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The 1944 Warsaw Uprising: the Story of a Resistance Member Fighting for the Freedom of Poland

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The 1944 Warsaw Uprising: the Story of a Resistance Member Fighting for the Freedom of Poland The 1944 Warsaw Uprising: The Story of a Resistance Member Fighting for the Freedom of Poland Interviewer: J.C. Butz Interviewee: Dr. Julian Kulski Instructor: Alex Haight February 11, 2016 Table of Contents Interviewee Release Form ....................................................................................................2 Interviewer Release Form ....................................................................................................3 Statement of Purpose ...........................................................................................................4 Biography .............................................................................................................................5 Historical Contextualization—“Fighting For Freedom: Background on Poland and Its past struggles with Tyranny” .......................................................................................................6 Interview Transcription ......................................................................................................16 Interview Analysis .............................................................................................................34 Appendix ............................................................................................................................38 Works Consulted ................................................................................................................40 Statement of Purpose During World War II many men were killed and wounded fighting for their country and their homes. Germany wanted to control all of Europe and Poland was first on the way to doing so. In all the events that happened in World War II many smaller stories but extraordinary stories have been forgotten in the history books. This project intends to bring light to a lesser know resistance that occurred in Warsaw Poland by bringing to light the great actions of the resisters in the Warsaw Uprising and also the Ghetto Uprising. The amazing story of Dr. Julian Kulski allows us to hear a first hand account of an event that many have forgotten. However, documenting stories like Dr. Kulski’s are more imperative as time marches on. The significance of obtaining Oral Histories of what happened in World War II is important while they are still here to share their stories with us. \ Biography Dr. Julian Kulski was born in Warsaw Poland in 1929. He was born to an affluent family with his father being the vice-mayor of Warsaw. He was ten when World War II broke out in Europe. The Germans quickly invaded and occupied Poland. Julian joined the resistance at the age of twelve with the permission of his father. He fought in a commando unit until the capitulation of the Resistance to the Germans. He then was sent to a POW camp near Berlin. Dr. Kulski was in the camp for eights months suffering from tuberculosis and terrible living conditions. He escaped the POW camp when an American convoy of trucks came to pick up the American POW’s. He was taken out of the camp by the Americans and then when to London. His father knew Lady Copeland, a rich china dealer. She nursed him back to health and schooled him till he went off to Yale for college. He received his undergraduate and Ph.D. from Yale in Urban Planning. Dr. Kulski then went on to become a very successful architect and urban planner. He has two children and lives with his wife in Washington D.C. Fighting For Freedom: Background on Poland and Its Past Struggles with Tyranny “As long as these are sovereign nations possessing great power, war is inevitable,” said Albert Einstein. Millions of people died and millions more hurt because of the war. The resilience and perseverance of the oppressed people throughout history and the willingness to fight for what is right is an overlooked action by many people today. Only a young boy who was taught from a young age that his country had been oppressed and had its freedom taken away would be willing to pick up arms against a new wave of oppressors. Julian Kulski as a fifteen- year-old boy was a member of the Polish resistance in the historical Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The Warsaw uprising was an attack, formed by the underground resistance, which intended to take possession of Warsaw back before the Soviets liberated them. As historian Andrzej Chmielarz talks about the Polish spirit he states, “Indeed, it was the uprisings that were primarily responsible for forging the Polish national character and the Poles’ love of freedom and independence” (415). In order to understand the perspective of someone who participated in the Warsaw Uprising, it is important to first examine the Polish people’s continuous struggle for freedom, their history as an oppressed people, and their resilient spirit. Ever since the founding of Poland, the Polish people have had troubles with their bigger, more powerful neighbors. Poland for a long time has been under attack as Julian Kulski says “Over many centuries, our nation in the heart of Europe was envied and brutally attacked by the Mongol hordes of Ganghis Khan, by the armies of Islam, by the German Order of the Knights of the Black Cross, and by the Russian and Swedish empires” (Kulski 18). In 1916 the November 5th Act was a declaration of the European powers that established a puppet state in Poland that the powers controlled. Germany’s interest in drafting the act was based on their desperate need of the Poles’ help. The Germans wanted to draft the Poles to help fight the Russians in World War I. The declaration assigned power to the newly created Provisional Council of state that operated Poland, the Council commenced work in December 1916, with Waclaw Niemojowski as its president. The council lacked power and ability to act due to the over lording of powerful nations such as Germany and Austria which watched closely over Poland’s actions. As the Polish people wanted to assert their power and freedom as a state, they rebelled against the central powers in July 1917. The Oath crisis was a mass denial of allegiance to the Central Powers by the Polish Legions. Persuaded by Commander Józef Pilsudski the majority of the troops declined to make the oath. Consequently, the Germans forced many of the Polish into an internment camp in response to this mass act of rebellion. The signing of the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk on March 3rd, 1918 was an agreement between the Central Powers and Russia, which ended Russia’s participation in World War I. The consequences of this treaty were that “The Germans demanded the Russians give independence to all of the border states of the Russian empire: Finland, Poland, the Baltic provinces, Moldavia, Galicia, and Armenia” (Stokesbury 133). These demands by Germany allowed these countries to gain political and economic influence in the region. The Polish people suffered immensely in the crosshairs of World War I but they constantly preserved. The Treaty of Versailles ended Germany's actions in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles was an important peace treaty at the end of the World War I because it ended the war between the Germans and the Allied powers. It held Germany responsible for the negative consequences of the war. The treaty brought great shame to the nation and forced $56.5 million of debt onto the nation of Germany. While World War I may have ended, it was not long after that the Polish people found themselves in conflict with the Soviet Union. The Polish-Soviet War began in February 1919 as a clash over the control of land in modern day Belarus and Ukraine. Poland wanted to extend its borders, but quickly received a forceful attack by the Soviets as the Soviet were simultaneously attempting to occupy Poland. The Soviets pushed the Polish army all the way back to the capital in Warsaw. The Soviets moved in on Warsaw but Józef Pilsudski, the same commander that led the oath crisis, counterattacked from the south, disrupting the Russian attack. The Poles had taken 66,000 Soviet troops prisoner, killed 10,000 Soviet men and captured key artillery and weapons in this counterattack. “The Soviet Union now had no choice but to surrender in exchange for peace, offering the Poles vast amounts of territory along its Soviet-Polish borders in exchange for the armistice, which was signed on October 12th of 1921. The Polish and Soviets agreed on the final terms at the Treaty of Riga in March 1921” (“Battle of Warsaw”). Throughout the conflicts the Poles kept a determined focus on being free and denying tyranny. With the Polish-Soviet war over, the Polish people went through a time of prosperity. In speaking of his own experience, John Kulski stated, “That period of independence between the two World Wars was a time of hope and energy for the Polish people...the new white flag with its white eagle flew over the city and our teachers loved telling us about a patriotic history” (Kulski 18). During this time of Polish prosperity, The French saw an opportunity to become allies with Poland in 1921. The French saw great value to have an ally in Eastern Europe. The French soon became Poland's most supportive ally, showing great support during the Polish- Soviet war. The French were proactive in sending troops to aid the Polish army. In July, both countries signed the Soviet-Polish Non Aggression Pact. In January 1934, Germany also signed a Non-Aggression Act with Poland, very similar to the one signed by the Soviets. The agreements were broken by the Soviets on September 17,1939 when they invaded Poland. Likewise, the German agreement was broken
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