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Radioactivity Distributions in Soils from Three Central Districts of Bangladesh and Their Radiological Consequences

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Radioactivity Distributions in Soils from Three Central Districts of Bangladesh and Their Radiological Consequences Journal of Pure Applied and Industrial Physics, Vol.8(7), 82-89, July 16, 2018 ISSN 2229-7596 (Print) (An International Research Journal), IF = 4.715, www.physics-journal.org ISSN 2319-7617 (Online) Radioactivity Distributions in Soils from Three Central Districts of Bangladesh and their Radiological Consequences Khondokar Nazmus Sakib1, Md. Sujon Mian1, Md. Toriqul Islam1, Sopan Das2, Md. Mohiuddin Tasnim1 and Jobaidul Islam1 1Department of Physics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, BANGLADESH. 2Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), AERE, BAEC, Savar, Dhaka, BANGLADESH. email address of the corresponding author: [email protected]. (Received on : June 24, 2018 and Accepted on : June 28, 2018) ABSTRACT Radionuclides in soil creates a significant amount of background radiation and also responsible for food chain contamination. That’s why fifteen soil samples collected from three central districts of Bangladesh have been evaluated using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. Activity concentration were found in the range of 9.88 to 86.95 Bq kg-1 for 238U, 24.07 to 178.07 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and 68.01 to 792.68 Bq kg-1 for 40K. Artificial radionuclide 137Cs was not found in this study. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq), gamma absorbed dose rate (D), external hazard index (Hex) -1 -1 and annual effective dose rate (Deff) were found 147.47 Bq kg , 68.064 nGyh , 0.404 and 83.46 µSv respectively, which shows that soils of the study area is radiologically safe. Keywords: HPGe detector; Soil; Radioactivity; Radiological hazard. INTRODUCTION Radiation is common phenomenon in our life. Natural radioactivity is common in the rock and soil that makes up our planet. Among the radioactive elements in the environment, the most abundant are 40K, and the radioisotopes of the natural decay series of 238U and 232Th, which are present in the earth’s crust (Ferdous, J.,2015). Nuclear ore processing, fuel 82 Khondokar Nazmus Sakib, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.8 (7), 82-89 (2018) fabrication, reactor operation is mainly responsible for artificial radionuclides. The artificial radionuclide 137Cs absorbed by the soil and distributed in the different depth. Significant amount of background radiation is produced by artificial and natural radionuclides. Besides radionuclides present in the soil can enter into the food chain. That’s why radioactivity studies are important and have been carried out on soil samples in other parts of the world. Bangladesh is the neighboring country of India. As India, Pakistan, China has tested nuclear weapons in this region of Asia it is highly possible that radioactivity in Bangladesh will also increase. That’s why radioactivity monitoring is highly needed for Bangladesh for its global position. This study deals with natural and artificial radioactivity for soil samples collected from central region of Bangladesh. Besides, the radium equivalent activity, gamma absorbed dose rate, external hazard index and annual effective dose rate were evaluated and compared to the safe limits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of study area In this study Tangail, Sirajganj and Jamalpur are the three central districts of Bangladesh have been considered for radioactivity monitoring. Tangail, Sirajganj and Jamalpur district comprises 12, 9 and 7 upazilas respectively. Soil samples were collected from Tangail Sadar and Ghatail upazila of Tangail district, Sirajganj Sadar and Belkuchi upazila of Sirajganj district and lastly Sarishabari upazila of Jamalpur district. This study intended to study the concentration of natural and artificial radionuclides in soils of Tangail, Sirajganj and Jamalpur districts to establish baseline radioactivity data for the area. Preparation of samples and standards Soil samples were collected during 2017 from 15 locations of Tangail, Sirajganj and Jamalpur district. Lands of slightly dry soil were chosen maintaining some criteria mentioned below: 1. The collection area should be undisturbed open terrain. 2. There should be very little or no runoff soil during heavy rain, particularly in rainy season. The beakers were cleaned with deionized water and put into the oven to be dried. The identification number (ID) was given on each beaker according to the sample ID. Collected soil samples were put into the beakers corresponding to the given ID. The beakers containing the soil samples were then allowed to dry in the oven at 70C until having constant weight. The dried soil samples were then powdered by the use of an agate mortar and the beakers with soil were again put into the oven. plastic pots having the same geometry were cleaned by acetone for two times separately and were put to dry naturally. pot with the sample was weighed out and noted in the laboratory register. All the pots were remained un-disturb at least 83 Khondokar Nazmus Sakib, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.8 (7), 82-89 (2018) for 4 weeks before counting to attain parent’s daughter equilibrium in the 238U and 232Th decay series. For measuring the radioactivity two standards were used. One was IAEA Soil-6 and the 226 other was Ra(liquid) sprayed into Al2O3. Putting the IAEA Soil-6 and Al2O3 standard in the individual pots, the weight was measured and noted in the laboratory register. Experimental setup In counting system, a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector (Canberra, 40% Relative efficiency) was used to measure the radioactivity of the samples and standards of interest. The detector was coupled with a personal computer (PC) based Digital Spectrum Analyzer DSA-1000 coupled with Genie-2000 MCA software. For counting the samples and standards each was placed individually on the surface of the detector and a count was taken for 20000 second for each. Energy range of the spectra was restricted by adjusting the Multichannel Analyzer (MCA) to ‘0 to 3210’ KeV. The dead time of the detector was kept below 1% for all over the counting of the samples and standards. The spectra in all cases were saved in the PC. A background count for the time 20000 seconds was taken to get the background contribution in the samples and standards. Calculation of the radiological effects Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) is the most widely used radiation hazard index. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) calculated using the following relation (Beretka, J.,1985): Raeq = CRa + 1.43CTh +0.07CK (1) 226 232 40 where CRa, CTh and CK are the activity concentrations of Ra, Th and K in Bq/kg, respectively. The external gamma absorbed dose rate in the air at lm above ground level was calculated from the measured activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil assuming that the other radionuclides, such as 137Cs, 90Sr and the 235U series can be neglected as they contribute very little to the total dose from environmental background. The calculations were performed according to the following equation (UNSCEAR, 1993): D = 0.462CRa + 0.604CTh + 0.042CK (2) where D is the dose rate in nGy/h and CRa, CTh and CK are the specific activities (Bq/kg) of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The external hazard index, Hex, is defined as (UNSCEAR, 2000): Hex = CRa/370 + CTh/259 + CK / 4810 (3) 226 232 40 where CRa, CTh and CK are the specific activities (Bq/kg) of Ra, Th and K, respectively. The value of this index must be less than unity in order to keep the radiation hazard insignificant. To estimate annual effective dose rates, the conversion coefficient from absorbed dose in air to effective dose (0.7SvGy−1) and an outdoor occupancy factor (0.2) proposed by UNSCEAR, 2000 are used. Therefore, the annual effective dose rate was calculated by the formula (UNSCAER, 2000): Deff(Sv) = D(nGy/h) × (24 × 365) (h) × 0.7 × 0.2 (4) 84 Khondokar Nazmus Sakib, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.8 (7), 82-89 (2018) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was found that, the activity concentration ranges from 9.88 (Ghatail, Tangail) – 86.95 (Sirajganj Sadar, Sirajganj) Bq/kg for Uranium-238, 24.07 (Ghatail, Tangail) – 178.07 (Sirajganj Sadar, Sirajganj) Bq/kg for Thorium-232 and 68.01(Ghatail, Tangail) – 792.68 (Sarishabari, Jamalpur) Bq/kg for Potassium-40, with mean values of 31.39 Bq/kg, 63.33 Bq/kg and 364.46 Bq/kg respectively (Table-1). We did not get artificial radionuclide (137Cs) in any kind of samples. Results revealed that Potassium-40 was the most abundant radioactive element under consideration. 238 232 40 Table-1: Radioactivities of U, Th and K in soil samples at different locations. Sample no Sample location 238U (Bq kg-1) 232Th (Bq kg-1) 40K (Bq kg-1) S-1A Tangail Sadar, Tangail 39.84±2.21 76.71±3.85 485.79±19.49 S-1B Tangail Sadar, Tangail 25.65±1.57 47.48±2.68 187.17±9.47 S-1C Tangail Sadar, Tangail 26.35±1.83 57.70±3.36 497.37±20.57 S-2A Ghatail, Tangail 9.88±0.86 28.56±1.86 68.01±4.80 S-2B Ghatail, Tangail 24.71±1.59 55.25±3.03 283.00±12.81 S-2C Ghatail, Tangail 11.28±0.91 24.07±1.69 143.07±7.69 S-3A Belkuchi, Sirajganj 25.7±1.78 65.58±3.63 581.73±23.08 S-3B Belkuchi, Sirajganj 23.66±1.49 29.68±1.98 196.81±9.71 S-3C Belkuchi, Sirajganj 35.86±1.20 48.34±2.77 496.22±19.52 S-4A Sirajganj Sadar, Sirajganj 22.81±1.42 48.83±2.62 189.56±9.21 S-4B Sirajganj Sadar, Sirajganj 36.51±2.03 60.69±3.18 406.75±16.62 S-4C Sirajganj Sadar, Sirajganj 86.95±3.47 178.07±6.57 110.64±6.20 S-5A Sarishabari, Jamalpur 34.32±1.99 80.72±3.93 447.89±18.11 S-5B Sarishabari, Jamalpur 33.30±2.13 74.38±4.02 792.68±29.80 S-5C Sarishabari, Jamalpur 34.08±2.08 74.03±3.87 580.35±22.79 Average 31.39±1.77 63.33±3.26 364.46±15.32 85 Khondokar Nazmus Sakib, et al., J.
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