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Demographic Features of Ottoman Upper Thrace: a Case Study on Filibe, Tatar Pazarcik and Istanimaka (1472-1614)

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Demographic Features of Ottoman Upper Thrace: a Case Study on Filibe, Tatar Pazarcik and Istanimaka (1472-1614) DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF OTTOMAN UPPER THRACE: A CASE STUDY ON FILIBE, TATAR PAZARCIK AND İSTANİMAKA (1472-1614) A Master’s Thesis By GRIGOR BOYKOV Department of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2004 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF OTTOMAN UPPER THRACE: A CASE STUDY ON FILIBE, TATAR PAZARCIK AND İSTANİMAKA (1472-1614) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by GRIGOR BOYKOV In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2004 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of History. Prof.Dr.Halil İnalcık Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of History. Asst.Prof.Evgeniy Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of History. Asst.Prof.Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Kürşat Aydoğan Director ABSTRACT DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF OTTOMAN UPPER THRACE: A CASE STUDY ON FILIBE, TATAR PAZARCIK AND İSTANİMAKA (1472-1614) Grigor Boykov M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık September 2004 The thesis examines the demographic processes of three Ottoman cities in the period late fifteenth – early seventeenth centuries. Seen through the data provided by the Ottoman tax and population censuses (tahrir defterleri) the research illustrates three different types of urban development and demographic trends in the Ottoman Upper Thrace. The first type, representative of which was the city of Filibe, points pre- Ottoman settlements, which as a consequence of the policy of the central Ottoman administration, have been recreated and repopulated with Turkish colonists from Asia Minor. The central authority played a crucial role in the demographic processes there. The second type, Tatar Pazarcık, is an example of newly founded Ottoman city in the development of which the state also took active part. The third type, İstamimaka, represents settlement from the medieval Balkan period, which stayed out of the strategic interest of the Ottoman government, having minor state interference in the natural demographic processes. Keywords: demography, colonization, deportation, tahrir defterleri, Filibe, Plovdiv, Tatar Bazarı, Tatar Pazarcık, Pazardjik, İstanimaka, Asenovgrad. iii ÖZET YUKARI TRAKYA’DA DEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞMELERİ: FİLİBE, TATAR PAZARCIK VE İSTANİMAKA ŞEHİRLERİ (1472-1614) Grigor Boykov Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Pof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Eylül 2004 Araştırmamız XV. yuzyılın ikinci yarası ile XVII. asrın başlangıcı çerçevesi içinde üç Osmalı şehrinin demografik proselerini incelemektedir. Uzun bir seri tapu tahrir defterleri ışığı altında Osmanlı Yukarı Trakya’daki gelişmente olan birbirinden farklı üç tip şehircilik ve demografik inkişat açıklanmaktadır. Birinci tip Filibe şehri temsil etmektedir. Bu şehrin tarihi gelişimi Osmanlı idaresinin yoğun kolonizasyon çabaları Balkanlar’daki geleneksel şehirciliğin nasıl etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. İkici tip Tatar Pazarcık şehri temsil etmektedir. Bu Osmanlılar tarafından yeni kuruluş bir şehrin misali olup, bunun şenlendirmesinde de merkezi idarenin rolü muazzam. Araştırmamızın üçüncü tip Osmanlı şehri İstanimaka’dan temsil edilmektedir. Bu şehrin Osmalılardan önceki dönemde kalmış ve gelişmiş bir merkez olup, fakat dönem boyunca fatihlerin stratejik planlarının dışında kalmaktadır. Bnun için de İstanimaka’nın demografik gelişiminde devletin rolü her zaman düşük olunduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: demografı, kolonizasyon, sürgün, tahrir defterleri, Filibe, Plovdiv, Tatar Bazarı, Tatar Pazarcık, Pazardjik, İstanimaka, Asenovgrad. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of people assisted me in different stages of my academic research work contributing to my formation as an Ottoman historian. In chronological order I would like fist to thank Dr. Maria Kalitsin from the Institute of Balkan Studies in Sofia with whom I made my first steps in the Ottoman language and history. Then I met Professor Radushev who became and still is my teacher in the field of “defterology”, giving me a real passion for archival research work. After my arrival, here in Turkey, I had the chance to work with the dean of the Ottoman studies Professor Dr. İnalcık to whom I am very indebted for supervising the thesis and for letting me take benefit from his encyclopedical knowledge of Ottoman history. I would like also to express my gratitude to Professor Machiel Kiel for his encouragement and valuable suggestions. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Oktay Özel for his benevolence and kind assistance in different stages of my research work. I would like to thank the History Department of Bilkent University for providing me with a scholarship without which this research would be impossible. I thank also the Turkish authorities for allowing me to work in the state archives and I am especially grateful to the stuff of İstanbul Başbakanlık Arşivi and Tapu ve Kadastro Arşivi in Ankara who made all efforts to make me work comfortably. Finally, but not at the last place, special thanks must go to my family for constantly supporting me and especially to my beloved wife Mariya, who was always next to me, being my first and most important critic. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: UPPER THRACE IN THE PRE-OTTOMAN AND EARLY OTTOMAN PERIOD ..........................................................................................18 CHAPTER THREE: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF FILIBE IN THE PERIOD 1472-1614............................................................. 38 CHAPTER FOUR: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF TATAR PAZARCIK (1472-1614) ..................................................................76 CHAPTER FIVE: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF İSTANİMAKA (1472-1614)............................................................................. 90 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 106 APPENDICES..................................................................................................... 116 APPENDIX A: Table of the defters used in the work....................................................................... 116 APPENDIX B: Filibe 1472-1614 ..................................................................................................... 117 APPENDIX C: Tatar Pazarcık 1472-1614........................................................................................ 118 vi APPENDIX D: İstanimaka 1472-1595............................................................................................. 119 APPENDIX E: City quarters of Filibe (1472-1614)......................................................................... 120 APPENDIX F: City quarters of Tatar Pazarcık (1472-1614)........................................................... 124 APPENDIX G: City quarters of İstanimaka (1472-1595)................................................................. 127 APPENDIX H: City plan of Filibe………………………................................................................ 129 APPENDIX I: City plan of Tatar Pazarcık…………..…................................................................ 130 APPENDIX J: Professions in Filibe (1472-1614)……................................................................... 131 APPENDIX K: Professions in Tatar Pazarcık (1472-1614)……...................................................... 138 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 – Filibe in 1472…………………………………………………;...…... 45 FIGURE 2 – Professions in Filibe in 1472………...………………………;…….... 50 FIGURE 3 – Filibe in 1489…...……………………………………………;……... 52 FIGURE 4 – Professions in Filibe in 1489…………………………..…......…….... 55 FIGURE 5 – Filibe in 1516…...………………………………………….………... 57 FIGURE 6 – Filibe in 1525…...…………………………………………….……... 63 FIGURE 7 – Filibe in 1530…...……………………………….…………………... 65 FIGURE 8 – Professions in Filibe in 1516………………………………..…..….... 67 FIGURE 9 – Professions in Filibe in 1525……………………………………….... 68 FIGURE 10 – Filibe in 1570.....………………………………….………………... 69 FIGURE 11 – Filibe in 1595.....………………………………………………….... 70 FIGURE 12 – Filibe in 1614.....………………………………………………….... 71
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