05. People's Poet
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“Lost in Translation”: a Study of the History of Sri Lankan Literature
Karunakaran / Lost in Translation “Lost in Translation”: A Study of the History of Sri Lankan Literature Shamila Karunakaran Abstract This paper provides an overview of the history of Sri Lankan literature from the ancient texts of the precolonial era to the English translations of postcolonial literature in the modern era. Sri Lanka’s book history is a cultural record of texts that contains “cultural heritage and incorporates everything that has survived” (Chodorow, 2006); however, Tamil language works are written with specifc words, ideas, and concepts that are unique to Sri Lankan culture and are “lost in translation” when conveyed in English. Keywords book history, translation iJournal - Journal Vol. 4 No. 1, Fall 2018 22 Karunakaran / Lost in Translation INTRODUCTION The phrase “lost in translation” refers to when the translation of a word or phrase does not convey its true or complete meaning due to various factors. This is a common problem when translating non-Western texts for North American and British readership, especially those written in non-Roman scripts. Literature and texts are tangible symbols, containing signifed cultural meaning, and they represent varying aspects of an existing international ethnic, social, or linguistic culture or group. Chodorow (2006) likens it to a cultural record of sorts, which he defnes as an object that “contains cultural heritage and incorporates everything that has survived” (pg. 373). In particular, those written in South Asian indigenous languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sinhalese are written with specifc words, ideas, and concepts that are unique to specifc culture[s] and cannot be properly conveyed in English translations. -
Persistence of Caste in South India - an Analytical Study of the Hindu and Christian Nadars
Copyright by Hilda Raj 1959 , PERSISTENCE OF CASTE IN SOUTH INDIA - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE HINDU AND CHRISTIAN NADARS by Hilda Raj Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signatures of Committee: . Chairman: D a t e ; 7 % ^ / < f / 9 < r f W58 7 a \ The American University Washington, D. 0. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply thankful to the following members of my Dissertation Committee for their guidance and sug gestions generously given in the preparation of the Dissertation: Doctors Robert T. Bower, N. G. D. Joardar, Lawrence Krader, Harvey C. Moore, Austin Van der Slice (Chairman). I express my gratitude to my Guru in Sociology, the Chairman of the above Committee - Dr. Austin Van der Slice, who suggested ways for the collection of data, and methods for organizing and presenting the sub ject matter, and at every stage supervised the writing of my Dissertation. I am much indebted to the following: Dr. Horace Poleman, Chief of the Orientalia Di vision of the Library of Congress for providing facilities for study in the Annex of the Library, and to the Staff of the Library for their unfailing courtesy and readi ness to help; The Librarian, Central Secretariat-Library, New Delhi; the Librarian, Connemara Public Library, Madras; the Principal in charge of the Library of the Theological Seminary, Nazareth, for privileges to use their books; To the following for helping me to gather data, for distributing questionnaire forms, collecting them after completion and mailing them to my address in Washington: Lawrence Gnanamuthu (Bombay), Dinakar Gnanaolivu (Madras), S. -
Slavery and Caste Supremacy in the American Ceylon Mission
Article CASTE: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 155–174 February 2020 brandeis.edu/j-caste ISSN 2639-4928 DOI: 10.26812/caste.v1i1.117 In Nāki’s Wake: Slavery and Caste Supremacy in the American Ceylon Mission Mark E. Balmforth1 (Bluestone Rising Scholar Honorable Mention 2019) Abstract In 1832, a woman named Caṅkari Nāki died in Ceylon, and her descendants have been haunted by a curse ever since. One of the first converts of the American Ceylon Mission, Nāki was part of an enslaved caste community unique to the island, and one of the few oppressed-caste members of the mission. The circumstances of her death are unclear; the missionary archive is silent on an event that one can presume would have affected the small Christian community, while the family narrative passed through generations is that Nāki was murdered by members of the locally dominant Vellalar caste after marrying one of their own. In response to this archival erasure, this essay draws on historical methods developed by Saidiya Hartman and Gaiutra Bahadur to be accountable to enslaved and indentured lives and, in Hartman’s words, to ‘make visible the production of disposable lives.’ These methods actively question what we can know from the archives of an oppressor and, for this essay, enable a reading of Nāki’s life at the centre of a mission struggling over how to approach caste. Nāki’s story, I argue, helps reveal an underexplored aspect of the interrelationship between caste and slavery in South Asia, and underlines the value of considering South Asian slave narratives as source material into historiographically- and archivally-obscured aspects of dominant caste identity. -
Copyright © 2015 Evan Daniel Burns All Rights Reserved. the Southern
Copyright © 2015 Evan Daniel Burns All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. “A SUPREME DESIRE TO PLEASE HIM”: THE SPIRITUALITY OF ADONIRAM JUDSON A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Evan Daniel Burns May 2015 APPROVAL SHEET “A SUPREME DESIRE TO PLEASE HIM”: THE SPIRITUALITY OF ADONIRAM JUDSON Evan Daniel Burns Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Michael A. G. Haykin (Chair) __________________________________________ M. David Sills __________________________________________ Gregory A. Wills Date______________________________ To Kristie, a devoted missionary wife cut from the same rock as the three Mrs. Judsons; and to my father and mother, whose holy ambitions and warm affection trained up a missionary. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ ix PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 Status Quaestionis ...............................................................................................5 -
Les Textiles Patola De Patan ( Inde), Xviie Et Xxie Siècles : Techniques, Patrimoine, Mémoire Manisha Iyer
Les textiles patola de Patan ( Inde), XVIIe et XXIe siècles : techniques, patrimoine, mémoire Manisha Iyer To cite this version: Manisha Iyer. Les textiles patola de Patan ( Inde), XVIIe et XXIe siècles : techniques, patrimoine, mémoire. Histoire. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015PA010653. tel-02494004 HAL Id: tel-02494004 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02494004 Submitted on 28 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Ecole doctorale d’histoire (ED113) Centre d’histoire des techniques (IHMC « Institut d’histoire moderne et contemporaine) Doctorat en histoire moderne Manisha Iyer Les textiles patola de Patan (Inde), XVIIe et XXIe siècles: techniques, patrimoine, mémoire Thèse dirigée par Madame Anne-Françoise Garçon, professeur Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Date de soutenance : le 2 décembre 2015 Pré-rapporteurs : Filipe Themudo Barata, professeur, Université d’Evora Pierre Lamard, professeur des Universités (72ème section de CNU) Membres du jury : Sophie Desrosiers, Maître de conférences, EHESS Michel Cotte, professeur émérite, Université de Nantes Lotika Varadarajan, Tagore Fellow, National Museum de New Delhi Anne-Françoise Garçon, professeur des Universités, Université de Paris1 Panthéon Sorbonne REMERCIEMENTS En premier lieu, je souhaite remercier chaleureusement Prof. -
5A12c8e68efb9-1319309-Sample.Pdf
Notion Press Old No. 38, New No. 6 McNichols Road, Chetpet Chennai - 600 031 First Published by Notion Press 2017 Copyright © Alvaro Hans 2017 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-948096-32-4 This book has been published with all reasonable efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. No part of this book shall be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. The Author of this book is solely responsible and liable for its content including but not limited to the views, representations, descriptions, statements, information, opinions and references [“Content”]. The Content of this book shall not constitute or be construed or deemed to reflect the opinion or expression of the Publisher or Editor. Neither the Publisher nor Editor endorse or approve the Content of this book or guarantee the reliability, accuracy or completeness of the Content published herein and do not make any representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose. The Publisher and Editor shall not be liable whatsoever for any errors, omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause or claims for loss or damages of any kind, including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage arising out of use, inability to use, or about the reliability, accuracy or sufficiency of the information contained in this book. Table of Contents Acknowledgements xi Finally, the veil falls… xiii 1. -
The Chronology of Some of the Poets of the Tamil Sangam
The Chronology of some OF THE Poets of the Tamil Sangam Era HERE is a well-known tradition among the Tamils that in the days of old there existed in South India three Sangams or Academies of T Tamil learning. These were organized bodies which acted as literary censors of every new poem that was sung. They accepted those poems which came up to the standard set up by them, and rejected those which they thought worthless. All the three of them were in the Pandya country and were under the patronage of the Pandya kings. The tradition about these three Sangams are first mentioned in the com- mentary of the work called Kalaoiyal, a grammar of love-poetry. Nakkirar the famous literary critic of the Third Academy is said to be the author of this commentary; but it was handed down orally for ten generations till it ' was put into writing by one Nilakantar of Muciri: probably about the seventh century A.D. 1. Musir i. Mouzir is of Ptolemy. UNIVERSITY OF CEYLON REVIEW According to this tradition the Pandya kings established the three San- gams one after the other in their capitals. They were called the First Sangam, Second Sangam, and the Third Sangam. There were 549 poets in the First Sangam beginning with Akattiyaqar, who ·is said to be the author of the first grammar of Tamil. One of these poets is mentioned to be Mutinaka Rayar of Mura ciyiir. After the First Sangam ceased to exist the Second Sangam was formed. The grammarians Akattiyan r and Tolk ppiyan r were also members of this Academy. -
Sangam-Age-1.Pdf
Sangam Age drishtiias.com/printpdf/sangam-age-1 Introduction The period roughly between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D. in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and Tungabhadra) is known as Sangam Period. It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings of Madurai. At the sangams eminent scholars assembled and functioned as the board of censors and the choicest literature was rendered in the nature of anthologies. These literary works were the earliest specimens of Dravidian literature. According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam. The First Sangam, is believed to be held at Madurai, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available. The Second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, only Tolkappiyam survives from this. The Third Sangam was also held at Madurai. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period. Sangam Literature: Major source giving details of Sangam Age The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai . Tolkappiyam was authored by Tolkappiyar and is considered the earliest of Tamil literary work. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time. Ettutogai (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works – Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu. -
Angels Who Stepped Outside Their Houses: “American True Womanhood” and Nineteenth-Century (Trans)Nationalisms
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses March 2020 ANGELS WHO STEPPED OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES: “AMERICAN TRUE WOMANHOOD” AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY (TRANS)NATIONALISMS Gayathri M. Hewagama University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Hewagama, Gayathri M., "ANGELS WHO STEPPED OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES: “AMERICAN TRUE WOMANHOOD” AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY (TRANS)NATIONALISMS" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 1830. https://doi.org/10.7275/4akx-mw86 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1830 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANGELS WHO STEPPED OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES: “AMERICAN TRUE WOMANHOOD” AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY (TRANS)NATIONALISMS A Dissertation Presented By GAYATHRI MADHURANGI HEWAGAMA Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2020 Department of English © Copyright by Gayathri Madhurangi Hewagama 2020 All Rights Reserved ANGELS WHO STEPPED OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES: “AMERICAN TRUE WOMANHOOD” AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY (TRANS)NATIONALISMS A Dissertation Presented By GAYATHRI MADHURANGI HEWAGAMA Approved as to style and content by Nicholas K. Bromell, Chair Hoang G. Phan, Member Randall K. Knoper, Member Adam Dahl, Member Donna LeCourt, Acting Chair Department of English DEDICATION To my mother, who taught me my first word in English. -
BYJU's IAS Comprehensive News Analysis
Sangam Literature Sangam literature is the name given to the earliest available Tamil literature. The Sangam age roughly extends between 300 BC and 300 AD*, although most of the work is believed to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 CE. The word ‘Sangam’ literally means association. Here, it implies an association of Tamil poets that flourished in ancient southern India. The Ancient Tamil Siddhar Agastyar is traditionally believed to have chaired the first Tamil Sangam in Madurai. This period is known as the Sangam Period. The three chief Tamil kingdoms of this period were the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas. Sangam Literature Classification There were mainly three Sangams called Muchchangam. The chief sources of information for this age are archaeological sources, literary sources and foreign accounts. Sangam Literature Classification Based on Period of Composition Details of Sangam Literature Patinenmelkanakku 1. Works composed between 200 BCE to 100 BCE 2. Oldest surviving Tamil poetry Patinenkilkanakku 1. Works composed between 100 CE and 500 CE 2. Collection of 18 poetry compositions 3. Mostly composed before the age of the Pallavas 4. Chief works include Thirukkural, Palamoli, Naladiyar, etc. Based on the Context and Details of Sangam Literature Interpretation Aham (Inner) Abstract discussion on human aspects such as love, sexual relations, etc. Puram (outer) Human experiences such as heroism, customs, social life, ethics, philanthropy, etc. Sangam Literature – Three Sangams As mentioned before, Tamil legends talk about three Sangams: 1. Madurai 2. Kapadapuram 3. Thenmadurai Note: All the works of the first two Sangams except Tolkappiyam (2nd Sangam work) are lost. -
A Primer of Tamil Literature
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com A PRIMER OF TAMIL LITERATURE BY iA. S. PURNALINGAM PILLAI, b.a., Professor of English, St. Michael's College, Coimbatore. PRINTED AT THE ANANDA PRESS. 1904. Price One Rupee or Two Shillings. (RECAP) .OS FOREWORD. The major portion of this Primer was written at Kttaiyapuram in 1892, and the whole has lain till now in manuscript needing my revision and retouching. Owing to pressure of work in Madras, I could spare no time for it, and the first four years of my service at Coim- batore were so fully taken up with my college work that I had hardly breathing time for any literary pursuit. The untimely death of Mr. V. G. Suryanarayana Sastriar, B.A., — my dear friend and fellow-editor of J nana Bodhini — warned me against further delay, and the Primer in its present form is the result of it. The Age of the Sangams was mainly rewritten, while the other Ages were merely touched up. In the absence of historical dates — for which we must wait, how long we do not know — I have tried my best with the help of the researches already made to divide, though roughly, twenty centuries of Tamil Literature into Six Ages, each Age being distinguished by some great movement, literary or religious. However .defective it may be in point of chronology, the Primer will justify its existence if it gives foreigners and our young men in the College classes whose mother-tongue is Tamil, an idea of the world of Tamil books we have despite the ravages of time and white-ants, flood and fire, foreign malignity and native lethargy. -
Cc-1/Ge-1: History of India from Earliest Times up to 300 Ce Xi. the Sangam
CC-1/GE-1: HISTORY OF INDIA FROM EARLIEST TIMES UP TO 300 CE XI. THE SANGAM AGE: SANGAM LITERATURE, THE THREE EARLY KINGDOMS, SOCIETY & THE TAMIL LANGUAGE All literary works are connected to the historical contexts in which they are produced and in which they circulate. The earliest literature of South India is represented by a group of texts in old Tamil, often collectively referred to as Sangam literature. A tradition recorded in post-7th century texts speaks of three Sangams or literary gatherings in ancient times. The first is supposed to have been held in Madurai for 4,440 years, the second at Kapatapuram for 3,700 years, and the third in Madurai for 1,850 years. Although the details of this legend obviously cannot be considered historical, the similarity of language and style within the Sangam corpus suggests the possibility that they were the product of some sort of literary gathering. The case for the historicity of at least the third Sangam is that some of the kings and poets associated with it are historical figures. The Sangam corpus includes six of the eight anthologies of poems included in the Ettutokai (The Eight Collections), and nine of the ten pattus (songs) of the Pattuppattu (The Ten Songs). The style and certain historical references in the poems suggest that they were composed between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE. There are two kinds of Sangam poems—akam and puram. Akam poems had love as their theme, while puram poems were mostly about war. The poems were modelled on the bardic songs of older times and were orally transmitted for an indefinite period before they were written down.