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The Mid-Nineteenth Century Ottoman Bulgaria from the Viewpoints of the French Travelers

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The Mid-Nineteenth Century Ottoman Bulgaria from the Viewpoints of the French Travelers THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS ENGİN DENİZ TANIR OCTOBER 2005 THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ENGİN DENİZ TANIR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY OCTOBER 2005 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal-Akgün Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Yasin Ceylan (METU, PHIL) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan (METU, HIST) Prof. Dr. Mehdi İlhan (METU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Engin Deniz Tanır Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS Tanır, Engin Deniz MA., Department of History Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan October 2005, 172 pages This thesis deals with Bulgaria under the Ottoman rule in the second and third quarters of the 19th century. The sources used in this study are the works of 18 French travelers who have explored this region in that period. In this work the data collected by the French travelers, their impressions on the people and the region are evaluated. The thesis analyses Bulgaria under the last days of the Ottoman rule and assesses the outlook of Bulgaria regarding its demographic situation, the characteristics of its peoples, religous communities, and with the developments in agriculture, industry and trade through the French traveler’s outlook. Keywords: Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, 19th Century, French travelers iv ÖZ FRANSIZ SEYYAHLARININ GÖZÜYLE 19. YÜZYIL ORTASINDA OSMANLI BULGARİSTANI Tanır, Engin Deniz Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Doç. Dr. Ömer Turan Kasım 2005, 172 pages Bu tezin konusu Fransız seyyahların gözüyle 19. yüzyılın ikinci ve üçüncü çeyreğinde Osmanlı hakimiyeti altındaki Bulgaristan’dır. Çalışmada kullanılan kaynaklar bu dönemde bölgeyi gezen 18 Fransız seyyahın eserleridir. Çalışmada Fransız seyyahların bölge üzerine topladıkları veriler, halklar ve bölge üzerindeki izlenimleri ele alınacaktır. Tez, Osmanlı hakimiyeti altındaki son dönemde Bulgaristan’ı demografik durum, üzerinde yaşayan halkların karakteristik özellikleri, dini cemaatler, tarım, sanayi ve ticarette yaşanan gelişmeler bakımından Fransız gezginlerin bakışıyla ele almaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Bulgaristan, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 19. yüzyıl, Fransız seyyahlar v To My Family vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I would like particularly to thank my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan for his support and insight during the preparation of this thesis. I also would like to thank Prof. Dr. Yasin Ceylan and Prof. Dr. Mehdi İlhan for kindly accepting to take part on my jury and for their critical contribution. My sister Ebru Bodur, and my aunt Sema Kendir deserve a special thanks for spending their time to read and revise my thesis. Many people have given me emotional and mental support in undertaking this thesis. My sincere thanks are to my family and my friends whose company and continous support is unforgettable. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.............................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................iv ÖZ.................................................................................................................................v DEDICATION.............................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................x ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................xi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. THE POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 19TH CENTURY RELATED TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE..................................................................................... 4 1.1. The 19th Century’s World and the Western Traveler’s Concern with European Turkey .............................................................................................. 4 1.2. The General State of the Ottoman Empire ....................................................... 7 1.3. European Turkey and Bulgaria in the 19th century.......................................... 9 2. 19TH CENTURY’S FRENCH TRAVELERS IN EUROPEAN TURKEY AND BULGARIA........................................................................................................... 14 2.1. The Presentation of French Travelers and Their Accounts ............................ 14 2.2. The General Evaluation of the French Traveler’s Accounts .......................... 27 2.3. The Look of the French Travelers to the European Turkey and Bulgaria...... 32 3. DEMOGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY’S OTTOMAN BULGARIA ........................... 37 3.1. Sources of Demographic and Ethnographic Data on European Turkey and Ottoman Bulgaria ........................................................................................... 38 3.1.1. General Data on the Population of European Turkey and Ottoman Bulgaria ................................................................................. 42 3.1.2 The Population of Districts and Towns in Ottoman Bulgaria................ 54 3.2. Migrations ....................................................................................................... 75 3.3. Diseases........................................................................................................... 79 viii 4. RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES AND NATIONALITIES .................................... 84 4.1. Religious Communities................................................................................... 84 4.1.1. Orthodox............................................................................................... 85 4.1.2. Catholics............................................................................................... 89 4.1.3. Protestants ........................................................................................... 92 4.1.4. Muslims ................................................................................................ 94 4.2. Nationalities .................................................................................................... 97 4.2.1. Bulgarians............................................................................................. 98 4.2.2. Turks................................................................................................... 105 4.2.3. Greeks................................................................................................. 107 4.2.4. Vlachs ................................................................................................. 110 4.2.5. Albanians ............................................................................................ 111 4.2.6. Jews and Armenians ........................................................................... 112 4.2.7. Gypsies ............................................................................................... 114 5. ECONOMIC SITUATION .................................................................................. 117 5.1. Agriculture .................................................................................................... 118 5.2. Industry ......................................................................................................... 129 5.3. Trade ............................................................................................................. 143 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 160 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 168 A. The Population of the Danubean Province According to its Yearbooks of 1868, 1869 and 1874 ....................................................................................... 168 B. Classification of the population of the Danubean Province as Muslims and non-Muslims According to Russian and British Sources, in the late 1860s and 1870s......................................................................................................... 169 C. The Map of European Turkey
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