Investigations of Near and Mid Infrared Pyrotechnics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Investigations of Near and Mid Infrared Pyrotechnics Investigations of Near and Mid Infrared Pyrotechnics Detonation Velocities of New Secondary Explosives SUSANNE SCHEUTZOW PhD Thesis Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Investigations of Near and Mid Infrared Pyrotechnics Detonation Velocities of New Secondary Explosives SUSANNE SCHEUTZOW aus München 2012 Erklärung Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von §7 der Promotionsordnung vom 28. November 2011 von Herrn Prof. Dr. T. M. Klapötke betreut. Eidesstattliche Versicherung Diese Dissertation wurde eigenständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe erarbeitet. München, den 13. November 2012 (Susanne Scheutzow) Dissertation eingereicht am 16. November 2012 1. Gutachter Prof. Dr. T. M. Klapötke 2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. K. Karaghiosoff Mündliche Prüfung am 13. Dezember 2012 Für meine Eltern Tue es oder tue es nicht. Es gibt kein Versuchen. Yoda. Episode V. Kapitel 28 Danksagung Mein herzlichster Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Prof. T. M. Klapötke. Danke für die freundliche Aufnahme in Ihrem Arbeitskreis, für das interessante und anspruchsvolle Thema, Ihre Geduld, Ihr Vertrauen und die hilfreichen sowie lustigen Gespräche wissenschaftlicher und privater Natur (…vielleicht doch irgendwann mal ein BMW). Lieber Conni (Prof. Karaghiosoff), dir danke ich für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens, dafür dass du immer ein offenes Ohr hattest, sei es für Chemie oder alles andere und für die schöne Zeit in Brüssel. Dr. B. Krumm danke ich für sämtliche Sicherheits- und Syntheseratschläge, für viele amüsante Gespräche, USA Reisetipps und DVD Austausche. Der Firma Diehl BGT Defence, speziell Dr. A. Hahma, Dipl. Chem. O. Pham und J. Licha danke ich für die stets gute Zusammenarbeit und Durchführung vieler Messungen. Dr. E.- C. Koch danke ich für die freundliche Aufnahme in seiner Gruppe in Brüssel und für viele gute wissenschaftliche Ratschläge. Liebe Karin, dir danke ich für eine tolle gemeinsame Zeit seit ich in diesem Arbeitskreis bin, deine Freundschaft, deine unerschöpfliche Geduld mir das mit den Kristallstrukturen beizubringen (um sie dann doch wieder selber lösen zu müssen) und dass du immer für mich da warst. Lieber Jörg, dir danke ich für viele hilfreiche Diskussionen, anstrengende Bergtouren und dafür dass du meine liebe Karin glücklich machst. Liebe Vroni, dir danke ich für eine schöne gemeinsame Zeit im Studium und eine Freundschaft die hoffentlich nicht nur bis Innsbruck reicht. Mein lieber Michael: mein größter Dank gilt dir (diese Seite würde nicht reichen), dafür dass du alle meine Matlab Fehler korrigiert hast, für deine unerschöpfliche Geduld und dass du mich länger wie eine Woche ausgehalten hast (und dabei hab ich nicht einmal titriert…). Lieber Niko, dir danke ich für eine tolle Zeit im Labor und auf dem Berg, eine gute Zusammenarbeit und jetzt schon mal für eine tolle gemeinsame Doktorfeier (jetzt brauch ich einen neuen Squashpartner). Dear Davin, thanks, see you somewhere. Liebe Chrissi und lieber Stefan, danke für eure Unterstützung, Freundschaft und den Stressabbau (gute Drinks und viele blaue Flecke). Danke auch an meine Laborkollegen Steffi, Andi, Andy, Caro und selbstverständlich Stefan (The Walking Dead) Huber für eine tolle Atmosphäre, hilfreiche Diskussionen und Gespräche. Danke an meine Praktikanten/Diplomanden Lukas, Chrissi K., Annette und vor allem nochmal Andy, die viel zu dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Dr. Markus Kowalewski danke ich für die ersten Matlab Schritte. Vielen Dank an meinen gesamten Arbeitskreis, vor allem aber an die Computerspezialisten Norbert, Richard und Camilla ohne die mein Rechner vermutlich noch öfter abgestürzt wäre. Selbstverständlich danke ich Frau Scheckenbach für sämtliche Ratschläge, dem AK Kornath für die Adoption, der gesamten Werkstatt der LMU München für immer sehr schnelle Reparaturen und der Wache der LMU München für das ständige Abschalten des Brandmelders. Danke an meine Familie, dass sie dieses lange Studium mit mir durchgehalten haben ebenso wie meine Freundin Sandra mit Bäda. Zuletzt danke ich den drei??? dafür dass ich wenigstens ab und zu mal nicht an Chemie gedacht habe. List of Figures, Tables, Schemata Figure 1 Classification of Energetic Materials (EMs). Figure 2 Chemical structures of IHEs: TATB (1), FOX-7 (2) and DADNP (3). Figure 3 Chemical structures of lead styphnate (1), RDX (2) and HNS (3). Figure 4 Classification of pyrotechnics. Figure 5 Example for standard and delay detonators. Figure 6 Colored smoke grenade. Figure 7 Spectral response of the human eye. Figure 8 Radiant sensitivity of various detector types (UV, VIS–NIR). Figure 9 Night vision device in military application. Figure 10 Irradiance (a) vs. Radiant Intensity (b). Figure 11 Illustration of the solid angle Ω, where A is the surface and r the radius. Figure 12 Illumination performance of XM 1064/6 155 MM Artillery IR Illuminant (a) and LUU- 19 IR illuminant rocket (b). Figure 13 M0235 105 MM Infrared Illuminant cartridge. Figure 14 Chemical structures of BTA (1), NTO (2), and TNBI (3) salts (M = K, Cs). Figure 15 Crystal structure of cesium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate · 0.75 H2O. Figure 16 View along c-axis of cesium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate · 0.75 H2O. Figure 17 Molecular unit of Cs2TNBI, symmetry codes: (i) x, -y, z;(ii) 1-x, y, 1-z;(iii) 1-x, -y, 1-z. Figure 18 Layer structure of 23b. Figure 19 5,5´Azt (24), BTA (25), 5,5´-BT (26), 5,5´-1-BTO (27), DNQ (28), and 5,5´-AzOT (29). Figure 20 RDX (30), HMX (31), lactose (32), EDD (33), DETT (34), DETP (35), 5-aminotetrazole (36), and 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (37). Figure 21 Pressed (2 t) NIR pellets with different mixing grain size (_f, _m, _r) and ball mill. Figure 22 NIR pellets with BP/Al-coating. Figure 23 Formation of sparks during combustion of BK_5AT (left) and BK_ATR (right). Figure 24 Residues of reference 4 (top left), BK_L (top right), BK_5AT (bottom left), and BK_ATR (bottom right). Figure 25 Calculated reaction products for reference 1 and 4. Figure 26 Calculated reaction products for TNBI formulations. Figure 27 Calculated reactions products for selected formulations. Figure 28 Calculated reactions products for NTO formulations. Figure 29 Experimental set up for indoor NIR measurements (a, b). Figure 30 Intensity plots for reference 1 (top), 4 (mid) and 5 (bottom). Figure 31 Intensity plot as a function of time and wavelength of reference1_f (top) and reference1_r (bottom). Figure 32 Intensity as a function of time for reference1_f and reference_r. Figure 33 Flame surface of DETP (left) and reference 4 (right). Figure 34 Selected formulations with poor burning nature. Figure 35 Intensity plots as a function of time and wavelength for BK_5AT (top), BK_L (mid) and _ATR (bottom). Figure 36 Intensity as a function of time for selected formulations. Figure 37 Intensity as a function of time for selected formulations. List of Figures, Tables, Schemata Figure 38 Outdoor NIR experiments with burning pellet (first column, left) and extinguished pellet (second column, right). Figure 39 Outdoor NIR experiments (with and without NVD). Figure 40 Complete infrared signature of a fighter jet. Figure 41 FPA image and visual image of MIG 29 expelling flares. Figure 42 Scenario of a missile attack. Figure 43 Comparison of relative magnitude of MTV and target (left) and kerosene plume and MTV flare in 2–5 microns range (right). Figure 44 Radiant emittance W for 1100 K for black body, grey body, and a selective radiator. Figure 45 Guanidinium (a) and ammonium (b) 5-(perfluoroalkyl)-5H-tetrazolate and the corresponding chlorine derivative of the ammonium salt (c) (n=1-3, m=3,5,7). Figure 46 Chemical structures of cesium difluoro-1,2,4-triazolate (1), cesium trifluoromethyl tetrazolate (n = 1, 2, 3; m = 3, 5, 7) (2), and the chlorine derivative for n = 1; m = 3. Figure 47 1H decoupled 13C NMR spectra of 31b. Figure 48 Tetrahedral coordination of the zinc cation. Figure 49 Schematic description of the detonation process and detonation wave structure. Figure 50 Steady state model of detonation. Figure 51 EXPLOMENT-fo®-2000 measuring equipment. Figure 52 Possible settings for the optical fibers. Figure 53 Overview of the investigated compounds 1-6. Figure 54 Previous (a) and presently (b) used set up for detonation velocity experiments. Figure 55 Presently used set up for detonation velocity experiments (schematic). List of Figures, Tables, Schemata Table 1 Examples for pyrotechnic formulations used as heat-producing agents. Table 2 Examples for pyrotechnic formulations used as ignition delays. Table 3 Examples for pyrotechnic formulations used as smoke generators. Table 4 Examples for pyrotechnic formulations used as white and colored emitters. Table 5 Sensitivity data of 3-nitrotriazol (1), potassium (1a) and cesium salt (1b). Table 6 Sensitivity data of potassium and cesium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate (2a & 2b). Table 7 Bond lengths and bond angles of 2b. Table 8 Sensitivity data of potassium and cesium 3,3’-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazol)-5-one. Table 9 Sensitivity data of potassium and cesium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one. Table 10 Sensitivity data of 8a & 8b. Table 11 Sensitivity data of 12, 12a and 12b. Table 12 Sensitivity data of 17, 17a and 17b. Table 13 Sensitivity data of 23, 23a and 23b. Table 14 Bond lengths and bond angles within 23b. Table 15 Primer Charge for a 20 g batch; Total: 106 % (Nitrocellulose in addition to other ingredients). Table 16 Weight percentages of BK formulations. Table 17 Weight percentages of BK formulations (continued). Table 18 Weight percentages of BK formulations (continued). Table 19 Weight percentages of BK formulations (continued). Table 20 Sensitivity data of Black Knight formulations. Table 21 Sensitivity data of Black Knight formulations (continued). Table 22 Combustion data of Black Knight formulations. Table 23 Combustion data of Black Knight formulations (continued). Table 24 Radiant intensities of Black Knight formulations. Table 25 Radiant intensities of Black Knight formulations (continued).
Recommended publications
  • Thermal Analysis and Stability of Boron/Potassium Nitrate
    applied sciences Article Thermal Analysis and Stability of Boron/Potassium ◦ Nitrate Pyrotechnic Composition at 180 C Chaozhen Li 1 , Nan Yan 1,*, Yaokun Ye 2, Zhixing Lv 3, Xiang He 1, Jinhong Huang 4 and Nan Zhang 4 1 State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China 2 Beijing Space Vehicle General Design Department, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China 3 Safety Technology Research Institute of Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100053, China 4 R & D Center, Liaoning North Huafeng Special Chemistry Co. Ltd., Fushun 113003, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6891-2537 Received: 4 August 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Featured Application: This research aims to obtain the decomposition process of boron/potassium nitrate pyrotechnic composition, and verify its high temperature stability to meet the charge requirements of the separation device such as the cutter for the lunar probe. Abstract: Aerospace missions require that pyrotechnic compositions are able to withstand 180 ◦C. Therefore, this paper studies the thermal stability and output performance of boron/potassium nitrate (abbreviated BPN) used in pyrotechnic devices. Firstly, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) tests are used to analyze the thermal reaction process of KNO3, boron, and BPN to qualitatively judge their thermal stability. Then, apparent morphology analysis, component analysis, and the p-t curve test, which is the closed bomb test to measure the output power of the pyrotechnic composition, are carried out with BPN samples before and after the high-temperature test to verify BPN stability at 180 ◦C.
    [Show full text]
  • From a Technical Standpoint, What Is Firework Flash Powder?
    This article originally appeared in Fireworks Business, No. 246, 2004. From a Technical Standpoint, What Is Firework Flash Powder? K. L. Kosanke and L. Weinman perature attainable in pyrotechnic reactions, only Introduction solids and liquids incandesce, gases do not. As a In a recently published article on the regulatory practical matter, metal oxides are the only pyro- definitions of firework flash powder[1] it was con- technic reaction products that are not gaseous at cluded that none of those definitions provided suf- high temperature. Thus metal fuels need to be pre- ficient information to objectively establish wheth- sent in substantial quantity in flash powders. See er or not a pyrotechnic composition is a flash Table 1, which is a list of the boiling point of powder. That is to say, those definitions are all some of the pyrotechnic reaction products. The subjective to the extent that they depend on the table has somewhat arbitrarily been divided into intended use of the composition and none provide species with boiling points above and below a quantifiable measure that can be used to deter- 2500 °C. Note that the oxides of zirconium, mag- mine whether a particular pyrotechnic composi- nesium, aluminum and titanium top the list. tion is a flash powder. The purpose of the present article is to suggest a general approach that might Table 1. Boiling Point of Some Pyrotechnic be used as the basis for producing a quantitative [2] definition of flash powder. Reaction Products. The reason such an objectively quantifiable Reaction Product Boiling Point (°C) definition is needed is that – from both a regulato- ZrO2 ≈ 5000 ry and safety standpoint – flash powders are treat- MgO 3600 ed differently than other pyrotechnic composi- Al2O3 2980 tions.
    [Show full text]
  • ENCYCLOPEDIA of CHEMISTRY & EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS Abelite
    ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMISTRY & EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS A Abelite An explosive, composed mainly of ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene. Absolute Zero The least possible temperature for all substances. Generally accepted as -273.15ÝC AC Alternating current. Acceptance Quality Level (AQL) A nominal value expressed in terms of percentage defective per hundred units, by which a group of sampling plans is identified. The sampling plans so identified have a high probability of accepting lots containing material with a process average not greater than the designed value of the AQL. Acetin [CH3COOC3H5(OH)2] also known as glyceryl monoacetate, a colourless hydroscopic liquid. Used as an intermediate for various explosives, and a solvent for various dyes. Acetone [CH3COCH3] colourless, flammable liquid. Acetone is widely used in industry as a solvent for many organic substances. It is used in making synthetic Resins and fillers, smokeless powders, and many other organic compounds. Boiling Point 56ÝC. Useful solvent for acetylene, also known as the simplest saturated ketone. Acetylene or ethyne, a colourless gas and the simplest alkyne Hydrocarbon. Explosive on contact with air, it is stored dissolved under pressure in Acetone. It is used to make neoprene rubber, plastics, and resins. The oxyacetylene torch mixes and burns oxygen and acetylene to produce a very hot flame-as high as 3480ÝC (6300ÝF)-that can cut steel and weld iron and other metals. Produced by the action of wateron calcium carbide and catalytically from naphtha. Acetylide A carbide formed by bubbling acetylene through a metallic salt solution, eg cuprous acetylide, Cu2C2. These are violently explosive compounds. Acid Any substance capable of giving up a proton; a substance that ionizes in solution to give the positive ion of the solvent; a solution with a pH measurement less than 7.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0068610 A1 Nickel (43) Pub
    US 2007.006861 OA1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0068610 A1 Nickel (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 29, 2007 (54) MICROCRYSTALLINE NITROCELLULOSE Publication Classification PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventor: Russell R. Nickel, Columbus, MT (US) C06B 45/10 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................................ 149/19.8 Correspondence Address: PSERIEDER, WOODRUFF & (57) ABSTRACT 12412 POWERSCOURT DRIVE SUTE 200 ST. LOUIS, MO 63131-3615 (US) A. pyrotechnic composition comprising microcrystalline nitrocellulose which is characterized as an ultra low-smoke (21) Appl. No.: 11/469,936 composition. The pyrotechnic composition includes at least one flame coloring agent, and may be produced with or (22) Filed: Sep. 5, 2006 without an optional oxidizing agent, with or without an optional metal powder, with or without an optional chlorine Related U.S. Application Data donor. Upon combustion, the pyrotechnic composition pro duces illuminating emissions having desired colors and (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 11/058,677, luminosity characteristics with significantly reduced or toxic filed on Feb. 15, 2005. combustion products and Smoke. US 2007/006861.0 A1 Mar. 29, 2007 MCROCRYSTALLINE NITROCELLULOSE may include at least one compound selected from a group PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITIONS consisting of ammonium perchlorate, alkali metal perchlo rates, alkali metal chlorates, alkali metal nitrates and alka CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED line earth metal nitrates. Additional fuels may include car APPLICATIONS bon, titanium, titanium alloys, Zirconium, Zirconium alloys, 0001. The present application is a continuation-in-part of iron, alloys of iron, magnesium, alloys of magnesium, U.S. patent application Ser. No.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Studies on Rubidium Dinitramide
    University of Huddersfield Repository Charsley, Edward L., Laye, Peter G., Markham, H.M., Rooney, James J., Berger, B., Griffiths, Trevor T. and Wasko, M.P. Thermal Studies on Rubidium Dinitramide Original Citation Charsley, Edward L., Laye, Peter G., Markham, H.M., Rooney, James J., Berger, B., Griffiths, Trevor T. and Wasko, M.P. (2008) Thermal Studies on Rubidium Dinitramide. In: 35th International Pyrotechnics Seminar, 13-18 July 2008, Fort Collins, USA. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/15577/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Proceedings 35 th International Pyrotechnic Seminar, Fort Collins, USA, IPSUSA, INC, 2008, 331. Thermal Studies on Rubidium Dinitramide E.L.Charsley l, P.G.Laye 1, H.M.Markham 1, J.J.Rooney 1, B.Berger 2, T.T.Griffiths 3 and M.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Match” …………………………………………… P
    Selected Pyrotechnic Publications of K.L. and B.J. Kosanke Part 5 (1998 through 2000) This book contains 134 pages Development of a Video Spectrometer …………………………………………… P. 435-445. Measurements of Glitter Flash Delay, Size and Duration ……………………… P. 446-449. Lift Charge Loss for a Shell to Remain in Mortar ……………………………… P. 450-450. Configuration and “Over-Load” Studies of Concussion Mortars ……………… P. 451-463. Quick Match – A Review and Study ……………………………………………… P. 464-479. Pyrotechnic Primes and Priming ………………………………………………… P. 480-495. Dud Shell Risk Assessment: NFPA Distances …………………………………… P. 496-499. Dud Shell Risk Assessment: Mortar Placement ………………………………… P. 500-503. Performance Study of Civil War Vintage Black Powder ……………………… P. 504-509. CAUTION: Very Fast “Black Match” …………………………………………… P. 510-512. Peak In-Mortar Aerial Shell Accelerations ……………………………………… P. 513-516. Firing Precision for Choreographed Displays …………………………………… P. 517-518. Sticky Match and Quick Match: Temperature Dependent Burn Times ……… P. 519-523. Mortar Separations in Troughs and Drums …………………………………… P. 524-530. Preliminary Study of the Effect of Ignition Stimulus on Aerial Shell Lift Performance …………………………………………………… P. 531-535. Pyrotechnic Particle Morphologies – Metal Fuels ……………………………… P. 536-542. Peak Mortar Pressures When Firing Spherical Aerial Shells …………………… P. 543-544. Indoor Pyrotechnic Electrostatic Discharge Hazard …………………………… P. 545-545. Pyrotechnic Particle Morphology – Low Melting Point Oxidizers ……………… P. 546-556. An earlier version
    [Show full text]
  • United States P Patented July 18, 1972
    3,677,840 United States P Patented July 18, 1972 iodide of the invention is obtained in a highly active form 3,677,840 ideally suited for nucleating purposes. PYROTECHNICS COMPRISING OXDE OF SILVER The metathesis reaction proceeds substantially accord FOR WEATHERMODIFICATION USE ing to the following equation: Graham C. Shaw, Garland, and Russell Reed, Jr. Brigham City, Utah, assignors to Thiokol Chemical Corporation, Bristol, Pa. No Drawing. Filed Sept. 18, 1969, Ser. No. 859,165 In accordance with the invention, the pyrotechnic com int, C. C06d 3/00 o position comprises, by weight, the cured product produced U.S. C. 149-19 5 Claims by mixing and curing together from about 0.5% to about 10 20% of oxide of silver; from about 2% to about 45% of an alkali iodate present in about a stoichiometric amount ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE relative to the amount of oxide of silver present in the A pyrotechnic composition which upon combustion composition; from about 25% to about 75% of a solid in produces mixed silver halide nuclei for use in influencing organic oxidizer selected from the perchlorates and the weather comprises a composition made by curing a mix 5 nitrates of ammonium and of Group I-A and Group II-A ture comprising silver oxide, an alkali iodate, an alkali metals of the Periodic Table; and from about 10% to perchlorate and a curable oxygenated or fluorinated or about 20% of a curable, fluid polymer binder for pyro ganic liquid polymer binder. The composition burns technic compositions, especially a combined-halogen-rich smoothly to provide by metathesis a mixture of silver or combined-oxygen-rich polymer binder, preferably a halides as substantially the only solid or condensed phase 20 polyester-urethane terminated with amine or hydroxyl reaction products, and leaves substantially no residue.
    [Show full text]
  • Manganese As Fuel in Slow-Burning Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions
    Manganese as Fuel in Slow-Burning Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions 1 1 1∗ Darren Swanepoel , Olinto Del Fabbro and Walter W. Focke 1Institute of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa 2 † Corrie Conradie 2Research and Technology, African Explosives Limited, PO Modderfontein, 1645, South Africa Abstract Manganese metal was evaluated as a fuel for slow-burning delay compositions press- filled in aluminium or compaction-rolled in lead tubes. Oxides of antimony, bismuth, copper, manganese and vanadium were considered as oxidants. Measured burn rates for binary mixtures varied between 5 and 22 mm/s but slower burning ternary and quaternary compositions were also found. The addition of fumed silica to the Mn/MnO2 system had little effect on the propagation rate but a low level addition of hollow glass sphere significantly reduced the burn rate. Mn – MnO2 mixtures showed reliable burning over a wide stoichiometric range. In this system the fuel and the oxidant share a common metal. They combine to form the more stable intermediate oxide (MnO) releasing considerable quantities of heat in the process. Keywords: Pyrotechnics, Time delay, Manganese, Antimony oxide, Fumed silica 1 Introduction Commercial detonator delay element assemblies comprise an ignition source, a small- diameter tube containing a compacted pyrotechnic composition and an ignition transfer system [1, 2]. The pyrotechnic composition is a mixture of an oxidising agent and a fuel capable of an exothermic redox reaction. Following ignition, a combustion wave travels down along the tube at a constant velocity. This ensures the transmission of the initiation impulse to the detonator in a precisely adjustable time interval.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrotechnic Serpents
    Edited by Jack & Dorothy Drewes American Fireworks News THE BEST OF AFN III Edited by Jack & Dorothy Drewes Copyright ©1995 by Rex E. & S. P., Inc. Published by American Fireworks News HC67 - Box 30 Dingmans Ferry, PA 18328 All rights reserved. ISBN 0-929931-11-4 Printed in The United States of America 1st printing, April, 1995. 2nd printing, March, 1996 3rd printing, March, 1998 Warning: This publication contains descriptions and pictures of fireworks. The information contained herein is based on the authors' experiences using specific tools and ingredients under specific conditions not necessarily described in the articles. No warranties are made, given or implied. Readers are cautioned that they must form their own opinion as to the application of any information contained herein. 2 CONTENTS BASICS, SMALL DEVICES DISPLAY GOODS & OPERATIONS Getting a Pyro Education 7 The Basic Technician, #1, 2, 3 62 Fireworks and Me 8 Unexplained Explosion & Probability Lightning & Thunder Fountain 9 Theory 66 Construction Techniques of %" Roman Pyro Emitting Device 67 Candle Using Round Stars 10 Fireworks on a Budget 68 Bigger & Better Breaks with Small Ball Vis-A-Vis Fountains 70 Shells 11 Neon Blue & Recumbent Lances 71 Designing Portfires 12 Molecular Sieves as Cores 72 Fun with Jumping Jacks 14 Lance Development 73 Tischfeuerwerk 15 Illumination Breaks & Shimmering Bike Wheel Pyro 16 Curtains 73 Ground Bloom Flower Wheel 16 Pyro Surprises 74 Easy Sun 18 Push Sticks Aid Low Breaks 75 Class C Repeaters 19 Eight Experiments in Non-Commercial Exploding
    [Show full text]
  • M-80 (Explosive) - Wikipedia,Visited the Free Encyclopediaon 8/14/2015 Page 1 of 4
    M-80 (explosive) - Wikipedia,visited the free encyclopediaon 8/14/2015 Page 1 of 4 M-80 (explosive) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see M80. M-80s are an American class of large firecrackers, sometimes called SALUTES.[1] The Simulator, Artillery, M-80 was originally made in the early 20th century by the U.S. military to simulate explosives or artillery fire;[2] later, M-80s were manufactured as fireworks. Traditionally, M-80s were made from a small cardboard 1 tube, often red, approximately 1 ⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) long 9 and ⁄16 inch (1.4 cm) inside diameter, with a fuse or wick coming out of the side; this type fuse is commonly known as cannon fuse or Visco fuse, after a company responsible for standardizing the product. The tubes M-80 Salute (BOOTLEG) often hold approximately 2½–3 grams of pyrotechnic flash powder; many sources state that an M-80 carries 3 grams of powder.[3] Contents ◾ 1 Legality ◾ 1.1 Canada ◾ 1.2 United States ◾ 2 Accidents ◾ 3 References ◾ 4 Further reading Legality Canada https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-80_(explosive) 8/14/2015 M-80 (explosive) - Wikipedia,visited the free encyclopediaon 8/14/2015 Page 2 of 4 M-80s are not authorized under the law, thus making importation, possession, transportation, storage or manufacturing illegal in Canada.[4] Firecrackers, including the M-80, can be purchased from Native Reserves in Canada, as they have different governing laws. United States Due to property damages and bodily harm caused by M-80s, Class C fireworks—now known as consumer fireworks (class 1.4G), as opposed to display fireworks (which were Class B, and are now 1.3G)[5]— civilians require a license, issued by federal authorities, for pyrotechnic devices containing a charge in excess of 50 milligrams of pyrotechnic flash powder.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/10 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/DK20 15/050343 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 11 November 2015 ( 11. 1 1.2015) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (25) Filing Language: English PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (26) Publication Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: PA 2014 00655 11 November 2014 ( 11. 1 1.2014) DK (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/077,933 11 November 2014 ( 11. 11.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/202,3 18 7 August 2015 (07.08.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: LUNDORF PEDERSEN MATERIALS APS TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, [DK/DK]; Nordvej 16 B, Himmelev, DK-4000 Roskilde DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (DK).
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix B Characteristics and Analysis of Flares
    APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS OF FLARES 1.0 Introduction The F-15E and F-15C employ MJU-7 A/B and MJU-10/B self-protection flares in approved airspace over parts of Alaska. The F-22A uses MJU-10/B self-protection flares. Self-protection flares are magnesium pellets that, when ignited, burn for 3.5 to 5 seconds at 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The burn temperature is hotter than the exhaust of an aircraft, and therefore attracts and decoys heat-seeking weapons targeted on the aircraft. Flares are used in pilot training to develop the near instinctive reactions to a threat that are critical to combat survival. This appendix describes flare composition, ejection, risks, and associated regulations. 2.0 Flare Composition Self-protection flares are primarily mixtures of magnesium and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) molded into rectangular shapes (United States Air Force [Air Force] 1997). Longitudinal grooves provide space for materials that aid in ignition such as: • First fire materials: potassium perchlorate, boron powder, magnesium powder, barium chromate, Viton A, or Fluorel binder. • Immediate fire materials: magnesium powder, Teflon, Viton A, or Fluorel • Dip coat: magnesium powder, Teflon, Viton A or Fluorel Typically, flares are wrapped with an aluminum-coated mylar or filament-reinforced tape (wrapping) and inserted into an aluminum (0.03 inches thick) case that is closed with a felt spacer and a small plastic end cap (Air Force 1997). The top of the case has a pyrotechnic impulse cartridge that is activated electrically to produce hot gases that push a piston, the flare material, and the end cap out of the aircraft into the airstream.
    [Show full text]