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First Published by Notion Press 2017 Copyright © Alvaro Hans 2017 All Rights Reserved.

ISBN 978-1-948096-32-4

This book has been published with all reasonable efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. No part of this book shall be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

The Author of this book is solely responsible and liable for its content including but not limited to the views, representations, descriptions, statements, information, opinions and references [“Content”]. The Content of this book shall not constitute or be construed or deemed to reflect the opinion or expression of the Publisher or Editor. Neither the Publisher nor Editor endorse or approve the Content of this book or guarantee the reliability, accuracy or completeness of the Content published herein and do not make any representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose. The Publisher and Editor shall not be liable whatsoever for any errors, omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause or claims for loss or damages of any kind, including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage arising out of use, inability to use, or about the reliability, accuracy or sufficiency of the information contained in this book. Table of Contents

Acknowledgements xi

Finally, the veil falls… xiii

1. Proto-Indo-European Language 1 2. PIE’s Mysterious Link with ‘X’ Language! 6 3. Common Words between PIE and ‘X Language’ (XL) 7 4. PART B - Key words relating to ‘sex’ and private parts 88 5. PART C – Common Words Comparison At a Glance! 102 6. Questions That May Need To Be Answered! 122 7. It Is Time We Break The Suspense! 126 8. Is Tamil Language Old Enough To Qualify as PIE? 128 9. Hans Rules For Etymology Confirmation 131 10. Revisiting IE Language Classification 135 11. Insight 1 Is Tamil The First Ever Language Spoken By Man? 140 12. Insight 2 Etymology of Greek Word ‘Palaios’ 159 13. Insight 3 The Tamil Connection with Hebrew 164 14. Insight 4 Tamil’s Korean Connection! 166 15. Insight 5 Are Hindi and Sanskrit, Disguised Daughters of Tamil? 167 16. Insight 6 Is the Tamil Word ‘Rasa’ for ‘King’ used throughout the World? 171 17. Insight 7 Etymology of English Word ‘God’ 172 18. Insight 8 Did a Language Called ‘Dravidian’ Ever Exist? 173 19. Insight 9 The Term ‘Dravidian’ Means ‘Tamil’ in Sanskrit. So Is It Not Right to Rename ‘Dravidian Languages’ as ‘Tamil Languages’? 174 20. Insight 10 Is the Latin Word ‘Urbs’ Derived from Tamil? 175 21. Insight 11 Summary of Etymology of the Latin Word ‘Navia’ 176 22. Insight 12 What Is the Etymology of the English Word ‘Hero’? 179 23. Insight 13 What Is the Etymology of the Word ‘Jesus’? 181 24. Insight 14 Chinese and Tamil Words 183 25. Insight 15 What Is the Etymology of English Word ‘Nation’? 203 x | Table of Contents

26. Insight 16 Was the Japanese Language Influenced by Tamil? The War Goes On! 205 27. Insight 17 The Astonishing Links Between Tamil and Japanese 209 28. Insight 18 Tamil Is the Original and the Oldest Language in the World 213 29. Insight 19 Dravidians and Africans 214 30. Insight 20 Tamil in Australian Aboriginal Languages 222 31. Insight 21 Etymology of the English Word ‘Fuck’ 223 32. Insight 22 Linguistic Links between Arabic and Tamil 225 33. Insight 23 Etymology of Greek Word ‘Krume’ 229 34. Insight 24 Etymology of Select Greek/Latin Words 230

Abbreviations Used 233 Bibliography 235 1

Proto-Indo-European Language

What linguists say!

PIE is the ‘mother of all IE languages’ “By the 19th century, linguists knew that all modern Indo-European languages descended from a single tongue, called Proto-Indo- European, or PIE, it was spoken by a people who lived from roughly 4500 to 2500 B.C., and left no written texts. The question became, what did PIE sound like?”

(Eric A Powell in http://www.archaeology.org/exclusives/ articles/1302-proto-indo-european-schleichers-fable)

PIE is ‘is by far the best understood of all proto-languages of its age’

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is by far the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. The vast majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to reconstruction of PIE or its daughter proto-languages (e.g. Proto-Germanic), and most of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction such as the comparative method were developed as a result. These methods supply all of the knowledge concerning PIE, since there is no written record of the language. PIE is estimated to have been spoken as a single language around 3500 BCE. during the Neolithic Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. Work has also gone into reconstructing their culture and religion. As Proto-Indo-Europeans became isolated from each other through the 2 | Proto-Indo-European Language

Indo-European migrations, the dialects of PIE spoken by the various groups diverged by undergoing certain sound laws and shifts in morphology to transform into the known ancient and modern Indo- European languages

(Credit: Wikipedia Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language)

‘Since the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language did not develop a writing system, we have no physical evidence of it.’

“The Indo-European languages are a family of related languages that today are widely spoken in the Americas, Europe, and also Western and Southern Asia. Just as languages such as Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian are all descended from Latin, Indo- European languages are believed to derive from a hypothetical language known as Proto-Indo-European, which is no longer spoken. It is highly probable that the earliest speakers of this language originally lived around Ukraine and neighbouring regions in the Caucasus and Southern Russia, then spread to most of the rest of Europe and later down into India. The earliest possible end of Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity is believed to be around 3400 BCE. Since the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language did not develop a writing system, we have no physical evidence of it. The science of linguistics has been trying to reconstruct the Proto-Indo- European language using several methods and, although an accurate reconstruction of it seems impossible, we have today a general picture of what Proto-Indo-European speakers had in common, both linguistically and culturally. In addition to the use of comparative methods, there are studies based on the comparison of myths, laws, and social institutions.”

(Credit: Cristian Violatti Link: http://www.ancient.eu/Indo-European_Languages/)

‘the ancestors of much of Europe and Asia once spoke the same mother tongue…’ Alvaro Hans | 3

“Between approximately 4,500 and 2,500 B.C., the ancestors of much of Europe and Asia once spoke the same mother tongue, a language referred to as Proto-Indo-European, or PIE. Although there is no written record of such a language, linguist Dr. Andrew Byrd recently attempted to reconstruct his own recordings of PIE language for Archaeology magazine, building off three centuries’ worth of scholarly work on the topic.”

(Credit: Meredith Bennett-Smith Link: http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/proto-indo-european- language-ancestors_n_4005545)

“Are modern languages descended from a common ancestor? Common features, especially common words, shared by many of the languages used in Europe, India, and Asia, led scholars to believe that these languages may have developed from the same source. That source language was never written down and is now extinct, but it has a name: it is called the “Proto Indo-European” language (“PIE”), and the family of languages believed to have developed from it is called “Indo-European” (“IE”).”

(Credit: Link: http://colfa.utsa.edu/drinka/pie/pie.html)

“The (Proto)Indo-European Language 1. The original *IE language was spoken around 5, 000 BC by a people who either lived between the Vistula River in Poland and the Caucasus Mountains in the Southwestern USSR (traditional) or in Anatolia in modern day Turkey (Renfrew, see “The Origins of the Indo-European Languages” in this book.) 2. As the tribe grew larger and spread throughout the region, dialects arose which, over time, became more and more mutually incomprehensible. When different dialects become mutually incomprehensible, they are different languages. Then dialects developed in the new languages as the tribes prospered and expanded until a tree of related languages and dialects developed and all the languages spoken throughout the IE area. 4 | Proto-Indo-European Language

3. We may re establish the IE language by comparing the languages spoken today which devolved from it and establishing the historical rules by which each dialect developed into independent languages (The Comparative Method).”

(Credit: Link: http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/ lectures/05lect22.html)

‘the irony is that till today there is no literature in the world about the so called PIE’

“Well, the irony is that till today there is no literature in the world about the so called PIE. There is no inscription found anywhere in the world written in the so called PIE. Nobody knows how the PIE was. Nobody knows who spoke it or in which part of the world was it spoken. No known ancient culture in the world talks about such a language being the root of the language they spoke. Simply put there is NO PROOF about the existence of this language. Just look at its name. It was a name GIVEN to it. A language if spoken will definitely contain words referring to everything that the people who spoke it could identify, yet here is a language which doesnt even have a name referring to itself!”

(Credit: Gurudev Link: http://www.hitxp.com/articles/culture/sanskrit-greek-english- latin-roman-words-derived-pie-proto-indo-european-language/)

What, then are the linguists certain about PIE ?

So, it’s clear that linguists do have varied opinions on PIE. Are they unanimous or certain about any aspect of PIE? They are not certain on the age of PIE, who spoke PIE, where it originated etc. Linguists know, yet do not know about it! Few linguists feel strongly that PIE has no written text, while few feel that they can make out the grammar of IE! Many such views on PIE might be conflicting with each other and may, at times, be a bit confusing as well. Alvaro Hans | 5

But, one thing about PIE is clear. It is the fact that ‘nothing is clear about PIE!’ It is that the face of PIE is still hazy …and the veil that surrounds need to be lifted, to catch a better glimpse. And that is what is going to be the mission of this book! 2

PIE’s Mysterious Link with ‘X’ Language!

PIE has been my pet subject since child hood days. My quest for finding out the ‘face’ of this mysterious PIE language led me into intensive research on connected languages, for about the last 20 years or so. As outlined earlier, the nature of PIE, from available evidences, is quite inadequate, vague and not certain enough to plot a face. I, however, did not allow this fact to daunt my efforts. Instead of walking forward in search of my target, I tried lateral moves which, finally led me to an exciting finding. Yes, it led me to one surviving language in the world, spoken even now, which is found to have significant number, of its ‘own ‘words in PIE diction! Its not the ‘significant’ number of words that count, as much as the the ‘significance’ of the words that count! Yes! The words are basic and core, relate to every day life, interactive commands, relationships etc. To cap it all, are the words relating to even ‘fucking’, sex and private parts, as well! By now, you should have grown as curious, as I was, when I hit on those exciting findings. Let me not kill your excitement, by breaking the suspense on the identity of the ‘hero’ language. Let us, first of all, do a thorough study by comparing the words found, verify all the evidence placed to our satisfaction and then open the lid. Till then, let us, for convenience sake, refer to this mysterious language as ‘X Language (XL).’ So, shall we get going? 3

Common Words between PIE and ‘X Language’ (XL)

Part A-Basic Words of diction:

1. COMMON WORD - ‘Man’ in English (En) & ‘Manithan’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Man’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary man (n.) Old English man, mann “human being, person (male or female); brave man, hero; servant, vassal,” from Proto-Germanic *manwaz (source also of Old Saxon, Swedish, Dutch, Old High German man, German Mann, Old Norse maðr, Danish mand, Gothic manna “man”), from PIE root *man - (1) “man” (source also of Sanskrit manuh, Avestan manu-, Old Church Slavonic mozi, Russian muzh “man, male”).

Google Search:

Origin

Old English man (n), (plural) menn (noun), mannian (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch man, German Mann, and Sanskrit manu ‘mankind.’

Comments:

Estimated age of the word ‘man’ in English is not available but appears some where around AD era only. No related root words are available in Ger or Gk/Lat. 8 | Proto-Indo-European Language

Etymology of ‘Manithan’ (XL):

In XL, ‘mann’ means ‘earth, soil’. The one who lives on’ mann ‘ (earth)’ or one who is born of ‘mann’ is called as ‘maanudan’ (with the earth). Alternate etymology available in XL is from ‘man (am)’ meaning ‘mind.’ So ‘manam’>‘manathan (one with mind)>‘manithan.’ ‘Maanudan’ is a ‘male’ form. In XL ‘male’ is called ‘aan’ which means ‘one who rules’. Now the term ‘aan’ is also found in Greek as ‘Andro’.

The word ‘man’ has evolved as- ‘maanudan > mannithan > manithan > mannian (Ger) which is shortened to ‘man’ in En. This word ‘manithan’ is appropriated by Sanskrit, from XL as ‘manushan > manush.’

Comments:

Unlike in En, this word in XL, is very old, say, at least 2500 years. So it is clear that the En word ‘man’ is derived from ‘X Language’ word ‘manithan,’ through the intermediate Ger ‘mannian.’

2. COMMON WORD ‘Petite’ in English (En) & ‘Pettai’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Petite’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary

‘petit’

“mid-14c., “trifling,” from Old French petit “small, little, young, few in numbers” (11c.), probably from stem of Late Latin pitinnus “small,” of uncertain origin; it corresponds to no known Latin form and perhaps is from a Celtic root pett - “part, piece, bit” also found in Italian pezza, English piece. Attested as a surname from 1086. Replaced by petty in most usages, except in established forms such as petit bourgeois “conventional middle-class” (1832; used in English Alvaro Hans | 9 by Charlotte Brontë earlier than by Marx or Engels); petit mal (1842, literally “little evil,” mild form of epilepsy), and petit four (1884), which in French means “little oven,” from Old French four “oven,” from Latin furnus.”

Comments:

Earliest possible use, appears circa 11 A.D. only. Thus the age of this word is maximum 1000 years. Uncertain origin. No related words in En available.

Etymology of ‘Pettai’ (XL):

In XL, the term ‘Pettai’ means ‘female.’ ‘Pettai kozhi’ means ‘hen.’ ‘Pettayan’ is used to call a man as ‘impotent.’ Root of this word, probably stems from ‘Peru’ meaning ‘give birth’ Related number of words in XL, are as many as 10, as provided in agarathi.com

Comments:

This word in XL is at least 2500 years old and found to have been used in BC 300 circa. Hence XL is the probable original source of the word.

3. COMMON WORD - ‘Andro’ in English (En) & ‘Aan’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Andro’ (En):

Dictionary.com:’ < Greek andró (s), genitive of anḗr man; akin to Sanskrit nar-, Albanian njerí person, Latin Nero Nero’

Comments:

Etymology provided above appears quite unconnected with the suggested root. No supporting premises provided.

Etymology of ‘Aan’ (XL):

‘Aan’ in XL means ‘male’. The root for ‘aan’ in XL is derived from ‘aal’ which means ‘to rule.’ So, ‘al>alvabavan>aan’ is the genitive order. 10 | Proto-Indo-European Language

The Etymology of ‘aan’ in XL, thus, is clear and beyond doubt. The related words for ‘aan’ in XL are:

‘Aanma,’ ‘athuma’ ‘andavan,’ etc.

Comments:

The etymology of ‘aan’ in XL, is found with an acceptable logical basis, with supporting related words, as mentioned above. This etymology is clear and beyond doubt, unlike the Greek root which has no supporting words to prove ownership.

4. COMMON WORD - ‘Father’ in English (En) & ‘Pattar (n)’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Father’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary

‘Old English fæder “he who begets a child, nearest male ancestor;” also “any lineal male ancestor; the Supreme Being,” and by late Old English, “one who exercises parental care over another,” from Proto- Germanic *fader (source also of Old Saxon fadar, Old Frisian feder, Dutch vader, Old Norse faðir, Old High German fatar, German vater; in Gothic usually expressed by atta), from PIE *pəter - “father” (source also of Sanskrit pitar-, Greek pater, Latin pater,# Old Persian pita, Old Irish athir “father”), presumably from baby-speak sound “pa.” The ending formerly was regarded as an agent-noun affix.’

(#emphasis mine)

Comments:

Please note the Greek/Latin root is ‘pater.’ No basis for this root is either known or provided.

Etymology of ‘Pattar (n)’ (XL):

According to agarathi.com the word ‘pattan’ in XL means ‘grand father, ancestor etc.

“University of Madras Lexicon (UMD) Alvaro Hans | 11

பாட㞟ꟍ pāṭṭaṉ n. [M. pāṭṭan.] 1. Grandfather; பெற்றோ쎿ꟍ தந்த. தந்த தாயே பாட㞟ꟍ பாட羿 (பன்ꞿ쏁பா. 179). 2. Ancestor, grandsire; 믁ன்னோꟍ. பாட㞟ன்கணி.”

Comments:

XL has additional supporting words in the line, like ‘patti’ (female of pattan), kollu pattan, kollu patti,’ etc. The English word ‘patriot’ which appears to be an offshoot of Greek root ‘pater,’ is also derived from this word.

Hence it is clear that the XL word ‘pattan’ has reached Greek as ‘pater’ which has turned into ‘father’ in En.

Pattan (XL)>pater (Gk)>father (En)

5. COMMON WORD-‘Mother’ in English (En) & ‘Maathar’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Mother’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary mother (n.1)

Old English modor “female parent,” from Proto-Germanic *mothær (source also of Old Saxon modar, Old Frisian moder, Old Norse moðir, Danish moder, Dutch moeder, Old High German muoter, German Mutter), from PIE *mater - “mother” (source also of Latin mater, Old Irish mathir, Lithuanian mote, Sanskrit matar-, Greek meter, Old Church Slavonic mati), “[b]ased ultimately on the baby-talk form *mā - (2); with the kinship term suffix *-ter-” [Watkins]. Spelling with - th - dates from early 16c., though that pronunciation is probably older (see father (n.)).”

Comments:

Here, the etymology of the word ‘mother’ in English is attributed to the original Greek word ‘meter’ which again is assumed to be derived from PIE root ‘*mater’ 12 | Proto-Indo-European Language

Etymology of ‘Maathar’ (XL):

The word ‘Maathar’ in XL means ‘women.’ This word is derived from root word ‘Maadhu’ meaning ‘beautiful.’ Hence ownership of the word by XL is established beyond doubt.

It’s clear that the PIE root ‘mater’ and XL root ‘maathar’ are exactly matching.

6. COMMON WORD-‘God’ in English (En) & ‘Kadavul’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘God’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary

The English word ‘God’ is used commonly by every one. The root for this word “God’ as provided in Online Etymology Dictionary is as follows.

“Old English god” supreme being, deity; the Christian God; image of a god; godlike person,” from Proto-Germanic *guthan (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Dutch god, Old High German got, German Gott, Old Norse guð, Gothic guþ), from PIE *ghut - “that which is invoked” (cognates: Old Church Slavonic zovo “to call,” Sanskrit huta - “invoked,” an epithet of Indra), from root *gheu (e) - “to call, invoke.”

Comments:

The etymology claimed appears vague, unconnected and so, unacceptable. It is also known that scholars are not agreed on the etymology shown.

Etymology of ‘Kadavul’ (XL):

The word ‘Kadavul’ means ‘God’ in XL. This word in XL is not a morpheme but breaks into ‘Kada’ + ‘Vul’ which means “Beyond you but within you”. This describes one view of the concept of God as ‘one who is beyond you, yet resides within you.’ Alvaro Hans | 13

Comments:

The etymology of the word God in XL is very clear and well founded. The PIE root of this word is believed to be ‘ghut’ which has a strong sound similarity with the first part of XL word ‘kada-vul’

7. COMMON WORD - ‘Satan’ in English (En) & ‘Saathan’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Satan’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary

Satan (n.) proper name of the supreme evil spirit in Christianity, Old English Satan, from Late Latin Satan (in Vulgate in Old Testament only), from Greek Satanas, from Hebrew satan “adversary, one who plots against another,” from satan “to show enmity to, oppose, plot against,” from root s-t-n “one who opposes, obstructs, or acts as an adversary.”

Comments:

The etymology of the English word Satan is attributed to Greek root ‘Satanas’ and Latin root ‘Satan.’ The meaning given is ‘to oppose, show enmity’ etc. There are no related or supporting words for this word either in Greek or in Latin.

Etymology of ‘Saathan’ (XL):

The word ‘Satan’ is directly derived from the XL word ‘Sathan’ (சாத்தꟍ) which means’ head of devils (Pishasha Nathan பிசாசா நாதꟍ).

‘Sathan kulam’ is a name of a village in TN State of India.

Every household in this part of India, have their own ‘Sathan Koil’ (Family Deity) which they are required to visit every year as a ritual. 14 | Proto-Indo-European Language

This word ‘Sathan’ also has another meaning ‘Adversary’ derived from the XL morpheme ‘Sathu’ சாத鏁 (verb) which means ‘to beat/ slap heavily.’ ‘Sathan’ in this sense means ‘one who beats/dashes you heavily’ hence, an ‘adversary’ as in Hebrew.

‘Kutti Sathan’ is ‘little devil’ used for magic and occult purposes.

Comments:

The words in both languages are related closely in meaning and sound. But ownership of the word is of XL, as proved by the presence of clear root and related words.

8. COMMON WORD-‘Jesus’ in English (En) & ‘Eesan’ in X Language (XL)

Etymology of ‘Jesus’ (En):

Online Etymology Dictionary

The word ‘Jesus’ according to Online Etymology Dictionary means “personal name of the Christian Savior, late 12c.; it is the Greek form of Joshua, used variously in translations of the Bible. From Late Latin Iesus (properly pronounced as three syllables), from Greek Iesous, which is an attempt to render into Greek the Aramaic proper name Jeshua (Hebrew Yeshua, Yoshua) “Jah is salvation.” This was a common Jewish personal name during the Hellenizing period; it is the later form of Hebrew Yehoshua (see Joshua).

Old English used hælend “savior.” The common Middle English form was Jesu/Iesu, from the Old French objective case form, from Latin oblique form Iesu (genitive, dative, ablative, vocative), surviving in some invocations. As an oath, attested from late 14c. For Jesus H. Christ (1924), see I.H.S. First record of Jesus freak is from 1970.”

The web site ‘Meaning, origin and history of the name Jesus’ provides the ‘related names in other languages’ as under:

“Yeshua (Ancient Aramaic), Essa, Isa, Issa, Yushua (Arabic), Josu (Basque), Iesous (Biblical Greek), Yehoshua, Yeshua (Biblical Alvaro Hans | 15

Hebrew), Iesus, Iosue (Biblical Latin), Jozua (Dutch), Joshua (English), Josué (French), Xesús (Galician), Iokua (Hawaiian), Yehoshua (Hebrew), Józsua (Hungarian), Giosuè (Italian), Josué (Portuguese), Jesús, Josué, Chucho, Chus, Chuy (Spanish), İsa (Turkish)”

Comments:

The etymology is rooted in Greek/Latin word ‘Iesus’ without a clear and acceptable meaning.

Etymology of ‘Eesan’ (XL):

In XL, the word ‘Jesus’ becomes ‘Yesu’ as it becomes in Greek also. ‘Esan’ ஈசꟍ is ‘God’ in XL.

Miron Winslow - Dictionary provides the following meaning for ‘Eesan’

“s. The Divine Being, கடퟁ쿍. 2. Siva, சிவꟍ. 3. A king, an emperor, a superior, a ruler, a master, அரசꟍ. Wils. p. 135. EESA. 4. A senior, an elder, an aged person, 믂த்தோꟍ. 5. A priest, 埁쏁. 6. Vishnu, விட翁迁. 7. Brah ma, பிரமꟍ. 8. The lord of the universe, எப்பொ쏁ட埁மிறைவꟍ. (p.) 9. The க�ௌ쎿 பாஷாண믍.”

XL word ‘Yesathavar’

More over ‘Yesathavar’ in XL means ‘blemish less’ vide:

J.P.Fabricius XL and English Dictionary

“III. v. t. abuse, reproach, insult, இக폁; 2. hurl, dart, செ쯁த鏁.

ஏசாதவ쏍, (ஏ毁 + ஆ, negative + ) the irreprochable, gods; 2. the unimpeachable, the good (நல்ல쏍).”

Comments:

So the word ‘Jesus’ is clearly linked to XL word, ‘Eesan/Yesathavar’ which means ‘God’ or ‘blemishless’ respectively. The ownership of the word is clearly of XL as proved by the presence of root, meaning and related words. Enjoyed reading this sample?

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