reception GARRAMONE, GINA MARIA, PH.D. The University of Wisconsin - of the electronic media for curriculum support in Jamaica. Madison, 1981. T87pp. Supervisor: Associate Professor Byron Reeves-- r Two experiments were performed to investigate the influende of G levision on children's self perptions. Specifically, they sought to, a dress the questions "Can telision information influence a child's t se -perceptions? And if so, uer what conditions and by what pr esses?"410.., 'Oath experiments, children rated themselves and a well-known Tft5 NAZIANTI-SEMITIC FILM: A STUDY OF ITS televidiOn character on veral attributes. Ratings were taken twice: PRODUCTIONAL RHETORIC for the control group, t ec nd measurement was taken imMediatify after the first; for the treatment group, a television- GITLIS, BARUCH, PH.,D. University of Southern California, 1981. stimulus intervened between the two measurements. The television Chairman: Professor Morton Zarcoff stimulus consisted of a short segment from a madefor-television 444, Since the demise of the Third Reich, the anti - Semitic films made by movie containing information incongruent with the children's the Nazis have been hidden away in closed archives, far from the -previous personstructure for the well-known television character on public eye. It has been generally thought that they were so noxious the attributes: In the second experiment, the children also rated an thathey might poison the social atmosphere. This study does not hypothetical child. ignore such a danger, but that possibility should not prevent the In the first experiment, television information influenced both illumination of the portrayal of Jews in anti-Semitic films which ratings of the television charaCter and self ratings: Identification with exemplified the total program and philosophy of the Nazis. the televisTrn character, but not age of child, mediated the influence The central thesis of this study deals with the "production rhetoric. of the television information. lo the second experiment, ratings'of the. " of Nazi anti:Semitic films. The term is Gerald Millerson's adaptation ' television character and the hypothetical child, but not self ratings, of Aristotle's definition of rhetoric. Aristotle defines rhetoric as the art were influenced by the television information. Neither identification of discovering all available means of persuasion, and Millerson places no age of child had any consistefit mediating influence. In both This in a motion picture context and concentrates on the experiments, partial correlation analyses suggest that thelinfluence of characteristic qualities of the medium. ole the television information flowed frOrailhange in ratings of the This study shows that from the beginning the Third Reich used all television character on the most manifestly manipulated attribute to available aesthetic means to project their image of the Jew and their change in rating on the other attributes for the.other individuals condemnation of Jewry. They Spared no expense to defame the Jew, rated. The results upport the notion of person structures as to arouse anti-Semitic feelings among Germans, and to justify the interconnected attntes and the influence of television information viewpoint that led to the total destruction of a great part of the Jewish on self and other pert bons through the association of person people. This investigation is an analysis of the principles by which the structures and attribut the child's mind. film medium as an instrument of propaganda uses a special rhetoric to establish fear of a common enemy and to manipUlate public radio network, was establishedby the' Corpo ation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in perceived to be through advertisers and secondarily by writing letters 1970 as a membership to television stations. Thus, advertisers are not only thought toshave organization with local noncommercial stations electinga majority of the Board of Directgra., substantial influence on television programs but are also seen as a The network, as created, was responsible very accessible source of influence. Thae results emphasized the for the produclion, relative lack of influence which government is thought to have On programming, and distribution of programson thenetwork . interconnection. The remaining major national television content. function, representing A comparison of letter writers with other respdndenth suggests the stations and the public radio systemto Congress and CPB, was the responsibility of a separate organization that audience participation in the process of expres,sing preferences (NFEB'sNational' -, to the mass media Is better explained by the accessibility o' a means Educational Radio division). In 1973, representation became the of feedback thari by the influence the feedback response is expectitd responsibility of the Association of Public .Radio\Stations (APRS), which from 1975 through 1977, engaged in to have on subsequent content. Specifically, letters are not a series of extended considered significantly more influential by letter writers than by negotiations with NPR on a possiblemerger of the two organizations.. On May 3, 1977, the APRS nd NPR memberships others, yet writing a letter is bought to require less effort by those voted to merge and who had written than by others. create asingtorganizatioto handle all the major responsibilities for publaradio o he nationlevel. ' , c''Ticis stu amines the history of NPR from its formationthrough the restructure of the public radio resulting from the NPR/APRS merger, Specifically, this history analyzes fqur issues of enduring. ,, importance to *public radio system during the twoyear merger THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANINSTRUMENT TO MONITOR period: (1) thelefationshiptetween national organizationsand ' SCIENCE COURSE CONTENT OF TELEVISION member stations; (2) system insulation from political NEWS FOR pressures:" . NONCOLLEGE PREPARATORY (3) managing the national organizations; and (4)system funding STUDENTS The study concludes that, while not ideal, thefirst three of the lour 0 rderNd. 8201104 issues, which are largely internal to the system..havebeenat least HOLLINS, WAY NeCHARus. Eo.D.University of California, Los Angeles, temporantY resolved to an acceptable level. The relationsbetween 1981. 57pp. Chair: Professor John McNeil NPR and its stations, the insulation of programming from political A general decline in test ' jxessures, and the, management of the system, scores and society's dissatisfaction with 4* though, could ,the results/Of public education hasprompted law-making bodies continue to pose problems for NPA in thefuture. nationwide to enact legislation placing The fourth issue, largely beyond the system's more specific demands on control, long-range public'education. Much of this legislation hasreflected an emphasis funding, has yet to be resolved and, if not resolved, willbecome an upon educational accountabthty. A public even greater threat to public radio's sursival. Without the security of demand has generally been "let's get back to the basics' whichusually tranilatesknot only into ong-range funding, the delicate balances achieved on the other three reading, writing and an issues could beNsubstantially jeopardized.' metic, but basic content for any subject. At this time scienc nd its accompanying technology has been undergoing unpreceden growth. Science education has been unable to keep'pace. More and mckethe citizenry of the world is faced with making decisions which effectand/or are being affected in some way by the utilization of the science technologyof the day. Science education is confronted with cV this double faceted problem of responding to the "backto the basics" demand while at thesame time attempting to maintain PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF INFLUENCES ON TELEVISION a relevancy with the burgeoning amount of science information being produced.It is an information source CONTENT - Order No. 8201448 that has growth surpassing the abilityof textboolrevisionsto keep HATES, MARK STEPHEN, PH.D. Ohio Univeety, 1981. 209pp. Director. pace. of Dissertation: Drew 0. McDaniel It was the purpose of this studyto develop an instrument capable of allowing a quantifiable analysis This study investigates one of the characteristics of mass of those science concepts having an impact upon contemporary society. Inaddition to being communicationthe paucity of feedback. It examines the relative quantifiable, the instrument must importance of two conditions which appear to be associated with the accomplish its intended purpose of, identifying useful concepts efficientlywith a minimum employment of audience participating in any means of feedback: (a) the degree to time. which a response is believed to'affect subsequent content; and In this particular instance, (b) the degree.to which one has acess to a means of responding, television news programmiiicwae the source analyzed. The science information content These conditions were examined by making comparisons between was analyzed on the basis of its frequency of piesentationIn combination with the the general public and persons who have written letters to television consideration of the educational format stations. The study considered five sources of influence on television of its pregentation. The data of these two faotprs is to be inserted content direct atldience feedback; ratings; advertisers; preferences into a "Needs Assessment" type of matrix in an attempt to makea determination regarding the validity of television executives; and government. For each of these sources bf these data, i.e. science of influence, public perceptions were ascertained regarding (a) the concepts. as content matter for a current science course of study for non-c011egepreparatory students. relative importance of the source of influence and (b) the' The instrument for recording respondents access to the source of influence. Respondents alscp and quantifying the data was Subjected to a jury type of internal validation. estimated the importarke which television decisitnmakers woad The average of all respondents was in the upper quartileindicating a polltisie validation. Assign to each of these five factors. Reliability of the instrument/methodology was measured using a An instrument with Likerltype +terns was clisfeloOed through correlation of coders agreements, the of resulting average coefficient of' pretesting. It was administered by telephone to a random sample reliability was 0.83. also an acceptablerating. persons in the counties which comprise the Saint Louis te'^vision The validity.and reliability determinationssupport the usefulhes:s'of madiet's area of dominant influence, Responses from the general this instrument for its intended public were coriipared with a random sample of persons who had purpose. Further testing is necessary ' to determine its usefulnessin analyzing other information written letters to Saint Louis television stations A total of 225 persons sources and/or its usefulness in aiding in thedetermination of content were interviewed. material for othe disciplines ofstudy.

*IL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF, THE PROGRAMMING Increased distinctions between certain concepts and clustering of RACT10ES OF BLACKQWNED BLACKORIENTED RADIO others were consistent with instructional coent. POsttest KYST TIONS AND WHITEOWNEb BLACK-ORIENTED RADIO configurations differed from pretest config hons for both the pre- STATION - Order No. DA812'5726 post andppsttestonly samples'. Sex and co rbalancmg subgroup r - solutions also showed increased qualitative structuring. Evidence of a JEER, JAMES PHILLIP, PH.D. The University of y/ipconsin Madison, pretest effect vas limited. 1981. 176pp: Supervisor: Assistant'Professor Timothy Haight The use of F1.0 as an individual aifferences.preaictor must be .Many empirical studies and "thought pieces" have indicated that reconsidered to light of the outcome variables. As performed the mass media stereotype members of Minority groups, particularly significantly better than FDs on Form M, but results were mixed on blacks. A common rejoinder to these studies is that the stereotyping Form C. For the SINDSCAL analyses, four extreme groups were would end and content would change if minority.groupmembers selected. F1, FO, high acquisition, and low acquisition. SINDSCAL owned and consequently controlled more media outlets than they subject loadings did not differentiate Fls from FDs. Whien F1.0 groups, - have historically. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) were separated, the A solutions accounted for more variance than and various other government agencies adopted'severalpolicies the FD solutions in one counterbalancing condition. designed to increase the level of minority ownership of radio and television stations. The goal of these policies was that diversity of ownership would result in diversity of content. This thesis examined this policy in the context.of black oriented radio, currently the-most pervasive type of the broadcastornedia 'with cross racial ownership, in the,areas of News, Pu bliczAff airs and Other ASSESSMENT OF THE NEW WORLD INFORMATION ORDER: programming, public service announcements, commercial A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS programming and playlists. All nonplaylist areas were analyzed on the COVERAGE BY THE PRIMARY WESTERN TELEVISION basis of the quantitative data used by the FCC to determine the NETWORKS Order No. DA8203 174 performance of licensees:PlvilistS were examined by analyzing the composition of playlists at blackoriented radio stations by ownertype. KITATANI, KENJI, PH D The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1981. The playlist analysis indicated that black -owned blackonented 150pp. Supervisir. Professor Don R. Le Duc radio stations differed significantly from stereotypic black- oriented Tleus thesis pit estigates the extent of international news flow via radio playlists than white-owned black-onented radio stations. There television news program of the industrial nations. It isolates the . were no significant differences for the black-o'wned and white-owned process of flow and examines those factors which tend to encourage black - oriented radio Stations for the other areas that were the subject or inhibit the flow of television news items from one region of the of this study. E world to another. ;4-major point of the study was that the question of diversitymay Video tape and news script samplet tram three American, two depend to a large extent on the type of measurement used and that British and two Japanese television netwdrks over a period of six measurements containing criteria which incorporate some type of months were obtained to conduct an empirical study. By utilizing qualitative standards are likely to reveal diversity better than sheerly content analysis, the difference between the seven programs in terms quantitative measurements. of heir relatiCie time distribution, story types and news-themes of international coverage peculiar to their newcastswere distinguished. Upon completion of the empirical study, the researcher used the processed data to develop an explanation of the factori that appear I to determine the particular characteristics of televisionnewsflow: economic and political dominance of Western nations cause ? IMPACT OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION PROGRAMS ON "imbalance" in the flow. However, this explanation differed from the SIXTH GRADERS' COGNITIVE STRUCTURE AS A FUNCTION established hypothesis which attempts to explain the "imbalance" in the international news flow; the domination of West and their OF COGNITIVE STYLE AND CONTENT ACQUISITION imperialistic pressure and influence caused Imbalance in the flow. Order No. DA821 11 55 The thesis concludes that the researcher's explanation is more powerful than the established hypothesis. However, it suggests the Jocmums, BRENDA LEE, PH.D. Indiana University, 1981. 231pp. . necessity of conducting additional studies of this type tq develop Thipurpose of the study was to investigate cognitive structure more conclusive hypotheses which can explain the function of changes in sixth grade students after exposure to five instructional international news flow. programs from the Thinlotboot series. Multidimetsional scaling (MDS) configurations of 10 judging information concepts were examined in light of student field:dependenceindependence (F10) and acquisition of program content., Two instruments were developed and submitted,reliability testing in eight classes (N = 186). Each focused on instructional -content dealing with judging information sources. A cognitive PUBLIC BROADCASTING AND FREEEXPRESSION: AN structure questionnaire (Form C) consisted of 45 dissimilarity EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF THEGOVERNMENT judgments, and an acquisition test (Form M) used a traditional NEXUS . Order No. 8201844 multiple choice format. . KLEIMAN,HOWARDMICHAEL, rK.u." The hypothesis testing design was a pretestposttest comparison university oi vregOn, 1981. 413pp. Adviser: Dr. Ronald Sherriffs with a small posttest only group. Twelve classes (N = 266) viewed one 15Minute program daily for a week. All students took the Group Public broadcasting's right of freeexpression has been Embedded Figures Test as a pretest. Form C was given as a pretest to constrained since the federal governmentbecame intimately involved the 10 prepost classes, but not to the two posttest only classes, with the system through passage of the PublicBroadcasting Act of Presentations of the posttests (Form M and C) were counterbalanced 1967. ThiS study devotes particularattention to assessing how public in all classes. television journalism has been affected bythe government's Two types of MDS were used: the KYST program for aggregated presence. data and the SINOSCAL program for individual data matrices. Group The Public Broadcasting Act placed directlimitations on public Cognitive structure representations revealed the impact of braod4asting's First 'Amendmentrights by establishing a proscription ThinkAbdut programs used in a natural classroom setting even against editorializing and a requirefnent callingfor all programs or series funded by the Corporation for,Public without the benefit of followup lessons. Three KYST dimensions Broadcasting to maintain- desFribed the relationships between concepts. 01 discriminated strict objectivity and balance. While theseprovisions had little direct sources relevant to the drarhatic context of the problemsolving issue. impact on public television journalism,they established a precedent ..../042 wasan evaluativedimension, and D3 separated human fromnon for °separate but unequal" treatment of publicand commercial broadcasting in terms of the First Amendment. thuman sources. The Act also left the . 'system vulnerable to political pressure by its failureto provide long. term insulated funding, . Public broadcasting's second class status under the First Amendment has made it especially vulnerable to political pressure as OF revealed by a review of the system's interaction with the White House A STUDY OF PARENTAL AWARENESS OF THE USE and Congress from 1967 to the present The years of the Nixon TELEVISION AND aS, INFLUENCE ON ELEMENTARY administration depict the clearest and m9st blatant attempt by the SCHOOL CHILDREN ' Order No. DA8204013 'government to manipulate public television's public affairs- MCGRATH, JAMES THOMAS, D ED BostonCo4/71)0, 1981. 97pp. programming, as documentedby material secured through the Director: Dr. Donald T. Donley Freedom of Information Act. Therefore, much of this study is devoted (o an analytical narrative of that period. The research was designed.to measure hpw parents perceivetheir This study also reviews the decisions of the Federal awareness of the various factors of television viewingThese factors Communications Commisson and the courts, which have addressed are. (1) The amount of time children spend.viewing television public broadcasting's freedom of expression. This analysis reveals a (2) The influence television has on children ,(3),The amountand type fundamental tension not only between the constraints contained in of violence seen on television by children (4) , Children's inability to ' the Public Broadcasting Act and the public broadcaster's First comprehend the moral implications of what they view on television. Amendment rights. but also between the constraints and the FCC's (5) The value of parental supervision and interactionfn children's requirement that a broadcast licensee-commercial orpublic serve television viewing.- research. the inf ormation needs of its community. . A questionnaire was developed for employment'in the The study concludes with a review of some of the questions The questionnaire oonsists of factual statements aoncerning the involved in government subsidized speech. The implications of influence of television on children. It was developed with the aid-of a likening public stations licensed to government entities to traditional cross - section of experts in the field of televisionand Its relationship to public forums are assessed. children. These experts were selected from various sectors as; " parents groups, directors of educationaltelevisiqn, private groups such as Prime-Time Schriol Television, nationalnetwo(ks such as ABC, NBC and CBS, university departinents of comMuniqation,child psychiatrists and pediatricians and other leading experts in the field. The reference, Ellucatiorial Research byt. R. Gay wasemployed as a gdide in the development of the instrument,A random sample of AN EFFECTIVENESS MEASURE FOR VISUAL parents wt1 administered the questionnaire. The sample group COMMUNICATION MEDIA; TOWARDDEFINITION OF consists of parents of elementary school children fronktbtee VISUAL PRINCIPLES Order No. DA8210668 communities in Massachusetts. These communities Ore Stoneham, Kingston and Hopedale. Lewis. ELAINE MARY; PH.D. RensselaerPolytechnic Institute, 1W. Three sub-studies were conducted to reveal information 178pp. Adviser. GeorgeA. Barnett concerning the following". (1) As a group, are mothers or are,fathers (2) Does the . Visual medie can be vital tools for communication.Their vitality more aware of the influence of television on children? stems from universal validity and expanding accessibility. fact that the parents watch a certain quantity of television relate tothe For their children? potential to be folly realized, however, standards formedia , degree of awareness they have of television's influence on effectiveness are Akal. (3) Is there a significant difference in the degree of awareness in part to This study integrates concepts about visualcommunication from mothers have of the influence of television on children due the diverse fields of design theory, communicationsystems -- the time mothers spend awayfrom home atwork? engineering, and human communication research.The resulting 'The researcher found parents are aware of the Influence of the descriptive theory and its evaluative tests-are offeredas a preliminary television oo children. Specifically, the rieSearcher found 84.0% of parents responding agree to the facts concerning the amountof time foundation of basic research necessary for a science of visual media children spend watching television and the generalinfluence the effectiveness, medium has on them; 83.4% agree to the items concerning the .. This dissertation argues that standarfor the quality o visual 90.3% media.can be precisely defined througtimathematical modelinThis quantity and type of violence seen on television by children; agree that parents need to supervise the viewing habitsof their theoretical definition combines practical insights from visual design children and interact with their children about the shows theyboth with evaluation techniques from systems engineering andsocial science to yield exemplars for visual displays. These criteria are' view together. The three sub-studies revealed the following information: calledVisual Principles. (1) Mothers are more aware than fathers of the influence oftelevision, Visual Principles are standards for media effectiveness. They higher than the fathers and incorporate both parameters, operationalized in this investigation as < on children. The mothers sampled scored had a smaller standard deviation, indicating that as a group,they are form variables, and the structural organization among these more in agreement with each other on the topicthan the fathers. 1144 oparameterS, analyzed through multidimensional scaling of variable' . mothers accounted for approximately, 75% of the responseswhile the stimuli. Additional tests discover optimal levels for some variables fathers composed the remaining 25%.(No guardians responded.) through causal links with viewer preference. In short, this study (2) An inverse relationship existed between the amount of time - proposes a mathematical model that describes cognitively relevant' parents watch television and Their awareness of its influence on- param1ters optimized for viewer preferencesa a standard for visual elementary school children. As the amount of time parentswatch media effectiveness. television increased their score on the questionnaire decreased. The theory forNisual Principles is explored through four empirical tests:'A PRETEST to asseAdescriptive stimuli for variables; (3) Little difference of awareness exists between mother's who are a employed part-time and those who are not employed Mothers who MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS to discover functional relationships Work full-time are less aware of the influence of television onchildren, among these descriptors; and two VISUAL FORMPREFERENCE TESTS to find olotimal levels fdr some of thes parameters. - Test methodology includes metric multidimensional analysis of 4 ratio scaled subject judgements' for graphic pair comparison stimuli and regression analysis for causal models linking viewer preference with visual form variables and bther viewer factors. Stimuli for visual ise form variables were abstract. graphic displays. Some time varying variables were illustrated through unique videotape stimuli. A spatial map of cognitiVe organization for nine variable descriptors is presented and discussed. Other analyses finda positive, curvilinear functional relationship between viewer preference aria one form variable, static complexity.

Qc ti

FANTASY LIFE AND MEDIA USE PATTERNS OF ADULTS utility, escape, and acting. Four television programs were selected as AND CHILDREN , stimuli: 60 Minutes, Lou Grant, M'A and Charlie's Angels. A survey based on the gratification scales was administered to 190 MCILWRAITM, ROBERT DOUGLAS, PH.D. The University of Manitoba students at the University pf Oregon in the Summer of 1981. (Canada). 1981 Data analysis, employing analysis of variance, Nests. correlation, Two studies investigated the fantasy life correlates of adylts' and multiple regression supported all three research hypotheses: television. radio, and print'use and children's television use. In the there were significant differences between program scores on all five 'Adult Study. 219 subjects completed the Imaginal Processes gratification dimensions; several media use and deffiographic Inventory, Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and a media use . vanables emerged as significant predictors of differential uses of the checklist The mediuse and fantasy life measures, all anonymous, same program by different audience members, and content-seekers were administered as ostensibly separate studies on different differed significantly from media-seekers and nonseekers. occasions Contents in each of the three media were categorized as. This study contributes to the uses and gratifications approach by (1) Interpersonal Information. (2) Impersonal Information, (3) Sport focusing on the role of content. Further studies might fruitfully and Physical Activity, (4) SexualRomantic, (5) Musical, examine a broader range of entertainment programs and more refined (6) Nonviolent Drama, (7) Violent Drama, and-(8) Humorous. ways of categorizing viewers. Principal Components Analysis yielded sevenfantasy and sexrole factors and seven media use factors. Canonical Correlations indidated that a media diet heavy in print erotic a.sports in all three media, and general television viewing characterized stereotypically masculine individuals with an ObsessionalEmotional fantasy style. Such individuals were also high in guilty, fear of failure, hostile, and heroic fantasies, and were unlikely to read other types of print or listen to radio Such a dysphoric fantasy life also correlated with THE OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY AND television use alone, particularly viewing of musical, comedy, and BROAD igAST ISSUES: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIASTATE violent programmes Heavy users of a media diet high in radio INTERA ION Order No. DA8208011 listening and sports in all media reported few dysphoric fantasies but were also low in a variety of other positive and negative types. MILLER, JAMES ROBERT, PH D. University of Pennsylvania. 1981. In the Child Study, 82 grade one students were individually tested 316pp. Supervisor: George Gerbner using the Imaginal Processes Inventory for Children. They were also This is a report of an investigation of the U.S. Office of asked to identify 20 photographs of television personalities, selected Telecommunications Policy (OTP) in its *role as presidential adviser on the basis Of correlations with parental reports and parents' own and advocate and national policy planner. The study focused viewing, in a pilot study. Children also took the Peabody Picture primarily upon the OTP's activities pertaining to broadcastrelated Vocabulerrest. Partialling out the correlation of identification scores telecommunications. with age and IQ, it was found that for children, as fort adults, a At the time the OTP was established, historically stable and negative, anxious, hostile fantasy style correlated with general favorable relations between domirrerft broadcasters and federal television viewing, especially viewing of comedies, nonviolent drama, authqrities were bealtisrupted. The growing complexity and and sports Boys were mole Likely to identify sporth. talk shows, and significance of telecommunications, however, demanded a violent programmes and were lower in fanciful "child-like" fantasies, cooperative relationship. The expert planning capability represented girls were higher in this type of fantasizing and more likely to identify by the OTP and its prestigious location in the Executive Office of the comedies Srid nonviolent dramas. President constitute an important instance of attempted cooperation. Documentary evidence was the principal data source for the study Four types of documents were examined: published news accounts; federal publications, including hearings transcripts and reports; OTP staff studies:presentations and press releases,-and relevant literature from communications and other fields. A second source of . - information was interviews wjth knowledgeable informants, including USES -AND GRATIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIME OTP founding director Dr. Clay T. Whitehead. TIME TELEVISION: CONTENT AND INDIVIDUAL VIEWER After tracing historical events that led to the OTP's establishment, DIFFERENCES Order No. DA8209673 the study presents a record of OTP involvement with several broadcast-related issues between 1970 and 1978: regilatory rules for MARtim, DAVID C., Pm D. University of Oregon, 1981. 149pp. Adviser: domestic satellites, long-range funding and prograniming peaces DeWilliarn R. Elliott for publiciiroadcasting, regulatory rules for cable television, station The uses and gratifications approach was employed to investigate licensing, deregulation Of commercial radio,,primetime TVreruns, the differences in audience functions served by different tovision and an increase in VHFTV stations. content for different audience members. Broad support wasand in . The OTP wasjudged to be ineffective in achieJing both its the uses and gratifications literature for research into the rol operative goals foF the abOye issues and its official goal of greater content in determining,the gratifications audience members derive stability-Fri relations between broadcasters and federal authorities. from media use. The literature further suggested that different Five major constraints on OTP effectivenesswere identified: the individuals may use the same content for different purposes. The OTP's neglect of planning for comprehenshie national following three research hypotheses were developed based on the telecommunications policy, tactical relations with established policy literature review: (1) that different uses and gratifications would be actors, the problematic nature of the OTP's role as presidential found to be associated with different content, (2) that different uses advocate, Nixon administration media politics, and the Jeadership of and gratifications would be found, to be associated with the same Diredtor Whitehead. content by different audience members, and (3) that contegkseekinti Desire for an executive advocate and telecommunications policy indmAd uals will derive different gratifications from media content than planner is shown' to have persisted after the OTA's abolition. The Mediaseekers pr nonseekers. study concludes by noting contradictory forces in this desire:'tensions Several mOilaciologioal tests were involved in the development of and potential controversy inherent in mediastate telations,and the tests for the research hypotheses. Factor analysis wasjemployed to need shared by telecommunications and governmental elites to forge identify major dimensions of gratification underlying televisioruse, joint policy:in the national interest". Likert scales were constructed for each of the fivgratification dimensions that emerged; personal utility, societal contact, social v

a '. . CHILDREN'S P8RCEPTIONS OF TELEVISION CHARACTERS The analysis for comparative versus noncomparative advertisementswith Order No. 8128444 respect to the evaluation, likelihood of use and , recall indicated that noncomparative message formats were more NICOLINI, N.D. The University of 'Iowa, 1981. 282pp. effective 'or each service. Furthermore, the likelihood of use was Supervisors: Professor Simuei L. Becker, Professor Douglas M.' sign'ficrly higher for services mentioned in noncomparative versus Trank tho: tioned in comparative versus those mentioned in This study4examines school age children's perceptions of comparative advertisements. Recall of the service names was the television chatacters. Based upon previous research and upon the same for both types of advertisements and finally, recall had no effect theor/of person perception development, irWas expected that d on evaluation of the t children's perceptions would be mediated by the age and sex of the p children, their liking for the television chatacters, and the sex of the television characters. The sample forthe study included a total of 96 subjects, sixteen mares and sixteen females at each of three different age levels. Each subject was interviewed individually. The interviewer showed the EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION PRODUCTION: A DEWEY AN subjects pictures of twelve male and twelve female television characters, all of whom were then appearing during prime time hours, PERSPECTIVE Order No. DA8209202 Subjects were asked to.choose and describe their most liked male, PALUZZI, JAMES VINCENT,Pm 0. Kent State University, 1981. 141pp. their least liked male, and then the same for the female characters. All DireCtors: Normand Bernier, George Harrison their descriptions were recorded and then transcribed for content The purpose of this research was to apply selected concepts of analysis. John Dewey's educational philosophy to the development of a The content analysis was done in four stages or levels. First, each description was analyzed in terms of total units produced, each unit theoretical foundation for educational televisionproduchon. The rationale for this research was basdd on the OreMise.that most being a statement or idea that could be defined as a fact or item of information ref emng to that television character. Second, the units educators know relatively little about how television can be used to within the description were divided into manifest or inferred types. educate learners in traditional and nontraditional contexts; Third, the units were Classified into different categories of descriptive furthermore, it was postulated that most television production statements. Fourth, the types of explanations given by the subjects personnel know relativeW little about eduCationparticularly with were coded. regard to the comprehensive educational theory'of John Dewey. It The results of this study tend to support the notion that children's was therefore hypothesized that an examination of television perceptions of television characters parallel actuakverson perceiltion, production from a perspective based upon John Dewey's writings on Something which heretofore has not been shown for television (1) communication, (2) transaction, (3) interest and ideals, characters. As expected, age, sex of subject, liking for characters and (4) esthetics, and (5) public affairs would result in guidelines which, if sex of characters were all found to be significant variables in the implemented, could result in a refined level of production practice. description of television characters, and hence in theperceptio94,of This research has attempted to test this hypothesis by means of a television characters. Thus, from the results of this study it is poseible three-stage methodological approach. The first stage, theoretical to conclude that television characters, like actual people, are relevant exposition, was used to elucidate the major thrust of Dewey's , social stimuli for schoolage children. argument on each of the five abovementioned elements. The second stage, contextual analysis, was divided into two parts: (1) an interpretation of the theory -with regard to its specific application to the problems of educational television production, and (2) comparison/contrasts with'alternative approaches for the purposes of clarification. The third stage, synthesis and integrations attempted to develop guidelines which educators and television APPLICATION OF PRIMACYRECENCY INCOMPARATIVE, . producers could implement to effect an improvement in the natureof ADVERTISING ;Order No. DA8208228 educational television programming. On the basis of this invettigation. support was found for tho °HAMAN, ROOSINA, PH.D.The University of Texas at Austin, 1981. postulation.that educational television production is the 183pp. Supervisor Isabella C. M. Cunningham communication of a method of action by means of atraftsactionacg) In thepast decade extensive research has been done in thearea mediation of interest and ideals in a manner which results in a of order effect in the field cif communication and psychology, with the concentration and a clarification of viewer experiences. It was most investigated research topic being the primacy-recency effects of therefore concluded that a transactional approach to educational message organization. Furthermore, in recent years, encouraged by television production--developed in the dissertaton -could lead to the the Federal Trade Commission, advertisers have increased their use development of the Great Community: a society in which the of comdarative advertising. Past research in the area of comparative importance of interdependent activities-transactions iS both adverbs* his been mostly concerned with the ethical and legal appreciated and respected. This will come about as individuals are aspects and very few studies have dealt with the effectiveness issue. integrated intb Communities of interests, through which the self can A review of the literature in the area of primacy-recency and be fdentified and recognized,* comparative advertising, shows that these two areas are closely related. The order of message presentation is an important issue in comparative advertising, and researchers, seem to have overlooked the potential connection of these two areas. The present study measures the effects of primap-recency oftwo e message formats in the evaluation, recall and likelihood-of usage of. e two services. It also assesses the effectiveness of comparativeversus 4 noncomparative advertisements in terms of recall, evaluation and fikelihood of usage of these same services. The findings indicated that for both types of comparative advertisements primacy-recency affected the evaluation, recall, and likelihood of usage of the services tested. As an example,lhe service that was mentioned first in the comparative advertisement-was evaluated more favorably by )he respcindents The likelihood of usage' , of the product was also significantly affected by the primacyirecency of the advertising message;Recalk of the names were the same for both types of message format in comparative advertising. In addition, recalling of tie setvice names hadco significant effect on,the evaluation of that service. ; 20 O 4 : A MICRO STUDY, OF TELEVISION NEWS AT THE LOCAL Mass media dse is the stronger predictor of voting, althoUghping`' LEVEL: TELEVISION STATION, WBAP,TV, FORT WORTH mass use is a positive pitoictor while electronic use is negative. DALLAS; TELEVISION NEWS DIRFCT'OR, JAMES A. BYRdk; Quasi-mass use is the better prediCtor of political participation and community integration. TELEVISION NEWSCAST, "THE TEXAS NEWS"; EACH A . .r The following conclusions are drawn: (1) mass media use FIRST IN TEXAS Order No. 8128675 continues to bean important predictor of political Behavior; however, PRATT, JAMES DAVIO, PH.D. The Univo)sIty of Texas at Austin, 1981. (2) is Important to include Quasi-mass media use in amodt1 of 275pp. Supervisor-, Professor Jorge Reina Sehement Communication effects. (3) because the measurement of media use warestricted to exposure other factOrs shoUld be.included in a The Problem and Hypothesis of this study is to answer the multidimensional approach to measuring media use, and (4) research question of whether Jimmy Byron fit the greatman theory of Thomas on the effects Of media use shotild keep in Mind the nature of Carlyle. or Sidney Hook's suggestion that men of small or middling , communication and its effects as a processother variables like stature could meet the challenge of the new technology of television community Integration can mediate communication effects by occupying the seat of authority? In the process the study chronicles thi birth, growth, decline, and death of "The Texas News." 4 The film newsreel format of WBAPTV was born on September 29, 1948 and quietly finished its run shortly after 10:b0 P.M.August 1, 1969: "The Texas News" won a dozen national awards as the best newscast inthe nation. Byron's news organization was awarded the FOUR YOUNG CHILDREN CONSTRUCT REALITY: nabonat Sigma Delta Chi bronze medallion for its comprehensive TELEVISION WATCOING IN ,THE HOME Order No. 82D0864 coverageof the Rqsavjnation of President Kennedy November 22, MARY KATHLEEN, Ep D Indianallniversity, 1981. 24,143p. 1963. "The Texas NeWs" was characterized by restraint, good taste, Chairperson: Qr.'Carolyb L: Burke completeness and accuracy in its reporting of the President's visit to Texas that ended in death,,The citation read, ". .. this tragedy of It has been suggested that young childrenare easily misled by world-wide significance requfTd work fulfilling the higheststandard's television, bothin particular content 'and in the transfer of concepts. of journalistic excellence. .. , Through the use of naturalistic methodology in examining language Byron was also president of the Radio-Television Newstirectors and behavior of four young children, this studyis able to contribute to Association anethe first broadcait journalist to be elected national this discussion. president of Sigma Delta Chi. He was also the recipient of the Wells Making use of sociolinguistic procedures, the researcher actedas Memo Oal Key, the highest honor that can be conferred on a Sigma a participant observer during the television viewing situation in her Delta Chi member. own home and In-Oltomes of three other children. Natural, Among Byron's men who went on to bigger and better jobs were: conversationas examined on the basis of conversational segments. Jim Vinson to CBS in Los Angeles; Jimmie MOndell to CBS in These segments then could be characterized on the basis of four Chicago: Charles Murphy to NBC and later to ABC; Bob Welch to NBC observed patterns the transactive viewing situation, initiation of and in Vietnam and WaspingloniBob Schieffer to CBS; Key Herbert to . participation in the viewing-situation, the child's performance of . news director at KONO-TV in Sari Antonio. televiskin material, and the child's manipulation of the viewing Byronivas the first to recognize the broadcast community his situation. Another powerful research tool wars the concept of "growth news organization was larger thartany one city and he was the 'errors"- the lack of alignment between the views of child and adult., In

first to setup bureaus in boDallasendFora Worthand cover news a growth error, the child overgeneralizes rules, consistent with . throughout North Texas an e state. The nightly demands of visuals personal experience and developmental stage, toexpress what the ' alSo torch the newsmen to cover all news no matter of race, creed or adult sees as mistakes in the understanding of reality in connection national origin which made "The Texas News" unique among media . with television. in the area during the late 1940s andlhe 1950s. The key conclusions of the study center around the notion that the "The Texas News" was a locally produced newsreel and ignored l' young child is actively engaged in the process of constructing the stories Of which they had no film. The forthat began to change when meaning of television material. The child can be seen as a social they hactno way to cover the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and . communicator, who uses the medium, other people, pertinent -.. eventually they dropped the newsreel format and conformed with th8 nonviewing experiences, and his/her an body (through, general industry trend of an anchor introducing packaged film stories. ° performance) to gain inftrmation that winkallow the refining of conceptions of reality. If reality is seen di being socially constructed, then television viewing may btseen.asone naturally av,Otable social SitUation in which reality is explored: The need of The soder communicatorfor others to aid it the continual refining of reality is strikingly apparent from thii study.

6

MEDIA EXPOSURE AND- COMMUNITY. INTEGRATION AS PREDICTORS OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY Order No. 8202497 REmiii, JOEY BLAINE, PH.D _Michigan State University, 1981.,340pp. Mass media use is i good predictorof 'voting and major party political participation. Previous research has ignored "quasi mass" media as well as political activity outside major party national. , , campaigns. The present research explores the impact of quasimass Media in a causal model predicting tvio types of political behavior: 4 d , Toting and political participation. The model includes the Lsimultaneous effects of media use, community integration, education and length of 'residence. ;. , The hypothetes predict that media-use and community integration are causes of politicalbehavior.,Mass media use is predicted to be a 4i6( stronger cause of quasimass is expected to be the stronger predictor of political participan and community integration . ele . Data collected in persoTnalintervieviso 1711nited States cities are harAT.....= subjected toe-LISREL:rnaxirnuni iiketihora0valyegis..tbe analysis 4,-,1 explains 92,percent:0fthe variance in voting.and.59-Percent of-the :44 variance iri

. - 4- "4: - : * AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION INTCTHE PARENTAL EMPATHY AND FAMILYROLE INTERACTIONS, DEVELOPMENT OF A SURVEY INSTRUMENT TO DESCR1BEa .-, AS POR'T`RAYED ON COMMERCIAL TELEVISION THE MORAL CONTENT OF PRIME TIME TELEVISION- o o , Order No. 820041,3 $.; 4 PROGRAMS BASED ON KOHLBERG'S HEORY OF :14-,,,. t, COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT Order No. 8128460 SHANERi JAMES.MICHAEL. PH.D. The University of North Carolina a Greensboro,1981,16500.-Director .Dr. Mildred Johnson SOMMER, HEIDI,Pal.O. The Unive sity of Iowa, 1981. 182pp.. ,4,-; i Supervisor. Professor Richard,D. Spardson ...:Fitsear oh stbdies,ave found that prosocial behayiors can be r .,,<.- learned from viewing select television programs.In a time when t The analysis of television content has been the focal point of major ' ,fAintly'hasbeen thought of as disintegratingarjhas fewrotem studieS as early as 1949 (I-azerfeld and Merton), continuing through aAtar.,pareritinglelevision could be of pnme importance as a sourd the early 70's with the classio 5 volume report to the Surgeon General, ifietlels o' O.V.Ative parenting and (wilily Wain general, This stu and presently gaining worldwide attention with the research by 4 preliminary`sxanthetion of the potential fbr television to ;Nish consumer action groups into'the i?npact of television on the social tnft4nce (fares is and fgture parents. P development of our youth. However, noticeably lacking is any .-rt..uzeo this studywas to describe television fan il( research into the analysis of the moral reasoning or moral concerns _portrayeti on selected prog?amsynthin the three program formats of expressed, and reinforced weekly on popular television programs. Situation Comedies. Action Dramas, and Soap Operas. Data for this Therefore, it was the intent of this studyto develop an instrument, -studywereobtainedtom niretelevision programs, with three based on Kohlberg't Theory of Cognitive Moral Development, to pregrarns ire:e4ch program format..Eachprogilem was videotape, 'assess: (1) The Stage of moral reasoning used by individual recorded for witi Consecutive episodes . characters on television. (2) The Stage of overall moral messages Two instr ent§ were used as a means of systematically II4' ultimately communicated in a selected sample of televisionepisodes. Itlentifyirtg Hie' a'rl'A, behaviors understudy.The firstinstrument The instrument developed was entitled ttte,Moral Asiessment Empathy kleasp3e (Stover. Guernty, & O'Connell, 19711 was uledito, Survey (MASS). An accompanying Reference Guide was also collect information' on the levels of parental empathyby sySterniically -.. /1 compiled. Both were developed by adapting Kohlberg's Standard analyzing verbal and nonvertfal communications between paraita, and Issue Scoring Method and Manuals to the issues and format children. , characteristic of televised programs. Three television programs, Little Theosecond instrument, Family Role Interaction and Inlenti House on the Prairie, Eight is Enough, and Happy Days, were chosen Measure (Bolls. 1967), was used to collect information on farilly,t to provide a representative sample of popular television to which the interactions. ti,ata'were collected on the initiator of the t i, MASS cbulcl be applied. Ten episodes from the 3 programs were communicationthe Role d the person communicating, and t f le used Using,video cassettes, the episodes Are recorded and of the pers0 receiving the communication (Recipient). the dir4, cVon transcribed. The 10 video tapes, transcriptions, MASS and Reference - Of the Intent of the communication (Going toward, Going Against, Guide were mailed to Harvatd'i Center fot Moral Education where, Going Away), and thelntention of the communication_froin th' through priorarraggementi, 4 panel members individually analyzed . , . standpoint of,the phrson in the family role (secondary mode) the programs. Data'were Inalyzed by using frequencies: percentage's, rp3t, S, Pearson-product moment correlations were computed to provide ,... chi - square. and the iruskal.Wallis one-way analyis of variance by an inter-rater reliability index. In addition, an overall "averaged" index rank. Each progiamvasporgpared with the others within prOsgrarn, was computed. Since no previous rese4rch existed against which formats and acresstbe nine subjectprograms. ° data generated by this Investigation cotfld be evaluated, no specific The ntaforiti of television families were nuclear, middle-class, and standards forinter-rater reliability coefficients were set; instead a youflg white Anericans.'An average of four children per family was descriptive analysis was reported focusing on the following 3 portrayed with the majority of the children asteen agers. Individualism questions: (1) Can raters trained in Kohlbergian theory adapt this _ ,toms stressed over familism. theory to the analysis of the moral content of commercial television 'The-average levA of parental empathy indicated a mid,range programs? (2) Using MASS, can raters trained in Kohlbergian theory valiXe. There were signIficantdffferences in parental tmet,,i exhibit agreement as to their classification of main characters across betwl program formats Situation Comedies displayed higher levels selected episodes?,{3) Using MASS can raters trained in Kohlbergian of pare talfmtiathy thandidActionDramasatfl,Soap Operii.;. theory exhibit agreement 4.s to their classification of episodes across Portrajrals of fsmily roles beyond the nuclear family were minimal. the selected sample? The nuclear tamilies portrayed were,highly sexstereotyped. The Pearsonproduct morriAnt correlation coefficients were computed husbandwifereJationship appeared frequently with husbandirr the for two sets of data. Data Set A reflected the moral Stage scores of characters across episodes an Data Set B rhtlected the moral Stage" instrumentairoltand Wein the expressive role. Thechildret pcirtray,ed ere precocious and didnot behave acdording to,` . scores of episodes acr the selected sample. Pearson product moment correlation coe dents for Data Set A ranged from:6442;Z developmental stages. The secondary modes Shows Concetn and \Organizes-wereparental roles, where aeeks Support, Seeks cth an overall averaged nterrater reliability.index of .73. The Attentior and Seeks Gratification wert predominantly portrayed by correlationorrelation coe1licients1 r Data Set B ranged from .54 to .94 with an children..' i overall averaged inter-ra reliability index of, again, .73. <- Some # nplicatioris of the study were: (1) .family television Based on the results this investigation, the following programs gout! be-used to educate real families by providing- co'nctusions were drawn: (1) Raters were able to adapt Kohlbergian examples o( effecuve end ineffective communications: and ' - . techniques to theanalys*()tithe moral content. of selected television programs. (2) When us, r MASS to assign moral reasoning scores to (2) additional study is needed td investigate specifically If families are - cbgnizaht of the conflict and reinforcement potential of television's characters, raters show an average correlation of .73. Thus, MASS portrayal ofiam. ily rotes. proved to exhibit a reaso able degree of reliability. (3) When using MASS to assign moral re ning scoresjo-sre.lected television episodes, raters showed h average correlation of .73. Thus, MASS proved to exhibit a reaso able degree of reliability. In conclusion, the M al Assessment Survey has generated provocative and theoreti ally sounddata for evaluating the moral content of television: Th investigation has shown that MASS can provide &reliable index fr assessing the moral reasoning levels communicated via com rcial-programming. With this beginning, the implications for future r rch abound: a. O :k . 6 'THEZYN$TRUCTION OF TELEVISION COMMERCIALS: However, significani*.< .05) main effects were foUnd between FOUR CASES OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEM vocabulary and average word frequency(p < .04), and between SOLVING' OrderNd. 8202036 communication apprehension and total adjusted testimony/1J <.001). SHAPIRO, KAREN ANN ROSENKRANTZ, PH.D. Stanford University, 1981. A significant interaction effect (p < 04) existed between the camera situation and communication apprehension tor the average word 507pp. - . 096. frequency of subjects. Qualitative field methods Were applied to investigate the process A self -report irgtrument completed by subjects after testifying in through which television commericals are constructed at tour the courtroom indicated no-camera subjects perceived more .advertising agencies.irt New York City. On the basis of these four distractions (10 of 26) in the courtroom while testriying than camera- . cases and semi- structured, in-person interviews with an additional 87 condition subjes,ts (9 of 32). Four individuals mentioned the television members of the broadcast advertising industry, a five stage , camera as a source of distraction. interorganizational problemsolving model of the construction This researcl and analysis led to the following conclusions:, r process is developed. . , (11 The television camera alone has no stgnificagt efrecton.the The five stages of the construction process, as conducted by "rmai diversity of witness testimony. (2), An jnteraction of the camera advertising agencies (the focal organization) and advertisers (the uction with an individual's.personal level of communication client companieS), occur in the following sequence: (1) The problem apprehension significantly affects that person's pattern of repeating is isolated; (2) A strategy is developed; (3) The strategy is executed; words while testifying in the courtroom. (3)' A person's normal level of (4) The'commercial is produced; and (5) The solution is exposed for communication apprehension significantly affects his /her length of evaluation. The greater the resources of the agency-client- testimony. Individuals possessing higher levels of communication combination, the more struc/ured is the conduct of the construction apprehension presented longer testimony than origividuatS with lower Process. . communication apprehension scores. Organizationalstructures and procedures which were found to be common across cases includ; client-oriented, decentralized Work teams, a core technology (creative people) protected from the J demands oflhe environment by boundary workers (account people); brainstorming sessions, frequent agency-client meetings; use of the client's product by advertising agency employees; high Permeability ( of agency to information about the audience and the product; AN ANALYSIS OF IMAGES, ISSUES, /MD PRESENTATIONAL commitment of the agency to service only one product per market; a , dialectical decisioning procasq. METHODS OF TELEVISED POLITICA( SPOT These common structurerand strategies are traced to two ADVERTISEMENTS IN 198b'S AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL underlying factors. (1) The tligh uncertainty intrinsic to.the creative PRIMARIES Order No. 8129098 .1610-- nature of the task that the focal organization is to ucomplisit and SNYLES, LEONARD C., PH.D. The Ohio State University, 1981. 399pp. (2) The high u rtainty in the extra-organizational environment f rum . Adviser: Dr. Thomas A. McCain' which the foc !organization derives its resources. . t /The content of television commercials is examined to assess the .''his study defined campaign issues and candidate images of degree of correspondehce between the depiction of,men and Women televised political commercials in 1980's presidential primaries and . in advertisements and -the roles they assume in society. The', investigated whether audio/visual methods were differentially - construction process and the organizational structures and associated with them. Critics have argued that politicatspots provide procedures are hypothesized to mediate betWeen who people are in image material without issue information, that stich spots are preoccupied with graphic appeals and slick packaging of candidates reality and what would bea true reflection of them in television at the expense of information necessary for informed choice by the commercials. electorate. Such assertions are ambiguous since the term "image" may refer to candidate traits or graphic display. Therefore, an . investigation of whether there are unique presentational devices 'associated with images grid issue?was undertaken. Quantitative content analysis was Performed on 140113frty and . sixty-second spots from nine campaign organizations. Searate image and issue constructs, developed by a'Delphi Panel were coded THE EFFf.CTS,w-t.... QF COURTROOM CAMERAS ON VERBAL for each commercial, as wasa cluster of presentational variables, BEHAVIOR ,.AO ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED TRIAL WITNESS developed from a literature review. Ehumeration data were computed TESTIMONY IN COURTROOMS USING TELEVISION ' for all variables in the commercials and compared by.party and by CAMERAS Order No. DA8203720 candidate. Correlation and regreSsion analyses diScOlfered relationships between each construct and presentational variables. 'SNORES, DONALD LEWIS, JR., PH.D. The Univeisityol Florida, 1981. The data revealed the greatest proportion of issue mentions 155pp Chairman: Donald E. Williams concerned national well-being and.the economy; most images were , This :turf; investibated. It*ects of theesence of a television, about experience and competence. Prevalent presentational methods .camera on the content o witness testimony, The primary reason included talking candidates, neutral camera angles, and live action, for conductirtg this stu y was to begin providing a souod factual base interiors. The presentationaldevicfound tb be associated with . for decision-making concerning the psychological effects of cameras image mentions included announc r's voices, stills of candidates, tee the Courtroom. Specifically, this inquiry investigated pOssigle high transition tata-swiive action sh is of non-talking candidates, ' effects of the television camera's presence on the ability of witnesses 'music, and visuals dt talking citize and famous people. The to present cogent testimony. presentational devices found to b ociated with issue mentions Testimony was obtained from 58 collegeaged subjects during a included fortnally dressed candidates talking directly to the camera. simulated trial situation using an actuarcourtroom. The testimony was This study roughly disterned image and issue oriented political spots solely 9n the basis of presentational ,devices. Audio-visual analyzed to determine the typetoken ratio, mean word lOngth,, . _' *iiiie*6- average word frequency of the first 100 words of each slrbjects' variables can be used fo predict image or issue orientations in testimony, the total adjusted length of the testimony, an8 the ratio of political commercials. Such findings create a basis for informing =trivial words ueedlo the total number of words used by each subject. voters about presentational coding schemes Msed by media Using three independent variablei (the camera situatiw, professionals in expressing images and jssuesto the electorate in communication apprehensioh scores, and vocabulary scores), an televised campaign propaganda. , analysis of covariance revealed no statistically siffilificant differences among the depefulent variables between subjects, testifying with the televisioncameta in She courtroom and those testifying without the 6

camera present. . 6 e

1,

6 4.

e

V

Copies of the Dissertations may be obtained by addressing your request to:

UniVersity.Microjilms Ineernatibnal 300 North 2eeli Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

or by telephoning (toll-free) 1-800-521-3042

- NEWS MEDIA OPERATIONS'IN NATURAL DISASTERS QUALITATIVE RESEARCHON TELEVISION AND THE Ordero. DA820891 2' FAMILY: PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO MASS S000, RAHUL SWAROOP. PH.D. Stanford University, 1982. 300pp. COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR The present dissertation describes how local, tra-local, dnd ..OrddiNo. 8128699 Ision, and, radio) national news media institutions (newspapers, tel TRAUDT, PAUL JOHN, PH.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 1981. operate in a natural disaster context. 244*. Supervisor: Timothy P. Meyer Disatter victims suffer from a state of substantial information uncertainty. Environmental factors undergo drastic change in This dissertation addresses the study of relitionships between the disasters. Mass media organizations attract vastly incre sed social unit of the fathily and the mass media, with a primaryjocus on audiences. The media are known to be important dissemin rs of televicstZhe investigation explores both literatures traditional to the information in disasters, yet little is known on how such organizationi field communication and broader issues relevant td social . operate in such a context. The present study attempts to fill this gap in science inquiry. research knowledge by conducting an exploratory analysis of news The investigation is organized into six chapters. Cha processes in natural disasters and comparing them to similar speculates On the relationships between social interaction and the processes in more normal circumstances. mss media. A review of previous mass communication research The study uses field research techniques and a "quick-response" examining the family and television is provided, followed by a methodology to observe first-hand news operations in fqur different discussion of philosophical assumptions within the social sciences in disasters. general, and mass communication study in particular. Chapter I The news media wee found ,o operate in an "open gates" closes with criticisms of traditional research Methods in mass, approach. The public became the main gatekeeper. IndiyidualIevel communication anti discusses perspectives suggesting one considerations assumed greater significance over organizational alternative. considerations for the media, A major 'Donk% of Chapter II reviews the development of Disastets tended to equalize differing levels of news media perspectives interpretations of phenomenological philosophy, technological capability. Changes in organizational size, structure, that may related to a study of social behavior and the mass media- and operations occurred. Nonnews factors became the major This chapt r congiudes with the requirements of research methods constraint.. based on the pheAomenological perspective. The relationship between news personnel and officials developed Qualitative research methods and considerationsas to technique into a relatively cooperative and mutually supportive one. are reviewed in Chapter III. General guidelines and considerations for Initial reports are ambiguous and inaccurate. Objective social settings are also suggested. , inaccuracies predominate. Congruence methodology is used. Chapter IV narrows tItopic to mass communication concerns, Journalistijoutints change dramatic*: the pace of news and presents the case fora new empincal.phenomenology for gathering increases and the gatekeeping process decreases. communication research examining social behavior and television. A Inter. media relationsllivacan develop into cooperative phenomenological perspective suitable for the study qfamilles and arrangements that are muIly advantageous. televiewing processes is provided. This chapter also reitews the small In general, the media perform with resourcefulness and unusual body of qualitative literature in mass communication examining the drive in providing an important service to their disasterstruck. family and television. ; Chapter V provides a working procedural frameworknor future community. case studies with families. An agenda for contacting fanlike's, - gathering and analyzing data, and presentation of findings is suggested. 1 Chapter VI suggests considerations for future efforts ire qualitative study of families and television, including theobuilding and pedagogical concerns.

THE STORY OF A RIGHT OF ACCESS ,TO BROADCASTING Order No. DA8206U2 * TOwNseNo, JAMES E0WARO, PH.D. University of Minnesota, 1981. AFRICA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ILECOMMUNICATION 3061313- UNION , --OrdeiNo. DA820§376 Access to broidcgting received considerable attention between UOOFIA, Cam luE, PH.D. Wayne State Un ersity, 1981. 356pp.,, 1967 and 1981. The decisions in this modernaccess debate rest upon: (1) interpretation of the theory of free expression and the first Political independence of trican co t has not rectified amendment, (2) the determination that the Communications At:t of inequalities in broadcast spec rum utilization of Africa and the developed world. This study investigates causes for su 1934 Et:ie ified that broadcasting stations were not to be-deemedto imbalance be comm n carriers. The ITU regulates global utilization of frequencies. e method and representation of Africa at selected ITU conferenc This di from 1903 enation explores the evolution of the theory of free 79 is investigated as well as how such representation affected expression nd traces those aspects of that theory which are relevant frequency allocation proceduresd regulations during that period., to claims of ccess The study then 'examines the eel/ debate which The broadcast spectrum utilizatioof Africa and eight major shaped the t gat philosophy end regulatory structure of American industrialized nations ivanalyz bro,adcestinThis part of the study it divided into two periods: The politica), culturaland stoeconOmic ramifications of remote }...1g22-19, when ttie Radio Act of 1927 was written and passed; sensing, communibation satellites and direct television transmission (2) 1928.1 when attempts were made to modify and interpret the fromsdtellites (DTTS) across national borders are explored. Current law to provide or access. -broadcast problems of Africa are highlighted. A summary ynthesizes the history of early broadcast regulation ... Having excludedmany African and other developing countries, the and the develo ment ofthe theory of free expressiOn. colonialists and other developed nations from 1903.63 used-their An A'ddendudescribes developments from 1946 to 1981 fbr numerical clout to establish radio regulations and frequency those readers uamiliar with that material. allocation tables that suited their frequency uses. Their recorded frequency assignments, some of them false, were accorded rights against other ast.ignments. Thus, the principle of "first come, first' served" was estiblished.. The International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) was awarei / of unoccupied frequencies. South Africa from 1947.65 represented /the African continent on the IFRB. -

. ,

9 , 4 .e. Fatly independent African countries together with other developing nations accounted for more than half of the 132 countries 1.1! RELAT4ONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER PERCEPTIONS' OF that attended the 1979 WARC. They pressed for revision of radio INSTRUCTIONAL. TELEVISION DELIVERY SYSTEM regulations and for provisions allowing them greater access to the -ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL., spectrum. TELEVISION PROGRAMMING 0\der No. DA8205751 Remote sensing satellites assess oil deposits, crop yields and mineral concentrations. U.S. companies' dispense such information WEINSTEIN, STUART HARRIS, PH.D. The Flbrida S'ipe Unlverstg, 1981. without prior consent of the sensed countries. African countries 152pp. Major Professor: Ernest Burkman should utilize frequencies to sense their natural resources and control This study determined whether the quantity and q ualityof ..such data:' """ instructional televiston(ITV) use arid attitudes toward ITV varies To benefit from geostationary orbit positions-and the frequency Cl betweeg teaChers.served by a centralized ITV delivery systemor by a bands allocated by-IT1J, African countries either joined INTELSAT or decentralized system. It determined the degree-to which teachers' used its facilities, The cost of participation outweighed the attitudes towartthe use of IlVare related to their perceptions that- ad ntages. INTELSAT has not improved inferAfrican the available iTV delivery system possesses the attributes of munications.. innovations proposed by...Rogers and Shoemaker. DTTS will perpetuate inequality in informalt4'4exchanges, . - Centralized system users were teachers receiving !TV - discourage local Mists, promote foreign culttirin Oetitical values, \ to the detrintent of indigenops African values anazheritiges. progrAmming from a broadcast or districtwide closedcircuit Some African broadcast problemsinsufficierti high frequencies, television facility. Decentralized users were teachers utilizing videotape copies of ITV programs in their classrooms. so inappropriate and inadequate international broadcast timeare due to Iheir 7§year ITU exclusions Thatera is past. Change isimperative. Ouantity.and quality of ITV use, attitudes toward IN and perceptions of the attributes of the available ITVdelivery system wife measured by especially designed instrument, the Comprehensive ITV Survey Instrument (CISI). The CISI was administered to 244 teachers at 53 elementary schodls in teg Florida counties. Interviews were conducted to confirmCISI tesponses. Ttests between the CISI responses on theeuality and attitude. scale mea \ ..3--- res revealed no 'significant differences between the two -. 1 i ITV delivesystems. Centralized system use was found to be lh . PRDDUCERS'EXPIPSED PARTfitiPAtON.IN PBOGR;AMe significant) higher in quantitYthan the decentralized sydtemose. DECISION MAKIN AND ORGANIZAtIONALCCIMMITMEtIT Pearson probuctmoment correlations revealed that therewas a-. significant relationshiabetween four of the five attributes of IN NIGaftlAN RAD1AND TELEVISIO 4 TIONS. innovations and quatility, quality and attitude scored. The , r No. DANti7002 \ . . relationships were in the directions predicted by Rogers-and" UTO, O'KEYIE H. Syracus; Uni 1981. 139p.p. :.e., Shoemaker, hoWever, moat of the correlations were low (-.0048 to - ' .29) accounting for less than 11% of the variance. The primary pJrpar.se of this Study is investigate the relatisi There was no apparent advantage to the use of either delivery between producers' expressed perticip n in program decialA system in terms of quality of ITV useipr attitudes toward IN. Despite I making, or programming. and their org nizatiorral commitmei; thestatistically aigiakfic ant differenceinquarttity of ITV use, the aotti al Producers' expressed participation iprOgr isle!" . ''( ,diff erences wereWsmall to be of practical significance. defined as the degree Of involvement pr..' r,shayei decis'ions Utilizing Rogers' and Shoemaker's attributes was'not documented, . regarding the ve ious aspects of the p ograms they pr ce as to be a strong predictor of teachers' use of or afbtudes toward IN. indicated by the ifference betwee hat they say is their-er4sIttana desired participation in progra* ing. Organization At comini nt is "Nefined as the hehaviorittli omepon that results from transac between individujt and organizations thrirjugh.which they are g induced not only tremain with the Ormization, but also to of the commend and believe in the purpose, values,and'policies AN EXPLORATORY S'rUDY OF TELEVISION'S'IMPACT ON orgagization. In thatsaense, participation in prggram decision making CHLI.DREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTS AND CHILD. .... is construed as a ty of transaction between producers Etrid their , stations or networksnce it requires participants to be mentally 'REARING \ "L Orcier No. 8201878 involved in determid'g the various as of the primary product of 2.:ELLEAe4cH,.'JANICE SUE, pH D. Uni art ,of Oregon, 1981. 147pp. broadcasting organizations: . Adviser: Deanna Robinson , . One hundred ani;lf ourteep.produc in Nigerian radio and levision stations re interviewed for this study. Producers' Children's perceptions of social ceality are acquired froma pressed particirtion was measured by determining the desire of number of sources, television among them. Social reality literature prodiibers to participate in making decisions reladding a total of 21 Suggests that much of what childrenCiewon television is mentally , f elevated to the status of being "social) real" .... progryam "events," and.their actual participation in making deciaialis regarding these events. Their scores on actual participation were This study tests the effects of sex, development4Istage and. then subtracted frortiliteir scores on desired participation to obtain exposure to Little House on the Prairie (the programmost highly endorsed by the ParentTeachg Association for child viewing), I producers' expressed participatioA in program decision makingk on . , Producers'expres,sed participation could be one of three states: `+ children's perceptions of themselves as future parents, theirown parents and Charles and Caroline Ingalls (the parents orq.ithe HouSe decisional deprivition, decisional equilibrium, or decisiOnal , on thePrairreas supportive or nonsupportive parental figures.. '''raturation. Seventytwo fifth'eod eighth grade children (Concrete and Formal Organizational commitment was measured through e 15Item Operational stages of Cbgnitive development) were interviewed to, Likerttype gale and ranged in intensity from very weak, thro6gh ascertain subjects' perceptions of their own, their parents and the: weak, medium, strong, to very strong. Ingalls' childrearing behavior.Ovestionnaires examined TV viewing The study provides evidence which shows that producers who MP patterns, favorite programs. perceived reality of -programs and several expressed decisional equilibrium have a stronger organizational demographic Characteristics of the sample. commitment than those who expressed decisional deprivation. Two hypotheses were explored: (1) the greater the exposureto However, because the correlation between producers' expreSsed ' Little House on the Prairie, the greater would he the congruency participation and organizational commitment is low, the evidence is between cIVIdrert's perceptions of themselvesas future parents and not strong enough tovarrant the conclusion that participation in theirperceprOns of theIngalls in terms of their dhadrearingbehavior decision making leadtd organizational conimitment. in specific situations. and.(2) the less developmentally advanced the Higherevel managers should be cognizant of the desire of subjects were, the greater would be the congruency betiieen their subordinates to participate in making decisions that affect them and percepjioneof themselves as future parenteand their perceptions of

their work. Providing subordinates the opportunity to do so may lead the Ingalls. . to stronger organizational commitment. s The hypotheses were not supported. WhenSubjectswere asked to predict child-rearing behaviors in specificsituations, both light and heavy viewers'of Little House on the Prairie, andboth youtiger and older children predicted that they., as futureparents, would be most supportive. followecAy Caroline Ingalls, theirown mothers, their own fathers, and Charles Ingalls. Regardless ofage, sex or exposure to Little House'on the'Prairie, children viewed mothers(their own and Carolineingalls as being more supportive than fathert (theirown and Charles Inails). Children most often saw themselvesas acting much like their o n parents when asked to predict howthey would. react in specific chit -rearing situations. suggesting thatchildren are generally ac pting as fair their parents' reactions in situationssimilar to those used stimuli in this dissertation.

.

11.

440 f

e