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Marginalia and Colophons in South Slavic Manuscripts During the Ottoman Period, 1393-1878

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Marginalia and Colophons in South Slavic Manuscripts During the Ottoman Period, 1393-1878 Copyright by Tatiana Nikolaeva Nikolova-Houston 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Tatiana Nikolaeva Nikolova-Houston certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: MARGINS AND MARGINALITY: MARGINALIA AND COLOPHONS IN SOUTH SLAVIC MANUSCRIPTS DURING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1393-1878 Committee: ______________________________ Donald G. Davis, Jr., Supervisor ______________________________ Philip Doty, Co-Supervisor ______________________________ John Kolsti ______________________________ Fred Heath ______________________________ Chela Metzger MARGINS AND MARGINALITY: MARGINALIA AND COLOPHONS IN SOUTH SLAVIC MANUSCRIPTS DURING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1393-1878 by Tatiana Nikolaeva Nikolova-Houston, B.S.; B.S.; M.S.; M.S.; M.L.I.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation committee. I would like to acknowledge many people and organizations for their continuous support and help during my doctoral work and dissertation research and preparation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and mentor, Dr. Donald Davis Jr., for his generous time and commitment throughout my graduate academic career. He provided so much inspiration and encouragement and nurtured in me the love for old books, manuscripts, and ancient libraries, and he helped me to develop independent thinking and research skills. The other person who understood and supported so well my research and provided so much insight and inspiration was Dr. John Kolsti, a fellow Slavic soul. Both, Dr. Davis and Dr. Kolsti also supported my applications for numerous academic awards and fellowships, many of which supported this dissertation research. I am grateful also for having such an exceptional doctoral committee, joining when they were sorely needed and providing such incredible expertise in their chosen fields. Dr. Doty encouraged my independent course work in Bulgaria and instilled in me sound research methods. Dr. Fred Heath, a Russian and Slavic history scholar and provost of the UT Library System, despite his professional engagements agreed to participate in my committee and provided me with insights that could come only from such a superb scholar. And I owe a very special thank you to Chela Metzger, who at the eleventh hour agreed to join the committee. Her contributions in book history and preservation techniques and her infectious enthusiasm and joy proved so helpful and provided such hope that I finally dared to entertain the possibility of finishing. I would like to thank Dr. Philip Doty and Dr. Danielle Plumer who at the very last moment dedicated their time and expertise to proofread the dissertation and comment on it by adding her share of editorial marginalia that I faithfully incorporated. Beside her, the members of my committee Dr. Davis, Dr. Kolsti, Dr. Heath, and my family members David and Ron Houston also participated in the process of proofreading of this work. iv History of this research. At the very beginning of my graduate work at the School of Information, I discovered medieval manuscripts. An online search led to the Hilandar Research Center at Ohio State University and to the Summer School in Digital Preservation of Slavic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books (1999). Hilandar's director and founder, Dr. Predrag Mateich, and his wonderful staff granted funds for three of my four visits to that institution. Professor Milena Dobreva of Bulgarian Academy of Science and director of the summer school opened the doors of the Historical and Archival Church Institute (HACI) in Sofia, with the assistance of Trendafil Krustanov. Yet Professor Dr. Hristo Temelski, Director of HACI, is the man who made the bulk of this research project possible. He opened the secret doors of those treasures for me to discover the treasures of marginalia and colophons. He mentioned jokingly that one historical colophon could generate a dissertation by itself. I also must express my gratitude for the assistance and generosity of professors Elena Uzunova and Elissaveta Moussakova from the Bulgarian National Archeographic Commission. Two other premier Slavic and Byzantine studies scholars have supported my efforts: Professor Axinia Dzhurova, whom I have admired and emulated as an example of scholarship and prolific writing for a variety of audiences, and Bulgarian historian Daniela Tsoneva of the Gabrovo Historical Museum, for her insightful and inspiring vision of history. Graduate course work and counseling None of my work would have been possible without the administrative assistance of the graduate coordinator of the School of Information, Carol Carreon, who actually got me into the School and then eased my way through the Masters and Doctoral programs. With Carol, Marion Scheick deserves much credit as the former Academic Awards Coordinator who oversaw much of the funding that I received. The friendship, encouragement, and advice of these two women cannot be overvalued in the completion of this dissertation. v During my doctoral study, three professors in particular opened new worlds for me: Dr. Julia Bolton Holloway, Professor Emerita, Medieval Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, currently working as a Director, Biblioteca e Bottega Fioretta Mazzei in Florence, Italy, was one of my strongest supporters and also provided financial assistance for the HACI portion of my dissertation project. Professor Alisson Frazier guided my historical research. Professor Chris LeClyse introduced me to the theoretical implications of medieval hypertext. Funding opportunities This dissertation research would not be possible without the generous support of the following organizations and people: International Research and Exchange Board (IREX) Travel Grant (2002) The Manuscript Society MAASS Grant (2004) American Theological Library Association Bibliography Grant (2005) Hilandar Research Center Grants (2002, 2005) W. Gordon Whaley University Continuing Fellowship (2005-2006) University Continuing Fellowship (2006-2007). Spiritual counseling I would like to thank especially my spiritual counselors Very Reverend Father Elias Nasr for his information on many aspects of Orthodoxy and for his spiritual support, and also Father David Barr, and Father Hristo from Bulgaria. My family Perhaps, I should express the most gratitude to my family. My husband, Ron Houston, has been my most avid supporter and challenger to achieve a greater understanding of history and the art of research. His editing and proofreading allowed me to be understood, because I am not a native or fluent writer of English. My parents, Nikolay and Yordanka Nikolovi, and my relatives Antoaneta, Simeon, and Stoimen Todorovi have provided all the support and facilities at their disposal to enable me to conduct my research. I would like to thank so much my parents-in-law, David and Harriet vi Houston for encouraging me and believing in me, and also my daughter Tatiana for enduring my impatience at times during my writing of this dissertation. Ultimate acknowledgment and dedication Ultimately, I acknowledge God who provided a strength, endurance, perseverance, and direction that did not happen accidentally, but provided me with direction from source to source, from person to person, from thought to thought, in order to understand better the times and the people who left these historical evidences of the Ottoman period in Bulgaria. And finally, I thank the scribes, students, pilgrims, teachers, and readers who left their mark so as to "Let it be known…" and who endured possibly the worst of times in Bulgarian and South Slavic history. I bow and thank them for their dedication, love, and faith. It is to them that I would like to dedicate this study. vii MARGINS AND MARGINALITY: MARGINALIA AND COLOPHONS IN SOUTH SLAVIC MANUSCRIPTS DURING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1393-1878 Publication No.________________ Tatiana Nikolaeva Nikolova-Houston, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2008 Supervisors: Donald G. Davis Jr. Philip Doty This study examined marginalia and colophons in South Slavic manuscripts to establish their value as primary historical source documents. The evidence of a "history from below" was compared with other primary sources to provide an understanding about the lives of Bulgarian Christian Slavs during the Ottoman period and a history of their language, scripts, and book production. viii The Ottoman Empire invaded Bulgaria in 1393, to remain in power there until 1878. During that time, scribes preserved Bulgarian literary heritage by copying manuscripts. They also recorded in the margins of the manuscripts their thoughts and perceptions, formal transactions of the church, and interactions between the church and its community. While the first marginalia were prayers for forgiveness, later marginalia became a somewhat hidden repository of the marginalized voices of the Ottoman Empire: clergy, readers, students, teachers, poets, and artists who repeatedly started with "Da se znae" (Let it be known). This study analyzed the 146 manuscripts in the Historical and Archival Church Institute in Sofia, Bulgaria (HACI) that contain marginalia and colophons. Content analysis of the corpus yielded 20 categories that clustered into six thematic groups: religious texts; marginalia related to book history and production; interactions between the readers and the book; interaction between the Church
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