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Й 115-116/2018 2 ДЪРЖАВНА АГЕНЦИЯ „АРХИВИ“ Научно- теоретично, документално издание, предоставящо за първо публикуване уникални документи за историята на България и Балканите Брой 115-116/2018 2 Издател на списание „Известия на държавните архиви“ е ДЪРЖАВНА АГЕНЦИЯ „АРХИВИ“ Издателски съвет: Васил Гюзелев, Георги Марков, Пламен Митев, Стефан Андреев Редакционна колегия: Михаил Груев (отг. редактор) Димитър Стоименов, Любомир Георгиев, Мариета Цанова, Пламен Митев, Спаска Шуманова, Стефан Андреев Редактор: Мирослав Коев Предпечат: „МТ-студио“ Формат 1/16 от 70/100. Обем 39 п.к. Адрес на редакцията: София, ул. „Московска“ № 5 тел.: 02 94 00 121; e-mail: [email protected] www.archives.government.bg Печат „Симолини 94“ © Държавна агенция „Архиви“, 2019 © Михаил Танев, художник, 2019 ISSN 0323 -9780 330 БЪЛГАРИТЕ В СОЛУН СПОРЕД ЕКЗАРХИЙСКОТО ПРЕБРОЯВАНЕ ОТ 1907 ГОДИНА* Юра Константинова Йордан Желев Настоящата публикация прави научно и обществено достояние ин- формацията за българите – жители на град Солун, запазена в енорийските регистри (от типа Libri sta tus animarum) на припозналото духовната юрис- дикция на Българската екзархия в Цари град източноправославно българско християнско население в Одринска Тракия и Маке дония1. Те са съставени от действащите български енорийски свещеници в Солун Георги Мандичев, Христо Попгеоргиев, Христо Шумаров и Димитър Амов при извършената през 1907 г. поименна регистрация на екзархийските пасоми в евро- пейските про винции на Османската империя: Цариградския, Одринския, Солунския, Битолския, Скопския, Призренския и Косовския вилает2. Актуализирането на „описите на венчилата“ е изискано от Българската екзархия през октомври 1906 г. с окръжно писмо до подведомствените мит- рополии, архиерей ски наместничества и църковни общини. В него се указва, че подновяването им е крайно належащо, тъй като наличните „списъциѝ на венчилата“ са стари – съставени са преди 10, 15 или 20 години и отдавна не отразяват реалния брой на населението3. Всъщност нуждата от актуална информация за броя на българите-екзар- хисти е по родена от оказалите се непреодолими проблеми с непризнатите * Публикацията е осъществена в рамките на проекта „Солун и българите: история, памет, съвремие“, финансиран от Фонд „Научни изследвания“ към Министерството на образованието и науката (МОН) – Договор № ДН 10/13 от 17.12.2016 г. 1 През 1907 г. диоцеза на Българската екзархия в Европейска Турция обхваща 7 епархии с титулярни митрополити (утвърдени със султански берати), една непризната епархия без титу- лярен митрополит, 26 архиерейски наместничества (в състава на митрополиите) и 23 църковни общини – в непризнатите от османската власт екзархийски епархии (ЦДА, ф. 246К, оп. 1, а.е. 176, л. 116–157; а.е. 313, л. 191). 2 Регистрите представляват типови печатни формуляри (три вида книжни тела – с 50 л./100 стр., 100 л./200 стр. и 200 л./400 стр. – непагинирани, подшити с канап и с подвързия от зелен картон), върху предната корица и титулната страница на които има шаблонен текст: „Венчила в енорията на свещеник ...; Град, село или колиба ...; Кааза ...; Епархия ...; Виляет ...“. Върху всяка двойна четна/нечетна страница има табличен формуляр със следните графи: „1) Брой; 2) Глава на семейството, име на всеки член в семейството и какъв е в него; 3) Годи- ни [обособена допълнително, но не във всички регистри]; 4) Занятие (занаят); 5) Грамотен; 6) Кой от мъжете е в странство по печала и в коя държава; 7) Бележка“. На последните 2 листа (4 страници) на всеки екземпляр са отпечатани два попълнени формуляра – като образец. Регистрите са отпечатани от „Печ[атница] Ф. Валла Теке 540“ в кв. Пера (Галата) – Цариград. 3 ЦДА, ф. 246К, оп. 3, а.е. 93, л. 1–4. Българите в Солун според екзархийското преброяване от 1907 г. 331 епархии, спорните църкви и наложеното от османската власт мюнавебе4 в селищата със смесено (екзархийско и патриаршистко) българско население, които блокират разширяването и утвърждаването на екзархийската църковна мрежа във вилаетите на Европейска Турция5. В периода януари 1904 – август 1909 г. не толкова гръцката национална, пропатриаршеска и етническа про- паганда и въоръжения терор, а политиката на османската администрация за запазване на статуквото ограничава дейността на екзархийската организация и възпрепятства неделимо свързаните с нея нациоформиращи процеси сред българското население (общинска дейност, училищно и просветно дело, културни и обществени прояви)6, както и свободното само(пре)определение на част от българското патриаршистко население7. След Младотурския пре- врат, прогласяването на Джумхуриета и възстановяването на Конституцията (1908) отмяната на този принцип, работещ в църковен аспект в полза на Вселенската патриаршия, а в национален – в полза на гръцката етническа общ ност, умишлено се протака повече от година и половина – до приемането на Закона за спорните църкви (1910)8. Освен това, през 1905–1906 г. осман- ската администрация предприема второ поредно всеобщо преброяване на населението в империята9, но християните се регистрират по старите нуфузи, 4 Мюнавебе (тур.) – букв. смяна; споразумение между българите-екзархисти и българите- пат ри ар ши с ти в общите населени места да се служи по ред в православните храмове – условие, изисквано от османската власт за да разреши отварянето на вече затворени спорни църкви. 5 Вж. рапорта от българския княжески търговски агент в Солун Атанас Шопов до министър- пред се да теля и министър на външните работи на Княжество България д-р Константин Стоилов (Солун, 20 дек. 1897). – ЦДА, ф. 176К, оп. 1, а.е. 1075, л. 3–5; изложенията от екзарх Йосиф І до Министерството на вън шните работи и на изповеданията на Княжество България (Цариград, 22 февр. 1902 и 11 март 1904). – В: Георгиев, В., Ст. Трифонов. Екзарх български Йосиф І. Писма и доклади. С., 1994, 201–205 (№ 77), 217–219 (№ 85); срв. Елдъров, Св. Сръбската въоръжена пропаганда в Македония (1901–1912). С., 1993, с. 151; Национално-освободителното движение на македонските и тракийските българи (1878–1944). Т. ІІІ. Освободителното движение след Илинденско-Преображенското въстание (1903–1919). С., 1997, 82–86. 6 Вж. циркулярните ноти от ген. Рачо Петров – министър-председател и министър на външните работи на Княжество България до българските княжески търговски и дипломати- чески агентства в Османската империя (София, 3 септ. 1904 и 18 юли 1905). – ЦДА, ф. 335К, оп. 1, а.е. 183, л. 30–32; а.е. 202, л. 39–43; срв. ф. 331К, оп. 1, а.е. 206; ф. 335К, оп. 1, а.е. 183; ф. 321К, оп. 1, а.е. 200; ф. 334К, оп. 1, а.е. 233. Срв. ф. 176К, оп. 1, а.е. 2772, 213–249; оп. 2, а.е. 798, л. 43–88; Божинов, В. Българската просвета в Македония и Одринска Тракия 1878–1913 г. С., 1982, 277–279. 7 Вж. в този аспект Konstantinova, Y. „Grecomans“ and „Slavophones“ at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. – ÉB, 2014, № 3, 122–145. 8 Вж. например рапортите от председателя на Българската църковна община в Солун ар- химандрит Никодим до екзарх Йосиф І в Цариград (Солун, 14 май 1909 и 2 юли 1909). – ЦДА, ф. 246К, оп. 1, а.е. 389, л. 45–47. За закона за спорните църкви вж. ЦДА, ф. 331К, оп. 1, а.е. 309, л. 1–76. 9 ЦДА, ф. 331К, оп. 1, а.е. 142, л. 12, 14–16; ф. 321К, оп. 1, а.е. 1711, л. 1–137; ф. 334К, оп. 1, а.е. 172, л. 1–128; Karpat, K. Ottoman Population 1830–1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics. The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, 162–169; История на Османската империя. Под ред. на Р. Мантран. С., 1999, 556–557. Публикуваната от солунския правителствен в-к „Asır“ (Век) през 1905 г. статистика на населението в Солунския вилает е поместена в рапорт на Ат. Шопов до ген. Р. Петров (Солун, 10 февр. 1906). – ЦДА, ф. 321К, оп. 1, а.е. 1770, л. 26. Според нея турците във Юра Константинова, Йордан Желев 332 издадени им преди 25–30 години (т.е. към 1876–1882), в които българите от спорните по чл. 10 от султанския ферман за учредява нето на Българската екзархия епархии в Одринска Тракия и в Македония фигурират ка то „гърци“ (рум) и „патриаршисти“10. Друг съществен подтик за извършването на „ре- визия, поправка и попълване на старите списъци“ е нарасналата в периода 1904–1906 г. индивидуална и групова емиграция на българско (основно мъжко) население от Македония към Северна Америка (САЩ)11. Регистрите от предприетото през 1907 г. единствено поименно пребро- яване на българското екзархийско население, останало след 1878 г. в преде- лите на Османската империя, са запазени в архивния фонд на Българската екзархия в Централния държавен архив (ЦДА) – инвентарни описи № 9 и № 1012. Инициативата и практическата организация на това преброяване най- вероятно са дело на Стефан Лафчиев – началника на Училищния отдел при Екзархията13. Данните за пасомите по венчила (семейства/до ма кин ства) във всяко селище – град (по градски квартали – махали), село, махала, колиби или чифлик през 1907 г. са попълвани саморъчно от местните енорийски свещеници, т.е. представителите на низшия екзархийски клир. В писмо на екзарх Йосиф І до Министерството на външните работи и на изповеданията на Княжество България (Цариград, [преди 18 апр.] 1907) се излагат редица пречки, срещани в процеса на преброяването, поради което към посочена- та дата – април 1907 г., т.е. 6 месеца след тяхното разпращане, попълнени регистри са получени едва от 4–5 общини14. Тяхната информация – както вилаета са 484 334 души, патриаршистите (гърци и българи) – 289 684 души, власите-патриар- шисти – 19 344 души (т.е. общо 309 028 души), екзархистите (т.е. българите) – 220 366 души, евреите – 50 000 души, а арменците, католиците, униатите и протестантите възлизат на 70 002 души. Населението в Солунския вилает наброява общо 1 133 730 души, а в самия Солун живеят 98 930 жители, от които 83 430 местни (йерлии) и 15 500 чужденци (ябанджии). 10 За машинациите и злоупотребите при това преброяване вж. докладите от Ат. Шопов до българския дипломатически агент в Цариград Григор Начович и до ген. Р. Петров в София (Солун, 31 май 1905 и 6 септ. 1905). – ЦДА, ф. 176К, оп. 1, а.е. 2355, л. 14–17, 84–88; ф. 321К, оп. 1, а.е.
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