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Fonti Ragusee Per Lo Studio Dell'economia E Della Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca XXIII ciclo della Scuola di dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Umanistiche (indirizzo storico e storico-artistico) FONTI RAGUSEE PER LO STUDIO DELL’ECONOMIA E DELLA SOCIETA’ URBANA BOSNIACO-OTTOMANA NEL XVII SECOLO Settore scientifico disciplinare M-STO/03 Dottoranda: Direttore della scuola: Erica MEZZOLI Ch.mo Prof. Guido ABBATTISTA Coordinatore del corso: Ch.mo Prof. Giuseppe TREBBI Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. Marco DOGO Anno Accademico 2009 - 2010 Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 1 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo A Serena Tassinari, maestra di scuola شكرا لحبك.. فهى علمني ،لقراءة ،والكتابه وهى زودني بأروع مفرداتي.. Grazie del tuo amore Mi ha insegnato a leggere ed a scrivere Mi ha regalato parole meravigliose Nizār Qabbānī da Shukran, in Poesie fuori legge (1972) Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 1 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo INDICE Introduzione Capitolo I: ASSI DI TRAFFICO 1. LE CITTA’ SI NUTRONO DI MOVIMENTO 1.1 L’antichità 1.2 Il Medioevo 1.3 La conquista ottomana 2. GIOCO DI SPECCHI: la rivalità commerciale raguseo-veneziana in Bosnia dall’apertura di Spalato (1590) all’inizio della Guerra di Candia (1645) 2.1 Stare (Ragusa) o non stare (Venezia) sulle piazze 2.1.a Condizioni doganali dei Ragusei all’interno dell’Impero ottomano 2.2 L’asse Ragusa-Ancona ed i progetti veneziani d’intromissione 2.2.a Le esportazioni 3. NUOVI PROGETTI 3.1 L’antefatto. Mostar, primavera 1666: Marino di Nicolò Gozze e Mustafa Effendi conversano 3.2 Ci sa cosa e da chi lo viene a sapere 3.3 Dalla “vecchiarella madre” 3.4 Cosa ne pensavano i Narentani 3.5 Buone notizie Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 1 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo 3.6 Il progetto della scala di Narenta si compie 3.7 Commento: Lo spazio obliquo degli hajduci Capitolo II: ORIZZONTI SOCIALI NELLE CITTA’ OTTOMANE DI BOSNIA NEL XVII SECOLO: SARAJEVO E NOVI PAZAR 1. PAESAGGIO URBANO COME INDICATORE DELLA REALTA' SOCIALE 1.1 Čaršija e mahalle 2. LA CITTA' DEI RAGUSEI 2.1 Condizioni giuridico-sociali dei Ragusei nell’Impero ottomano 2.2 L’élite politico-amministrativa locale 2.2.a Novi Pazar 2.2.b Sarajevo 2.3 Gli ebrei quali figure di mediazione 2.4 Competizione e collaborazione con i cattolici 3. LA GUERRA DEGL’ALTRI 3.1 Grosso guaio in Adriatico, grattacapi a Sarajevo 3.2 In balia di chi pone e dispone, fa e disfa 3.3 A Costantinopoli ognuno coltiva il proprio giardino 3.4 Commento 3.4.a I sudditi ottomani chiedono giustizia 3.4.b Il kadi 3.4.c Il vakf Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 2 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo Capitolo III: LA GUERRA LONTANO DAL FRONTE 1. 1657: SARAJEVO E’ CITTA’ DEL CONSIGLIO DI GUERRA 1.1 Il consiglio 1.2 Il cerimoniale 2. LA RETE DELLE INFORMAZIONI 2.1 Notizie della preparazione della guerra e del primo anno di conflitto: 1645 e 1646 2.2 Ottenere informazioni in tempo di guerra 3. LA GUERRA DEL COMMERCIO ED IL COMMERCIO IN GUERRA 3.1 Lo jasak (yasak) o i blocchi commerciali 3.2 Uno sguardo alle importazioni Conclusioni Glossario Bibliografia Serie archivistiche consultate Ringraziamenti Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 3 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo INTRODUZIONE Negli ultimi trent‟anni circa, la ricerca sugli insediamenti urbani in territorio ottomano in Età Moderna si è caratterizzata per l‟approccio con il quale ha affrontato il tema, ovvero per aver considerato la città non in sé e per sé, ma piuttosto come un‟entità socio-economica che va collocata in relazione allo spazio1. In pratica, questo approccio si traduce nello studio dei rapporti che le città furono in grado di stabilire con il proprio hinterland rurale2 e/o in relazione ai legami commerciali, o di altro tipo, con altri insediamenti urbani3. La presente tesi di dottorato intitolata Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco-ottomana nel XVII secolo si inserisce in questa tradizione di ricerca e si è proposta di osservare le città del pascialato di Bosnia, soprattutto Sarajevo e Novi Pazar, in quanto “invenzioni” dell‟iniziativa ottomana sul territorio soprattutto durante il XVII secolo, proprio attraverso quest‟orientamento, valorizzando l‟aspetto dei rapporti economici e sociali che i diversi soggetti, ragusei, ottomani ma anche veneziani, intrattenevano nelle città del pascialato, ed i vincoli che questi erano in grado di creare tra le città del pascialato, con Ragusa e/o Spalato. 1 Qualche esempio. Circa la regione presa in considerazione nella progetto di ricerca si veda in particolare: Nikolaj Todorov (ed.), La ville balkanique aux XVe-XIXe siècles, Bucarest, 1980; AA.VV., Structure sociale et développement culturel des villes sud-est européennes et adriatique aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles: Atti del convegno, Bucarest, 1975. Sulle regioni arabofone dell‟Impero si vedano: Andre Raymon, The great Arab cities in 16th-18th centuries. An introduction, New York-London, 1984 ; Idem, Grandes villes arabes à l‟époque ottomane, Paris, 1985 ; Idem, Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vols., Damascus, 1973-1974 ; Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western economic dominance in the Middle East. Mercantilism and the Islamic economy in Aleppo 1600-1750, New York, 1988 ; A. Abdel Nour, Introduction à l‟histoire urbaine de la Syrie ottomane (XVI-XVIII siècles), Beirut, 1982. Sull‟Anatolia si veda, R. C, Jennings, Urban population in Anatolia in the sixteenth century : a study of Kayseri, Karaman, Amasya, Trabzon and Erzurum, “International Journal of Middle East Studies”, vol. VII (1976), pp. 21-57 ; D. Goffman, İzmir and the Levantine world, 1550-1650, Seattle- London, 1990 ; E. Frangakis, The raya communities of Smyrna in the 18th century (1690-1820), demography and economic activities, in Praktika tou Diethnous Symposiou Istorias Neoellenike Pole, Athens, 1985, pp. 27-42 ; S. Faroqhi, Men of modest substance, house owners and house property in seventeenth-century Ankara and Kayseri, Cambridge, 1987. 2 Nella letteratura già citata, si veda a titolo d‟esempio Antoine Abdel Nour, Introduction à l‟histoire urbaine de la Syrie ottomane (XVI-XVIII siècles), Beirut, 1982. 3 Nella letteratura già citata, si veda a titolo d‟esempio Daniel Goffman, İzmir and the Levantine world, 1550-1650, Seattle-London, 1990 ; A. Raymon, The great Arab cities in 16th-18th centuries. An introduction, New York-London, 1984 ; Idem, Grandes villes arabes à l‟époque ottomane, Paris, 1985; Idem, Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vols., Damascus, 1973-1974. Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 1 Fonti ragusee per lo studio dell‟economia e della società urbana bosniaco- ottomana nel XVII secolo In questo senso, si è quindi preferito scegliere l‟aspetto del metodo interpretativo che si concentra sullo studio dei legami commerciali tra città, piuttosto che quello rivolto all‟analisi dei rapporti che questi insediamenti intrattenevano con il loro circondario rurale. Questa scelta è stata motivata dalla tipologia delle fonti utilizzate, le quali sono molto ricche d‟informazioni riguardo le dinamiche del commercio ed alle relazioni tra gruppi, ma mancano di qualunque riferimento all‟assetto dell‟ambiente rurale ed a come questo entrasse in connessione con le città. Come recita il titolo della tesi, la ricerca è stata realizzata in massima parte attraverso l‟utilizzo della documentazione ragusea poiché si è voluto concentrare l‟attenzione sulle strategie commerciali poste in essere dal principale competitor commerciale di Venezia nella regione corrispondente al pascialato di Bosnia durante il XVII secolo. Tuttavia, al fine di rendere più complesso il quadro generale, sono state utilizzate anche alcune fonti veneziane, archivistiche ed a stampa, dato l‟importante ruolo svolto dagli operatori economici veneziani negli equilibri commerciali della regione, soprattutto in quelli che definivano i rapporti delle città dell‟entroterra con gli scali marittimi della costa. Quanto alla documentazione, il materiale utilizzato consiste soprattutto nelle relazioni degli ambasciatori ragusei e dalle commissioni del Rettore, Minor Consiglio e Senato, in parte in fonti notarili, ma anche da documenti ufficiali ottomani tradotti dai dragomanni della Repubblica di Ragusa. In quest‟ultimo caso, e analogamente alle traduzioni coeve dei documenti ottomani originali conservati nella serie Documenti Turchi nell‟Archivio di Stato di Venezia, anche queste utilizzate per la ricerca, non è possibile parlare di documentazione ottomana originale, ma neanche di fonti ragusee o veneziane in senso stretto. Si tratta, invece, di un tipo di documentazione prodotta esclusivamente da un ufficio apposito delle due Repubbliche adriatiche, di estremo interesse e di grande importanza poiché, pur non essendo “originale”, in quanto corpus di traduzioni coeve agli originali, costituiva lo strumento di trasmissione di contenuti di vario tipo (ordini, contratti, comunicazioni) tra produttore (ottomano) e destinatario (non-ottomano). Tuttavia, oltre a queste indicazioni circostanziate al progetto di ricerca ed alla tesi di dottorato che ne è conseguita, si ritiene che la presente dissertazione vada Capitolo I – Assi di traffico 2
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