Thermal Self-Ignition Simulation of Pyrotechnic Composite in Different Conditions

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7383-8 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

Thermal self-ignition simulation of pyrotechnic composite in different conditions

1,2 2 X. J. Shi • L. Q. Wang

Received: 11 January 2018 / Accepted: 15 May 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018

Abstract The combustion and explosion accidents of pyrotechnic composite occur frequently. The study on the thermal hazard of large size of pyrotechnic composite by experiment method is dangerous. It would consume huge manpower and material resources. In this paper, a study was conducted to investigate the thermal hazards of pyrotechnic composite under different ambient temperature, size and packing condition by numerical simulation method. The results show that the thermal hazards of pyrotechnic composite increase with the increase in ambient temperature. The ignition temperature of pyrotechnic composite as the inherent property of pyrotechnic composite is not affected by packing condition and size. In the same conditions, the lower thermal conductivity of packing material is, the lower SADT of pyrotechnic composite is. With the increase in the size of the grain, its SADT decreases and ignition delay period shortens, and the ignition position shifts from the center to the top of the grain with lower thermal conductivity of packing material.

Keywords Pyrotechnic composite Á Thermal hazard Á Packing Á Size Á Ambient temperature

List of symbols q000 Heat source (W m-3) A Pre-exponential factor (s-1) C Boundary of object E Activation energy (kJ mol-1) Q Reaction heat (kJ kg-1) R Gas constant (J mol-1 K-1) Introduction T Temperature (K)

Ta Ambient temperature (K) In recent years, although the safety production situation of f(a) Reaction mechanism function chemical industry has showed a certain improvement, the f(x, y, z, t) Known temperature function overall situation is still serious. Especially, the combustion g(a) Integral form of the reaction mechanism accident of dangerous chemical warehouse in Tianjin port function caused the severe personnel casualty and property loss and g(x, y, z, t) Heat flux function was a bitter, bloody lesson. It is well known that the sen- a Degree of conversion (g) sitivity of energetic materials is related to the kind of c Specific heat (J kg-1 K-1) energetic materials, size, ambient condition and so on. n Reaction order Several researches also have done a lot of work in recent q Density (kg m-3) years on the thermal stability and self-ignition process of k Thermal conductivity coefficient energetic materials from those aspects. (W m-1 K-1) Roduit [1–4] carried out their study on the thermal v Coefficient of heat transfer (W m-2 K-1) stability for the energetic materials with multistage decomposition by finite element method. The thermal & X. J. Shi equilibrium state of the large samples was calculated. After [email protected] that, he investigated the action process of a propellant at some temperature and analyzed the critical self-ignition 1 State Post Bureau Safety Supervision Center, Beijing 100091, temperature, critical size of tank and critical temperature of China the propellant. The combustion mechanism and thermal 2 State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, runaway of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) was Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China 123 X. J. Shi, L. Q. Wang studied by Liu [5]. The safe storage condition for small first studied, and the numerical simulation method will be mass of HAN was determined by thermal explosion theory. used. The effects of size and natural convection on critical condition of HAN with the large size were calculated by computational fluid mechanics (CFD). Jiang et al. [6] Self-ignition process simulation confirmed the critical size of propellant powder at a certain temperature by simulating self-ignition process. Simulation conditions Huang et al. [7] simulated self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of cumyl hydroperoxide (CHP) with In previous DSC experiment [14], ignition temperature of different packing material. The results show that SADT of the red pyrotechnic composite is 734 K, E is 192 kJ mol-1, CHP decreased with the diameter of the tank and that it was A is 2.1 9 1010 s-1. Because the pyrotechnic composite almost unaffected by the thickness of the tank. Liu et al. [8] would be immediately ignited when the ambient tempera- reported the thermal stability of fireworks. The thermal ture exceeding the ignition temperature of pyrotechnic explosion model of fireworks with sphere and cylinder was composite, the self-ignition process of the red pyrotechnic built by using thermal explosion theory. Furthermore, the composite was simulated by ANSYS at the ambient tem- thermal stability of fireworks under different packing perature of 700 K unchanged. The initial temperature of material, charge structure and charge type was simulated the system is assumed to be 293 K. The red pyrotechnic by advanced kinetics and technology solutions (AKTS) composite grain is stored in a contain size of A1 (height is software. The critical temperature of pyrotechnic com- 160 mm, the diameter is 80 mm), and the physical model posite obtained by theory was excellent agreement with the of the grain is shown in Fig. 1a. numerical result. Xing [9] simulated the cook-off phe- Furthermore, ambient temperature, packing condition, nomenon of RDX (hexogen) and obtained the ignition size and heating rate also affect the safety of pyrotechnic position of RDX under different ambient temperature. Dong et al. [10] studied the deflagration to detonation transition in granular HMX (octogen) explosives under Y thermal ignition, and he introduced the conductive burning into the classical model during simulation. The result shows that the time to detonation increases with the Heating surface decrease in particle diameter. Xu et al. [11] investigated the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate in high-temperature Pyrotechnic coal seam. They found that with temperature elevated, the composition organic materials were oxidized by HNO3, which caused exothermic and gave rise to premature and misfire in blasting process. The effects of magnesium additive on the thermal behavior of Al/CuO thermites were verified by Sheikhpour et al. [12]. Addition of the magnesium powder X did not initiate the reaction between micron-Al and nano- (a) no packing CuO, but this additive had a significant effect on the heat of reaction of nano-Al/nano-CuO system. Hoyani et al. [13] study finds that the thermal stability of HAN will be Y influenced during mixing metal ions like barium and cal- cium ions. Pyrotechnic composite is dangerous and is easier to be Heating surface ignited than other energetic materials by stimulation of energy during storage. How to reduce the accident proba- Packing material bility and to improve the safety of pyrotechnic composite is Pyrotechnic one of the hot issues in the pyrotechnic composite research. composition The study on the self-ignition process of pyrotechnic composite is an important way to study its safety. Red pyrotechnic composite is a common stainer used in fire- X works and tracer composite, in which safety would be (b) with packing affected by the safety of red pyrotechnic composite. In this paper, the safety of red pyrotechnic composite would be Fig. 1 Physical model of the grain. a No packing, b with packing 123 Thermal self-ignition simulation of pyrotechnic composite in different conditions composite during its storage and transportation. Thus, in Theoretical description this paper, the self-ignition process of the red pyrotechnic composite was simulated from the following four parts. The thermal process of pyrotechnic composite is a transient process. Energy conversation equation for pyrotechnic 1. Effect of ambient temperature composite can be described as Eq. (1). The heat source q000 The self-ignition processes of red pyrotechnic composite can be expressed by Eq. (2), f(a)=(1- a)n-1. under ambient temperature of 650 and 680 K were oT o2T o2T o2T simulated. qc ¼ k þ þ þ q000 ð1Þ ot ox2 oy2 oz2 2. Effect of packing condition 000 n The red pyrotechnic composition is more used to make q ¼ q QAf ðÞa expðÞÀE=RT ð2Þ fireworks in civil affairs, and the fireworks are generally A lot of studies suggest that pyrotechnic composite is packed by the lower thermal conductivity materials. Thus, rarely consumed before thermal explosion happens. the self-ignition process of red pyrotechnic composite Therefore, the reaction of pyrotechnic composite can be as packed by materials with lower thermal conductivity is zero-order reaction. f(a) in Eq. (2)is1.q000 can be simpli- simulated. Furthermore, for comparing the effect of dif- fied as Eq. (3). ferent packing condition on red pyrotechnic composite, the q000 qQAexp E=RT 3 self-ignition processes of red pyrotechnic composite ¼ ðÞÀ ðÞ packed by materials with higher thermal conductivity is The material parameters used in this study are referred simulated. The physical model of the grain with packing is from the literature [16–18] and listed in Table 1. shown in Fig. 1b. The thickness packing material is 3 mm. Transient thermal analysis of ANSYS is used in the The ambient temperature is 700 K. simulation. Four main parts for the simulation of ANSYS 3. Effect of size are as follows: The self-ignition process of red pyrotechnic composite is 1. Modeling and meshing the grain. simulated under the sizes including A2 (height is 120 mm, 2. Configuration physical properties of red pyrotechnic the diameter is 60 mm) and A3 (height is 200 mm, the composition, packing material and the initial temper- diameter is 100 mm). The ambient temperature is 700 K. ature of the system. 4. Effect of heating rate 3. Loading boundary conditions. In case of fire, the ambient temperature changes with 4. Reaction thermokinetics. heating rate. To study the effect of heating rates on the self- There are three kinds of boundary conditions as follows ignition process of pyrotechnic composites, different [19]. magnitudes of heating rates are selected. The initial The first-type boundary condition is determined by ambient temperature is 293 K. The self-ignition processes Eq. (4). It is applied to that the temperature of the object of the grain with lower thermal conductivity packing at boundaries is known. heating rate 0.3 and 5 K min-1 are simulated, respectively. Tj ¼ f ðx; y; z; tÞð4Þ The ignition time and ignition delay period of the grain C under different condition were determined. Ignition delay The second-type boundary condition is determined by period is the time that the system temperature rises from Eq. (5). It is applied to that the temperature gradient of the ambient temperature to the ignition temperature. Ignition object boundaries is known. time includes two parts: ignition delay time and the time oT k jC ¼ gðx; y; z; tÞð5Þ for the system temperature of material rises from the initial on temperature to ambient temperature. The lowest ambient temperature of storage for energetic materials is an The third-type boundary condition is that a linear important parameter to evaluate safety of the energetic combination of the temperature gradient and temperature at materials. According to the definition of SADT [15], SADT the boundary of the fluid medium in contact with the of energetic materials is approximately equal to its lowest object. The third-type boundary condition can be expressed ambient temperature of safety storage. Then, SADT of the by Eq. (6). red pyrotechnic composite under different condition also oT k jC ¼ vðT À T ÞjC ð6Þ was calculated. The calculation time of numerical simula- on a tion is from 0 to 604,800 s. Assuming the grain is set on the ground and directly exposed to the air. Then, there is a heat exchange between the top surface of the grain, the side of the grain and the air

123 X. J. Shi, L. Q. Wang

Table 1 Parameters of Material q/kg m-3 c/J kg-1 K-1 k/W m-1 K-1 Q/kJ kg-1 materials Red pyrotechnic composite 1348 1423 0.19 2722 Low thermal conductivity packing materials 550 2301 0.0357 – High thermal conductivity packing materials 8030 502 16.27 – when heated. The boundary condition for the top surface accumulation, the pyrotechnic composite is ignited at and the side of the grain can be dealt with the third-type 3.31939 9 105 s. boundary condition. The heat transfer coefficient is about 1. Ambient temperature effect 5Wm-2 K-1. The boundary condition for the bottom of the grain can be dealt with the first-type boundary The temperature distributions at ignition of the grain with condition. no packing under different ambient temperature are shown in Figs. 3–5. At the higher temperature, the pyrotechnic composite near the top surface of the grain is easily ignited. Results and discussion This is because that the heat is firstly accumulated near the top surface of the grain when the grain is heated from the The curve of temperature versus time of pyrotechnic top surface and the side. The ignition position of the grain composite with no packing at 700 K is shown in Fig. 2.It with no packing would move from the top to the center of shows that the calculated ignition temperature is 731 K, the grain as the ambient temperature decreases. which is in good agreement with DSC experimental result Under the different ambient temperature, the ignition (734 K) [10]. time, ignition delay period, ignition temperature and igni- The temperature distributions of X–Y plane for the grain tion position of the grain with no packing are calculated with no packing at different times are shown in Fig. 3.It and summarized in Table 2. According to Table 2, the can be seen that the high-temperature area is at the top ignition temperature of pyrotechnic composite is almost corner of the grain when the top and the side of the grain is not affected by ambient temperature. The higher the heated at the same time, and the temperature of the grain at ambient temperature is, the shorter the ignition time and the center is lower than that at the top and the side of the ignition delay period become. grain. At 3 9 105 s, the high-temperature area is at the top Figure 6 discloses the change of the grain temperature surface of the grain, and the transferring form of heat is with time for no packing under different ambient temper- heat conduction. At 3.28 9 105 s, there is a circular high- ature. The grain with no packing would be ignited once the temperature area in the grain. It shows that the heat is ambient temperature is above 650 K. When ambient tem- mainly generated from decomposition reaction of perature is lower than 645 K, the grain with no packing pyrotechnic composite. With the continued heat wouldn’t be ignited. So SADT of the grain with no packing is determined to be between 645 and 650 K, the average is 647 K. 2. Packing condition effect 850 800 The self-heating ignition process of the grain with packing 750 is also simulated. The grain packed by high thermal con- 731 K 700 ductivity material will input or output more heat than that 650 packed by low thermal conductivity material. However, if 600 the packing material is flammable, the result will be 550 completely different. For example, the ignition point of 500 paper is lower, and it can be ignited at about 180 °C. To

Temperature/K 450 study the inﬂuence of packing condition on the self-heating 400 ignition process and the thermal hazard of pyrotechnic 350 composite, the nonﬂammable packing materials would be 300 only considered. 250 Figure 7 shows the temperature distribution of X– 0 20 40 60 80 100 Y plane of the grain (U80 9 160 mm) with lower thermal Time/h conductivity packing material at different time. At 5000 s, Fig. 2 The curve of temperature versus time of grain with no packing the higher temperature area is at the top corner of the grain. (U80 9 160 mm) at 700 K 123 Thermal self-ignition simulation of pyrotechnic composite in different conditions

Fig. 3 Temperature distribution of X–Y plane of the grain with 293.064 647.493 no packing (U80 9 160 mm) at 700 K 293.198 647.933 293.332 648.372

293.467 648.812

293.601 649.252

293.735 649.691

293.869 650.131

294.003 650.57 294.138 651.01

Y 294.272 Y 651.449

Z X Z X

2400 s 300 000 s

655.632 674.794

655.936 681.17

656.24 687.547

656.545 693.924

656.849 700.301

657.153 706.678

657.457 713.055

657.762 719.432

658.066 725.808 658.37 Y Y 732.185 Z X Z X 328 000 s 331 939 s

Because the heat transfer coefﬁcient for the grain at the top pyrotechnic composite near the center of the grain to is the same as that at the side, the temperature distribution decompose ﬁrstly. The grain with the higher thermal con- is an inverted U shape. At 1.5 9 105 s, the heat is trans- ductivity packing material is ignited at 3.37603 9 105 s, ferred from the external to the internal of the grain. At and its ignition position is nearly at the center. 3.3 9 105 s, the higher temperature area is located at the The curves of temperature versus time of the grain with top of the grain, and temperature distribution appears cir- lower and higher thermal conductivity packing material at cular at 3.34 9 105 s. It can be inferred that the self- different ambient temperatures are shown in Figs. 9 and heating reaction of pyrotechnic composite is prominent. At 10, respectively. From Figs. 9 and 10, it can be determined 3.35347 9 105 s, the grain with lower thermal conductiv- that SADT with the lower thermal conductivity packing ity packing material is ignited. The ignition temperature is material is between 650 and 654 K, the average is 652 K. 731 K. SADT with the higher thermal conductivity packing Figure 8 shows the temperature distribution of X– material is between 655 and 658 K, the average is 656 K. Y plane of the grain with the higher thermal conductivity Table 3 summarized the ignition time, SADT and igni- packing material (U80 9 160 mm) at different time. tion position of the grain under different packing condition. Because of the thermal conductivity of packing materials is In the condition of heated, the ignition time of the grain higher, the heat acted on the top and side of the grain will with the higher thermal conductivity packing material is quickly transfer to the bottom of the grain. Then, the cir- the longest, and its SADT is higher than others. Then, the cular temperature distribution formed in the grain. It causes grain with the higher thermal conductivity packing material

123 X. J. Shi, L. Q. Wang

1000 620 K 678.754 645 K 900 650 K 684.538 700 K 800 780 K 690.322 700 696.106

701.89 600

707.674 500 Temperature/K

713.458 400

719.242 300 725.026 –20020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 730.81 Y Time/h Z X Fig. 6 The curve of temperature versus time of grain with no packing 489 613 s (U80 9 160 mm) under different ambient temperatures

Fig. 4 Temperature distribution at the ignition of the grain with no has the best thermal stability when it is heated. Meanwhile, packing (U80 9 160 mm) at 680 K the ignition time of the grain with no packing is the shortest, because of the direct heating on it. 673.528 3. Size effect 679.96 Figures 11 and 12 display the temperature distribution at

686.393 the ignition of the grain with the lower thermal conductivity packing for U60 9 120 mm and U100 9 200 mm. 692.825 Compared to Fig. 3, it is clear that the ignition positions 699.257 have obviously difference, the ignition positions move to 705.69 the upper surface with increasing of the size. Table 4 shows the calculated results of SADT, ignition delay period 712.122 and ignition position. From Table 4, it can be seen that the 718.554 ignition positions of the grain with the lower thermal 724.987 conductivity packing for different size (U60 9 120 mm, U80 9 160 mm and U100 9 200 mm) is 14, 28 and 731.419 Y 54 mm, respectively, to the top of center of grain. Fur- Z X thermore, as the size of the grain rises, the ignition delay 551 487 s period is shortened. SADT decreased as the size increases because the greater the mass of pyrotechnic composite, the Fig. 5 Temperature distribution at the ignition of the grain with no more heat released is. Compared with small size, there is a packing (U80 9 160 mm) at 650 K remarkable heat accumulation in the large-size grain with

Table 2 Simulation results of the grain with no packing under different ambient temperatures Ambient temperature/K Ignition time/s Ignition delay period/s Ignition temperature/K Ignition position/mm

650 551,487 5532 731.4 14 above center 680 489,613 1809 730.8 28 above center 700 331,939 566 732.3 54 above center

123 Thermal self-ignition simulation of pyrotechnic composite in different conditions

293.149 429.153 643.635

293.582 432.221 646.009

294.016 435.289 648.383

294.449 438.357 650.756

294.882 441.426 653.13

295.316 444.494 655.504

295.749 447.562 657.878

296.182 450.63 660.252

296.616 453.698 662.626 Y Y Y 297.049 456.766 664.999 Z X Z X Z X 5000 s 150 000 s 330 000 s

653.163 654.455 664.159

656.049 657.533 671.661

658.934 660.612 679.163

661.82 663.691 686.666

664.705 666.77 694.168

667.59 669.849 701.67

670.476 672.928 709.172

673.361 676.006 716.674

676.247 679.085 724.177 Y Y Y 679.132 682.164 731.679 Z X Z X Z X 332 000 s 334 000 s 335 347 s

Fig. 7 Temperature distribution of X–Y plane of the grain with lower thermal conductivity packing material at different time at 700 K (U80 9 160 mm) the lower thermal conductivity packing. So at the same at the ignition with the lower thermal conductivity condition, the bigger size of the grain would ignite ﬁrstly. packing is shown in Fig. 13. The ignition time with heating rate 0.3 and 5 K min-1 was 9551 and 529 s, 4. Heating rate effect respectively. Compared with the ignition time of the The ambient temperature rises with time during the dif- grain at the certain temperature of 700 K, it was obvi- ferent stages of ﬁre. When ambient temperature rises at a ously shortened. The ignition position moved upward the certain heating rate, temperature distribution of the grain top corner of the grain.

123 X. J. Shi, L. Q. Wang

Fig. 8 Temperature distribution of X–Y plane of the grain with 293.19 657.814 the higher thermal conductivity packing material at different 293.344 658.101 time at 700 K (U80 9 160 mm) 293.498 658.388 293.652 658.675

293.806 658.961

293.96 659.248

294.114 659.535

294.268 659.822

294.422 660.109

294.576 660.395 Y Y Z X Z X 5000 s 328 800 s

662.192 690.137

662.427 694.827

662.663 699.517

662.899 704.208

663.135 708.898

663.371 713.588

663.607 718.278

663.843 722.968

664.079 727.658

664.315 732.348 Y Y Z X Z X 330 000 s 337 603 s

800 800 593 K 750 580 K 650 K 750 655 K 700 654 K 658 K 773 K 700 773 K 650 1073 K 650 600 600 550 550 500 500 450 450 Temperature/K Temperature/K 400 400 350 350 300 300 250 250 –20020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 –20020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time/h Time/h

Fig. 9 Curves of temperature versus time for grain with the lower Fig. 10 Curves of temperature versus time for grain with the higher thermal conductivity packing material (U80 9 160 mm) thermal conductivity packing material (U80 9 160 mm)

123 Thermal self-ignition simulation of pyrotechnic composite in different conditions

Table 3 Simulation results for the grain at different packing conditions Packing condition Ignition time/s Ignition temperature/K SADT/K Ignition position/mm

No packing 331,939 731.1 647 54 above center Low thermal conductivity materials 335,347 731.6 652 60 above center High thermal conductivity materials 337,603 732.3 656 18 above center

676.897

683.29

689.684

696.077

702.47

708.863

715.256

721.649

728.042 Y Y Z X Z X Y 734.435 Z X (a) 529 s (5K·min–1) (b) 9551 s (0.3K·min–1)

Fig. 11 Curves of temperature versus time for grain with the lower Fig. 13 Curves of temperature versus time for grain with the lower thermal conductivity packing material (U60 9 120 mm) thermal conductivity packing material (U80 9 160 mm). a 529 s (5 K min-1), b 9551 s (0.3 K min-1)

Conclusions 649.671 658.942 According to the results, the following conclusions would 668.213 be obtained. First, by the numerical simulation, the self-ignition 677.484 processes of pyrotechnic composite is researched, the 686.755 following parameters have been obtained, such as 696.026 ignition delay period, ignition timing, ignition position 705.297 and SADT, which could reﬂect the thermal hazards of 714.568 pyrotechnic composite from different aspect. Second, when the grain with the same size is heated at 723.839 different ambient temperatures, the higher the ambient Y 733.11 temperature is, the shorter ignition delay period of the grain Z X is, and the more the ignition position closed to the top side of the grain. The ignition delay period and ignition position Fig. 12 Curves of temperature versus time for grain with the lower all veriﬁed that the thermal hazards of the grain increases thermal conductivity packing material (U100 9 200 mm) as the ambient temperature rises. As the ambient

Table 4 Simulation results with Size Ignition delay period/s SADT/K Ignition position/mm the lower thermal conductivity packing and different sizes U60 9 120 mm 855 661 32 above center U80 9 160 mm 569 652 60 above center U100 9 200 mm 382 646 86 above center

123 X. J. Shi, L. Q. Wang temperature rises at a certain heating rate, the thermal 3. Roduit B, Borgeat C, Berger B, Folly P, Alonso B, Aebischer JN. hazards of the grain increase. The prediction of thermal stability of self-reactive chemicals. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;80:91–102. Third, according to SADT, it can be concluded that once 4. Roduit B, Xia L, Folly P, Berger B, Mathieu J, Sarbach A, Andres pyrotechnic composite occurs as autothermic reaction, the H, Vogelsanger B. The simulation of the thermal behavior of thermal hazards of pyrotechnic composite packed by low energetic materials based on DSC and HFC signals. J Therm Anal thermal conductivity materials is higher than that packed Calorim. 2008;93:143–52. 5. Liu L. The safe storage of autocatalytic reactive chemicals. Texas by high thermal conductivity materials when pyrotechnic A&M University; 2009. composite is accidently heated. Thus, it is necessary to 6. Jiang PX, Jiang JY, Chen MH. The numerical simulation of self- keep fireworks at low ambient temperature and to ignition for propellant. J Tsinghua Univ Nat Sci Ed. avoid exposing to heat during its production, storage or 1998;38:78–81. 7. Huang YJ, Xie CX, Cao JZ. The study on the thermal stability transportation. and thermal safety of cumyl hydroperoxide. China Saf Sci J. Fourth, at the same ambient temperature, once self- 2011;21:116–22. heating reaction of the pyrotechnic composite occurs, the 8. Liu HY, Qian XM, Du ZM. Thermal explosion model and cal- grain with a big size will ignite firstly. The result shows culation of sphere fireworks and crackers. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;110:1029–36. that the thermal hazards of pyrotechnic composite packed 9. Xing SJ. The study on the cook-off mechanism and 2D numerical by low thermal conductivity material increases with the simulation of condensed explosive. National University of increase in size. Thus, fireworks should avoid extensive Defense Technology; 2004. stores. 10. Dong HF, Zan WT, Hong T, Zhang XL. Numerical simulation of deflagration to detonation transition in granular HMX explosives Moreover, the research results are also available for under thermal ignition. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;127:975–82. guiding other pyrotechnic composition or energetic 11. Xu ZX, Wang Q, Zhu X, Fu XQ. Thermal stability of ammonium materials. nitrate in high-temperature coal seam. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;130:1171–9. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative 12. Sheikhpour A, Hosseini SG, Tavangar S, Keshavarz MH. The Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creative influence of magnesium powder on the thermal behavior of Al– commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, dis- CuO thermite mixture. J Therm Anal Calorim. tribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give 2017;129:1847–54. appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a 13. Hoyani S, Patel R, Oommen C, Rajeev R. Thermal stability of link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN). J Therm Anal Calorim. made. 2017;129:1083–93. 14. Shi XJ. Study on the thermal stability and numerical simulation for series of pyrotechnic composite with strontium nitrate. Bei- jing: Beijing Institute of Technology; 2015. 15. Biasutti GS. History of accidents in the explosives. Private References Publication; 1985. 16. Zhou GW. The study of fireworks. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology; 2010. 1. Roduit B, Borgeat C, Berger B, Folly P, Andres H, Scha¨deli U, 17. Liu HY. Study of fireworks storage thermal safety. Beijing: Vogelsanger B. Up-scaling of DSC data of high energetic Beijing Institute of Technology; 2011. materials simulation of cook-off experiments. J Therm Anal 18. Wang P. Cook-off experiment and numerical simulation. Beijing: Calorim. 2006;85:195–202. Beijing Institute of Technology; 2009. 2. Roduit B, Borgeat C, Berger B, Folly P, Alonso B, Aebischer JN, 19. Zhang CH. Thermal analysis tutorial and examples. China Rail- Stoessel F. Advanced kinetic tools for the evaluation of decom- way Publishing House; 2007. position reactions. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;80:229–36.

123