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The Maritime History and Archaeology of Malta

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TRADE, PIRACY, AND NAVAL WARFARE IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN: THE MARITIME HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF MALTA A Dissertation by AYŞE DEVRİM ATAUZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2004 Major Subject: Anthropology TRADE, PIRACY, AND NAVAL WARFARE IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN: THE MARITIME HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF MALTA A Dissertation by AYŞE DEVRİM ATAUZ Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: Kevin Crisman Cemal Pulak (Chair of Committee) (Member) James Bradford Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro (Member) (Member) David Carlson (Head of Department) May 2004 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Trade, Piracy, and Naval Warfare in the Central Mediterranean: The Maritime History and Archaeology of Malta. (May 2004) Ayse Devrim Atauz, B.S., Middle East Technical University; M.A., Bilkent University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kevin Crisman Located approximately in the middle of the central Mediterranean channel, the Maltese Archipelago was touched by the historical events that effected the political, economic and cultural environment of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The islands were close to the major maritime routes throughout history and they were often on the border between clashing military, political, religious, and cultural entities. For these reasons, the islands were presumed to have been strategically and economically important, and, thus, frequented by ships. An underwater archaeological survey around the archipelago revealed the scarcity of submerged cultural remains, especially pertaining to shipping and navigation. Preliminary findings elucidate a story that contrasts with the picture presented by modern history and historiography. In this sense, a comparison of the underwater archaeological data with the information gathered through a detailed study of Maltese maritime history clearly shows that the islands were attributed an exaggerated importance in historical texts, due to political and religious trends that are rooted in the period during which the islands were under the control of the Order of Saint John. An objective investigation of the historical and archaeological material provides a more balanced picture, and places the islands in a Mediterranean-wide historical iv framework from the first colonization of the archipelago eight thousands years ago to the twentieth century. v To my parents Sevil and Akın Atauz vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation committee: Dr. Kevin Crisman, Dr. Cemal Pulak, Dr. Filipe Castro and Dr. James Bradford, for the preparation of this dissertation and providing me advice and guidance throughout my doctoral studies at Texas A&M University. I also would like to thank Mr. Joseph Muscat who provided encouragement and advice and shared my interest in the maritime past of Malta. Communicating with these individuals has provided invaluable support for my work. I would also like to thank Father Eugene Teuma for his help in locating and translating archival documents in Malta and Dr. Nicholas Vella, the University of Malta, for also sharing my interest in maritime archaeology and his deep knowledge of Maltese archaeological material. I also would like to thank John Wood for his assistance in providing information about the early underwater work in Malta as well as information about the maritime history of the islands, and John McManamon, who not only accompanied me to Malta in the first season of my fieldwork, but also through his continued interest he has been a great colleague with whom to discuss my research. I would like to thank the Turkish Institute of Nautical Archaeology (TINA) for providing a scholarship to support my doctoral studies. The Marine Technology Society, Nautical Archaeology Program and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology provided partial financial support in the form of scholarships and grants that contributed greatly to my survival during my fieldwork and research. Both my field project and this dissertation would have been impossible without the archaeological permits provided by Dr. Anthony Pace, the Director of the National Museum of Archeology in Valletta, Malta (NMA). I am also indebted to the Museum Curators and Reuben Grima of the NMA for their expert counsel and generosity in providing access to the museum vii facilities, collection and archives. Other important collections and archives in Malta were made accessible by Assistant Curators Rodriguez Espinoza (Maritime Museum) and George Azzopardi (Gozo, Cittadella Museum). It would have been impossible for me to carry out my fieldwork in Malta without the generous support of George Robb Jr., the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) Director, who provided financial support and part of the remote sensing equipment during the first two seasons of the project. I am also indebted to INA Director Gregory Cook both for his encouragement and his financial support for the 2001 season. Marty Wilcox and John Van Tassel also deserve to be mentioned here for it would have been impossible to accomplish the project without the equipment they provided. The excavation at the Quarantine Hospital site was made possible with the help and financial support of MIDI Inc., special thanks to Benjamin Muscat and Alex Torpiano. Another major supporter during my field project in Malta was the Malta Maritime Authority (MMA). The MMA generously provided their survey boat, Madonna ta Pinu, for the duration of the survey. Special thanks to Chairman Marc Bonello for his enthusiasm and interest in the project. Joseph Bianco and Godwin Borg, skilled employees of MMA, made incredible contributions to the project as well as Charlie Scicluna, Francis Mifsud and Johan Camilleri who worked long hours on the survey vessel throughout the project. NMA provided the vehicle for our transportation, assigned two of its limited staff for our work, and provided space in the museum building for the wet storage, conservation, photography, drafting and study of the artifacts. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and Sperre A.S provided the equipment and personnel for the ROV survey. Fredrik Soreide of NTNU and Thor Olav viii Sperre of Sperre A.S. both sacrificed their vacations to make the ROV equipment available for the project. I extend my gratitude to Brett Phaneuf who helped me to design, carry out and fund the project and supported me in every phase of my fieldwork. I would like to thank INA for approving my field project every year and supporting my research in Malta. My workload would have been much heavier without the help of the INA staff in College Station. It would also have been impossible to carry out my research without the intelligent staff of the interlibrary loan desk at Texas A&M University Evans Library and the library at the University of Malta. I would like to extend my appreciation to Timothy Gambin who initiated the Malta project by contacting INA through the U.S. Navy Historical Center and who also assisted with project logistics throughout the project’s duration. I am indebted to my Maltese team members, Edmond Cardona and Michael Spiteri of the NMA, for their enthusiasm and for helping me in all phases of the fieldwork. Special thanks to Michael Spiteri for his excellent skills in organizing the dives and watching over our safety. I also am thankful to the University of Malta for providing the funds for the participation of team members Joanne Mallia, Elaine Azzopardi, Vanessa Ciantar and Elizabeth de Gaetano who formed an invaluable part of the diving team and sacrificed their summer vacation to help me with conservation and recording of the artifacts. I am equally indebted to the University of Bristol for providing financial support for the participation of their graduate students, Christopher Longstaff and Christopher Faine, in the Quarantine Hospital Excavation. I cannot thank enough my editor, Marie Phaneuf, for accomplishing the painstaking job of correcting the numerous grammatical errors of a foreigner writing in English. Writing this dissertation would have been impossible without the constant support and advice I received from Brett Phaneuf, who has been my major help throughout the process. My foremost support during the process of writing my dissertation and pursuing my doctoral studies so far away from ix home have been supported in every possible way by my parents, Sevil and Akın Atauz, who have always believed in me and did everything to make it possible for me to accomplish my goals whatever they may be. I would also like to thank my friends Nancy DeBono who helped me keep my sanity during my research and writing, and Tiago Fraga who fixed my computer countless times, saving my dissertation from oblivion, and me from having a nervous breakdown. There are countless other individuals who supported my studies, my field projects, my research and writing, and who helped me to become a better scholar through this process of completing the requirements for my Ph.D., thank you all. x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………… iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………… x LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….…… xiii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….……...….. xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………
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