CENSUS OF INDIA 1981
Part - X 8
SERIES - 2
ANDHRA PRADESH TOWN SURVEY REPORT CUDDAPAH
DRAFT
KHAJA MOINUDDIN Assistant Director Of Census Operations
D. KOTESWARA RAO Statistical Assistant
EDITOR
Ch. PURNACHANDRA RAO Deputy Director Of Census Operations Andhra Pradesh i 981 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS
GOVERNMENT OF iNDIA PUBLICATIONS Series-2 Andhra Pradesh
Part I-A Administration Report - Enumeration Part I-B Administration Report - Tabulation Part II-A General Population Tables - A Series Part 11-8 Primary Census Abstract
Part III-A General Economic Tables - B Series III-B }
Part IV-A Social and Cultural Tables - C Series IV-B }
Part V-A } Migration Tables - 0 Series V-8
Part VI-A Fertility Tables - F Series VI-B } Part VII Tables on Houses and Disabled Population Part VIII-A HH Series Tables covering material of construction of Houses F. rt VIII-B Tables HH-17, HH-17 SC and HH-17 ST Part IX Special Tables on SC & ST Part X-A Town Directory Part X-8 Survey Reports on Selected Towns Part X-C Survey Reports on Selected Villages Part XI Ethnographic studies on SC & ST Part XII Census Atlas
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH PUBLlCATIONS* District Census Handbooks
Part XIII-A Village & Town Directory & Village & Town Primary (One Volume for each district B Census Abstract Vishakhapatnam DCHB-Two volumes) * Available for sale at the Publication Bureau, Government Central Press, Chenchalguda, Hyderabad-500 659. iii
FOREWORD
Apart from the decennial enumeration of population, the Indian Census is steeped in the tradition of undertaking a variety of studies of topical interest. In fact, the publications brought out in connection with the earlier censuses contained veritable mines of information on racial, cultural, linguistic and a number of other aspects of life of the people of this country. With the advent of freedom, however, the scope and dimension of these special studies had to be re-structured in a manner that would provide the basic feedbacks on the processes of development taking place in different spheres of life of the people especially under planned development.
Thus, in connection with the 1961 Census, a massive programme was launched inter-alia to conduct socio-economic survey of about 500 villages selected from different parts of the country. The main objective of this study was to know the way of life of the people living in Indian villages which accounted for 82 per cent of the total population at the 1961 Census. There was, however, an imperative need to extend the area of the study to urban centres as well, to provide a complete coverage of the people living in diverse socio-economic conditions. It was with this objective in view ancillary studies on towns were launched as part of the social studies programme in connection with the 1971 Census.
The programme of social studies taken up in connection with the 1971 Census, was continued without any major change at the 1981 Census as well. A study on traditional rural based handicrafts was, however, added as ,3 new item under the special study projects of the 1981 Census, For the conduct of urban study, 64 small and medium towns were selected from different parts of the country following the criteria such as (a) size, (b) demographic features, (c) functional characteristics, (d) specific industry or occupation dominating the economy, (e) location, (f) concentration of different castes and communities, and (g) other social and cultural phenomenon like temple town, health resort, etc,
The research design, tools for data collection and formats for data tabulation and report writing required for urban studies were originally formulated by Dr. B.K. Roy Burman, the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division. His successor, Dr. N.G. Nag took considerable pains to revise all the formats to make them more comprehensive. Dr. K.P. Ittaman, the present Deputy Registrar General heading Social Studies Division, coordinated these studies at different levels as well as rendered necessary guidance to the Directorates of Census Operations for their successful consummation. Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer and Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director of Census Operations with the able assistance of Shri S. Sanyal and Shri S,C, Madan, Investigators did a commendable job in scrutinizing the reports and communicating the comments thereon to the Directorates. I am grateful to all of them.
The present report is the outcome of a study on Cuddapah town undertaken by the Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. I am indebted to Shri Ch. Purnachandra Rao, Deputy Director of Census Operations and his colleagues in the Census Directorate for their painstaking efforts in bringing out this report. .
New Delhi (V.S. Verma) 1 st of June, 1988 REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA.
PREFACE
Urbanisation is a process of modernisation of traditional society and it has become the sign of progress. With the advent of Five Year Plans, the tempo of economic development through industrialisation has been hastened and large scale urbanisation is taking place in the country. These urban centres are receptacles of manpower and talent, places of investment, centres of marketing, recreation, focus of power, agencies of defusive points of social change, centres of civilisation and points of contact with the outside world.
Hence, the imperative need to extend the area of study to urban centres as well as in order to present a complete picture of India, both in its rural and urban settings was felt ,in the sixties. Thus as an ancillary to the 1971 Census, socio-economic survey of nearly 200 towns of different size classes was taken up throughout the country apart from taking up restudy of 70 villages to gauge developments that have taken place over the earlier 10 years.
As a welcome tradition, ancillary to 1981 Census, socio-economic survey of 64 towns of different sizes and re-study of 70 villages throughout the country have been taken up. In Andhra Pradesh State, as ancillary to the 1971 Census socia-economic survey of three towns, Le., (1) Kakinada - a Class I - Service-cum-trade and commerce town under the category of administrative town; (2) Bhongir - a Class'" - primary activity-cum-trade and commerce town which comes under the category of a town in the year of influence of a metropolice - Hyderabad City - Capital of the State and (3) Manthani - a Class IV - primary activities town and also an ancient seat of learning - was taken up.
The urban population in the country increased from 10.84 per cent in 1901 to 19.91 per cent in 1971 and 23.31 per cent in 1981. While in Andhra Pradesh, urban population increased from 6.65 per cent in 1901 to 19.3 per cent in 1971 and 23.32 per cent in 1981. It shows that the phase of urbanisation in Andhra Pradesh is almost in tune with the country over the past 8 decades. Now as ancillary to the 1981 Census for socio-economic survey three towns are selected, viz. Cuddapah - a Class I - trade and commerce - service-cum-industrial town under the category of administrative town (headquarters of the district of the same name); (2) Rajahmundry - a historic city, the most important cultural centre of the coastal districts of the state particularly in the pre ... independence days and now a flourishing trade and commerce-cum-cultural centre; and (3) Chirala - Class II - Industrial town - a famous centre of handloom weaving. In addition to the above three 'towns, socio-economic survey of Tirupati-Tirumala a trade and commerce town - has temple town, the seat of Lord Venkateswara also known as Balaji, the most famous temple in the country also has been taken up as a spill over item of the 1971 Census and completed.
The present monograph deals with Cuddapah, a class I - trade and commerce cum-service-cum-industrial town is also the headquarters of the district of the same name.
Situated- at a distance of 260 kms. north-west of Madras city on Madras-Bombay broad gauge line, and the Kurnool-Chittoor state highway passes through this town. Known as the gateway of threshhold (Cuddapah) to Tirupathi, the famous pilgrim centre of All India fame, it is well connected by rail and road services. It is the birth place of very famous and eminent Telugu poets like Nachana Somanadha and Bammera Pothana, the author of Bhagavatham and Allasani Peddana, the first amongst the eight famous poets (Asta Diggajas) of Vijayanagara Empire of Krishnadevaraya times. It was a seat of Muslim Nawabs (Nawabs of Cuddapah) for well over two centuries who patronised Urdu literature. It has a significant size of Muslim population. It is one of the oldest municipal towns vi established in 1866 in the composite Madras State and an important trade and commerce centre with the other three districts of Rayalaseema region and Nellore, the sou~hern coastal Andhra district as hinterland. It is famous for barytes mining industry and 'Cuddapah slab-stones'. An account of the history, growth, socio-economic and cultural aspects of this central district city of Rayalaseema region is given in this monograph.
A team of six Statistical Assistants S/Shri D. Koteswara Rao, P.S. Naidu, V. Babu Rao, S. Ramakrishna, S. Pitchanna and S.A. Qaiyum carried out the field survey under the guidance of Shri Khaja Moinuddin, Assistant Director of Census Operations during the months of March, April and June, 1987. Tabulation was attended by S/Shri M.A. Elah, G. Venkateswara Rao and K.Y. Sadanandam in addition to the above Statistical Assistants, who conducted the field work.
The draft was prepared by Shri Khaja Moinuddin, Assistant Director of Census Operations and Shri D. Koteswara Rao, Investigator. The local officials, especially the' Collector, the Municipal Commissioner have extended their whole hearted cooperation during the field survey. My grateful thanks are due to all of them.
I have no inhibition to say that the completion of all the town study and village restudy monographs of 1981 ancillary studies owes greatly to Shri V.S. Verma, Registrar General, India for his untiring efforts and keen interest. My grateful and sincere thanks are due to him. Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer and Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director of Census Operations have done a marvellous job in enhancing the value of this monograph by their valuable scrutiny comments under the overall supervision and guidance of Dr. K.P. Ittaman, Deputy Registrar General (5S). Shri 8.P.Jain, Deputy Director has taken immense pains in seeing it through the press. My grateful thanks are due to all of them.
Hyderabad . CH.PURNACHANDRARAO May1,1989 Deputy Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Supervision & Guidance
Ch. Purnachandra Rao, M.A., LL.B. Deputy Director of Census Operations.
Draft
Khaja Moinuddin, M.A. (Econ.), M.A. (Geog.), F.R.G.S. (London) Assistant Director of Census Operations
D. Koteswara Rao, M.A., B.L. Investigator
Field Study Tabulation 1. D. Koteswara Rao, M.A., B.L: D. Koteswara Rao, M.A.,B.L. Investigator Investigator 2. P. Sanyasi Naidu, B.Com. P. Sanyasi Naidu, B.Com. Statistical Assistant Statistical Assistant 3. S. Pitchanna, B.Sc. S. Ramakrishna Statistical Assistant Statistical Assistant. 4. S.A. Qaiyum, B.Com. °K.Y. Sadanandarn, B.A. Statistical Assistant Statistical Assistant. M.A. Elah, M.A. Statistical Assistant S.A. Qaiyum, B.Com. Statistical Assistant. G. Venkateswara Rao, M.Com. Computer
Scrutiny
Ch. Purnachandra Rao, M.A., LL.B. Deputy Director of Census Operations
Photography
K. Devadass Senior Draftsman.
ix
CONTENTS
Page No. Foreword iii Preface v - vi Acknowledgements .. . vii List of Statements .. . xi List of Maps xvi List of Photos xvi - xviii Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1-7 Chapter II HISTORY OF GROWTH OF THE TOWN 8-18 Chapter III AMENITIES AND SERVICES - HISTORY OF 19-38 GROWTH AND THE PRESENT POSITION
Chapter IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN ... 39~68 Chapter V ETHNiC AND SELECTED SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC 69-94 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION Chapter VI MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT'OF FAMILIES 95-106 Chapter VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATIERN 107-112 Chapter VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN 113-118 Chapter IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE 119-136 Chapter X SLUMS, BLIGHTED AND OTHER AREAS WITH ... 137-142 SUB-STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS Chapter XI ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE 143-152 Chapter XII LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL 153-170 AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME Chapter XIII LINKAGES AND CONTINUA 171-182 Chapter XIV CONCLUSION 183-188 Appendices 191-197
xi
LIST OF STATEMENTS SI. Statement Statement Title Page No. No. No. (1 ) (2) (3) (4)
1. 1(1 ) Month-wise rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction 3 at Cuddapah during the year 1985. 2. II( 1) Variation in Population of Cuddapah town, 1901 to 1981. 14 3. 11(2) Ward-wise Density and Dwelling Density with variation during 1971-1981 16 of Cuddapah Town. 4. 11(3) Value of land per sq. yard in Rupees, 1984-85 and 1985-86 18 5. III (1 ) Consumption of Electricity in Cuddapah Town under various uses. 27 (in units) - 1981 to 1986. 6. 111(2) Particulars of Colleges and Technical Institutions in Cuddapah Town. 29 7. III (3) No. of out-patients and in-patients treated in the Headquarters Hospital, 31 Cuddapah. 8. 111(4) Important diseases and No. of patients treated in the Government 32 General Headquarters Hospital in 1987-88. 9. 111(5) No. of beds and average out-patients per day and the Medical staff 34 in the town. 10. 111(6) Incoming and outgoing passengers at Cuddapah Rai!way Station, 34 1982-86. 11 . 111(7) Inflow and outflow of goods at Cuddapah Railway Station, 1982-86 35 12. 111(8) Incoming and outgoing vehicles. 36 13. 111(9) Vehicles registered in Cuddapah during 1982-86. 37 14. 111(10) Slow moving vehicles in Cuddapah Town during 1982-85. 37 15. IV(1 ) Industrial pattern of workers in Cuddapah Town, 1981. 39 16. IV(2) Comparison of industrial category of population in terms of percentage 40 during 1971 - 1981. 17. IV(3) Sample population of workers and non-workers by age-group and sex. 41 18. IV(4) Workers by place of work and distances. 42 19. IV(5) Workers by Sex and occupational status as of survey data. 43 20. IV(6) Workers by mode of transport to place of work of sample survey. 44 21. IV(7) Households by Religion/Caste/Tribe and industrial category of 45 Head of household as of Sample survey. 22. IV(8) Households by employment depth as of sample survey. 46 xii
SI. Statement Statement Title Page No. No. No.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
23. IV(9) Distribution of households by number of members ano occupational 47 diversity (i.e., different members having different occupations as of Sample survey). 24. IV(10) Loca:itywise, number of households with unemployed and persons 48 seeking employment by age group and Sex. 25. IV(11) Distribution of households by unemployment depth (number of 50 unemployed in the household). 26. IV(12) Number of unemployed in the household by locality. 51 27. IV(13) Non-workers by category, age-group and sex. 52 28. IV(14) Livestock particulars of Cuddapah Town for the year 1983. 53 29. IV(15) Factories and workshops classified by industry and size of employment. 57 30. IV(16) Factories and workshops classified by industry installed and Horse 58 Power as in September 1989. 31. IV(17) Places from where vegetables and fruits brought and marketed 60 in the town. 32. IV(18) Number of Shops and establishments as in September 1989. 60 33. IV(19) Number of Hotels and Restaurants in September 1989. 61 34. IV(20) Prices of the Tiffin Items. 62 35. IV(21) Details of the Income and Expenditure of the Agricultural Market 63 Committee, Cuddapah (1984-85). 36. IV(22) The Cuddapah District Co-operative Central Bank Ltd., as on 30.6.1985. 66 37. IV(23) LI.C. business in Cuddapah for the year 1983-84. 67 38. IV(24) L.I.C. business in Cuddapah district. 68 39. V(1) Population by religion in Cuddapah (1981 Census). 69 40. V(2) Sample population classified by their Mothertongue. 70 41. V(3) Mothertongue as related to religion. 70 42. V(4) Knowledge of subsidiary languages at Cuddapah municipal town 71 survey data. 43. V(5) Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population by Sex as of 72 1971 and 1981 Censuses. 44. V(6) Population by sex, religion and caste on sample population. 73 45. V(7) Distribution of sample households and population by locality, religion 75 and sex.(in case of household, religion of the head will be considered to be religion of the household). xiii
SI. Statemen't Statement Title Page No. No. No. (1 ) (2) (3) (4)
46. V(8) Distribution of sample households and population by locality, 76 caste or tribe or community and sex in Cuddapah. 47. V(9) Sample population by age-group, sex and marital status. 84 48. V(10) Literate and educated persons in Cuddapah Town during the 1971 85 and 1·981 Censuses. 49. V(11) Distribution of population by age, sex and education. (Survey data) 86 50. V(12) Educational levels by the age-group and sex. (survey data). 87 51. V(13) Educational levels of Schduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes. 88 (survey data) 52. V(14) Literates by Religion. (survey data) 88 53. V(1S) Age at marriage as related to sex and present age. 91 54. V(16) Distribution of Households by number of members and age of 92 head of household. 55. V(17) Widow/Widower, remarried by age of becoming widow/widower 94 and caste/tribe, community. 56. VI(1 ) Distribution of households by number of members, migration status 96 and place of birth of Head of household. 57. VI(2) . Distribution of migrants by place of last residence. 97 58. VI(3) Distribution of households by number of members, migration status of 98 head of household and duration of stay of any member of the household who has stayed the longest in the present residence. 59. VI(4) Distribution of population by place of birth and place of last residence. 98 60. VI(5) Distribution of households by migration status and place of birth of 100 head of household and composition by sex and age status of members (minor upto age 14, adult 15 and above). 51. VI(6) Place of last residence of members of households as related to 101 place of birth. 62. VI(7) Households having their close relations in places from where they 103 have migrated to the towns. 63. VI(8) Distribution of households by nature of relation of members to head of 103 household and migration status of head of household. 64. VII(1 ) Distribution of households by number of members, workers and 108 non-workers by sex in the selected five neighbourhoods. (survey data) 65. VIII(1) Composition of households by number of members. (survey data). 114 66. VIII(2) Distribution of the sample households by type. 115 xiv
SI. Statement Statement Title Page No. No. No.
(1 ) (2) (3) (4)
67. VIII(3) Particulars of members staying outside by nature of occupation. 118 (survey data). 68. IX(1 ) Number of occupied residential houses and households in 119 Cuddapah Town at the 1971 and 1981 Censuses. 69. IX(2) Distribution of houses by predominant materials of floor, wail,. roof 122 and ceiling by locality (survey data). 70. IX(3) Households and population by availability of electricity and toilet 126 facilities and tellure status of houses occupied as of 1981 Census. 71. IX(4) Households by source of drinking water as of 1981 Census. 127 72. IX(5) Availability of amenities (survey data). 128 73. IX(6) Existence of Furniture by Locality and duration of stay !n the 129 present residellce. 74. IX(7) Materials of which utensils are made by locality and state and 130 district to which the households belong. 75. IX(8) Light and Fuel by locality and Migration status of households. 133 76. IX(9) Presence of luxury and costly goods by locality. 135 77. X(l ) List of slums notified upto 1985-86. 138 78. X(2) Slums covered by Environmental improvement schemes. 139 79. X{3} Slum areas proposed for implementing environmental schemes 139 for the year 1985-86. 80. XI(l } Detailed total voters and' polled votes in 1952, 1955 and 1962. 144 81, XI(2) Growth in registered voters, women voters and women votes 144 polled - 1923 to 1980. 82. XI(~) Votes polled by contesting candidates at 1985 Assembly elections. 145 83. XI(4} Particulars of the list of Councillors of Cuddapah Municipality 147 for the year 1981. 84. XII(1 ) Parks and playgrounds in Cuddapah town. 153 85. XII(2) Cinema theatres in Cuddapah town. 155 86. XII(3) Clubs and other cultural institutions in Cuddap'ah town. 155 87. XII(4) Leisure time activity of workers by locality, age and sex. 157 88. XII(5) Periodicals published in the town. 158 89. XII(6) Number of cases by crime in the town durir.g 1981-82 and 1982-83. 161 90. XII(7) Criminal cases registered and challanged during the year 1981-82 161 91. XII(8) Particulars of District Jail, Cuddapah. 162 xv
SI. Statement Statement Title Page No. No. No.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
92. XII(9) Knowledge about family planning measures as related to Education, 163 Religion and Caste/Tribe of informant. 93. XII(10) Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods by 164 educational level. 94. XII(11) Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods by 164 occupational categories. 95. XII(12) Castewise and Areawise Demographic data on family planning 166 programme 1988-89. ' 86. XII(13) Statement showing the Distribution of oral pills during the year 1988-89. 167 97. XII(14) Child-wise and Age-wise Demographic data on family planning programme. 168 98, XII(15) Month-wise Performance of Sterilisation, 1988-1989 in Cuddapah town. 170 99. XIII(1) Circulation of newspapers received and distributed from Cuddapah 173 town in 1985 and 1986. 100. XIII(2) Operational Range of local night bus services, 1985. 175 101. XIII(3) Quantity of vegetables supply, 1985. 176 102. XIII(4) Zonewise distribution of vegetable supplying villages. 177 103. XIII(5) Sector-wise'distribution of villages supplying milk, 1985. 178 104. XIII(6) Variation in population in the Cuddapah town region, 1971-81. 180 105. XIII(7) Variation in population density in the town region 1971-81. 181 106. XIV(1) Growth centres of Cuddapah town region. 187
APPENDICES Appendix-I Detailed particulars of factories and industrial establishments 191 of different size and type in Cuddapah town. Appendix-II Frequency of ordinary bus service to and fro Cuddapah, 1985. 193 Appendix-III Definition of workers. 195 Appendix-IV Type of Household. 197 xvi
LIST OF MAPS
SI. No. Title 1. Development of Cuddapah town 1650 A.D. Original name Neknamabad. 2. Development of Cuddapah town 1650 A.D. - 1812 A.D. 3. Development of Cuddapah town 1812 A.D. - 1900 A.D. showing Census localities of 1981 and present development with Municipal boundary.
LIST OF PHOTOS
1. Kanyakaparameswari temple 2. Sree Venkateswara Swamy temple 3. Sree Venkateswara Swamy temple tower 4. Sree Hanuman temple 5. Sree Pothuluru Veera Brahman Mousoleum, who predicted Kalagnanamu (knowledge of occurance of future events) 6. St. Anthony Church 7. Kurri Masjid 8. Rakula shavali Darga 9. Collector's Office 10. Life Insurance Office 11. District Court 12. Akasavani (All India Radio Station, Cuddapah) 13. Municipal Office 1 4. District Library 15. Arts College 'for men 16. Arts College 'for women 17. Engineering college 18. Nirmala English Medium High School 19. Municipal High School 20. Social Welfare Girls Hostel 21. Household Industry located at Rajeev Gandhi Nagar is exporting broom sticks made up of Date tree leaves to Delhi, Nagpur, Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore, etc. 22. Spinning of spindles 23. Brick Industry 24. Slab stone polishing industry 25. St. Anthony's Industries (Wood) 26. Ghousely Minarets company - pulverising mill xvii
SI. No. Title
27. Andhra Pradesh Cement Factory 28. State Bank of India 29. District Co-operative Central Bank 30. Indian Oil Tanks 31 . Market Yard 32. A view of Y.V. street 33. A view of Madras road for shopping of fancy goods 34. Post Office 35. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation 36. Railway station 37. A view of broad gauge line at Cuddapah Railway Station 38. Rajeev Gandhinagar - Slum 39. Kotha Kottalu at Masapeta - Slum 40. Mochampeta - Slum 41. Government Headquarters Hospital 42. Government Homeo Hospital 43. Government Veterinary Hospital 44. A Balija Caste family 45. A v!ew of Bhagvan Mahaveer Centre 46. A view of Kotireddy centre 47. Muslim Orphanage, Cuddapah 1939 under the auspices of the Muslim Association 48. Cuddapah Seven Roads Junction 49. Mazdoor Union office 50. Kotireddy, an eminent Freedom Fighter and Social Worker 51. Statue of the Father of the Nation 52. Annamacharya - A great devotee of Lord Sree Venkateswara 53. Sangam Lodge 54. Clock Tower-cum-hotel 55. Saibaba Movies 56. National circus 57. Women playing KaUa Bara Game during leisure time 58. R & B Guest House 59. Municipal Guest House 60. Sree Bhagwan Mahaveer Museum 61. Municipal Auditorium 62. A view of Telugu Ganga.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Location, site and situation line to Bombay' facilitates the export of its agricultural and mineral produce of the Cuddapah town, the headquarters of the hinterland. district, lies in the angle formed by tile two branches of the Palakonda hills, one of which Total population of the town proceeds northwards and merges into The population of the town, according to Lankamalaies, while the other passes southwards towards Tirpurathi Town. The river the Census of 1981 is 1,03,125 of which the Penneru flows about 11 kms. north of males numbered 53,452 and the females 49,673 resulting in a density of 152.55 persons Cuddapah town. per sq. km. as against 126 for district and 195 Physical configuration, powerfully for the entire Andhra Pradesh state. Cuddapah affecting route-patterns, naturally plays a big town having 21 municipal wards is among the part in endowing the situation with potential most densely populated towns in the district nodality. From this point of view, Cuddapah ranking second after Proddutur. Within the town is accessible by rail and road. It is situated town, the density is by far less in ward number on Madras-Bombay broadgauge line, 260 kms. one but is the highest (239 persons per north-west of Madras and also on the state hectare) in ward number 15. highway, i.e., Kurnool-Chittoor road. It is connected by rail to Bombay on the north-west The disparity of the sexes is rather glaring and Madras on the south-east. The town is also in the town. It has just 929 females per 1000 well connected by regular bus service not only males as per 1981 Census, as against the with all taluk headquarters in the district, but corresponding proportion of 959 for the district also with other important cities like Hyderabad, and 975 for the State. The details in respect of Bangalore, Kurnool, Nellore, Tirupati and density and sex-ratio have been discussed in Chittoor. It is not only the headquarters of the Chapter II. taluk, but also the divisional and district Topography and physical environment headquarters. It is one of the first-grade including flora and fauna municipalities in the Rayalaseema region. The Regional Workshop of Andhra Pradesh State The western part of Cuddapah district Road Transport Corporation is also set up here. consisting of 5 taluks, viz., Jammalamadugu, Proddutur, Kamalapuram, Cuddapah and As a trade centre, Cuddapah stands Pulivendla, forms perhaps the least second only to Proddutur town in the district, picturesque part of the district. but in a sense it is more important as it takes a large area of the hinterland within the district. A few trees growing round the village Most of the trade of Badvel, Sidhout, Pulivendla sites, a fringe of stunted babools and round and Rayachoti taluks passes through some tank-bed, and here and there ~ tope Cuddapah and its situation on the main railway (grove) of mango or tamarind trees affords the 2
only relief to the eye. The presence of a large surrounding villages. Fruit gardens have to be area of black alluvial soil is the pre-dominant particularly guarded against its raid. The other characteristic of most of the above five taluks. quadrumana in and around the town include As one goes eastwards through the taluks of the black faced monkey. Pulivendla, Kamalapuram and Cuddapah, the (alluvial black cotton) soil gradually disappears Apart from this, goats, pigs, fowls are and one finds the regar elements less and less reared in the town for both domestic and conspicuous towards the eastern part of the commercial purposes. Birds like crow, cuckoo, district. The eastern portion of Cuddapah parrot, crane and sparrows are commonly including Cuddapah town contains re9 loamy found In and around the town. soil which is of high agricultural value. The Climate and rainfall extreme southern portion of the district consists of rocks belonging to the archaean The climate of Cuddapah town is usually system. The minerals of economicimportance pleasant except in the summer months of of the district are asbestos, iron~ore and March to May when the town gets hot. It cools barytes. About 2.5 lakh tons of good crystal down as soon as the south~west monsoons asbestos, about 4 lakh tons of barytes and over taper off by the end of September and the 40,000 tons of iron-ore in the form of hacmatite north-east monsoons generally abate by the are the estimated reserves in the district. middle of December when there are a few Extensive reserves of over 1.5 million tons of showers. The winter months of December, clay are also estimated to be found in he January and February are dry and cold. The district. The district is also well endowed with average rainfall is about 70 ems. or 28 inches. regard to building and road material. The bulk of the rainfall that is ~wo-thirds of the annual rainfall, is received during the months Flora from July to October. The mean daily maximum The trees met within the town and on temperature in the hottest month of May rises roadsides are Peddamanu (Ailanthus excelsa), to 40° centigrade. The mean daily minimum Vepa (Azadirachta indica), Rav; temperature in the cooler months of December (Ficusreligiosa), Munaga (Moringa oleifera), and January falls to 19° cen1igrade. The mean Seema Chinta (Pitchcolovium dulce), daily relative humidity at 8.30 LS.T. is Gangaregu (Zizyphus Jujuva), Coconut, approximately 70 per cent during the months Tamarind, Plantain, mango, etc. from July to January, while it ranges between 50 per cent and 60 per cent in the rest of the Fauna months. The mean daily relative humidity at 17.30 hours I.S.T. exceeds 50 per cent during The depeletion of surrounding forest, the the months from July to January and it varies inception of railway, the ever increasing road between 40 per cent and 50 per cent in the mileage leading to the progressive opening up remaining months of the calendar year. The of all the earlier inaccessible tracts, the most rapid transitions are in the months of increasing tempo of motor traffic, February and March when the air becomes very indiscriminate exploitation of wild life coupled dryas the hot weather sets in and again from within the settlement of tribal population such May to June when the moisture is brought by as the Sugalis, have cumulatively led to many the south~west monsoons. The mean daily wind species, becoming rare or totally extinct. speea is maximum, Le., about 11 kms. per hour The pale-faced bonnet monkey is during February and March while it is minimum, common not only in the town but also in the Le., about 4 kms. per hour in the month of 3
December. The predominant wind direction is May to September and restores to culmners taken as east from January to April when the during the remaining period. The following wind is calm and it swifts round to west from statement gives an acc.ount of the monthwise
Statement I (1)
Month-wise rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction at Cuddapah during the year "1985
Name of the Mean temperature Mean total Percentage of Mean Wind speed month (in centigrade) rainfall relative humidity at (km. per hr.) Maximum Minimum (in mms.) 8.30 hrs. 17.30 hrs !.S.T. l.S.T.
2 3 4 5 6 7
January 30.9 19.2 11.4 63 54 10.0
February 34.3 21.0 3.3 60 46 11.2
March 37.7 24.0 5.8 53 36 11.2
April 39.8 27.4 12.9 56 40 10.0
May 40.3 28.7 38.6 57 41 8.7
June 37.0 26.9 71.6 63 49 9.9
July 34.5 25.6 106.9 67 58 10.9
August 34.0 25.4 121.4 68 57 8.7
September 33.3 25.0 154.9 71 61 6.B
October 32.5 23.9 107.7 72 65 5.0
November 30.4 21.3 59.3 74 71 5,4
December 29.5 19.7 17.8 72 61 4.3
Source : Collectorate, Cuddapah.
Communication with other places and the station road are the two important roads in the existing circulation pattern of the Cuddapah town is situated on the state town. The Trunk Road runs in the east-west highway which connects Kurnool on the north direction passing through clock tower and and Chittoor on the south. The major roads Almsapet area of the old town. The Station meeting at Cuddapah are (1) Road runs in the north-south direction Kurnool-Cuddapah-Chittoor road (State passing through the seven-junction and highway), (2) Cuddapah-Madras road (State connects the trunk road on the north with highway), (3) Cuddapah-Vempalle road and Yerramukkapalle Road in the south. 8adar (4) Cuddapah-Siddhout road. There is a good Khan Masjid Road and 8allary Road are the network of roads connecting all the taluks with other two parallel roads in the east-west the district headquarters town. There are direction in the old town area that connect in regular daily buses plying between this town the district roads at both ends. In the market and all the taluk headquarters. The trunk road area of the old town, Yadala Venkatachalam 4
Street runs in the north-south direction, while and barytes are the chief commodities that are Mandi Bazar Road crosses the Y.V. Street in exported from the town. the east-west direction. Apart from this, a Morphology of the town number of roads lead to the following junctions viz., (1) Collector's Bungalow, (2) Any urban area, consisting of industrial Yerramukkapalle, (3) Veterinary Hospital, (4) belts, shopping area, residential quarters and Missionary High School, (5) Seven Road the like, are expressing the internal structure Ju~ction, (6) Andhra Bank, (7) Clo.:;k Tower, of the town in terms of different users of urban (8) G. Rama Rao Road Junction, (9) Badar land. It can also be described in terms of Khan Masjid, (10) Jangam Erukalappa, (11) physical forms and arrangement of the spaces Almaspet, (12) Mandi Bazar Road and (13) and buildings that compose the urban ;<::shna talkies. These areas are subject to land-scape, or town-scape, as it may be f,.aximum tr~ffic, i.e., total volume of more than called. Differences in either or both are 1,000 passengers per hour during the peak intimately related aspects of urban hour. The highest traffic volume of 2,440 morphology, function and form, and these passenger-car unit per hour was observed at give a basis for the recognition of urban the Seven Road Junction along the Station regions. It is the description of their nature, Road during the peak hours, Le., from 11.00 their relative disposition and their social A.M. to 12.00 Noon. At the same junction interdependence that constitute a along the road which leads to bus stand, a geographical analysis of an urban area. As an traffic volume of 2,264.75 passenger car units illustration let us examine Cuddapah town. per hour was found during the peak hours, i.e., from 10.30 A.M. to 11.30 A.M.* Cuddapah town has experienced
I uninterrupted growth since its inception in Cuddapah town is on the Madras- 1866, but is really only exceptional in having as . Bombay broad gauge railway line. On an an administrative unit more nearly kept pace average, about 2 lakh persons arrive at and with the physical extension of the built up area. leave the town from Cuddapah railway station. In this process the central wards have had their A close study of the railway traffic statistics densities drastically reduced since the 50's and reveals that there is not much increase in the 60's by the combined effects of appropriation communication of passenger traffic by rail over of sites for business purposes and slum a period of last five years. On an average, daily clearance and the major re-development in-flow is estimated to be about 660 persons schemes that have been undertaken in the and out-flow is around 500 persons by train. inner town since 1956. During the last five years, the volume of in-flow and out-flow of commodities has almost Functional areas doubled: The average of goods that are The pattern of land use of any city or town unloaded at the station during the year 1985 is the direct expression of the function it worked out to 3,900 quintals per day while performs. The orderlyness or otherwise of the about 2,300 quintals of goods are loaded daily land use pattern of the city or the town reveals from the station during the same year. the characteristics and degree of civic sense of Fertilizers, cement and timber are the important its citizens. From this point of view, the existing comrr odities that are imported into the town land use pattern for Cuddapah town is as while food-grains, groundnut seeds, turmeric follows: * Guddopah Town Survey Report, 1985. 5
Land use pattern Area in Further, in this town no locality has got hectares the characteristics which are purely residential in nature. However, there are certain localities 1. Residential 256.56 which are predominately under residential use. 2. Commercial 15.61 Ward No. 12 Madras Street contains the highest percentage, Le., 82.1 per cent of its 3. Industrial 16.73 total area under residential use followed by 4. Recreational 27.92 Ward No.6, Chelamaiah Street with 78 per cent 5. PubliC and semi-public 60.43 and Ward No. 18 Meer Sahib Street with 73 per 6. ·1 ransport and Communication 78.44 cent. Residential areas are in the range of 50 7. Vacant land 64.19 per cent to 60 per cent of the respective total 8. Agricultural land 109.44 areas in respect of Ward No.2 Nagarajupet, 9. Water source 54.60 Ward No. 5 Subba Rao Street, Ward Nos. 19 and 20 Ahamad Sahib Street and Seven Roads Total 683.92 Junction. Ward No.1 Trunk Road, Ward Nos. 15 and 16 Pedda Bestha Street and Oevuni Source: Collected from the SUNey Records, Cuddapah Municipality Cuddapah contain 30 to 40 per cent of the respective areas under residential use. Ward . No.9 Venkataswamy Street, Ward Nos. 10 and Residential areas 11 Habibullah Road and Mehar Sahib Street Hindus and Muslims are the two contain residential areas in the range of 20 per predominant communities of the town and cent to 30 per cent of their respective total together comprised 95 per cent of the town's areas, whereas Ward No.8 Ballary Road and total population in 1981 Census. Hindus are Ward No. 14 Mahabubnagar Street contain a well dispersed all over the town but the Muslims very low percentage, Le., less that 15 per cent and Scheduled Castes are concentrated in of their respective areas under residential use. ward numbers 19 and 20. These wards are the low density areas having wide scope for residential development in Irrespectively, Yerramukkalapalle area, future. In general, it has been observed that Raja Reddy Street area, Anjaneyaswamy there is an intermingling of residential and other Temple Street area, Narasaramaiah Street area, land uses in almost all the wards which is a etc., are exclusively Hindu areas. Muslims live general feature of most of the towns. in Habibullah Street area, Darga area, Mahaboob Nagar Street area, Jammu Mosque Commercial Areas Street area, etc., and Christians are found Substantial land under commercial use is mostly in Railway Station area. confined to only 8 wards, viz., Ward No.1 Trunk Road, Ward No. 4 Badekhan Makhan Street 6.37 per cent of the total population of the , Ward No. 13 Rehamathulla Street, Ward No. 16 town belong to Scheduled Castes of which Devuni Cuddapah, Ward No. 17 Maszid Street, Mala, Madiga, etc., castes are numerically the dominating. There is also a separate colony Wa,rd No. 19 Ahmad Sahib Street and Ward Nos. 20 and 21 Radhakrishna Nagar and Seven constructed by the Government for accommodating the Schduled Castes. There Roads Junction. Petrol Bunks and retail shops are only 929 persons belonging to Scheduled account for major commercial areas of Ward Tribes in the town of which Yerukula is the No.1, whereas banks, hotels and restaurants predominant tribe. are the important commercial areas in Ward No. 4. Hotels, cloth and fancy stores and fruit and 6 flower market along Yadala Venkatachalam Recreational use street are the important commercial areas of Sizeable land under recreational use, i.e., Ward No. 13. Ward No. 16 contains god owns parks and open spaces is observed in Ward of State Ware-Housing Corporation and also Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 20. Prakasam Centenary godowns belonging to Agricultural Market Park, Sri Venkateswar Talkies on Station Road Committee. Turmeric wholesale market, hotels, and Zilla Parishad Employees Club on Dhobi cloth stores, fancy stores, fruits, flowers and Ghat Road are the important areas of Ward No. vegetable markets along Mandi Bazar and also 1, under recreational use. Lakshmi Ranga along the Y.V. Street are the important commercial areas of Ward No. 17. Hotels, Picture Palace on- Dhobi Ghat Road, United Club and C.S.I. High School playground on restaurants, lodges, banks, retail shops along Railway Station Road account for the major Madras Road are the important commercial areas of Ward No. 21. Besides these business portion of land under recreational use in Ward centres, retail trade is carried on in many NO.2. Sai Baba Talkies, Police Parade Ground and park at Police quarters along Hospital streets of the town. The frontage of almost Road are the important centres of recreation in every building on the main roads is occupied by the commercial establishments with Ward NO.3. Rahat talkies, Raunuq talkies, Police club and Revenue club along Guest residential quarters in the rear and upper floors. House Road are the important centres of So, the need for separation of commercial activity from some of the main roads by recreation in Ward NO.4. Prakasam Stadium is developing local and central commercial areas the important recreational centre in Ward No. 20. Land under recreational use is not found in is imperative. respect of Ward Nos. 10 to 15, 17 and 18. Industrial area
Significant land under industrial use is Public and semi-public use of land confined to Ward Nos. 1 Trunk Road, 8 Ballary The land under this category includes Road, 10 Habibulla Road, 15 Pedda Bestha hospitals and dispensaries, all educational Street and 16 Devuni Cuddapah, Krishnappa institutions, government offices, offices of local Asbestos, Baryters Private Limited, Ghousia authorities, and other public institutions like Mineral Trading Co., and Tiffin Barytos Factory temples, churches and mosques, land under along railway track, are the important industries pubic utility and also burial grounds. Land of Ward NO.1. Motor works along Trunk Road under this use is significant in respect of Ward are concentrated in Ward NO.8. Wliereas, rice Nos. 1, 3, 4, 7, 16, 20 and 21, and floor mills and oil mills, engineering workshops, motor workshops and beedi works Government Arts College, Municipal High are the important industries of Ward No. 10. School, Zilla Parishad Office, Office of the Venkateswara Rice Mill, Syed Dada Iron Works Executive Engineer (R&B), District Session along Ballary Road and Subrahmanyam Oil Mill Court, Sai Baba Temple, Sri Rama Temple and on Abdullah Road are the important industries a Church are located in Ward No.1. of Ward No. 15. Srinivasa Rice Mill, Balaji Rice G_overnment District Headquarters Hospital, Mill, Turmeric crushing mills, and otner Office of the Superintendent of Police, and a powdering millS along Patha (Old) Cuddapah few churches are situated in Ward No.3, Road and Saraswathi- Lakshmi Narayana Rice whereas institutions like District Collector's and Turmeric Polishing Mill, Rahmat Wood Office and Government Women's College are Works along Sidhout Road are the important located in Ward NO.4. Ramakrishna Junior industries of Ward No. 16. College and a nursary school of Indian Red 7
Cross Society are the important public Land under water course institutions of Ward NO.7. Nirmal Maternity The K.C. Canal, Patha-Cuddapah tank, Hospital is located in Ward No. 16. Offices of the Divisional Engineer and Assistant Engineer Buggavagu and Muttarajupalli Kunta fall in of State Electricity Board, District Public Ward Nos. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 16. The Relations Office, Endowments Department, K.C. Canal passes thro~lgh Ward Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 16. Patha-Cuddapah tank is District Cooperative Societies, Animal Husbandry, Office of the Station Engineer, located in Ward Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 14. A.I.R., Excise Department, two Municipal High Muttarajupalli tank is located in Ward NO.3. Schools are the important public institutions Buggavagu flows through Ward Nos. 4 and 7. located in Ward No. 20, Whereas Ward No. 21 The remaining wards have no water courses. contains Taluk Office and Head Post Office. Slum areas
Vacant land As per the information furnished by the Substantial vacant lands are available in Town Municipality, the Cuddapah town is Ward No.1 and 3. Pockets of vacant lands are covered by 29 slum areas. All these areas have also available in Ward Nos, 2, 3, 8, 16 and 20, been identified by the local municipal In all the remaining wards the vacant lands are authorities. These slums are spread over totally absent. throughout the length and breadth of the town. The total area covered by these slums comes Agricultural land to 129,14 acres (62.26 Hectares) with a population of 25,316. These slums are Land under agricultural use are found in predominantly occupied by hawkers, rickshaw Ward Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 16, whereas pullers, manual labourers and weaker sections. Ward Nos. 9, 10, 14 and 16 contains land under The average age of slums of Cuddapah town wet cultivation, while Ward Nos. 1, 2, 8 and 11 works out to 47 years. However, the details contain both wet and dry lands. The remaining are discussed in Chapter 10. wards have no land under this use. CHAPTER II
HISTORY OF GROWTH OF THE TOWN
"It is rather too difficult to determine with captured in 1650 A. D. by Mir Jumla, the any certainty the origin of the name of commander of Qutub Shahi rulers of Golconda. Cuddapah in view of conflicting evidences After a temporary stay, Mir Jumla left for produced by different historians, It is generally Golconda by deputing Neknam Khan, Pathan believed to be called so on account of its officer of the Golconda army, as Quilledar of position on the threshold (Gadapa) of the this fort. Here, it would not be out of place to passage that leads through the Vontimitta point out that Neknam Khan, who had Valley to the sacred hill of Tirupati. Some conquered a major portion of southern India, historians believed that Cuddapah is the was aSSigned several Jagirs by the Golconda corrupt form of "Krupa" in Sanskrit meaning ruler of name Sultan Abdullah Qutub Shah "mercy". However, in old records until the 18th within the vicinity of Golconda fort. The present century, the name of the place was written as Nampally locality of Hyderabad city was "Krupa or Kurpah". It is probable that Patha actually the Jagir of this Commander and, Cuddapah, the original village is identical with therefore, originally named "Neknampalli" after "Karipo or Karipe" which occurs in the him. As the time passed on Neknampalli came geographical treaties of Ptolemy of legendry to be known as "Nampally". The same officer, compiled in the second century A.D. 1" when posted to Patha Cuddapah for controlling the adjoining area, felt it inconvenient to live The present town of Cuddapah is within the small area of the village. believed to have been found in the later part of the 16th century. After the battle of Tallikota in Impressed by the geographical strategic A,D. 1565 which marked the disruption of the position of that place and also the fertility of the Vijayanagar empire, the cOJntry was over-run area, he decided to settle permanently in the by bands of muslim adventurers in search of same area by constructing a new city or town new settlements. As a matter of fact the entire nearby. The selection of the site for the district was under the control of different chiefs construction of new town was based on of various dynasties with their separate geographical factor rather than sentimental or headquarters within the district itself of which other economic factors. "He personally went Gandikota was the major city of the Kayasta round to the nearby areas of Patha-Cuddapah chief by name Amba Deva. This dynasty ruled and selected a site for the new town about one this vast tract with headquarters at Gandikota and a half miles south of ancient Cuddapah" 2 as per the various epigraphics of Amba Deva "After the selection of site, he sent a proposal found in the district. It appears that the district to be approved by the Sultan of Golconda for made great advantage in irrigation and other the construction of new town. The Sultan gladly spheres during his rule. Ultimately, the Patha approved the plan submitted by the Path an Cuddapah which was known only on account Chieftain. Ultimately, he founded the new town of its fine temple, the gift of Vijayanagar empire, and named it "Neknamabad". 3 was under his rule. The first Nawab of this newly built up Subsequently, the Gandikota fort was Madras Manual of Administration, 1885 Vol. I Geography - P.9. 2 Article on Neknam Khan written by late Nawab Inayath Jung Bahadur, MSS UrdU 1947 P.3. 3 History of Deccan-epigraphy, MCS PerSian, Vol. IV, P.9 9
town was a relative of the Sultan and Neknam exerts for its own attraction over-headed the Khan himself was appointed the first Nawab's head village in every aspect. To the latter, in Chief Minister. The new settlement showed course of time, they gave the distinguishing little signs of thriving as the original followers name of Patha Cuddapah which still survives. of Neknam Khan were few, and others who As a result of this, the Muslim rulers too subsequently braved the long journey east gladly accepted the new application and wards brought no wealth with them but had Neknamabad came to be known as rather' left their homes with the objective of Cuddapah. repairing their shattered fortunes. Hence. for some years it seems the newly built up town No doubt, this is approximately a true .remained isolated and resourceless, regarded account of the earlier history of Cuddapah. It with ::,uspicion and distress by the contains no Hindu temple of any antiquity neighbouring native population. Since the except the temple of Anjeneya Swamy while the Muslim predominance is proved not only by the new town was Tound about a mile and a half existence of many old mosques and cemetries south of the ancient Cuddapah, it was only but by the very names of the different quarters known on account of its fine temple of the town, among which may be mentioned constructed by the Vijayanagar emperor, and Sayipet, Almaspet, Meccapet, Machampet and the native population had preferred to settle Nabikot. The temple of Siva in Hochampet was down permanently at this village as they were constructed subsequent to the British closely associated with their sentimental occupation of course, from the historical point ideology. As a result of this, and in order to of oview, it is generally believed that develop the newly built-up town, the Nawab Neknamabad was ruled by Mayana Nawabs. adopted several methods to bring the native But, it seems to be incorrect. However, population into the newly built-up town. The Neknamabad fell into disuse and the records of Nawab was successful in his efforts by the 18th century refer to the Mayana rulers not conceding them full liberty to follow their own as Nawabs of Neknamabad but as Nawabs of religious and social customs. In brief, Neknam Cuddapah. Except for a few years in the Khan allowed the native population to erect a beginning of 18th century Cuddapah was, for a temple of Anianeyaswamy near his own major part of the century, the seat of the palace. He also opened markets to facilitate Mayana Nawabs whose names are unknown. the daily requirements of the people. The But tradition assigns the rule of first Abdul Nabi impartial nature of the Nawab towards their Khan to some period in the 17th century and religion has attracted the people residing at records the great Abdul Nabi Khan of the early Patha Cuddapah who gradually shifted their 18th Century as the second of that name. The residences to the new town. Though the newly latter, though he never brought the palegars to built up town of Neknamabad grew populous order, yielded a more or less effective authority apparently at the extent of Cuddapah, the over the districts of Sidhout, Khammam, latter village still continued to attract a number Gandikota and Gurramkonda. The two latter of Hindu devotees on account of its well districts were strongly fortified places and known temple of Sri Venkateswara. From the served as effective town posts of its territory. promiscuity of newly built Neknamabad and Abdul Nabi Khan was an honoured ruler as well probably also fact that many families had a good soldier. For the benefit of the subjects migrated from Cuddapah, the name of he constructed the Patha-Cuddapah Tank for Cuddapah came to be applied by the native the supply of water. Subsequently, the Tan,k people to this newly built Muslim town which was supplied by a channel from Ute 10
Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal. During his period, a square building with walls about 35 feet in different sizes of conurbatons of the town on length surmounted by a large dome in the either side of the Bugga-Vanka opposite to his centre. The parapets of the building contain old palace called Nabikot emerged. some good arabesque. panels in plaster. According to a persian inscription over the It is too difficult to give an accurate entrance to the Gumbadh, the saint died in H, built-up area of the town during this period in 1157 (1744 A.D.) and the Gumbadh was built in the absence of any authentic record and also H. 1159 (1746 A.D.). Of the two tombs withiri, the conflicting views expressed by different one is deemed to be that of the saint and the historians. However, the court chronicle of other of the daughter of Nawab Abdul Nabi Golconda Kingdom mentions the total built-up Khan. The tombs are said to be the graves of a area of the town as one and a half furlongs. This married couple. There are many other mosques has been further corporated by the author of and a few dargahs in the town. The latter Mathahir-e-Alamgir. Farishtha the famous include those of Hazrath Khaja Syed Shah historian of Mughal court who had never visited Peerullah Mohammed Hussaini on Ameerpir Cuddapah town but while passing through the Road and Halrat Shah Mir on the left bank of track of the district along with the Mughal army the Bugga stream within the limits of the village mentions that the town was spread over one Akkayapalle. furlong long and half-a-furlong wide. Most of the built-up area was around the palace of Development of town between 1800 A.D. Nawab or Subedar. The most prominent of the and 1900 A.D. relics of the rule of Cuddapah Nawab still in During this period three important events existence at the town are two towers which that had influenced the development of the were formerly part of the Nawab's Palace. Near town were :- the fort is a pretty mosque, now called "Masjid-e-Azam". Persian inscription in the 1. Declaration of the town as the Head mosque referring to the reign of Aurangzeb, quarters of the Collector in 1812 records that it was built by the emperor during A.D. H. 1103. 'H' stands for Hijri - when Prophet 2. Construction of Railway Station in Mohammed left Mecca for Madina (A.D. 1691). 1864-65. About a furlong south of this mosque, on the banks of the Bugga stream flowing in between, 3. Formation of town Municipality in are some tombs of the family members of the 1866. Cuddapah Nawabs. They are locally referred to as the Hujrah tombs, perhaps after a few With the British occupation of the tract in
roofless rooms (Hujrah in Arabic) nearby. It is theI year 1800, the town was declared as one of said that some other members of these families the four subordinate collectors headquarters are burried at the dargah of Hazrat Aminuddin under the principal collector of the Ceded Shah Gesudaraz, situated about the end of the dis t ric t sst at ion e d a tAn ant a pur. The town, near the bridge over the Bugga stream headquarter of the collector of Cuddapah first on the road of Chennuru. Another landmark in fixed at Sidhout, was shifted to Cuddapah town the heart of the town belonging to the days of in 1812 A. D. Consequently, in 1821 the the Cuddapah Nawabs is the dargah of Syed contonment, which had been established Shah Mohammed Hussaini, who died in the earlier at Kamalapuram for assisting Major first-half of the 18th century. The dargah, Munro, the then principal collector, in the popularly called the Chand Phira Gumbadh, is subjugation of the palegars, was also shifted to 11
Cuddapah. The shifting of the district even more agricultural land, some of it of the headquarters in 1812 and the subsequent shift high'est quality, has been sterilised and of cantonment from Kamalapuram to irretrievably lost. Moreover) town population Cuddapah had far reaching effect on the further periodically suffered drastic reduction through development of the town. The collector soon epidemics and floods. Its very nature as after taking charge started the construction of concentration of people made it especially various office buildings to the south of the old susceptible to its ravages and its lack of town of which the most imposing building sanitation made it permanent hot bed of constructed in 1897 with granite stones located diseases and floods. Mortality in the town was in the central part of the present built-up area abnormally high, only very recently indeed of the town, is the coliectorate. Construction of have urban populations been able to grow or the collectorate building in 1897, the church even be maintained by their own natural building built up by old London Mission in increase. 1824, a hospital building in 1842, Zilla Par:shad School building in 1858, adjoining the collecto Pressed by accretion in the growth of rata building and opposite the Municipal town and congestion, the British administrators Travellers' Bungalow and a Catholic church were forced to the formation of a Municipality within the vicinity of the collector's residence as per the Madras Towns improvement Act - X had far reaching effect on the development of of 1865. The Act came into force in Cuddapah the town. As a result, within a few years, the in 1866 and the town was constituted into a built-up area of the town expanded in all Municipality in November, 1866. It had then an directions including the surrounding villages. area of 21/2 sq. miles and a population of 16,275. The formation of town Municipality in The manner and scale of urban extension 1866 also had far reaching effects on the town's have further undergone a remarkable growth as a controlling factor of outward transformation when Cuddapah town was first extension and internal reorganisation. Each linked to the railways in 1865 by constructing a phase added new fabric - outside in the form of railway station to the south of the town at accretions, within, in the form of replacements. Yerramukkapalli village located at a distance of As an internal reorganisation agency, the town about 3 112 km. from the old town and Municipality soon after its formation did a permanently provided with telegraph facilities commendable work. Roads were improved by in 1884. As a result, extension of walled town widening and metalling. The Municipality took place in lobster-like fashion, with periodic constructed a slaughter house and market provision of a new and larger shell often as building. Sanitation and water supply were much in anticipation of building extension as to reported to have received much attention. The incorporate extra-mural developments that had Kodandaramudu well in the heart of the town already taken place. After some replacement of was reconstructed and the Bugga stream its earlier walls by extended enceintes, the town cleared. A conservancy staff was maintained at had its outer limits established for a long time a cost of about Rs. 5,000/-. Elementary school by the very generous allowances of land was opened by the Municipality and also aided enclosed within its somewhat elaborate old the schools which provided instruction in walls. Subsequently emphasised and Telugu and Urdu languages. It also managed a accelerated by motor-transport on the roads, civil dispensary; provided 43 street lamps and the tentacular growth of town has proceeded at maintained avenue tree~ and water panda Is. A an unprecedented pace. Vast areas of land vaccinator and a Registrar of births and deaths scape have been transformed into townscape; were appOinted for the purpose of vaccination 12 and registration of vital statistics in the the major roads of the town. This industrial Municipal ar€'a. In 1871 a new Act known as the expansion and development resulted in large Town Improvement Act was passed replacing scale migration to the town and consequently, the Act of 1865. This Act was also introduced the building activities in various sectors of the in Cuddapah town in 1871. As per this Act, the town were carried on in a haphazard manner town was divided into two zones solely for the allowing the growth of slums and straining the purpose of registration of births and deaths. local body for services like water supply, The conservancy establishment was drainage, etc. Apart from this, during the early considerably 8nlarged. An anti-cholera unit 20th century Cuddapah town became one of was also started during the outbreak of the the leading markets in the entire state for epidemic. -:he revenue was mostly spe;)t on the turmeric, onions, melons and barytes - maintenance and repair of roads and bridges, besides asbestos of which the district has construction and maintenance of Hospitals, almost a monopoly. Expansion of commerce choultries, markets, tanks, wells, drains, created a merchant class dealing with the sewers, etc., training and employment of exchange of goods produced by other than medical practitioners, vaccinators and sanitary themselves. The importance of the town inspectors, registration of births and deaths, increased as a centre of wholesale and retail the lighting and cleaning of streets, tile spread trade. As a result of the banking institutions of eaucation and the construction, repair and like Co-operative Town Bank (1915), District maintenance of schools, inspection of Co-operative Central Bank (1919), State Bank educational institutions and training of of India (1923), Syndicate Bank (1941), teachers. Again with the amendment of the Act Andhra Bank (1951), and Canara Banking in 1885, the town was further divided into six Corporation (1957) were established. The wards. Elections were fought keenly in establishment of these banking institutions 1892-93. An official was elected as Vice subsequently has led to the formation of a chairman in 1899. Till 1920 the pattern of market committee in 1956 under the Municipal administration remained unchanged. Commercial Crops Market Act, 1933 for Development of town between 1900 and controlling business. These commercial 1985 establishments were like magnet, drawing about an ever increasing belt of workers The opening of railways and the linking dwellings, schools, and shops. In addition to of the town with Madras, Bombay and an industriat estate, covering an area Hyderabad and other parts of the East Coast exceeding 8.13 hectares was sanctioned in in about the third quarter of the 19th Century 1959 and located near the railway station. as pointed out earlier rant the birth knell of Suburban expansion was encouraged various industrial, commercial and banking ultimately by the growing urban population units in the town. Two industrial units with the but it did not drain off the excess population name and style 'Tiffin Baryte' and 'Krishnappa from the centre of the people responded to Baryte' respectively, were established near their natural desire to live near their work, and the Railway Station. Between 1910 and 1964 employment opportunities were concentrated various industrial establishments like in the town centre. Then the nature of these ricemills, flour mills and oil mills, engineering opportu,lities changed from the pre-factory workshops, electrical workshops, automobile system. Stable industrial employment was workshops, saw mills, beedi making, coffee undertaken with expanding commercial works and printing presses sprang up along enterprise, the tendency to shift from job to job 1 3
extended to movement from town to town. hanging from a corner building was the only Mobility of the family offered advantages over light to guide the stranger through night. The fixed tenure. The urban population thus town was electrified in 1937 with a diesel plant became transient in character. Freedom to connected to the Tungabhadra Hydro-electric move was not desirable but it was necessary. grid in 1957. The total mileage of roads within the limits of the Municipality was about 53.34 The town was having growing pains. The km. Services for the health, safety, and industrial and commercial economy had convenience of the urban population thrown out of gear all previous concepts of advanced further in a period of less than 50 what a town should be. The traditional years than in the past. This tremendous dwelling was e~gulfed by the industrial and progress and the actual living and working commercial units. Instead of a place to live, the conditions of the town present a bewildering town became a place to make a living. As a contrast. Glorification of the industrial and result of this, the District Municipalities Act, commercial system and the fruits of its 1920 came into force in Cuddapah from 1 st new-born activity behinded people to the ruin October of that year. The Cuddapah and havoc spreading across the urban Municipality covered an area of 6.84 sq. kms. community. comprising six revenue villages (in part) of Gudur, Cuddapah Shahar. Nagarajupalli, Since the turn of this century, its Chinna Chowk, Chemmumiahpet and population has been consistently increasing Viswanathapuram. The town was divided into from decade to decade. But the town is now 8 wards and subsequently in 1930 it was again slightly less populous than Proddatur. But for divided into 16 wards. During the year its extension, the town presents a decadent 1952-53, the number of wards in the appearance. The busiest part of the town is Municipality was increased from 16 to 21. the junction of seven roads, from where Measures for the pUbliC health and safety were branch off roads to the Main Bazar, to extended during this period. Two maternity Chennur, to the railway station and to the and child welfare centres, one at Bellam Mandi other parts of the town. The road from the and the other at Nagarajupeta were opened. railway station to this junction is perhaps the Water supply was effected from a well on the longest and the best in the town. The market Buggavanka for catering the needs of a is located in narrow street and is generally portion of the town, the water being raised by overcrowded. It has a large number of means of a noria (chain of buckets on a wheel) educational and allied institutions. The wor!-c8d by bullocks. The Sheshaiah Water Government Arts College, situated close to Works at Raoji Gandhi on the penneru, named the Railway station, stands on an extensive after one of the Chairmen of the Municipality, site overlooked by the distant Palakonda Hill P. Seshai ah Chetty, was opened in 1941. Work ranges. The construction of the hostel on a comprehensive water supply scheme for buildings in this area was made possible by improving the earlier works was virtually public donations. The. official residences of completed during 1959-60. But the town is yet the District Collector and the District Judge to be provided with a reasonably satisfactory are also located nearby. system of drainage. The Mahatma Gandhi Park was opened in 1947. Public thorough Though the town was developing rapidly, fares in the town of middle ages were dark and the flood in November, 1903 had severly for biding lanes. An occassional oil lamp affected growth. It was reported two days afterwards that 461 houses had been damaged 14 and 756 wholly demolished. The loss of Population growth and structure of the movable property was estimated at Rs. 30,000/ town while immovable property worth Rs. 25,000/ was also lost in the floods. In 1912, the disaster Cuddapah had a population of 16,432 in of plague and cholera also affected the entire 1901. The last Census of 1981 has given a town. The diseases broke out in August, 1931 figure of 1,03,125. During these eight and the number of deaths was reported to be decades, the population of Cuddapah has more than 220. Except these mishaps, nothing increased more than six (6.28) times. The stood as barriers in the development of the following statement throws light on the growth town upto the present time. The town of population decade wise and the percentage ultimately started spreading from north to south decadal variation in the town during the last and took an elongated shape. eight decades.
Statement 11(1)
Variation in population of Cuddapah town, 1901 to 1981
Year No. of No. of Persons Oecadal Percentage Males Oecadal Females Decadat Houses House- variation Oecadal Variation variation holds in popu· Variation tation
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i901 NA NA 16,432 8,046 8,386
1~1, N.A. NA 17,807 + 1,375 +8.37 8,675 +629 9,132 +746
1921 N.A. NA 19,517 + 1,710 +9.60 9,866 +1,191 9,651 +519
1931 NA N.A. 22,602 +3,085 + 15.81 11,522 + 1,656 11,080 +1,429
1941 N.A. N.A. 28,246 +5,644 +24.97 14,440 +2,918 13,806 +2,726
1951 5,494 6,802 37,438 +9,192 +32.54 19,040 +4,600 18,398 +4,592
1961 8,389 9,259 49,027 + 11,589 +30.96 25,377 +6,337 23,650 +5,252
1971 10,726 12,077 66,195 +17,168 +35,02 34,362 +8,985 31,833 +8,183
1981 17,451 18,073 103,125 +36,930 +55.79 53,452 + 19,090 49,673 + 17,840
Source: Part II·A General Population Tables, 1981.
The population of Cuddapah town 1971-81 were 3.25 per cent, 3.10 per cent, 3.50 remained static till 1921. At the 1931 Census, it per cent and 5.58 per cent respectively. The has registered a low growth rate of around 15 last decade 1971-81 has shown a high growth per cent over the past decade. In 1931-41, the because of the spurt in industrial activity, trade growth rate was about 25 per cent which may and commerce, promotion of the cause of be considered as normal. There had been education etc. Further, the post war period with considerable growth in population during the increased amenities of health resulting in 1941-81. Average annual growth rates during improvement in public health and decline in the decades 1941-51, 1951-61, 1961-71 and death rate gave a spurt to the increase in 15 population. Cuddapah town accounts for 4.2 as per 1981 Census. The Municipal area of the per cent of the total population of the district town is divided into 21 wards as shown in the and 29.6 per cent of the total Urban population map. The density of population of the town of the district in 1971 whereas by 1981, it within the municipal limits is 15,077 accounted for 5.33 per cent of the total perso ns per sq. km. H oweve r, ce rtai n population of the district and 19.37 per cent of localities are comparatively dense by virtue of the urban population of the district. Among the their population content. The highest density towns of Cuddapah district, Cuddapah town of 66,200 persons per sq. km. is observed in with the above population occupies a second Ward No. 17 followed by 60,183 persons per place, next to Proddatur with a population of sq. km. in Ward No. 15,53,940 persons per sq. 1,07,070. There are no Municipal towns other km. in Ward No. 13, 51,483 persons per sq. than Cuddapah and Proddatur in the district. km. in Ward No. 18. Densities in the range Out of the total population of the district, 80.63 upto 9,999 persons per sq. km. are observed per cent live in villages, while 19.37 per cent in Ward NO.1. A density of 10,000 - 19,999 reside in urban areas as per the 1981 Census. persons is observed in Ward Nos. 2, 3, 8, 9, Though Cuddapah stanrjs ninth in area among 10, 11, 14, 16 and 20. The density of 30,000 - the thirteen towns of Cuddapah district, in 39,999 persons per sq. km. is found in Ward population it stands second. As such, it is the Nos. 5, 7 and 12. Densities between 40,000 most densely populated town ?f the district, the and 49,999 persons per sq. km. are observed density being 15,255 persons per sq. km. the in Ward NO.6. density of the town in 1971 was 9,792 per sq. km. In practice, it is generally observed that Density of population in different areas of the high ejenslty areas go on increasing which the town focusses important problems to tackle in planning and replanning of a town. Statement Cuddapah town extends over an area of II (2) shows the wardwise density of 6.84 sq. kms. and has a population of 1 ,03,125 populations and of dwellings. 16
Statement 11(2)
Wardwise density and dwelUng density with variation It:!uring 1971-1981 of Cuddapah town
Ward No. Area No. of Houses Population Density (per sq. km.) Dwelling Density (in sq. during during (per sq. km.) kms.) 1~71 1981 1971 1981 1971 1981 Variation 1971 1981 Variation during during 1971-1981 1971- 1981 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cuddapah 6.84 10,726 17,451 66,195 103,125 9,678 15,077 +5,399 1,568 2,551 +983 Municipality
Ward - 1 1.99 900 1,825 4,740 10,336 2,382 5,194 + 2,812 452 917 + 465
2 0.44 707 1,155 3,552 6,197 8,073 ~4,084 + 6,011 1,607 2,625 +1,018
3 0.49 1,039 1,745 5,577 .9,748 11,382 19,894 + 8,512 2,120 3,561 +1,441
4 0.20 496 777 2,965 4,349 14,825 21,745 + 6,920 2,480 3,885 +1,405
5 0.09 367 523 2,532 3,142 28,133 34,911 + 6,778 4,078 5,811 + 1,733
6 0.08 433 596 2,768 3,387 34,600 47,338 + 12,738 5,413 7,450 + 2,037
7 0.19 595 1,113 3,967 6,093 20,879 32,068 + 11,189 3,132 5,858 + 2,726
8 0.43 511 1,126 3,003 5,800 6,984 13,488 + 6,504 1,188 2,619 + 1,431
9 0.42 530 832 2,857 4,611 6,802 10,979 + 4,177 1,262 1,981 + 719
10 0.41 524 846 3,301 4,930 8,051 12,024 + 3,973 1,278 2,063 + 785
11 0.22 498 551 3,250 4,134 14,773 18,791 + 4,018 2,264 2,505 + 241
12 0.08 417 486 2,526 3,124 31,575 39,050 + 7,475 5,213 6,075 + 862
13 0.05 329 404 2,069 2,697 41,380 53,940 t 12,560 6,580 8,080 + 1,500
14 0.34 375 877 3,093 5,498 9,097 16,171 + 7,074 1,103 2,579 + 1,476
15 0.06 353 576 2,641 3,611 44,017 60,183 + 16,166 5,883 9,600 + 3,717
16 0.55 678 1,204 3,621 6,670 6,584 12,127 + 5,543 1,233 2,189 + 956
17 0.04 297 387 2,142 2,648 53,550 66,200 + 12,650 7,425 9,675 + 2,250
18 0.06 345 491 2,402 3,089 40,033 51,483 +11,450 5,750 8,183+2,433
19 0.07 311 305 1,992 2,034 28,457 29,057 + 600 4,443 4,357 _- 86
20 0.56 655 1,252 4,894 8,042 8,739 14,361 +5,622 1,170 2,236 + 1,066
21 0.11 366 380 2,303 2,585 20,936 23,500 +2-,564 3,327 3,455 + 128
Source: Census data. 17
Sex ratio number are engaged in other services and in household industry. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The index of less A predominant feature in the growth of number of females indicates that a town is any town is migration, in view of the 'Pull' more industrialised. Cuddapah town recorded factors in a particular urban area and 'Push' an index of 932, 926 and 929 at the 1961, 1971 factors of the immediately surrounding rural and 198'1 Censuses respectively. The areas. Cuddapah town is bounded by Kurnool sex-ratio has progressive~y declined from an and Prakasam districts on the north, index of 1,053 in 1911 to 966 in 1951 'and Anantapur district on the west, Chittoor district finally to 929 in 1981, indicating the on the south and Nellore district on the East. concentration or degree of urbanisation. The town is comparatively better than Anantapur town, while it is backward, Literacy compared to the other towns in the surrounding areas. Development of railway The literacy level for the entire State of and road trans·portation, establishment of Andhra Pradesh is 24.67 per cent in 1971 and educational institutions and setting up of 29.94 per, cent in 1981 and for Cuddapah industries have brought sizeable number of district it is 24.72 per cent in 1971 and 31.11 migrants into the town. Migration has not in 1981 Censuses. Cuddapah town has assumed any unusual proportion and is recorded a literacy level of 52.10 per cent in considered normal being a district 1971 and 54.24 per cent in 1981. headquarters town.
Work force Land
Out of the total population of 1,03,125, The area of the town, as already persons of the town, only 30,184 are reported mentioned, stands at 6.84 sq. kms. The as workers, including marginal workers, utilisation pattern of the land was already accounting for 29.27 per cent of the total indicated in the seoond chapter. As the town population. Of the 30,134 workers, 26,302 is recording a steady growth as a centre of persons are males, while only 3,882 are trade, commerce and education during the females. Among women workers, a large last two decades, the cost of land has shown 18 a phenomenal increase in its various areas or 1984-85 and it stood during 1985-86 in localities. A comparative position of minimum different parts of the town is presented in the and maximum cost of land as it existed during statement below:
Statement 11(3)
Value of land per sq. yard in Rupees -1984-85 and 1985-86
Ward No. Name of the locality(ward 1984-85 1985-86 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 2 3 4 5 6
Railway Station Road 130 500 165 625 2. Dhobighat Road 98 500 83 625 3 Koti Reddy Junction Road 98 240 123 300 4 Women's College Road 160 250 205 313 5 Seven Roads Junction 78 500 98 625 6 Cinema Theatre Road 195 500 245 625 7 Seshachalam Temple Road 52 200 65 250 8 Trunk Road K.C. Canal 33 200 42 250 9 Bellary Road 52 98 75 123 10 Jagannadha Rao Pillai street 80 300 100 375 11 Habeebullah Street 52 200 65 250 12 Harinath Rao Street 78 109 98 163 13 Y.V. Street 260 600 325 750 14 Pedda Bestha Street , 40 400 58 500 15 Pedda Bestha Street to Bellary Road 130 163 163 205 16 Devuni Cuddapah Road 33 160 43 200 17 Devi Photo Studio 163 400 205 500 18 B.K.M. Street 156 600 195 750 19 Madras Road to Krishna Theatre 163 600 205 750 20 Beyond Krishna Theatre 117 600 146 750 21 Trunk Road to Christian line 250 400 330 500
Because of the increasing facilities of colonies on planned and hygenic principles, extended by the government and municipality, and by doing so it is paving way for the the town is growing in its length and breadth, extension of municipal limits. This will help new colonies are springing up on the outskirts certainly if continued in reducing the of the town as well as in the neighbouring congestion from residential, industrial and villages beyond the municipal limits. It seems business localities and to control the spiralling that municipality is also encouraging this type land prices. CHAPTER III
AMENITIES AND SERVICES - HISTORY OF GROWTH AND THE PRESENT POSITION
The following are some of the important Zilla Parishad office offices with headquarters at Cuddapah, serving This office was established in the year the people of the district as well those in the 1959 under a State Act when the erstwhile town. Brief history of growth, functionary and District Board was converted into Zilla Parishad jurisdictional aspects, etc., of different offices from 1 st October, 1959. It is located in and institutions are given below. Sunnapurallapalli area on the Railway Station Collector's office Road. The entire District except the areas within the jurisdiction of the Municipalities forms its It is located at Devi Reddy Rama Subba jurisdiction and the offices of Panchayat Reddy street and it was established in the year Mandals in the district come under its direct 1897. The Collector and District Magistrate is administrative control. The Zilla Parishad incharge of the district administration. It is consolidates plans in respect of Panchayat divided into three sub-divisions of Rajampet, Mandals and also coordinates the activities of Cuddapah and Jammalamadugu. The first the Mandals. All the secondary schools are sub-division is in charge of a Sub-Collector of under the management of Zilla Parishad. It is the I.A.S. cadre and the other two are in charge over all in charge for community development of two Revenue Divisional Officers of the State activities in rural areas which are carried out Revenue Service. He keep,s himself in touch through the Panchayat Mandals and also for with the activities of all the special departments the supervision of the over all administration of and the administration of the Municipalities and Panchayat Mandals. In addition to this, the Zilla Parishads so that he may be in a position government also entrusted the extension to help and advise them. He is generally activities of various State Government responsible for the execution of various Departments concerned with developmental government policies and performs a series of activities such as agricultural activities, animal miscellaneous functions ranging from rationing husbandry, industry, education, women's and food control to flood and famine relief. He welfare, etc. The Zilla Parishad has an elected also exercises, as the District Magistrate, Chairman and members as envisaged under magesterial powers and has general the Act. There are seven standing committees supervision over law and order. He is generally formed out of members for dealing with responsible for the preparation of accurate subjects assigned to each committee under the electoral rolls and the proper conduct of Act. The Secretary is the Chief Executive Officer elections. Consequently, on the democratic of the Parishad. He has under him a District d ece ntral isation of adm in istration, the Social Welfare Officer for the implementation of Collector is intimately connected with the the social welfare programme, a Deputy working of the Panchayat Raj Institutions in the Secretary (Education) of the grade 'of a District district. He is the Chairman of all the 'Standing Educational Officer for the management of Committees' of Zilla Parish ad and' the chief educational institutions under the Parish ad and supervising authority over the Panchayat an Executive Engineer for the execution of the Samithis and Gram Panchayats. The total public works programme. The total strength of strength of the staff is 66 comprising of all the staff of this office is 95 including employees cadres in the collectorate. of all categories. 20
Office of the District Superintendent of prevention and detection of crime within the Police Railway limits.
It is located in the Christian Lane, near The District Jail Government Headquarters Hospital. The present total strength of this office including The District Jail at. Cuddapah was all cadres is 1,703. The district is now under established around 1805 and located in a the charge of the Superintendent of Police, portion of the Nawab's palace on the banks of stationed at Cuddapah, exercising jurisdiction the Bugga stream. Surrounded by a mud-wall over the entire district duly split into the three it was capable of accommodating about 200 sub-divisions of Jammalamadugu, Proddatur prisoners. The sub-jail was established in 1870 at Cuddapah town. The accommodation of and Cuddapah. Each of these sub-divisions is even this sub-jail was rather inadequate i nthe charge of Deputy Superintendents of the necessitating the confinement of prisoners in ::;tate \cadre. Each of the sub-divisions police stations, jail verandahs and Taluk Office. consists of three or four circles, each in The sub-jail was elevated to Second Grade Jail charge of an Inspector of Police. Each circle in 1944 under the charge of the Judicial Second is further sub-divided into four to six police Class Magistrate. Now it is u';tder the stations, each in charge of a Sub-Inspector supervision of District Sessions Judge. with his jurisdiction extending over a number of villages including some outposts; incharge District Sessions Court of Head Constables. The Superintendent is the District Magistrate's assistant for The British system of judicial purposes like crime, law and order. administration, popularly known as the "Cornwallis System" was introduced in the Railway PoHce Madras Presidency in 1802. Subsequently, in Cuddapah a Zilla Court presided over by a Zilla With the development of Railway in the Judge, exercising both civil and criminal Madras Presidency in the 1870's the need for jurisdiction was set up in 1806.· This system a Police for Railways also was keenly felt. In continued to undergo a series of changes and 1895, the Railway Police was organised in the in pursuance of these changes, Civil justice in presidency with 3 Inspectors and 78 Cuddapah came to be administered, around Constables. The Railways in Cuddapah were the year 1875, by a District Judge and a included in 1896 in the north circle comprising subordinate Judge apart from District Munsiffs. t he East Coast an d South Maharashtra The scheme of separation of the judiciary from Railways. Until 1953, they were under the the executive introduced in 1949 by the jurisdie;tion of the Superintendent of Madras erstwhile government of Madras was extended Railway Police District. With the formation of to Cuddapah in 1950. A separate cadre of the Andhra ~tate, the Railway Police within the Judicial Magistrates was created to try criminal state was brought under a Superintendent cases. Civil and criminal justice is now with headquarters at Vijayawada. The Railway administered by the District and Sessions Court Police in the district is under two in the town. The District and Sessions Judge Sub-Inspectors, one stationed at Cuddapah disposes of appeals from all decrees' and and the other at Renigunta in Chittoor district, orders upto the value of Rs. 7,5001- passed by both under the Superintendent of Railway the Subordinate Courts and tries all criminal Police, Vijayawada. They are in charge of cases committed to sessions by the first and preservation of law and order and also second class Magistrates, and also hears 21 appeals from the sentences of the First Class Accountant who is in charge of maintenance Magistrate. The District and Sessions Court is of accounts. He is assisted by four Assistant located at Marutinagar on the R.T.S. Depot Engineers stationed at Cuddapah, Pincha, Road. The strength of the staff including all Proddatur and Rajampet. The Assistant cadres is 67. Engineers are responsible for the investigation, execution and maintenance of TaJuk office irrigation works and the scrutiny of estimates This office started functioning in the year for all works and they assist the Executive 1888. It is situated opposite to the Collector's Engineer in the Execution and maintenance of office. Presently it is named the Mandai irrigation works in their respective Revenue Office. The Mandai Revenue Officer is jurisdictions. the overall incharge of the MandaI. Eleven villages nearby Cuddapah and Cuddapah town The Superintending Engineer (Roads of the erstwhile Cuddapah Taluk are under its and Buildings) stationed at Cuddapah is in direct control. After the abolition of the posts of charge of the Cuddapah Circle comprising the Village Officials, viz. the Village Munsiffs and Highways divisions in Cuddapah, Nellore, the Village Karnams ~t village level, the village Kurnool, Ananthapur and Chittoor districts assistant and Revenue Inspectors are working besides the Investigation Division at as subordinates under the Mandai Revenue Cuddapah. He is responsible to the Chief Officer. The Deputy Tahsildars are designated Engineer (Roads and Buildings) for the as Mandai Officers who are also the administration and control of Roads and subordinate officers. Collector of Land Buildings works within his Circle. Revenue Settlement of disputes on land, civil supplies relief and rehabilitation etc., in the Divisional Engineer, Electricity entire taluk are some of the functions of this office. All the Mandai officers work under the The Divisional Engineer at Cuddapah is Revenue Divisional Officer. in charge of operation and maintenance of electricity in the district. He is responsible to the Public Works Department Superintending Engineer at Anantapur, for the execution and management of all technical and The offices of the Executive Engineer field works in his jurisdiction. He carries out all (Irrigation branCh), Cuddapah Division and the commercial works and keeps himself in touch Superintending Engineer (Roads and with commercial, industrial and rural Buildings) are also located in the town on the development. He is the ex-officio professional Main Road leading to Railway Station. The advisor to all departments within the limits of Executive Engineer (Irrigation) with head his charge. He is assisted by three Assistant quarters at Cuddapah, is in charge of irrigation Engineers, one at Cuddapah and two stationed sources. The ayacuts which exceed 200 acres at Proddatur. The Assistant Engineer, excepting the Kurnool-Cuddapah canal are Cuddapah has jurisdiction over Cuddapah, also under his control. The Executive Engineer Rajampet, Sidhout Badvel and Rayachoti is responsible for the execution and taluks. In addition, there are two Assistant management of all departmental works in his Engineers, under the Divisional Engi'neer area. He is the departmental consultant to the M. R. T. Anantapur, with headquarters at Collector and ex-officio adviser in engineering Cuddapah. Of them, the Assistant Engineer, works to all government departments in his Telecommunications, is in charge of the area. At the office, he has a Divisional maintenance of Carrier Current 22
Communications and magneto telephone work of the Veterinary Assistant Surgeons and communications in the four districts of Veterinary Live-stock Inspectors in charge of Rayalaseema. The other Assistant Engineer is Veterinary institutions except the Key Village in charge of the Technical Training Centre, Centre at Gundlak-unta, which is under the Cuddapah. Live-stock Officer, Chittoor. There is a Office of the Deputy Chief Accountant, Veterinary hospital at Cuddapah in charge of a Electricity Veterinary Assistant Surgeon.
The Deputy Chief Accountant is in charge Marketing department of the entire electricity organisation in the The Assistant Director of Marketing at "..listrict. He is assisted by requisite ministerial Cuddapah is the Chief Executive Officer of the staff of Accountants and clerks and executive Marketing Department in the district and his staff of Bill Collectors. Inspectors are stationed jurisdiction extends over Cuddapah and at Cuddapah, Proddatur, Sidhout, Rajampet, Chittoor districts. He is responsible for tackling Kodur, Jammalamadugu, Kamalapuram, the problems of marketing. The Assistant Pulivendla and Rayachoti for supervising the Director is assisted by the Marketing Assistants work of the Sill Collectors. with jurisdiction extending over Cuddapah and The District Agricultural office Chittoor districts, one in charge of expansion and publicity, another in charge of general The District Agricultural Officer at work, and a third in charge of grading. Seven Cuddapah has jurisdiction over Cuddapah, price Reporters stationed at Cuddapah, Sidhout, Rajampet and Rayachoti taluks. He is Rayachoti, Sadvel, Proddatur and Puttur, and a also functioning as Agricultural adviser to the Chemist in the government ghee grading Collector and Zilla Parishad. At the office, he laboratory, Muddanur for Agmark grading of is assisted by personal Assistants besides ghee and oils are also under his control. some office staff. Apart from this, there is a Office of the Assistant Director, Industries Seed Development Assistant to assist the & Commerce District Agricultural Officer in the scheme of multiplication and distribution of improved The Assistant Director, Industries and seeds. There is a Special Agricultural Commerce, stationed at Cuddapah is the Assistant with headquarters at Cuddapah for Officer entrusted with the control and assisting the District Agricultural Officer in the supervision of the work of the Industries localisation and development of ayacut under Department in the district. His jurisdiction is the the Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal. There is an Oil entire Cuddapah district. His functions include Seeds Extension Assistant at Cuddapah the assisting of new industries in securing assisted by two Fieldmen stationed one each licences, obtaining essentiality certificates for at Cuddapah and Jammalamadugu and 5 import of raw materials, establishing liaison Demonstration Maistries one each stationed between industrialists and State Government Vishwanathapuram. The'town was divided into was paid to them to the extent of 90 per cent of 8 wards. Subsequently, ·as per District the tax collected. The Municipality derived on Municipalities (Amendment) Act of 1930, the an average annual income of about Rs. 1.5 town was divided into 16 wards. During lakh~ from this source. The professional tax 1952-53, the number of wards was increased to and tax on carriages' and animals were also 21. After the ge'leral elections held during levied at maximum rates prescribed. The 1952, the new council came into office in surcharge on stamp duty collected from 1945 November, 1952. Elections were again held in at 4 per cent was increased to 9 per cent in . 1956 and 1959. The Andhra Pradesh (Afl<;ihra 1949. The rent collected from the markets was area) District Municipalities (Second about half a lakh rupees, while the bus-stand Amendment Act XVII of 1962) extended the and slaughter house fetched an amount of Rs term of office of the council from 3 years to 5 13,000/- and Rs. 5,0001- respectively. The years, Elections were postponed from time to Muddukrishna Theatre which was leased out time and Municipal Commissioners were brought an annual income of Rs. 18,000. By the appointed as special officers to carryon the end of 1963-64, the receipts of the municipality administration. amounted to Rs. 14.85 lakhs and its expenditure Rs. 13.02 lakhs. Recently Sources of income and expenditure Muddukrishna Theatre was closed. Under The important sources of income to the various schemes, the Municipality has Municipality are : property tax, entertainment constructed various business complexes in the tax, rent of markets and slaughter houses, town. water tax, professional tax, licence fees, Water supply penalties on road margin occupations, etc., which contributes considerable sums. There is The protected water supply was first gradual increase in the income through commissioned in Cuddapah town in 1890. The property tax (the major component of which is town is provided with protected water supply house tax), entertainment tax, penalties on from three sources (1) Bugga River, (2) road margin occupations. The fluctuations in Penneru and (3) Chilakala Bavi. The first two tax collection are mostly due to the laxity or are the major sources while the third is a strictness on the part of the tax collection staff. supplementary source. Bugga Head Water Under the Act of 1920, taxes on property, Works started in 1890 is the earliest source of profession, education and entertainment and water supply to the town. This is situated about surcharge on stamp duty were levied. The tax 4 miles (6.5 km.) from the town. Water is on property was raised to 17.5 per cent and on collected into a suction well through the agricultural lands to 8.75 per cent. In 1952-53, infiltration gallery which was pumped out by 10 a library cess at hl;llt an anna (3 paise) was H.P. electric motor. There is also a balancing levied per rupee of property tax and it was reservoir with a capacity of 10,000 gallons. The raised to 8 paise in 1961. to 1958-59, a lighting balance of water over and above which is tax and a surcharge ,on property were also consumed by the public during pumping hour. levied. By 1963-64, the property tax was further is stored in the reservoir and the same is raised to 31.5 per cent and the tax On consumed in the evening time when the agricultural lands at 25 per cent of the pumping is not done. The water supply from assessment. The entertainment tax levied by this source is restricted to Ward No. I only. This the Municipalities from 1926 was provincialised . source with open wells at Bugga stream in 1939 under the Andhra Pradesh supplies about 1 .80 lakh gallons per day. (Amendment) Act XV of 1961. Compensation During summer season, the water from Bugga 27 stream is not adequate consequently, the augment the present water supply system. The Penneru protected water supply scheme for the government have accorded administrative town, sanctioned at a cost of As. 6. 761akhs was sanction for this scheme and the Public Health executed by the public works department and Engineering Department has already started completed. This is the biggest of all the Head the work which is nearing completion. water works provided by the Municipality. It is situated about 5 miles (8 kms.) away from the Electricity town. This scheme comprises a pumping Electricity was supplied to the town since station, a low level reservoir of 1.251akh gallons 1931 by a private electrical undertaking. The capacity and ground level storage reservoir of State Government took over the concern in 2.2 lakh gallons capacity. This water works 1946 owing to a severe breakdown. The power supplies water to three-fourths of the areas supply for the town is from Cuddapah sub-sta under jurisdiction of the municipality. This water tion which receives power from Hampi and supply scheme with Penneru river as the main Tungabhadra power stations via Guntakal source with infiltration wells supply about 8.64 Gooty-Cuddapah sub-stations. The following lakh gallons per day. Chilakala Bavi Water statement gives an idea about the consumption Works is located near K.C. Canal. Water is of electricity in Cuddapah town under various pumped from the well by means of a 5 H.P. uses during the period from 1981 to 1986. electric motor direct into the mains. The tanks filled up with water during ~e pumping hours Statement 111(1) and the water is supplied to the public through four taps fixed to the tank during non-pumping Consumption of electricity in Cuddapah hours. This source is supplying water to ward town under various uses (in units) - 1981 Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10. To supplement water to the to 1986 town about 60,000 gallons of water per day is Consumption of Electricity (in units) under being supplied from this source. Another 5,H.P. various uses pumpset is fixed to the well at Almaspeta and Year Domestic Commer- Industrial Others cial 50,000 gallorls of water per day is being pumped into the water mains. 2 3 4 5 The Municipality supplies about 11.74 1981 21,55,496 2,20,500 10,48,012 17,81,632 lakh gallons of water per day on an average to 1982 25,15,602 24,62,428 11,57,948 17,58,850 the residents of the town. The per capita supply 1983 26,03,437 27,49,075 16,03,437 9,61,893 of water works out to 16 gallons per day, which 1984 28,57,948 30,11,177 is clearly below the required standard of 35 18,15,608 29,12,183 gal!ons per capita per day. A number of 1985 30,48,012 32,26,448 22,16,101 24,63,012 localities are not adequately served by the 1986 31,50,202 34,05,751 23,14,800 31,62,872 existing water supply scheme. Localities like Raja Aeddy Street, MIG Quarters Extension, During the year 1985-86 ~bout 15,873 Radhakrishna Nagar, Potti Sreeramulu Street, connections were given to various categories, Brahmin Street Extension, Be.llam Mandi Street, of'which 11,343 were domestic connections, Meloni Aoad, Nagarajupet Extensions are 234 indtlstrial, 2,542 commercial, 1,588 ro~d provided with bore wells due to the inadequacy lighting pOints and 166 others. Only the of water supply from the existing water supply important road junctions were provided with system. The Municipality has contemplated a tube lights. In the extended areas, the lighting As. 24.92 lakhs improvement scheme to is insufficient and requires to be improved. 28 Conservancy length of about 3 miles (5 kms.) in the town. There is a proposal by the Municipality for the It is the main responsibility of the civic provision of underground drainage scheme body to keep the town clean and health by for the town at an estimated cost of Rs. 36.90 maintaining proper sanitary conditions. For the lakhs. purpose of general sanitation, the town is divided into four divisions. Each division is kept Primary Education under the supervision of one Sanitary Inspector. The Sanitary Inspector supervises It is a statutory obligation on the part of the work of the sanitary workers consisting of the Municipality to provide free primary Sweepers, Scavengers, Drain Cleaners and education. The Compulsory Primary Mazdoors. The Municipality employed 71 Education Act has made the civic body more sweepers, 88 scavengers, 23 drain cleaners, responsible to provide free and compulsory and 12 mazdoors. Sanitation of the town is education to children in the age group of 6 to supervised by 8 Public Health Maistries and 4 11 years within its area of jurisdiction. The Sanitary Inspectors under the overall Municipality is the principle agency, providing supervision of the Municipal Health Officer. elementary educational facilities in CudC:apah There were 185 dustbins for collection of town. Many schools especially elementary rubbish in the streets of the town. The street schools have remained in a deplorable sweeping, rubbish and night soil were· condition both in \erms of accommodation transported by means of three tractors and and soundness of structures. Only a few eight double bullock carts to the compost schools have adequate buildings and lands to depot situated on Sidhout Road. provide the desirable minimum facilities required by the children. There are 35 primary There were 17,451 residential houses in schools in the town of which 28 are run by the Cuddapah town as per 1981 Census but the Municipality, one by the government and the number of residential houses provided with remaining 6 ara under private aided latrines was 9,763. While 2,962 houses are managements. Of the 28 Municipal schools, having water borne latrines, 6,806 houses 15 are having their own buildings and the have service type. In addition, there were 53 remaining 13 are housed in rented buildings. public latrines in various parts of the town The Railway School is located in the building maintained by the Municipality. These latrines owned by the Railways. Three out of 6 schools are inadequate to serve the total population of under private management are having their the town. As the town is the headquarters of own buildings. Altogether 19 schools out of 35 the district and also an important commercial are located in their own buildings. In respect centre, it naturally attracts floating population of adequacy of accommodation, it is reported aggravating these problems to a further that only 11 out of 35 scheols are having extent. In the absence of sufficient number of sufficient seating accommodation. Only 17 out public latrines, the floating population as well of 35 schools, i.e., 50 per cent have their as other inhabitants of the town, who are not buildings in good condition. Even other having the said facilities, are constrai[led to conditions such as light and ventilation in the use all available open spaces for natural call. case of most of the school buildings are not unsatisfactory. Lavatory facilities and The town is not provided with either playgrounds are totally absent. These primary underground or open drainage system. There schools in the town are concentrated in a few are only Kutcha and Masonary drains to a localities. The distribution of primary schools 29 ,is rYO't based> on any raf?onal pattern, works out to 1 : 22. The average strength of practically ignoring the requirements of the children of a school is arrived at 1,075. Of the population in the neighbourhood. 7 high schools, 4 are run by the Municipality and th,e remaining 3 are under private aided There are 5 upper primary schools management. Out of 7 high schools 5 are imparting instruction to 2,560 chirdren. The located in their own buildings. 3 out of 4 average strength of the school works out to 512 Municipal high schools and 2 out of 3 high children. The total number of teachers working schools under private management are having in these schools is 60 and the teacher-oupfl their own buildings. All the 7 high schools are ratio works out to 1 :42. Out of 5 upper primary run in pucca buildings provided with all schools, 3 are run by the Municipality and the facilities. Only 2 out of 4 Municipal high schools remaining 2 are under private aided manage are reported to have adequate ment. 3 out of 5 upper primary schools are accommodation, while the remaining 5 high having their own buildings. 2 out of 3 Municipal schools do not provide sufficieqt sitting schools and one of the two private schools are accommodation. Again 3 out of 4 Municipal located in their own buildings. Only one high schools and 2 out of 3 private schools are Municipal upper primary school is having its having playgrounds. They are also provided building in good condition while the remaining with sanitary facilities. 4 schools are located in buildings which are not structurally sound. None of the school$ is Higher Education reported to have adequate accommodation. Only two schools are having playgrounds, Even though Cuddapah is the district '1', headquarters town, it has not acquired any Secondary Education educational importance until the Government Arts College was established in 1947. One There are altogether 7 high schools with Women's College, two Junior Colleges and an a total student strength of 5,378. The total Industrial Institution were added later. The number of teachers employed in these high following statement shows the particulars of schools is 150 and the teacher-pupil ratio Colleges and Technical Institutions in the town. Statement 111(2) Particulars of colleges and technical institutions in Cudd,apah town SI. No, Name of the Institution Area in acres No. of students No. of Teachers studying in the Working in the Institution Institution 2 3 4 5 1. Government Arts College 45.16 2,102 115 2. Government Women's College 3.00 300 25 3. Government Junior College for girls 2.33 1,500 45 4. Sri Ramakrishna Junior College 7.84 2,605 66 5, St. Anthony \'tIdustrial Institute 3.52 200 20 30 Government Arts College Oriental Education This college was started in 1947. It was In spite of its great heritage and intimate previously housed in the District Board association with oriental learning in the past, Building. It rose to a first grade college in the town has now a very few institutions 1951. It was shifted in 1954 to its permanent imparting oriental education. One of them, the building, an imposing structure situated in the Sri vani Sanskrit Pathasala was founded in extreme south of the town by the side of the 1961. It trains its pupils, 50 in 198"5, to Collector's Bungalow opposite to Railway Prathama, Parichaya and Abhigna standards. Station on a site about 50 acres over looking Students of the last two standards appear for the distant Talakonda. The cost of the examinations conducted by the Sanskrit construction of the main building was about Bhasha Pracharini Sabha, Chittoor. Apart from Rs. 9 lakhs. It was first affiliated to Madras the above institutions there are institutions like University and later on to the Andhra Vocational Training School and Government University from the beginning of the academic School for the Blind. The Vocational Training School was set up in 1958 by the Women's year 1954-55 and finally to sri Venkateswara Welfare Department under the Second Five University in 1956-57. The students strength Year Plan. With a view to train educated of the college in the year 1985-86 was 2,102. unemployed women of the backward classes There are 200 employees in this institution of as well as those from the low income group whom 115 are teaching staff while 85 belong within the town and all the neighbouring areas, to non-teaching category. Equipped with the Vocational school offers secretarial Laboratories, library, hostel, playground and courses like typing, short hand, accountancy other facilities, it caters to the higher and commercial practice covering a COOfse of educational needs not only of the town but three years duration. Similarly, the Government also of the district. School for the blind established in 1949 Government Women's College provides lodging, boarding, clothing and medical attendance for its pupits in addition to This college is of recent origin and is meeting their expenses for visiting their homes considered a great stride in the field of during summer vacation. The education women's education, especially in a backward imparted covers, besides general and physical region like Cuddapah. It is located in education, lessons in vocal and instrumental Nagarajupet area near Bugga Vagu in the music and training in crafts such as tailoring. Western Part of the town. It extends over 3 The school is accommodated in the newly acres of land. The total strength of students in donated building. The government has the year 1985-86 was 300. There are 25 constructed an additional block in 1 954. There members of teaching staff and 10 members of being no examination for Prathama , office staff catering to the educational and Maaarse-Ammenia (1958) and Madarse administrative requirements of the students. Nasarath Khudadad (1942) are maintained on public donations and attached to mosques. St. Anthony's Industrial Institute These schools generally impart education in Arabic, Persian and Urdu. This institute was started in 1957 and was recognised by the government in 1960. It is run Health and Medical Facilities by the Dioceses of the Nellore Society. It trains boys for a period of five years in Carpentry and Public Health is concerned with the Blacksmithy. science of preventing diseases, prolonging 31 life and promoting physi.cal and mental hospital was electrified in 1941 and a new efficiency to the people. The Public Health operation theatre was also constructed. An Programme has a wide field in towns covering X-Ray Department opened in 1949, a T.B. Clinic the entire range, of matters relating to established in 1957, Venereal and Family sanitation of the town, control of infectious Planning Clinics in 1958, E.N.T. (ear, nose and diseases, child welfare, etc. throat) clinic and a blood-bank in 1959, a dental clinic, a non-gazetted government employees In Cuddapah town, there is only one big clinic added in 1960 constitute the Hospital, viz., the Government Headquarters improvements to the hospital. Over the years, Hospital with a bed strength of 250. The the bed strength of the hospital rose from 68 in Municipality is maintaining two dispensaries besides a Maternity and Child Welfare Centre 1916 to 250 in 1961. In 1962, two additional with 4 beds. In addition to these, there are wards, each of 20 beds and in 1963 a maternity about 70 dispensaries, nursing homes, and ward of 16 beds have been added to the clinics in the town run by private practitioners. institution. There are 17 doctors and 43 The total number of patients treated in the members among nursing staff, 3 mid-wives and private medical institutions is about 480 per 8 compounders. As of 1985 field survey, the day. The daily average number of out-patients daily average number of out-patients treated in treated by the Government Hospital is 297. The the hospital was 2,200. I Government Headquarters Hospital is catering to the needs of the population of not only The following statement shows the Cuddapah town but also of the district. number of out-patients and in-patients (old and new) attended to during the last 3 years, Government Headquarters Hospital i.e., from 1985-86 to 1987-88. This hospital is situated by the side of the Statement 111(3) Municipal Office and to the east of Police Lines. The car:1pus of the hospital is 4 hectares (10 Number of out-patients and in-patients acres). This hospital, originally a dispensary, treated in the Headquarters Hospital, was established in 1842 in a building said to Cuddapah have been built and used as a private residence Year No. of Average No. by Sir Thomas Munro around 1875, the Out-patients In-patients of patients institution was reported to have treated per accommodated 24 in-patients. In 1881, the day dispensary was located in a bigger building 2 3 4 capable of accommodating about 32 in-patients. The institution was in charge of a 1985-86 2,58,214 1,25,958 3,84,172 Civil Surgeon under the direct management of 1986-87 2,96,144 1,34,552 4,30,696 the Municipal Commissioner. The staff included two hospital assistants and a mid-wife. In 1906, 1987-88 75,259 33,277 1,08,536 a separate out-patient department was Source: Government General Headquarters Hospital, constructed. Vaccination and small-pox sheds Cuddapah. . were constructed in 1913. In the next year, a maternity block and an isolation ward were It may be seen from the above statement added. In 1915, an operation theatre was that on an average per day, 707 out-patients in completed. The institution was taken over by 1985-86, 811 in 1986-87 and 206 in the year the government in 1918. In 1921, anti-rabbies 1987-88, were attended while the average treatment was introduced in the hospital. The numbers of in-patients treated per day was 345 32 in 1985-86, 369 in 1986-87 and 91 during beds spread on the ground to meet the 1987-88. demand. The patients in the hospital are always more than the sanctioned bed strength. There is no distinction between the old and new patients in' respect of in-patients. As TIle fGllowing statement s;,ows the the in-patients are more than the sanctioned number of patients treated by nature of bed-strength, the patients are provided with important diseases. Statement III (4) Important diseases and number of patients treated in the Government General Headquarters Hospital in 1987-88 SI. No. Name of the disease Number of SI. No. Name of the disease Number of patients patients treated treated 2 3 2 3 1. Tuberculosis of respiratory system 7,152 31. Rheumatic fever 75 2. Tuberculosis of other forms 1,324 32. Arterio seleromis 50 3. Syphilis and its equialic 4 33. Hypertensive disease 415 4. Genococcal infectons 12 34. Veins disease 125 5. Dysentery (all forms) 2,734 35. Acute pharyngitis & Tonsillities 126 6. Other infectious diseases 5 36. Poliomyelitis 100 7. Typhoid 1,514 37. Pneumonia 100 8. Cholera 2 38. Bronchitis 1,815 9. Whooping cough 7 39. All other respiratory diseases 200 10. Diptheria 65 40. Stomach and duodenum diseases 40 11. Measles 32 41. Appendicitis 15 12. Malaria 350- 42. Hernia of abdominal cavity distractions 80 13. Pyorlia 12 43. Diarrhoea and entasitis 3,600 14. Filariasis 215 44. Other diseases of digestive system 420 15. Pydatidotis 12 45. Cirrhosis of liver 480 16. Leprosy 46 46. Diseases of teeth 400 17. Tetanus 365 47. Nephritis and nephrosis 150 18. Acute polimyelitis 19 48. Diseases of Genito-urinary system 380 19. Yellow fever 3 49. Skin infection 150 20. Small-pox 35 50. Ulr,ers 1,150 21. Infectious hepatitis 250 51. Other skin diseases 600 22. Malignant neoplasms 229 52. Arthritis and rheumatism except 98 23. Benign Neoplasma 85 rheumatic fever 24. Thyroid gland 10 53. Diseases of bones and other organs of 120 movement, Fracture, etc. 25. Diabetis mellitus 1,615 54. Accidents, fractures and poisoning 725 26. 'A'Vitaminoses 325 55. Burns 150 27. Psyenoneuroses 315 56. Snake bites 45 28. Anaemia 925 57. Other diseases 1,648 29. Vascular lesions 120 30. Chronic Rheumatic heart diseases 238 Total 31,277 Source: Government Headquarters General Hospital, Cuddapah. 33 Facilities for the treatment of infectious Society's building in Bellam Mandi was handed diseases and tuberculosis have also been over to the Municipality in 1939. A Woman provided in the Hospital. A well equipped Medical Officer was appointed during the year general medicine, general surgery, gynic and 1941 with four maternity assistants for obstretics, dental, radiology with scanni.1g, conducting ante and post-natal cases at the Dist. Laboratory, Leprosy, T.B., ~nfectious centre. Another centre was started by the diseases items, M.P.H.W.'s (F) Training Centre, Municipality at Nagarajupet locality during Paediatrics, Orthopaedics, E. N.T., Family 1953-54. The guild service maintains a centre Welfare Programmes, Blood Bank, V.D. Clinic, at Nabikot locality in the neighbourhood of N.G.G.O., Traumotalogy, etc., and their Cuddapah town. departments have also been attached to the :. c::pital. Family Planning The question of family planning received J'V1unicipal Ayurvedic Dispensary significant attention during the Second Plan This dispensary is located in its own period. Urban Family Planning Clinics were building in the northern part of the town. On an opened at the Government Headquarters average, 350 out-patients per day are availing Hospital in 1958. The Family Planning medical assistance rendered by a single Department, the social workers and other Medical Officer with the assistance of two agencies connected with it are successfully compounders and a nurse propagating the importance and the necessity of birth control through songs, dramas and Municipal Unani Dispensary folk-dances and personal persuation. This has This dispensary is located in a rented created an atmosphere in favour of Family building in the north-western part of the town. Planning and increased general awarenes~. Attended by a full-tirl!e medical officer with the The response from the public is, however; assistance of a compounder, and a male nurse, encouraging. Family Planning work in the the dispensary treats about 400 out-patients a town has been discussed in Chapter XII. day. E.S.I. Hospital Maternity and Child Welfare Centre This hospital was started in the year This Maternity and Child Welfare Centre 1971 and is housed in a rented building is located in Bellam Mandi locality. The situated in Jayanagar colony. This hospital beginning of maternity and child welfare work mainly attends to the industrial workers and in this district can be traced to the opening of their families. There are about 2,000 industrial a child welfare centre by the Cuddapah workers working within the Municipal limits Municipality in June, 1925. A little earlier, the and all these are covered by the E.S.1. scheme. National Health and Baby Week was celebrated The number of old cases treated for the year in the town for the first time. During the same 1983-84 were about 30,000 and new cases period, subsidised rural dispensaries also about 2,400. The average number of cases began to be set up in the district. The treated daily by this hospital is estimated to be establishment of these dispensaries, with their 150 during the year 1983-84. No beds for maternity assistants greatly contributed ti' in-patients have been provided. In case of Maternity and child welfare work in the district. emergency, patients are directed to get The Red Cross Society also started a centre in admission in Government hospital where all the town in 1936, but it was soon closed. The facilities are available to the patients. The staff 34 of the hospital consists of one Deputy Civil Transport Surgeon and Assistant Civil Surgeon, one one Among all the district headquarters in the Staff Nurse, two Pharmacists, two Clerks and state, Cuddapah was the first to be linked to rail two Peons. communication. The Madras-Bombay broad Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes gauge line, cutting diagonally across the district from Balapalle in the south-east to In addition to the above hospitals, there Sugumanchipalle in the north-west, is the only are about 30 nursing homes and 40 railway line which traverses the district. The line dispensaries and cli~ics (private) in the town. forming part of the Madras-Raichur section of Some of them are also attending to maternity the southern railway, was opened for traffic cases besides other medical treatment. from Arkonam to Reddipalle on the first of October, 1864 from Reddipalle to Cuddapah, The Allopathic Practitioners are about 4 miles, (6.5 kms.) on the 1 st of concentrated in urban areas especially in September, 1865 and from Cuddapah to Cuddapah town and a fair proportion of them Muddanur, about 35 miles (56 kms.) on the 1st are government servants. In spite of this, the August, 1866. Tr.e delay in the construction of number of allopathic doctors still continues to bridges over the Chitravati and the Penneru be extremely limited and their paucity is felt retarded further progress. The line was opened even in government or quasi-government upto Tadpatri, a distance of 31 miles (50 kms.) institutions. The number of practitioners on the 1st of September, 1868. The railway line registered under the Medical Registration Act enters the district through the picturesque are 70. Balapalle pass. Cutting through the expensive bed of the Vontimitta tank, it soon enters the The treatment in Ayurvedic and also in basin surrounding Cuddapah town. On an Unani Medicine are available in the town. The average about more than 1 lakh persons arrive Homeopathic treatment is, however, more in at and leave Cuddapah railway station in a year. ,prominence in the town region. The following The following statement shows the incoming statement shows the medical facilities and out-going passengers at Cuddapah available in the local hospitals, dispensaries railway station during 1982-86. clinics, nursing homes, maternity centres, etc., for the people living in Cuddapah and the Statement 111(6) neighbouring villages. Incoming and outgoing passengers at Statement 111(5) Cuddapah Railway Station, 1982-86 Year No. of incoming No. of outgoing Number of beds and average out-patients passengers passengers , per day and the medical staff in the town 2 3 1. Number of beds 350 1982 2,19,000 1,65,697 2. Average number of out-patients per day 480 1983 2,37,250 1,46,922 3. Total number of Doctors (Including 85 unregistered doctors) 1984 2,44,550 1,91,672 4. Number of Nurses 118 1'985 2,50,375 1,95,529 5. Number of Para-medical staff 165 1986 2,56,500 2,1U02 Source: Survey Data. Source: Cuddapah Railway Station Office. 35 There is not much increase in the into the town while foodgrains, groundnut communication of passengers traffic by rail seeds, turmeric and Barytes are the chief over a period of five years. On an average daily commodities that are exported out of the town. inflow is 660 persons and outflow is 500 persons by rail. The following statement shows Road Transport the inflow and outflow of goods by rail at The town is situated on the state Cuddapah Railway Station during 1982-86. highway which connects Kurnool on the north Statement 111(7) and Chittoor on the south. The major roads meeting at Cuddapah are (1) Kurnool Inflow and outflow of goods by rail at Cuddapah-ChiUoor Road (State Highway), (2) Cuddapah Railway Station, 1982-86 Cuddapah-Madras Road (State Highway), (3) Year Inflow (goods Outflow (goods Cuddapah-Vampalle Road and (4) Cuddapah unloaded loaded in Sidhout Road. There is a good network of in quintals) quintals) roads connecting all the taluk headquarters 2 3 with the district headquarters. There are regular buses plying daily between the district 1982 7,86,630 3,85,450 headquarters and all the taluk headquarters. 1983 7,75,140 3,93,303 Buses constitute the most popular and the most effective means of mass transportation. 1984 11,68,850 . 5,20,940 The town is naturally served by several bus 1985 14,22,700 8,31,644 routes. All the district headquarters towns of 1986 16,20,200 10,11,220 Rayalaseema region are connected to Cuddapah town by road. Other important Source: Cuddapah Railway Station Office. towns like Vijayawada, Tirupati and Nellore are also connected to Cuddapah town by The inflow of g~ods is almost double the road. Bus services exceeding 200 operate size of outflow of goods. The volume of inflow daily f!om Cuddapah to other places and from and outflow of commodities has almost other places to Cuddapah carrying a total of doubled during the period of five years, i.e., 12,500 passengers in both the directions. 1982-86. It works out to an average of about 3,900 quintals' of goods per day that are The following statement shows the three unloaded at the railway station while about important roads through which the various i 2,300 quintals of goods are loaded daily from types of vehicles, i.e., fast moving and slow , the station. Fertilizers, cement and timber are moving vehicles come in and go out of the the important commodities that are imported town. 36 Statement III (8) Incoming and outgoing vehicles Name of the checkpost Incoming vehicles Outgoing vehicles Buses and Cars, Slow Total Buses and Cars, Slow Total Lorries Taxies moving lorries taxies, moving Loaded etc. vehicles loaded etc. vehicles and empty and empty 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chittoor Road 188 70 258 170 50 220 2. Kurnool Road 480 90 570 375 98 3 476 3. Madras Road 340 286 2 628 280 291 2 573 Source: Break Inspector Office, Cuddapah The traffic volume appears to be sizeable characterised by narrow and congested roads on Kurnool and Madras roads. The highest buzzing with heavy commercial activities traffic volume is found on Seven Roads providing access through the town towards Junction followed by Station Road, Municipal Madras, Sidhout and Kurnool. Almost all the Office Road and Bus Stand Road. In general,_ it functional institutions and the modern is observed that the Trunk Road which runs in residential areas are located only to the south· the east-west direction via Clock Tower and of the town. The Trunk Road and the Station Almaspet and the Station Road which runs in Road are the two important roads in the existing the North-South direction via Seven Roads circulation pattern of the town. The trunk road Junction and Joins the Trunk Road on the north runs in the East-west direction passing through and Yerramukkapalle Road on the South are clock tower and Almaspet of the old town area. the important roads subject to heavy traffic. The Station Road runs in the north-south direction passing through the Seven Roads Roads and streets Junction and connects the trunk road on the The mileage of roads maintained by north and Yerramukkapalle road on the south. ;uddapah Municipality was 40.80 kms. in 1884, Badarkhan Musjid Road and Bellary Road both 6 kms. in 1920, 53.35 kms. in 1963-64 and run parallel in the east-west direction in the old ~.85 kms. during 1972-73. The total length of town area which connected to the district roads r ads and streets maintained by the at both ends. In the market area of the old town, lVlunicipality at the end of 1985 is 102.40 kms. Y.V. Street runs in the north-south direction Out of thiS 100.31 kms. is covered by pucca while Mandi Bazar Road passes across Y.V. roads and 2.09 kms. by kutcha roads. Street in the east-west direction. Cuddapah is an elongated town spreading from north to south. The old town is located in Growth of vehicles the north, while the railway station, Government Arts College and the Industrial Estate are An analysis of the registration of vehicles situated in the extreme south. The space in over different years gives an overall picture of ">etween was filled by the collectorate and the developmental activities in and around the office complexes, Headquarters Hospital, Bus town. The following statement shows the stand and such other functional institutions pOSition of different types of automobiles on besides a number of colonies. The old town is road in Cuddapah during 1982-86. 37 Statement III (9) Vehicles registered in Cuddapah during 1982-86 81. No. Type of vehicle No. of registered vehicles during 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 ..., 1 ... 3 4 5 6 7 1. Bus 242 214 190 257 274 2. Vehicle transporting goods 630 577 701 648 668 3. Motor Car and Jeep 547 601 517 583 776 4. Contract carriage 3 4 24 Motor cycle & Scooter 801 350 448 716 1156 ') Others 203 222 264 268 267 Total 1,923 1,964 2,123 2,476 3,165 Source: Vehicles Regi5tration Office, Cuddapah. There was a steady increase in the total except for a short period from 26th of Ja~uary, number of vehicles registered during 1982-86. 1955 to 24th of February, 1957 when Substantial improvement was made in the Cuddapah and Chittoor districts constituted category of vehicles like cars, jeeps, motor the Chittoor division, these two districts cycles and scooters, buses, goods vehicles together with Nellore, formed the Nellore and others have not considerably increased Division. The headquarters of the new during 1982-85. The following statement shows Cuddapah division was initially located at the number of slow moving vehicles in the town Chittoor town itself but shifted to Cuddapah during the years 1982-86. on the 15th September, 1957. The Cuddapah division, which is under the administrative Statement 111(10) control of the Superintendent of Post Offices, Slow moving vehicles in Cuddapah Town Cuddapah, is divided into seven postal during 1982-85 sub-divisions. Cuddapah town has besides the Head Post Office, seven no delivery Type of slow Number plying on Cuddapah moving vehicles Roads during sub-offices and a Railway mail Service Office. 1982 1983 1 984 1985 Telegraph facilities are provided only at the Head Office. The two sub-offices at the 2 3 4 5 cooperative colony and the Mandi Bazar, as 1. Cycle 1,450 1,453 1,650 1,434 well as the Head Office are Public Call Offices. The present building in which the Head Post 2. Rickshaw 858 1,060 1,831 1,558 Office is'located seems to have been originally 3. Cart 150 135 150 158 constructed in 1965. 4. Jatka 18 18 18 15 Slaughter House Source: Municipal Records, Cuddapah. Communication A slaughter house is being maintained by the Municipality with a Veterinary Assistant The Cuddapah postal division co Surgeon in charge of it. 30,606 animals terminus with the revenue district, is one of the comprising 2,506 cattle, 3,044 buffaloes,. most compact divisions in the Andhra Pradesh 14,556 s.heep and 10,500 goats, were Postal Circle. It was formed in 1957. Earlier, slaughtered for meat during the year 1985-86. 38 Funeral grounds Municipal record is about 134.91 acres (54.60 Hectares). The K.C. Canal, Buggavagu, patha Burial grounds and crematoriam serve as Cuddapah Tank and Muttarajupalle Kunta are lung spaces when they are in the midst of the important water sources found in the town. thickly built up areas. There are 16 burial Patha-Cuddapah Tank forms a part of northern grounds in the town. The total extent of site boundary of the Municipal limits of the town. under burial grounds is about ·11.74 hectares. The K.C. Canal traverses through the 3 out of 16 burIal grounds belong to the Hindu north-western portion of the town. Community and the remaining are used by Muttarajupalle Kunta is located in the limits of \'~uslim community. Graves pertaining to the the eastern boundary of the Municipal area. r"iuslim Community are found scattered amidst The Buggavagu runs parallel to the western the residential areas of the town as there is no boundary of the Municipal limits (outside the municipal boundary except for a small extent· particular burial ground allotted to this minority within the Municipal limits). Green belts and community. parks are being developed along these river· Water. courses and tanks wherever possible to relieve the congestion in the heavy built up areas. The extent of area under water courses If completed, it will help cool down the hot and tanks within the Municipal limits as per the weather in the summer months. CHAPT!;R IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN The economy of the town as derived Censuses and their variations have been from the work participation of the working discussed and given in appendix. force reveals that industry, service and trade and commerce are the main stay of the people Occupational structure of population in of the town, while the agricultural activities of the town, 1981 the surrounding areas will have their impact on the development of the core town. The occupational distribution of workers, as a matter of fact, differes from town to town. A study of the relative importance of the As per the definition of worker in 198,1 different sectors of the town's economy, Census, the workers were classified into four enables to make a realistic assessment of the categories viz., 1. Cultivators, 2. requirements of land services and other Agricultural Labourers, 3. Household Industry amenities to be provided under the major uses (manu- facturing, processing, servicing and for the future development of the town. The repairs) and 4. Other workers. The definition statement below indicates the industrial pattern of workers adopted in 1961, 1971 and in 1981 of the working population in Cuddapah town. Statement IV.(1) Industrial pattern of workers in Cuddapah town, 1981 Sl. Category of workers Number of workers Percentage No. of workers Males Females Persons to total workers 2 3 4 5 6 1. Total population 53,452 49,673 1,03,125 2. Main workers 26,141 3,511 29,65~ 98.24 3. Agricultural labourers 614 325 939 3.11 4. Household Industry, Manufacturing, Processing, 670 336 1,006 ~.33 servicing and repairs 5. Other workers (III, IV, V b and VI to IX categories) 24,572 2,828 27,400 90.78 6. Marginal workers 161 371 532 1.76 40 Out of the total population of 1,03,125 workers in cultivation. Besides being an persons residing in the town, only 30,184 important trading centre and administrative persons forming 29.26 per cent are workers headquarters for the district, the town has also while the remaining are non-workers. These acquired considerable importance in workers are further categorised into main transportation and iDdustrial sectors. A workers (those who have worked for more than comparison of the working force of the town in 6 months in the year) and marginal workers the different sectors during 1971 and 1981 (those who have worked for less than 6 months Censuses is given below: in the year). Of the 30,184 workers, 29,652 forming 98.24' per cent are main workers and Statement IV(2) 532 forming 1 .76 per cent are marginal workers. Comparison of industrial category of Of the 29,652 main workers, 26,141 are males population in terms of percentage during and 3,511 are females. Among the 532 marginal 1971-1981 workers, the females (371) have out-numbered the males (161). These figures between the two SI. Category Percentage in types of workers reveal that males who carry No. 1971 1981 the responsibility of the family on their 2 3 4 shoulders, as in the case ,of every average 1. Cultivators 1.29 1.02 citizen, are mostly engaged as main workers while the females who, in general, attend to the 2. Agricultural labourers 4.60 3.11 normal household chores, seem to be showing 3. Household industry, manufacturing, 2.07 3.33 interest in working as marginal workers in their processing, servicing and repairs leisure time to share the responsibilities and 4. Other Workers (III, IV, V(b), 92.04 90.78 financial burdens of the menfolk. Most of the VI to IX categories) men and women attend to other works while the 5. Marginal workers 1.76 majority among the remaining all interested in Total 100.00 100.00 attending to agricultural labour and household industry, manufacturing, processing, servicing It is seen from the above statement that and repairs, etc., with equal zeal. The number other workers including those working in of females engaged in cultivation is very low transportation, construction and manu when compared the males in the same facturing and other industrial sectors are category. This is due to the reason that the marginally on the increasing trend, while the women show less interest in carrying out jobs cultivators and agricultural labourers have that deal with various operations involving received a set back during 1971-81. Both the labour and supervision, trade and commerce, sectors have sharply declined from 1.29 per transportation and communication, live stock, cent, and 4.60 per cent in 1971 to 1.02 and 3.11 forestry, plantation and allied activities. Of the respectively in 1981. While a segment of total workers engaged in various occupations, household industry has increased from 2.07 the category of workers employed in other per cent in 1971 to 3.33 per cent in 1981 due to works as specified above ranks first 90.78 per the establishment of various small scale cent followed by household industry, industries financed by the banks and other manufacturing, processing, servicing and private institutions, the other segment Le. other repairs (3.33 per cent), 3.11 per cent of the workers has also recorded a marginal increase workers are engaged as agricultural labourers from 90.78 per cent in 1971 to 92.04 per cent in and 1.02 per cent at the 1981 Census 1.76 per 1981, which may be due to the fact that the cent workers were recorded as Marginal educational institutions have played their part 41 in imparting education to a few more persons and 20 with more than 90 per cent of their total during the decade and this has led them to seek workers engaged in the 4th category. better jobs rather' than depending on agriculture or working as agricultural labourers. Sample popul~tion There was no marginal workers category at the In order to obtain a brief idea on the living 1971 Census. The marginal workers introduced conditions of the 300 households were at the 1981 Census accounted for 1 .76 per cent i~terviewed on vartous aspec'i:s relating to the of the total workers. There is no appreciable social and economic conditions. In these change in the primary sector during the same households there are 1,675 persons of whom period. 834 are males and 841 are females were Distribution of working force in various covered under this survey. The distribution of municipal wards workers and non-workers in the sample households is as follows: Ward No. 21 and 20 contain the highest percentage of cultivators, i.e. about 2.99 per Workers and non-workers cent and 2.24 per cent respectively, of its total From among the 1 ,675 persons covered working force, while agricultural labourers are by the sample survey, 450 persons forming observed to be more with about 13.13 per cent, 26.87 per cent are workers while the remaining 12.28 per cent and 8.59 per cent respectively 1,225 persons forming 73.13 per cent are of the total working force in ward Nos. 9, 16 and non-workers. Taken by sex, among the 834 8. Workers in household industry are more in males, 400 are workers (47.96%) while among ward No. 12 with about 16.92 per cent of its total the 841 females only 50 (5.95%) are workers. working force. About 92.38 per cent of the The female working population is much low working population of the entire town are compared to the male population. A large engaged in the 4th category Le., other workers percentage of 74.45 among the workers are in including trade, transportation, construction, the age-group of 25 to 59 years followed by communication, live stock, forestry, plantation 18.00, 6.22 and 1.33 per cent in age-groups of and allied activities. The highest percentage of 15-24, 60 and above and 0-14 years workers engaged in the 4th category as per respectively. The low percentage of workers 1981 Census is found in ward No. 13 with about recorded in the age-group of 0-14 years 98.38 per cent. Ward Nos. 6, 19, 18, 15 and 3 indicates that the households are particularly in have got more than 98 per cent of the total educating their children rather than forming workers engaged in the 4th category. them to earn their livelihood in order to drive Fo"owed by these are ward Nos. 4, 17, 21, 2 out their poor economic condition. Statement IV (3) . Sample population of workers and non-workers by age-group and sex SI. Age-group Total Workers Non-workers No. Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. 0-14 528 257 271 6 5 1 522 252 270 2. 15-24 364 194 170 81 69 12 283 125 158 3. 25-59 674 325 349 335 302 33 339 23 316 4. 60 and above 109 58 51 28 24 4 81 34 47 1,675 834 841 450 400 50 1,225 434 791 42 Workers by place of work and distance away, for 11 persons it is 2 kms. away, for 4 workers the working place is at 4 to 6 kms. The following statement shows the distance, for 3 workers the place of work is at Religion, Caste distribution of sample popu a distance of 1 km. while for only one person it lation by distance of place of workers from the is between 7 and 9 kms. while a majority of the residence as many as 399 of the 450 total workers work in the town, only 11.33 per cent workers i.e., 88.67 per cent, the place of work go outside the town for work. Only 3.11 per cent is the town itself while 51 go to work outside of the workers work at places with a range of 2 the town. For 15 workers the place of work is kms. 8.22 per cent of them work in places at a distance of 10 Kms. and above from the beyond 2 kms. town, for 12 persons the place of work is 3 kms. Statement IV (4) Workers by place of work and distances 81. Religion/ Same Place of work Outside the town within a distance of No. Caste{Tribel place of Community enumeration 1 km. 2kms. 3 kms. 4 to 6 kms. 7 to 9 kms. 10 and above kms. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I. HINDUS 1. Balija 44 2 3 4 2. Bhatrajulu 2 3. Bestha 2 4. Brahmin 15 3 2 4 5. Chakali 7 6. Devangulu 3 7. Jangam Devara 8. Ediga 8 9. Goundla 10 2 10. Kamsali 11 1 11. Kapu 3 12. Khatri 2 13. Kshatriya 5 14. Kummarl 15. Mangal! 3 .16. Madarl 4 17. Padmasali 8 18. Rajput 2 43 Statement IV(4) - Contd. SI. Religion/ Same Place of work Outside the town within a distance of No. Caste/Tribe{ place of Community enumeration 1 km. 2kms. 3kms. 4 to 6 kms. 7 to 9 kms. 10 and above kms. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 19. Reddy 23 1 20. Setti Balija 12 21. Sadhu Setti 22. Tagata 3 23. Vaddera 4 24. Vyasa 19 2 2 25. Yadav 2 26. Madiga (S.C.) 6 27. Mala (S.C.) 30 28. Machi (S.C.) 2 29. Valmiki 4 1 30. Yerkula (S.T.) II. Muslim' 147 3 2 1 III. Christian 11 2 IV. Jain 3 TOTAL 399 3 11 12 9 1 15 (88.67) (0.67) (2.44) (2.67) (2.00) (0.22) (3.33) Statement VI (5) Workers by sex and occupational status Workers by sex and by occupational status as Survey Data The following statement shows the SI. Employment Workers employment status of the 450 workers in the No. Status Total Males Females sample population. Employees form 53.78 per 1 2 3 4 5 cent, single workers form 30.44 per cent, 1. Employers 10 10 family workers constitute 13.56 per cent and (2.22%) (100.00%) employers form only 2.22 per cent. While a . 2. Employees 242 221 21 majority of the workers are employees (53.78%) (91.32%) (8.68%) working in Government Offices and .private 3. Single Workers 137 123 14 (30.44%) (89.78%) (10.22%) establishments, very few are employers. 4. Family Workers 61 46 15 (13.56%) (75.41%) (24.59%) TOTAL 450 400 50 (100) (88.89) (11.11) 44 Workers by mode of transport scooter, etc., 3 by horsecarts, 3 by car and 2 by jeep and of the remaining 57 persons, 4 Of the 450 workers, 246 go by walk and work in the premises of the houses while 53 30 by bus, while 18 reach their places of work reach the places of work by bullock cart. The by rickshaws. As many as 79 go to their place following statement highlights the above of work by cycles, 1 i go by motor cycle, picture, Statement IV (6) Workers by mode of transport to place of work of Sample survey SI. Category Walk Rickshaw Cycle Motor Horse- Jeep Car Train Buses Bull- Work- No. eye'e! cart ock ing in scooter cart the same place 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Household industry I 5 4 processing and servicing etc. 2. Other workers 225 18 79 11 3 2 3 1 23 53 (III, IV, V(b) & VI to IX categories) TOTAL 230 18 79 11 3 2 3 1 23 53 4 Industrial category of head of household The households surveyed belong to 4 communities, tl"e majority being Hindus (195 Statement IV.7 given in the next page or 65.00 per cent) followed by Muslims (96 or presents the distribution of surveyed 32.00 per cent), Christians (8 or 2.67 per cent) households by Industrial category. It is seen and Jain (1 or 0.33 per cent). Among the Hindu Community, Balijas with 38 (39.58 per cent) that 244 workers out of 261 forming 93.48 per households form the majority followed by 20 cent fall under the category other services (20.83 per cent) households belonging to followed by 11 workers forming 4.22 per cent Vysya Caste, 19 (19.79 per cent) Brahmins, 18 under household industry and 3 each forming (18.75 per cent) Reddys and 10 (10.41 per 1 .15 per cent under the category of cultivators cent) Goundlas. Households from the an<;f agricultural labourers respectively. The remaining castes are negligible. Among the remaining 39 households are non-workers of Scheduled Castes, 11 (55.00 per cent) belong whom 17 households forming 43.59 per cent to Mala caste, 5 (25.00 per cent) Adi Andhra 3 are engaged in household duties, 13 forming (15.00 per cent) belong to Madiga caste while 33.33 per cent are retired persons and 1 (5.00 per cent) belongs to Alundhatiya pensioners while 9 households forming 23.08 caste. There is only one household belonging per cent are dependents. to the scheduled tribe Yerukula. 45 Statement IV (7) Households by religion/caste/tribe and industrial category of head of household as of Sample survey Sf. Religion/Caste/ No. of Workers Non-workers No. Tribe/Community house- Cultivators Agricul- House- Other House- Depen- Retiree, holds tural hold services nold dents pensio- labourer industry Duties ners 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HINDU 1. Adi Andhra (S.C.) 5 3 2 2. Arundhatiya (S.C.) 1 3. Balija 38 27 4 5 4. Bhatrajulu 1 1 5. Bestha • 1 6. Brahmin 19 15 3 7. Chakali 4 4 8. Devangulu 3 3 9. Ediga 6 4 10. Goundla 10 8. 11. Jangamdevara 1 1 12. Kapu 2 2 13. Kamsali or Viswabrahmin 7 2 3 14. Khantri 15. Kshatriya 4 2 '16. Kummari 1 1 17. Madiga (RC.) 3 2 18. Mala (S.C.) 11 2 9 19. Mangali 2 20. Madari 3 21. Mothi 22. Padmasali 9 8 1 23. Reddy 18 14 2 24. Rajaput 1 2!J. Sadhusethi 1 26. Setti Balija 8 7 27. Togata 3 3 28. Vaddara 4 4 29. Valmiki 3 3 30. Vaisya 20 18 31. Yadava 3 3 32. Yerukula (S.T.) 1 1 33. Christian 8 5 34. Jain 1 1 35. Muslim 96 - 4 84 8. TOTAL 300 3 11 244 17 9 13 46 Employment Depth As can be seen from the above statement, in nearly two thirds (64%) of the Among the 300 households covered by households, there is only one worker, while in the survey, there are working members in 4291 a little above one-fifth (22%) of the households. These households are distributed over 21 Mu'ni,cipal Wards of the town. The households, there are two workers. There are employment depth Le., "number of workers in 19 households having 3 workers, 6 the household" of these 291 households is households with 4 workers 6 households with shown below. 5 workers and only 2 households are reported to have 6 workers and above in their Statement IV (8) households. In 9 households there is no Households by employment depth as of workers at all. These 9 nil worker households Sample Survey pertain to the non-working categories. The following statement IV.9 shows the Households having No. of House- Percentage holds to total occupational diversity of households and their members. While 230 households forming 2 3 51.11 per cent have working members doing No worker 9 3,00 a similar job, 51 households forming 11.33 per 64.00 Single worker 192 cent have members with two types of 2 workers 66 22.00 occupations. Households with members 3 workers 19 6.33 engaged in 3, 4 and 5 occupations and above 4 workers 6 2.00 form 7, 1 and 2 per cent respectively. 5 workers 6 2.00 6 and above workers 2 0.67 TOTAL 300 100.00 47 Statement IV(9) Distribution of households by number of members and occupational diversity (i.e., different members having different occupations as of Sample survey) SI. Description of Number of households with number of members and diverse occupations in No. Occupational Total No. Total No. of No. of House- House- House- House- House- Diversity of house- household worKers holds holds holds holds holds holds members having having having having having one two three four five and occupa- occupa- occupa- occupa- above tion tions tions tions occupa- tions 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Trade & Commerce 54 297 92 45 7 2. Casual labour 23 125 37 15 8 3. Tailoring 3 16 6 2 4. Govt. service (employees 181 1,035 263 146 27 6 including private) 5. Artisans and other services 17 86 27 15 2 6. Frofessional services 6 30 9 4 2 - such as Doctors, Lawyers 7. Cultivators 2 10 2 8. Agricultural labourer 2 17 8 9. Construction 3 13 4 2 10. Non-,workers 8 41 11. Miscellaneous 5 2 TOTAL 300 1,675 450 230 51 7 2 Note : The remaining 9 households are not having any workers. Employment seekers by present occu any additi6nal or alternate employment. The pation and employment status following statement IV(10) shows the locality wise unemployed and persons in the Among the 450 workers classified into 86 household seeking employment by age group different occupations, none of them is seeking and sex. 48 Statement Localitywise, number of households with unemployed Locality Total Total Population Total Persons seeking house- Per- Mates Fe- No, of 15-~4 ~5-34 holds sons males house- Per- Mates Fe- Per- Males Fe- holds sons males sons males with at least one unemp- loyed 1 2 3 4 15 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1. Agadi Street 14 70 31 39 2. Almaspet 19 111 53 58 2 1 1 1 1 3. Ammavari Sala 23 114 54 60 2 4. Bellari Road 9 50 25 25 5. B.K.M. Street 6 38 20 18 1 6. Brahmin Street 9 39 24 15 2 2 2 7. Co-Op. Colony 22 121 63 58 4 2 2 2 2 8. Jama Masjid Street 6 34 16 18 9. Kotha Veedhi 8 40 21 19 10. Kancharpet 9 49 23 26 11. Mochampet 29 163 77 86 7 6 6 12. Masapet 21 124 60 64 2 1 1 1 1 13. Madras Road 6 34 19 15 14. Nagarajupet 34 232 112 120 4 3 3 1 15. Naqqash Street 16 90 51 39 16. Police Lane 29 166 82 84 1 1 17. Yerramukkapalle 32 158 80 78 1 1 1 18. Y.V. Street 8 42 23 19 '1 1 Total 300 1,675 834 841 27 19 19 8 7 49 IV(10) and persons seeking employment by age group and sex employment by age group 35-49 50-59 60 + Total Persons Males Females· Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 7 7 2 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 27 26 50 Unemployment depth in 19 households only one member each is unemployed, in 2 households 2 members are There are 23 households having not employed, while in another 2 households 3 unemployed persons. The employment depth members are unemployed. The following state is 6 at the most. Among these 23 households, ment IV.11 shows the unemployment depth. Statement IV( i 1) Distribution of households by unemployment depth (number of unemployed in the household) Number of Unemployed Number of Households by size and number of adults having including those who are No. of unemployed noted in Col. 1 seeking work All households Size 1-3 4-6 7-10 11 and (Adults) above 3 4 5 6 7 Nil 19 19 9 5 (94) (45) (25) 2 3 3 1 (24) (4) 3 1 1 (6) (6) TOTAL 23 23 11 3 (124) (55) (29) 51 The following statement shows the Unemployment, registration in the particulars of unemployment depth by locality. employment exchange Twenty-nine persons belonging to 14 Statement IV(12) different castes and communities have registered themselves in the employment Number of unemployed in the household exchange. Out of these 29 persons, 6 belong by locality to Muslim community, 4 Goundla, 3 each belong to Brahmin, Settibalija, Vysya castes SI. Locality Total Number of households respectively, while 2 belong to Kamsali. Among No. No. of with No. of unemployed the remaining 8 persons, one each belongs to house- members I'wlds One Two Three Balija, Besta, Ediga, Kshtriya, Madiga, Mala, Mem- mem- Mem- Padmasali and Valmiki Castes, ber bers bers Non-workers by Category 2 3 4 5 6 There are 1,225 non-workers of whom Almaspet 522 (42.61 %) are full-time students, 385 (31.43%) of the females are attending to r, " Ammavarisala 3 2 household duties, 8 (0.65%) are infants i.e. 3 Ballary Street children below 5 years including females, 259 (21.14%) are dependents and 20 (1.63%) are 4. BK M Street retired. Among the remaining 31 persons, 29 5 Brahmin Street 2 2 persons including females are seeking employment for the first time and 2 are rentiers. 6. Co-operative 2 The statement IV(13) highlights the above Colony picture. 7. Mochampet 6 6 Taken by age-groups it may be seen that 8. Masapet 2 2 the highest percentage of 34,20 (419 persons) non-workers is found in the age-group 15-34 9. Nagarajupet 3 2 years, followed by 28.00 (343 persons) in the 10. Police Lane age group of 5-14 years, 16.49 (202 persons) in the age group of 35-59 yrs, 14.69 (180 11. Yerramukhapalli 1 persons) in the age group of 0-4 yrs and lastly 12. Y.V. Street 6.62 (81 persons) in the age group of 60 yrs. and above. In females, the majority of TOTAL 23 19 3 non-workers is found in the age-group of 5-1' years. 52 Statement IV (13) Non-workers by category, age-group and sex SI. Category Age Group No. Males Females 0-4 5--14 15-34 35-59 60 & o 4 5-14 15-34 35--59 60 & Total above above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Household duties 8 190 173 14 385 2. Dependents 50 15 5 20 89 11 16 19 33 259 3. Infants 5 3 8 4. FUll-time students 20 162 107 13 146 74 522 5. Retired persons 6 14 20 6. Rentiers 2 7. Persons seeking 27 29 employment for the first time 75 177 139 9 34 105 166 280 193 47 1,225 Agriculture have ear-marked these lands for various purposes under the Master Plan. Out of the As per the municipal records, there is no Municipal limits, cultivation is being practiced agricultural land within the limits of the town. by 4.13 per cent of the total workers. [see Whatever open land is available within the statement IV (2)]. municipal limits in small patches has already been ear-marked for various purposes under Live-stock and animal husbandry the Master Plan. On the contrary, the revenue records of the Mandai Revenue Officer, Cuddapah reveal that there are some patches The domestic live-stock position of the of agricultural land within the Municipal limits of town based on the live-stock census the town. Though cUltivation is being carried conducted during 1985 by the district Statistical out for the present the Municipal authorities Officer is as follows : 53 Statement IV (14) Live-stock particulars of Cuddapah town for the year 1983 Name of Below one year age 1 to 3 years age 3 years and above age Total livestock M F T M F T M F T M F T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cows & Bulls Cross breed 2 3 15 16 11 12 23 28 14 42 Country breed 3 36 39 43 25 68 114 135 249 160 196 356 Buffaloes 28 28 56 56 24 24 108 108 (He & She Murreh) Buffaloes 3 216 219 8 160 168 10 491 501 21 867 888 (He & She Country type) He-Buffaloes Breeding 6 6 6 6 Useful for work 4 4 4 4 Not used for breeding and work She-Buffaloes Milch 400 400 400 400 Non-milch 88 88 88 88 Barren Not used for• and work Sheep (Nellore Breed) 7 7 709 230 939 716 230 946 Goats 51 167 218 93 523 616 144 690 834 Horses (Ponies) 5 3 8 5 3 8 Donkeys 3 5 8 3 5 8 Pigs (Hybreed) Below 6 months Above 6 months 20 21 15 15 1 5 6 Pigs (country) 6 6 10 12 31 19 18 37 Dogs (Pet) 126 32 158 126 38 158 Others 6 11 17 6 11 17 Country Farm Variety Total Cocks 976 42 1,017 Hens 1,947 50 1,997 Chicken 1,828 71 1,809 4,750 163 4,913 54 Cucdapah is a breeding track for the Milk supply Hello type of sheep, the local sheep are of brown or red colour covered with small coarse Practically, there are no milk supply hair, some polled and horned are usually centres in existence in Cuddapah town, for reared for mutton, skin and manural purposes. supply of milk except the Government Apart from the Gollas who maintain sheep for Integrated Milk Project located at Proddatur. Hence, the entire town has to depend on the their livelihood, some of the ryots also rear a few for domestic purposes for consumlJtion of milk supplied by the nearby villages. Apart their mutton. A large number of sheep is also from the above milk project, there are about 33 exported from the neighbouring villages of this villages around Cuddapah town from where '{0wn to Madras and Bangalore. On an average milk is brought daily early in the morning either by buses or by cycles or by carts. All these abl;~ I~ 20,000 sheep are slaughtered in a year for mutton within Cuddapah town. Pigs are villages are located within a radious of 15 miles reared by the Harijan and the Nomadic tribes (25 kms) from the town. All the 33 villages put of Pichchiguntla and Yerukula and in places together supply daily over 2,000 litres of milk apart from the milk being supplied by the like Patha Cuddapah a few Kapus also are in the habit of consuming pork. Integrated Milk Project at Proddatur. Poultry However, the Veterinary Department has sponsored some schemes like encouraging Poultry farming is more or less the rural new poultry farms, cattle rearing, etc., as industry in this town. The relatively poorer subsidiary occupation for the uplift of families take to it as a subsidiary occupation. economically backward people. Their efforts What is called the free range system by which are yielding good results especially in the the poultry is left free to move about with the production of milk. demarcated area is in vogue in the town. In recent years, attempts are being made by the Fisheries . local poultry breeders to adopt intensive and Fish culture is not a very important semi-intensive methods of poultry rearing. phenomenon in this town. The vagaries of rain There is a town poultry farm started in 1948 at fall, the seasonal flow of even the best of its Cuddapah. It is located within the limits of rivers, the absence of perennial waters and vast Pattakulu village about 3.5 miles (6 kms.) from stretches of black cotton soil are some of the Cuddapah town and is over 18 acres (7 contributory causes. Besides, the Besthas, the lectares) in extent. Exotic breed of Rhode Boyas, Muslims and Yanadis also resort to :;Iand, red and white Laghorns are maintained fishing for supplementing their income during in the Farm. A few Turkies and Aseels were also the season when the rivers are in floods, when bred for sometime as an experimental measure, the Vankas recede and the irrigation tanks are but subsequently given up as uneconomical. about to go dry. The farm also exchanges Pedigree birds with the country ones. A Poultry Extension Centre There is also one fish market in the town. was started at Cuddapah in the premises of the A fish farm was opened at Patha-Cuddapah in town with a poultry farm in 1957 for rearing day 1953. The construction of this farm was old chicks for distribution to provide to originally sanctioned in 1950 at a cost of Rs. breeders trained in poultry farming. The Centre 3,000 and was completed during 1953. The has emerged in the town in 1964. At present area of the farm is 3 acres with a pond of one there are 3 private organisations in Cuddapah acre and 4 nurseries each of 10 cents area. The town for the export of birds and eggs. farm is fed by the Kurnool-Cuddapah canal. A 55 special scheme, artificial induction of spawning groun<:inut:o.iJ, rice, milling, cotton ginning, of major crops in confined waters with Pituitary turmeric polishing:and saw mills account for an injuctions, was also extended to the fish farm overwhelming majority of the small scale at Cuddapah during 1963-64. induslri~s in tile toWA. tGf the 90 units covered by the Factories Act~' as -many as 30 belong to Industries , this category. Many df these units are engaged In the setting 01 the early centuries, rn mdnHhan one ofth'e :activities indicated. The Cuddapah was fairly rich in industries, some of sstabHSht.1ehts 'engagea'in decorticating and which have either been entirely" lost' or been • oil crushing aYe-more iTo{ Cuddapah town decaying. Of these, diamond and '(ron rrlE~~lting ,compared' te)' th-e other taluk headquarters we re pop u lar old time industrie( iin '{oWns. By far the largest number of small scale Rayalaseema in general and in CuddapcHi In industrial units in the town outside the purview particular. ; ~. " of -tHe factories act are the rice mills, floor mills and decorticating establishments. These units The geologists have recorded during the are more evenly distributed among the various course of their survey the existence of iron blocks or wards of the town. Cuddapah town is melting in the Kunderu valley and in places like having more than a dozen saw mills and timber Realapur in Proddatur and Erraguntalakota in depots. The town has also acquired some Rajampet taluk. Small forge furnaces were reputation as a centre for tanning in the working in many villages particularly in preceeding decades. The total number of beedi Proddatur and Rajampet taluks. The opening of making establishments in the town falling under railways and linking up the district to Madras the purview of the factories act as at tl1l" -lose and other parts on the east-coast rang the of 1983 was only 2. However, beedi making death knell of this industry. Now, the following continues to be an important household industries are very famous in Cuddapah town. industry in the town. The beedis made are There are 16 Industries in various categories mostly consumed within the district. There are covered in all parts of the town. The list of 5 mills for pulverizing barytes in the town. At industries has been given in appendix-I. least two of these crush some steatite also. All those concerned have also mining interest in Small Scale Industries barytes. Tlie first grinding plant for the minerals The town has no heavy or large scale in the district was set up at Cuddapah town industries worth mentioning. The majority of its round about 1934 by MIs. Tiffin & Co., Calcutta. establishments are represented by groundnut This plant was taken over around 1945 by MIs. decorticating factories, like rice mills, ginning Tiffin's Barytes. Asbestos and Paints Limited, factories, turmeric polishing mills, saw mills and Madras, which is still in the field. Next to enter barytes pulverizing mills. Its old beedi making, the industry was Sri Krishnappa who obtained ceramics and tanning industries due to a rebuilt plant from Chicago and started non-availability of raw materials have either pulverising from 1946. Subsequently, the altogether disappeared or declined in establishment passed over to the Krishnappa importance. The small scale industries of the Asbestos and Barytes Private Limited in 1947 town can be said to have commenced from which continues to be in the field. TwC;) other about the period, it was linked to the railway mills run by the Cuddapah Star Barytes Private system of the country, especially to the great Limited and the Ghousia Mineral Trading industrial and export centres of Bombay and Company were started at different periods Madras. The establishments connected with during the 1950s. The latest to enter the the decorticating of groundnut, extraction of industry was Mis. Rayalaseema Mining 56 : Industry, Cuddapah, established during 1962 in Aruna Engineering Works the Industrial Estate, Cuddapah. It was established in 1949 and is engaged The establish ment covered by the in the fabrication of iron gates, grills, trusses Factories Act include two automobile and repairs to oil engines and automobiles. The workshops and five general engineering Standard Engineering works established in workshops. All are located in Cuddapah town. 1952 undertakes repairs to diesel engines, Apart from these 7 major workshops, there are automobiles and tractors and also a number of smaller units in the town engaged manufactures some spare parts according to in general engineering and automobile repairs. specifications given. As an example, A rough estimate places the total number of all transformation of the old blacksmithy such units at 50 including 4 engaged in establishments gradually into the present day retreading tyres, 2 in battery charging and engineering work shops may be mentioned, the atleast 4 in the manufacture of trunk boxes and Andhra Iron and Steel Industry at Sadvel with buckets. Of late, some of the establishments an investment of only about Rs. 15,000/-, have also taken increasingly to the manufactures agricultural. and horticultural manufacture of spare parts. implements, iron furniture, safes, gates, etc. The Industrial Estate, Cuddapah The General Purposes Engineering Workshops This was sanctioned about the end of 1959 as a part of the programme in the It is located at Kagidhalapenta in development of small scale industries under Cuddapah town and run by the Industries the Second Five Year Plan. The estate, Department. It was sanctioned in 1955 under covering about 21 acres is located close to the the Second Five Year Plan as a service cum railway station. The object of the scheme is to commercial unit. It went into production in provide requisite facilities and extend technical June, 1959 and was converted into a purely assistance to small industrialists. There are commercial concern in 1961. It offers servicing more than 25 factory buildings, besides the facilities to small industries and individuals in administrative block and some quarters. The foundries, factories, welding, milling and small scale industries in production at the repairs. This workshop consequently was Estate include the manufacture of barium transferred to the control of Andhra Pradesh products, paints and Varnishes, plastic goods, Small Scale Industrial Development sheet metal products, rolling shutters, stainless Corporation Limited in July, 1962. The steel utensils, surgical instruments, wire nails department also runs production training and panel pins, agricultural implements, G.!. centre in carpentry and another in black-smithy wire and copper wire. The government have both at Cuddapah, started in 1956. At these also established a raw material servicing centre centres, training is imparted to candidates in in this Estate to arrange supply of scarce raw the respective trades in the operation of power materials to industrialists of the Rayalaseema driven machinery and in improved production Region. Now, it is run by the Andhra Pradesh techniques. Simultaneously, production of Small Scale Industrial Development furniture is carried on at the former centre and Corporation Limited. Some attempts were agricultural and building materials at the latter. made in the past to establish the ceramic A separate production unit in carpentry was set industry in the town. For this purpose, the up in 1961 to execute orders received from the Cuddapah Ceramic Limited was set up at government departments as well as private Cuddapah town in around 1945 with the object institutions. 57 of making stoneware jars, pipes, etc. But, Distribution of industries by type and owing to the lack of good fire clays for sag gars, size of employment the concern started concentrating on There are 187 factories and workshops manufacturing of roofing tiles and wire cut within the municipal limits of Cuddapah town as bricks. The silt clays for the tiles were obtained per the survey conducted by the Industries from the Kondayyapalle tank which is to the Department. The following statement shows east from the town. This concern, however the distribution of industries by type of industry appears to have closed its manufacture a few and size of employment provided by them. years after its inception. Statement IV(15) Factories and workshops classified by 'industry and size of employment SI. Type of industry Total No. of factories and workshops by size of employment No. Single 2-5 6-9 10- 19 20-49 50-99 100 person persons persons persons persons persons and above . --- -_-.------. --_- -- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 _._. _._-----_------1, Rice, flour and oil mill 41 5 28 2 5 2, WorkShOps, electric works, 84 4 66 10 4 motor works etc 3. Printing presses 27 9 15 2 4, Coffee works 6 3 2 5. Saw mills 7 3 4 6, Other industries 22 5 5 9 Total 187 22 119 24 19 Source: Industrial Estate, Cuddapah. It can be seen from the above statement employ 2 to 5 persons. Employment in the tha 41 out of 187 factories are rice, floor and range of 6 to 9 persons is provided in 24 units, oil mills. There are 84 Engineering workshops, 10-19 persons in 19 units, 28 persons were electrical works and servicing of motor employed in a single unit that is Gousia. vehicles and cycles. 27 printing presses and Mineral Trading Company, 85 persons in Tiffin 6 coffee curing works are also available in the Barytes Factory and 107 persons were town. There are 7 saw mills and 22 employed in a single unit Le., Kistappa miscellaneous industries. Asbestos and Barytes Private Limited. The industries which provide sizeable employment About the size of employment provided in Cuddapah town are agro-based service in these factories and workshops, 22 out of industries, engineering workshops, repairing 187 employ single person, 119 out of 187 and servicing of motor vehicles, cycles, etc. 58 Power of industries Cuddapah district has an exclusive monopoly in India of red saunders forest which There are 101 factories and workshops besides being a great export value can support which are run by electricity out of a total of 187 dying and for medical industries. factories within the municipal limits of the town. The following statement shows the type of The district is a leading producer of industries using power and installed horse barytes and asbestos in India. Barytes of the power. best quaiity is produced in the district and with the carbide iron oxide besides barytes can be Statement IV (16) utilised to support chemical and paints Factories and workshops classified by industries. industry installed and horse power as in September, 1989 Cuddapah has rich asbestos besides it can be used in the manufacture of phosphite SI. Type of Total Indus- Indus- Total fertilisers. No industry No. of tries tries installed indus- using using horse- tries no power .power Industries based on these forest and power mineral resources can trigger at Cuddapah. As Cuddapah is an backward district, 2 3 4 5 6 industrially the government are also giving incentives to 1. Rice. flour industrialists in the form of refund of sales tax and oil mills 41 3 38 748 on projects of raw materials and machinery as 2. Workshops, well of finished goods, subsidy on power electric works, consumption, exemption from payment of motor works, etc. 34 50 34 280 water rate, rebate of land revenue, etc. The 3. Printing and town is thus set poised for industrial binding works 27 19 8 9 development with the extention of incentives to 4. Coffee works 6 6 15 introduce the interested industrialists to set up 5. Saw mills 7 7 120 their industrial units in a backward region like Cuddapah. 6. Other industries 22 14 8 645 Industrial Development Area 187 86 101 1817 An extent of 809.69 acres (323.88 Installed horse power is found maximum hectares) has been proposed for establishment in the case of rice, flour and oil mills, and also of an industrial development area at a distance barytes factories. of 7 Kms. from Cuddapah town towards east. Apart from the availability of the essential prerequisites such as land, water, power, But, the total area proposed to be made accessibility of transport, bank, marketing, etc., available for the industrial development area tor the development of industries at Cuddapah, actually comes to 509.34 acres (207.74 it is also having the fine locational advantages. Hectares) as against 809.69 acres (323.88 In the vicinity of Cuddapah are located Hectares) sanctioned originally by the important forest and mineral resources which Government. So far, an extent of 50 acres (20 can be exploited to strengthen the economic hectares) has been provided the area to the base of the town to stimulate its development. following industrialists upto 1985: 59 1. Mis. Jyothi Chemicals, 35 acres is exported to the nearby centres ot Cuddapah (14 Hectares) Coimbatore, Adoni and Guntakal. Onions are exported to Madras, Dindigal, Pollachi, 2. Mis. Ramakrishna 10 acres Chemicals, Cuddapah (4 Hectares) Tuticofln, Vellore, Calcutta, Malaysia and Singapore. The annual exports amount to 3. Mis. Venkateswara 1 acre about Rs. 20 crores. Cuddapah slabs are Mosaic Tiles, Cuddapah (0.4 Hectare) widely in demand from the entire country, Betel-leaves are transported by lorries to 4. Mis. Star Industries, 2 acres Cuddapah (0.8 Hectare) Madras and Hyderabad; by rail to Bombay. Indore, Bijapoor and Sholapur. Ghee is also 5. Mis. Small Scale 2 acres exported in large quantities to Bombay, Madras Industrial Development (0.8 Hectare). and Hyderabad. Corporation The principal imports into the town are The first two units have already occupied greens and pulses, sugar, jaggery, wheat, coffee the extent of land allotted to them. The units are seeds, yarn and cotton textiles, coal, petroleum engaged in the manufacture of Barium and its products, machinery and its spare parts, carbonate and Sodium sulphate of vast potential cosmetics and consumer goods. of raw-material required for these chemical industries. About 1965 shops are engaged in whole sale and retail trades in the town. 72 wholesale Trade and Commerce shops are in existence in the town for supplying According to 1981 Census, only about essential goods not only for the town's people 4.11 per cent of the total working population of but also to the hinterland where such essential the town derived livelihood from agriculture, goods are not available. The people of the whereas more than 90.78 per cent rely on other surrounding area and the district itself also works. Most of the big traders of the town are dispose of their marketable surplus in the town. Komatis, the principal caste of heriditary Among the whole-sale shops, grocery, cloth, merchants, who also control much of the retail stationery, coconut, oil, rice, plantains tea-dust, trade. Quite a few Hindus of various other coir, tobacco, copra, wood, aluminium vessels castes and some Muslims are also found etc., are important. There is a significantly large engaged in wholesale and retail trade in this number of shops dealing in grocery, stationery, town. The chief commodities exported from the panshop, vegetable, medical shops and beedi town after receiving from the surrounding bunks in the town. The business is concen villages are groundnut, turmeric, cotton and trated on the main road Le. Madras Road and cotton seed, onion, Cuddapah slabs, melons, Y.v. Street and in the areas abutting these md;'goes and citrus fruits, betel leaves, ghee, roads. In fact, most of the shops of the town are ginger seed, Coriander, handloom cloth and situated in these areas on both sides of the hides and skins. Considerable quantities of dry main roads. Marketing of the important items of chillies, miner forest produce and fire wood are grocery, stationery, textiles, medicines, etc., also exported from the town by railway. The are mos~y done through commission agents or principal export from the town is mainly sent to brokers. The Food Corporation of India brings Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Its annual a large quantity of rice, wheat and sugar and turnover is estimated to be about 3 crores of the same are supplied through civil supplies at rupees. It also exports to over-seas countries controlled price, through Fair price shops like Ceylone, Pakistan, Zamaica, United States which have been set up in all parts of the town, and Malaya. The value of exports is reported to and also in the district to benefit the common be more than one crore every year. Raw cotton people. 60 Vegetables and plantains are mainly obtained from the places given below. Name of the shop/establishment Number 2 Statement IV(17) Places from where vegetables and fruits B. Hardware 15 brougnt and marketed in the town 9. Stainless steel and brassware 35 Name oftha Place from where Vegetables and 10. Jewellery 39 item Fruits are obtained 11. Flowers 26 2 12. Sweet meat Khara Shop 35 Tomato Kamalapuram, Rajampet, Mydukur, 13. Restaurants 35 Madanapalle, Vayalpadu. Cabbage Rajampet, Kodur, Madanapalle, , 4. Manufacture and sale of furniture 25 Rayachoti, Mydukur & Cuddapah. 15. Leather works (lid caps) 20 Cucumber Kodur, Rajampet, Kamalapuram, Madanapalle, Rayachoti, Guntur & 16. Shoe shops 35 Nandyal. 17. Cement 10 Chilly Guntur, Prakasam, Nandigama, 18. Tea-stalls Rajampet, Kodur & Mydukur. 35 Beet root Nandyal, Maidukur, Kamalapuram, 19. Bars 20 Kanigiri. 20. Wine and liquors 33 Beens and Nandyal, Kanigiri, Kamalapuram, Carrot Rajampet, Mydukur & Duvvur. 21. Motor vehicles and spare parts 40 Potato Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. 22. Tractors and their spare parts 8 8rinjal Kodur, Rajampet & Mydukur. 23. Oil engines and pump-sets 15 Banana Kodur, Rajampet. 24. Clocks and watches 45 Trade and commerce have developed 25. Chemical fertilizers 25 during the past ten years or so, mostly in the 26. Electrical goods 119 following items. 27. Dry cleaning shops (including laundries) 55 Statement IV (18) 2B. Work-shops 215 , No. of shops and establishments as in 29. Books and stationery 25 September, 1989 30. Tailoring 53 • ------Name of the shop/establishment Number 31. Rrinting Presses 45 2 32. Edible oilS 15 33. Engine oil and lubricating oils 15 1. Fancy goods 65 34. Cinema houses 12 2. Beedi bunks, cigarette bunks, 135 Panshops and related shops 35. Lodgings including Boardings 15 3. Food grains, pulses and other Kirana items 230 36. Boardings only 25 4. Drugs and medicines 55 37. Messes 13 5. Meat shops 55 38. Hair dressing saloons 30 6. Cloth merchandise 225 TOTAL 1,943 7. Ready-made garments 45 61 As mentioned earlier, the town is not only There are 80/hotels and restaurants a catering station for the local and peripheral excluding messes in the town catering to the demand but also a supply centre for places needs of local public as well as visitors situated far beyond, in respect of fertilizers and who visit the town on various purposes daily. other imported commodities. There are 15 hotels serving meals alone, 30 serving both meals and tiffin or snacks and 48 Another noticeable change which hotels serving tiffin or snacks alone. The price manifests itself is that the complexion of the of vegetarian full meal with curd ranges from various commercial establishments have Rs. 3.50 to 8.50, plate meal ranges from undergone a significant change. The Rs. 2.00 to 4.00 depending upon the location commodities are no longer stored in a pellmel of the hotel and quality of the meals. The price state. Instead, they are tastefully arranged and of non-vegetarian meals (full) ranges from preserved in wooden cases, shelves and glass Rs. 5.00 to 15.00 and plate meal from Rs. 3.50 show-cases with coloured electric lights to to 18.00 dependng upon the non- vegetarian attract the customers. components of the meal. In the plate meal, There are at present, about 3,200 persons quantity of rice is fixed with the necessary employed in shops and commercial contents of meals with or without curd. They charge 60 paise per cup of curd usually. The establishments besides the owners, price of carrier meals ranges from Rs. 5.50 to working-partners and unpaid family workers. 10.50. Hotels and restaurants in Cuddapah town The items of light food or tiffin or snacks There are 25 hotels, 70 restaurants and served are generally idli, upma, dosa, tea stalls and 15 lodges including boarding pesarattu, uthappam, puri, vada, banda, facilities, to provide amenities of food and mixture etc., and sweet preparations like accommodation to the people who visit the Jilebi, badusha, mysore-pak, laddu, ravva town daily on various purposes. The following laddu, etc. The hot dishes like idli, upma etc., statement shows the number of hotels etc. that are taken in the morning and in the afternoon serve the needs of the people in the town. also, while in the afternoon, both sweets and Statement IV (19) hot dishes are relished. Coffee or Tea is the most preferred beverage. In summer, some No. of hotels and restaurants as in prefer cool-drinks and take them in lieu of September, 89 coffee or tea. During nights some prefer chapathis in lieu of meals. Hotels without Number No. of Hotels Lodging lodging facilities with lodging alone facilities 2 3 4 1. Hotels 25 20 15 2. Restaurants 35 3. Messes 13 4. Tea stalls 35 5. Cool Drinks 18 (Kiosks) 62 The prices of some of the important items There are different types of rooms viz., fare given below. with or without bath room attached in the lodgings and the rates of rent vary from room Statement IV (20) to room depending on the amenities available and location of the lodge. The rents are as Prices of th~ tiffin items follows: Name of the item Price range of the Item Single room Rs. 10.00 to 70.00 (Per day) 2 Rs.Ps. ~s.Ps. Double room Rs. 18.00to 155.00 1. Idli 1.00 to 2.00 Air conditioned Rs. 70.00 to 200.00 2. Vada 2.00 to 2.50 room 3. Dosa (Plain) 2.00 to 2.50 4. Masala Dosa 3.00 to 3.50 The rates of rent in the public guest 5. Upma 1.50 to 2.00 houses are as follows: 6. Puri 2.00 to 2.50 Single room Rs. 6.00 to 25.00 per day 7. Chapathi 1.00 to 3.50 8. Dosa (Pesara) 3.50 to 4.00 Double room Rs. 10.00 to 45.00 9. Dosa (Minapa) 3.00 to 3.50 There are also air conditioned rooms in 10. Sweets 15.00 to 45.00 ·the guest house. Mostly, these guezt houses (Per kg.) (Per kg.) are occupied by the visiting Government 11. Khara 15.00 to 35.00 Officials. (Per kg.) (Per kg.) 12. Ice-Cream 1.00 to 5.00 Trade Centres 13. Cool-drinks 1.00 to 6.00 14. Coffee 0.50 to 4.00 A market committee consisting of the 15. Tea 0.50 to 3.00 representatives of traders and growers and a nominee of each of the co-operative marketing Almost all the varieties of snacks and society, and the district agricultural office was drinks of South Indian types are made available constituted at Cuddapah in 1956 under the in the hotels and restaurants. The prices of Madras Commercial Crops Market Act, 1933 in items in different hotels and restaurants of order to provide proper marketing facilities for different standards are generally found more or the chief commercial crops of the district. The less equal. The variation in prices, wherever it committee has jurisdiction over the entire is found is mainly due to the quality or quantity revenue district and regulate trade in ground or location of the hotel, as it involves rents and nut, turmeric, onions and dry chillies. The establishment charges. committee is also responsible for the regulari zation of transactions in notified commodities, Among the 35 lodges, there are 20 and for constituting markets and marketing hotel-cum-Iodges and the rest are lodges centres. For this purpose, regulated market alone. There are 122 single and 68 double yards have already been proposed and started rooms in the 20 hotel-cum-Iodges, while, there in Cuddapah as well as in other urban areas of are 252 single and 105 double rooms in the 15 the district. The wholesale market is the main lodges. Besides the lodges, there are 2 Guest centre lor marketing agricultural produce !111he Houses and 2 Dharmasalas having 11 single town. This wholesa!e market deals in all kinds rooms and 16 double rooms, in both the Guest of commodities and is virtually the trading Houses and Dharmasalas in the town. centre for export and import of goods. 63 Since December 1981, the Assistant concentrated on turmeric regulations which is Director, Market Committee, Cuddapah assu a major crop of this area. The open auction med charge of Person-in-charge, Agricultural system already introduced in the bazar of the Market Committee, Cuddapah and continues town from January, 1972 was transferred to the till this date. As a second step, the committee market yard in December, 1973, since has directed the arrival of coriander to the minimum basic facilities for this purpose were market yard from 25th December, 1976 and provided, in the yard, although at the initial subsequently, ground nut and gingelly were stage, the traders were not in favour of shifting also diverted to the market yard. For quick these transactions to the market yard through disposal of huge arrival of turmeric and the court of law. However, the committee got coriander on the same day itself, the committee the ,stay vacated and as a result of this, the introduced the sale of turmeric and coriander market committee succeeded in diverting all by tender system with effect from March, 1981. the arrivals successfully through this market And further, the sale by tender system was yard. The following statement shows the details extended to the groundnut trade also on the of income and expenditure of the agricultural request of groundnut merchants in the year market committee, Cuddapah for the year 1985. At present, gingelly is being sold in open 1984-85. auction in the market yard. The committee first Statement IV (21) Details of income and expenditure of the Agricultural Market Committee, Cuddapah (1984-85) Income Rs. Ps. Expenditure Rs. Ps. 1. Opening balance 14,65,311.19 1. Pay and allowances 2. Total income during the year of the establishment 3,46,214.30 a) Market fees 11,19,533.47 2. T.A. of the establish- 1,648.55 b) License fees 12,308.00 ment c) Late fees 608.90 d) Rents 777.70 3. Honorarium 804.00 e) Auction of garbage 50.75 f) Recoveries 4. Pension contribution 1,08,289.00 1} Conveyance advance 600.00 2) Festival advance 12,920.00 5. Contingencies 1,07,852.04 3) Marriage advance 3,660.00 4} Educational advance 3,600.00 6. On amenities 3,10,702.01 5) Others 1,40,315.00 g) Sale of books and forms 8,357.50 7. Contributions 70,643.10 h) Deposits 1) E.M.D. on works, etc 39,249.00 8. Advances 1,06,524.80 10,52,678.00 2) Other deposits 300.00 9. ClOSing Balance 17,51,495.67 3) Miscellaneous '20.00 13,42,300.32 Total 28,07,611.5 Total 28,07,611.51 Source: Agricultural Market Committee, Cuddapah. 64 In view of the increasing demand and also , agricultural implements. The SOCiety is also of the business, the committee has proposed running a retail shop in the town. The to acquire sites for further extension of the consumer's Co-operative Stores which play an market yard. important part in trade in other parts of the state have not found an assured place in the The functionaries of the agricultural economy of the town. market consist of traders of 4 categories, Le., A, B, C & 0 classes. Weighman, Hamali, Broker, Merchant's Association Carts man and lorry owners. The (own is noted for its handloom The market yard consists of 9 godowns, wea",ing. Ail overwhelming majority of the auction hall, drinking water taps, office association registered in the town under the building, cattle-shed, open platform, latrine, society registration Act, 1860 and thus belong borewell, canteen building with well laid out to most of the weavers and small weavers of internal roads having a compound wall. The cotton and art silk yarn. Of these two transport of commodities from the village to the associations viz., the Cuddapah Turmeric marketing centre in the town is done mostly by Merchants Association and the Cuddapah bullock-carts, while lorries and rail are resorted District oil Manufacturers Association to for conveying the produce to distant places registered in '1956 and 1958 respectively are in and beyond its borders.· well noted. There are, as a matter of fact, no registered associations of employees in this So far as the retail trade is concerned, it sphere of trade and commerce. is carried on at various places both in the Banking and Finances urban and the rural areas of the district. Retail shQps can be seen in almost all places in the A close study of Cuddapah town's past town and surrounding villages. As a matter of history reveals that the town has not been the fact, the town and the nearby big villages are home of organised banking business. There is important retail trading centres. It is, however, no much historical evidence also to reveal the difficult to draw a line between retail and existence of established banking traditions in wholesale trade, as some of the wholesale this town in the past. In fact, modern banking dealers, especially those at the important in the strict sense of the term, has been mostly centres of commerce in the district as a whole confined to the activities of the few institutions carryon retail business as well. in the town. Even these are· all of compa ratively recent origin. The professional money The District Co-operative Marketing lenders in the town are the Marvadis besides Society Vysyas. Indigenous banking is more truly carried on by these Marvadis, whose The District Co-operative Marketing instrument of .credit is the Hundi and old form Society located in Cuddapah town is the of currency. federation of primary societies 01 the entire district. It was originally registered as the It is the State Bank of India (then the Cuddapah District Co-operative Wholesale Imperial Bank of India) which first extended the Stores in 1943 and converted into the sphere of its activities to this town in 1920s. The Cuddapah District Marketing Society in 1956. Syndicate Bank (till recently known· as the Its main business is the distribution of chemical Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicate) next fertilisers received from the central fertiliser to open three office branches in the late 1930s pool on monopoly basis, besides the supply of and early 1040s. The branches of other banks 65 were opened only after 1950. The branch agricultural credit societies in the district. In this offices of the banks are mostly concentrated in sense, it is the apex bank for all types of two towns of the entire district namely Co.-operative societies in the district except the Cuddapah and Proddatur. The State Bank of Land Mortgage - Bank (now renamed India was opened in 1_923 and the Syndicate Agricultural Development Bank). It started with Bank in 1941, while Andhra Bank in 1951 and 50 individual members, and about 15 primary Canara Banking Corporation in 1957. There societies affiliated to it. It had a progressive are, totally 6 branches of banks functioning at carrier till the on-set of the great economic Cuddapah .. depression. The Syndicate Bank with its adminis trative office at Manipal was started in 1955 as The depression not only hampered the the Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicte. further development of the bank, but also The name of the bank was changed to adversely affected the financial position of the Syndicate Bank from 1 st January, 1964. It existing societies affiliated to it. Even in the post transacts all types of banking business depression period, the bank witnessed the including advances against agricultural and deterioration in its working owing chiefly to-the industrial produce. The speciality of this bank accumulation in members overdues. is its pigmy deposit scheme for encouraging Consequent of the recommendations of the thrift among the people. Rayalaseema Co-operative Enquiry The Andhra Bank with its central office Committee, 1945, the Cuddapah Central Bank now at Hyderabad was established in 1923 with obtained a lumpsum grant of Rs. 160 lakhs to its registered office at Machilipatnam for wipe off the unrealisable debts, both lending facilitating the movement of merchandiseand and liquidated assets besides a subsidy for a establishing business connections through period of 5 years towards the cost of additional India, end by discounting bills and hundies. It supervision. The policy of re-organisation and runs two of its branch offices in the town and development of the co-operative enunciated by transacts all kinds of banking business the Government to cover 50 per cent of the including foreign exchange. villages and 30 per cent of the rural households gave a fillip to the working of the Central Bank The Canara Bank Corporation in the years' 1948 to 1951. The bank, as a result launched a liberal policy of financing with the The Canara Bank was established in 1906 availability of more funds at a cheap rate of with its administrative office at Mangalore. It interest from the State Co-operative Bank. This has two branches in the town and undertakes however, led to indiscriminate loans and all types of banking business. Apart from the resulted in the supercession of the above, the Post offices located in the town also management of the .bank from 1953-60, when transact banking business. its normal constitution has been restored. Its inviolable debt position discredited its status The Cuddapah District Co-operative Central Bank into 'C' class and disqualified it from approaching the Reserve Bank of India for The necessity for a district financial recommendation till an outright grant of Rs. institution was realised and in 1919 the 3.25 lakhs made by the Government in 1959 Cuddapah District Co-operative Central Bank eased the position. During 1959-60, the bank was set up for financing primary societies with was placed under big loss. The financial its area of operation extending to the whole position of this bank is presented in the revenue district with the object of financina the foUowino stateme.m_ 66 Statement IV (22) The Cuddapah District Co-operative Central Bank Limited as on 3~th June, 1985 (Rs. in Lakhs) No. of Accounts Number of depositors Other Recurring and cash deposits by type Fixed Saving Current No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Individuals S.T. 4 1.15 3290 19.05 343 1.74 12 30.19 29 0.25 136 1.91 I.T. 13 1.41 R.T. 85 -5.64 8.20 Societies S.T. 3 0.54 250 27.12 493 10.43 L.T. 78 1.26 R.T. 15 3.04 4.84 Institutions L.T. 17 2.75 R.T. 3 2.07 4.82 213 17.86 3540 46.17 836 12.17 12 30.19 29 0.25 136 1.91 Statement IV (22) - concld. Transaction during last one year Land on mortgage Investment (in Rs.) during last one year Bills discounted Loans and Hectares Amount Government Agricultural Industrial Others and purchased advances advanced surities production production against mortgage 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1,243.32 972.08 1.73 Note: S.T. = Short term; L.T. = Long term; R.I. == Rate of interest. 67 The lIumber of membership is 1,31,663 located at Cuddapah colony. The and the number of affiliated societies under this administrative staff of this bank consists of 25 bank comes to 651 and membership number persons. Recently this bank is renamed as for the year 1982 increased to 270. Agricultural Development Bank. Apart from this, there is another bank by General and Life Insurance name Rayalaseema Grameena Bank located at Sankarapuram, Vijaya Bank at Gandla Street Prior to nationalisation, the entire and United Bank located at '7 roads' are also insurance business was in the hands of private functioning in the town. companies. But, none of the companies had either a main or a branch office in the entire Land Mortgage Bank district. Insurance business was then carried This bank was established during the on through the agents of the companies, year 1936 with the objectives of providing long mostly belonging to the Andhra Insurance term loan facilities to its members on the Company and South India Co-operative mortgage of the land, and other immovable Insurance Society, who were in the field in and property for the purpose of digging new wells, outside of the district. A branch office of the bore wells and development of old wells and South Insurance Company has opened in 1965 also to purchase pump sets, diesel and at Cuddapah. General insurance business is electrical tractors, bullock carts, sericulture, attended to by the agents of the General poultry units, dairy, laying pipe lines of field Insurance Company, mostly stationed in the channels, raising of betelnut gardens, etc. The district. With the nationalisation of life area of operation is covered by the entire insurance in 1956, the Life Insurance Cuddapah revenue taluk. For the present, there Corporation of India has been undertaking this are 7,522 shareholders with a share amount of business as a monopoly. It now runs a branch Rs. 20.30 lakhs. During the year 1982, the loans office at Cuddapah opened in 1958. For the advanced to various members was estimated present, there are two L.I.C. Branches in the to be 184.02Iakhs. 95 per cent ofthis advanced town. A few particulars of the L.I.C. business loan was availed by the agriculturists. For the transacted through the two branches are given present, the bank is having its own building below. Statement IV (23) L.I.C. Business in Cuddapah for the year 1983-84 Branch No. of Area in No. of Population No. of No. of Workers per branches Sq.Km. Taluks covered workers development development officers officer 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cuddapah 2 9,909 7 11,82,786 4,75,378 11 43,216 The number of Development Officers as Development Officers was raised to 11. Apart on 31 st December, 1981 was 10 and the same from this, the two branches are having 4 continued upto 31 st March, 1982. And, training Development Officers. Business of the thereafter the strength was reduced to 9 and division during the past 3 years in the district is again on 31 st March, 1984 the strength of the as follows. 68 Statement IV (24) L.I.C. Business in Cuddapah district (Rs. in Lakhs) Area!Town Period 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 No. of Sum No. of Sum No. of Sum policies assured policies assured policies assured 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cuddapah 5,758 9.34 6,343 10.74 8,971 16.56 A careful study of the above statement surrounding villages, the money lenders are reveals that the number of direct agents are not Reddy or BaHja landlords. Leans are usually developing as a specific force in the division given against the pledge of gold ornaments particularly because of the rural orientation, and on the mortgage of landed property at where the development officer type of comparatively high rates of interest. As stated organisation is absolutely necessary. The by the Taluk Officer, the normal rate of interest direct agents call amenities from the charged by the money lenders in the town u8velopment Officer's Organisation as and ranges mostly between 12 and 18 per cent and when they are either transferred or promoted or on short term transactions it even touches 40 retired. However, depending on the past to 50 per cent. Further, the money lender is performance of the agents, the deserving cases easily accessible and does not usually press of the agents who would come up, if they are for repayment. But, herein lies much of the evil. attached to Development Officers, having The first step towards the acquisitionof a piece attached to Development Officers. of land is to lend money to the owner and the creditor does not press the issue so that Apart from this, there is one Divisional between the two the loan is allowed to multiply. ohce of United India Insurance Company In fact, the ryot subsidise especially in years of U:llited at Dhobhighat Road, opposite scarcity, raise on what he borrows, while his (;uddapah Club, Cuddapah. Its main business crops go to the creditor who keeps the 13 to underwrite fire and miscellaneous accounts or Khata. Added to this, is the fact that i 'c. siness. This company has done business to sometimes a substantial sum may be required t:,,) tune of Rs. 87.0 lakhs during the year to ceremonial occasions, and also for :85. improvement of lands. All this goes to swell the ;'~:)Ie of Private Money Lenders debt, and the ryot accustomed borrowing beyond his means allows himself to be The money lenders in this town, exploited. The greed for land in the rich black e~ pecially in the surrounding villages are cotton plains in the surrounding area is a highly nt )stly agriculturists who own land and belong over powering paSSion, and the rich landlords f~; the same community as the ordinary are ready to lend to the smaller ryots perhaps .;,'Jriculturists. Most of the merchants, in the hope of finally grabbing the latter's particularly, Vysyas provide an advance to the hands. Traders and middle men in the town I'\.:ots so that, the crop grown may pass through also lend money as stated by the Taluk Officer il,eir hands. Professional money lenders as at high rates of interest to the surrounding -,uch are few as per the records available in the agriculturists to enable them to meet the cost Taluk Office. There were only 40 registered of cultivation. These are generally short term money lenders in the entire town meeting only loans repayable in 3 to 12 months and usually the urban credit requirements. In the collected at the thrashing floor at harvest time CHAPTERV ETHNIC AND SELECTED SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION A close study of the ethnic composition Statement V (1) of the Cuddapah town population would be interesting since it provides the basis in the Population by religion in Cuddapah study of ecological pattern with reference' to (1981 Census) mutual adaptations of environment, social Religion Total Population Percentage to organisation and technology, and density of Persons Males Females total population population, and the degree of interaction (col. 2 to total) between the various groups and individuals. 2 3 4 5 Such analysis also reveals the standard of economic and social systems prevailing in the Hindus 64,583 33,005 31,578 62.63 town. MU$,lims 33,084 17,389 15,695 32.08 I Nationality Christians 5,035 2.797 2.238 4.88 Nationality is a cultural and ethnic Jains 420, 259 161 0.41 concept. "Nationality is a group of people who Sikhs 3 2 Negligible speak either the same language or closely related dialects, who cherish common Total 1,103,125 53,452 49,673 100.00 historical traditions and thus constitute a Source: Religion Tables of 1981 Census. distinct cultural society, a nationality by acquiring political unity and soverign It is seen from the above statement, that * independence becomes nation state". It there are five different communities belonging generate.s a sense of unity among the people. to Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Jain and Sikh It was observed during the survey that all the religions returned from the town. Among these, people living in Cuddapah are Indian national. Hindus, Muslims and Christians are the three major components of the population in the Religion town comprising 62.63 per cent, 32.08 per cent, The religion-wise composition of the and 4.88 per cent respectively followed by towns' population as per 1981 Census is as Jains and Sikhs who form very small proportion follows: of the population. * Hays, Essay on Nationalism (1962), P.5 70 Mother Tongue viz., Cuddapah mostly and other districts of Nizamabad, Hyderabad and Medak of the The town's population is multi-lingual in State. Further, Cuddapah district is a trading its composition and consists of speakers of centre which attracts people from all over India. Telugu, Urdu, Marathi, Hindi, Marwadi and Cuddapah town being a railway centre, railway Punjabi as their own mother tongues. The employees from different parts of India reside following statement shows the classification of here which accounts for speakers of other the sample population by mother tongue. Indian languages. Statement V (2) Mother'Tongue and Religion Sample population classified by their The distribution of sample population by mother tongue. religion and mother tongue is given in the following statement. Mother Total speakers of Mother Tongue Percen Tongue Males Females Persons tage to Statement V (3) total popu Mother tongue as related to religion lation Religion Mother Population 2 3 4 5 tongue Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 Telugu 549 534 1,083 64.66 Hindu Telugu 1,038 528 510 Urdu 260 285 545 32.54 Tamil 15 6 9 Tamil 6 9 15 0.89 Marathi 15 7 8 Marathi 7 8 15 0.89 Hindi 9 6 3 Hindi 6 3 9 0.54 Punjab; I-Iarwadi 5 2 7 0.42 !!unjabi 0.06 Sub-to_tal 1,078 548 530 rotal 834 841 1,675 100.00 Muslims Urdu 545 260 285 Telugu It can be seen from the above statement Christian Telugu 45 21 24 that Telugu as mother tongue predominates Jains Marwadi 7 5 2 with 64.66 per cent speakers followed by the Telugu speakers of Urdu (32.54 per cent). Speakers of Grand Total 1,675 834 841 other languages constitute small numbers. The mother tongues of Hindi, Tamil, Punjabi, It can be seen from the above statement Marathi and Marwadi belong to other states of that Hinduism has multilingual group in its fold. Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Karnataka. As much as 1,078 persons speak different People with Urdu as their mother tongue are languages like Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi Muslims and they belong to the native distnct, and Punjabi. 71 Subsidiary Language has been made about subsidiary languages spoken by different communities. The findings Apart from the mother tongue, an enquiry are given in the following statement. Statement V (4) Knowledge of subsidiary languages at Cuddapah Municipal town survey data Mother Subsidiary languages Not knowing Total tongue English Telugu Urdu Hindi Tamil Kannada Sanskrit subsidiary language 2 3 4 5 6 7 \ 8 9 10 TE i.Jgu 203 10 60 4 4 4 798 1,083 Urdu 8 366 171 545 Tamil 15 15 Marathi 15 15 Hindi 6 3 9 Marwari 3 4 7 Punjab; Total 217 400 10 60 4 4 4 976 1,675 It can be seen from the above statement Scheduled Castes and Scheduled that among subsidiary languages, English is Tribes population spoken largely by Hindus whose mother tongue is Telugu. Totally 217 persons among Scheduled Caste population in this town the sample population speak English as accounts for about 6.87 per cent of the total subsidiary language. Most of them have Telugu population and 10.97 per cent of the total as their mother tongue; others speak Hindi, Hindu population of the town. They are Telugu. Telugu is spoken as subsidiary lang scattered in all wards of the town except 6th uage by 400 people whose mother tongue is (Sali Rangaiah), 11th (Peer Saheb), and 12th other language; majority of them have Urdu as (Ammawari Sala), 14th (Sarkajipuram), 18th their mother tongue. Tamil as a subsidiary lang (Gurram Chernia) and wards of the town. Ward uage is spoken by 4 persons who are mostly 16th, Le., Masapeta Harijanawada area, Akula Telugu people. Hindi is spoken as subsidiary Malawada street has the highest Scheduled language by 60 persons, constituted mainly of Caste population with 3,325, followed by 1st Telugu speakers, Urdu is spoken as subsidiary ward i.e., Yerramukkalapalle area, Kandipalem language by 10_ persons, consisting mainly by area with 1 ,114 Mala and Madiga people who Telugu speakers. Kannada and Sanskrit are constitute the predominent ethnic groups spoken as subsidiary languages by 4 persons among the Scheduled Castes. each constituted mainly by Telugu speakers respectively, and Telugu as a subsidiary language is spoken by Marathi (15), Marwadi Scheduled Tribe population in the town (3) and Punjabi (1) persons respectively. account for about 0.90 per cent of the total 72 population. They are scattered almost in all the Kandipalem area, Yerramukkalapa"e area, wards of the town except 6th (Sali Rangaiah), Sunnapuralla Mitta area with 169. Valmikis and 11th (Peer Saheb), 13th (Bahadurkhan Maszid Yerukulas are the predominant Scheduled area) and 21 st (Seven Roads area) of the town. Tribes. The following statement shows the 8th ward Agadi area, Vakkalapeta area, number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Almospeta area have the highest Scheduled Tribes population in the town as of 1981 Tribe population with 255, followed by 1st ward Census. Statement V(5) Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population by sex as of 1971 and 1981 Censuses Name of the Caste Population in 1971 1981 Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 Scheduled Caste 3,653 1,898 1,755 7,086 3,661 3,425 Scheduled Tribe 610 321 289 929 495 434 Total 4,263 2,219 2,044 8,015 4,156 3,859 The growth rate of the Scheduled Caste Scheduled-Caste's literacy with only 15.58 per population during the decade 1971-1981 is cent. In view of their backwardness, the 93.98 per cent due to migration whereas the Government have reserved a certain number of Scheduled Tribes had increased percentage of public appointments in from 610 of 1971 to 929 in 1981, i.e., 52.30 per Government services for members of this' cent. The higher castes engaged both the community. The progressive land reform laws, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as various concessions given to them in the matter casual labour for cultivating their lands and for of education and appointment to public service other miscellaneous work. have already begun to show signs of improving their overall conditions. At present about 32.94 Although the socio-economic conditions per cent and 41.77 per cent of the total of both SCheduled Castes and Scheduled Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are Tribes have improved to some extent, yet they workers. are still educationally backward. The literacy rate of the Scheduled Castes in Cuddapah town Castes and tribes - Communities according to 1981 Census is 40.16 per cent as A general idea of the relative strength of against the general literacy rate of 54.24 per the major castes among the Hindu religion on cent. The literatcy rate of Scheduled Tribes is the basis of selected sample household far behind both from general literacy and schedules canvassed is discussed below. 73 Statement V(6) Population by sex, religion and caste of sample population Religion! No. of Population Religion! No .. of Population Caste House- Persons Males Females Caste House- Persons Males Females holds holds 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 Hindus 195 1,069 544 525 22. Sadhu-setti 5 3 2 1. Adi Andhra 5 24 14 10 23. Togata 3 17 9 8 2. Arundhatiya 10 7 3 24. Vysya 20 90 44 46 3. Balija 38 216 113 103 25. Vaddepu 4 2 2 Rajulu 4. Bhatrajulu 5 2 3 26. Vaddera 3 18 11 7 5. Bestha 11 5 6 27. Viswa- 7 37 17 20 6. Brahmin 19 95 49 46 brahmin 7. Chakali 4 20 9 11 28. Yadava 3 15 6 9 (Raaka) 29. Madiga (S.C.) 3 19 11 8 8. Devangulu 3 13 7 6 30. Mala (S.C.) 11 65 24 41 9. Ediga 6 49 25 24 31. Mochi (S.C.) 5 4 10. Goundla 10 46 25 21 32. Valmiki 3 18 9 9 11. Jangam 8 3 5 Devangulu 33. Yerukula 4 3 (S.T.) 12. Kapu 2 10 4 6 13. Khatri 5 3 2 Muslims 14. Kshatriya 5 18 8 10 34. Muslims 96 552 263 289 15. Kummari 5 2 3 Christians 16. Mangali 2 14 6 8 35. Christians 8 45 21 24 17. Medari 3 15 7 8 18. PadmaSali 9 39 23 16 Jain. 19. Rajputs 1 7 5 2 36. Jains 9 6 3 20. Reddy 17 111 55 56 Total 300 1,675 834 841 21. Satti Balija 8 51 29 22 74 According to the survey data there are Mala and Madiga formed 2.56, 0.51,5.64 and many castes among Hindus. The Balija caste 1.54 per cent respectively. Among the being the predominent single caste, constitute Christians, majority are converted from Hindu 19.49 per cent of the total Hindu population. fold and they belong to the Church of South Next in numerical strength are the Reddys who India (C.S.I). Almost all Muslims in the town account for 8.72 per cent. Brahmins and belong to Sufi (Shafee), sub-sect of the Sunni Vysyas are in sizable strength consisting of sect. The following statements - V(7) and V(8) 9.74 per cent and 10.26 per cent respectively show the localitywise distribution of and Goundla account lor 5.13 per cent. The population· by Religion/Caste/Tribel Scheduled Castes of Adi Andhra, Arundhatiya, Community. 75 en 0) 0) CIO o CIO iii M I() co r.. E 0) u. "0 Iii Sl .;t o 0) ..... o 0- I() CD I() .r:. I-~ II) II) cb en ::::1 ~'O I() CIO 0) .,... co CIO o 0- C\I g .r:. I_g M o en 0) -II) iii (1) E ca"O 0) (.)15 u. ,5 i -II) >< ::::1 II) 0 1I).r:. "0 II) ca_e.r:. e o 0 ,_'0, e0 G)... ='0, I() I() :;~ II) =-ca.c o C\I r...... N .2_(.) 0 > >-"C c .c ~ -Q) .,... N co e II) E 0"0 Q) .. ';; iii .!! e (/) ::::1 0 - Q,(.) CIO r.. I() o II) Q,.c "0 ; 'i o CIO C\I N CIO M (1)"0 C\I ..... "0 ca 15 II) .r:..r:. II) Q) CIO CIO CIO o I() 1I).r:. ::::1- 0- .r:. 0 Sl .! iii I() .... CIO 0 I() o CIO CIO I() Q,-5 E .;t- ...... E 0) ca,~ (I) ! r.. C\I I() ..... o N -e o I() I() I() co CIO M M CIO I() ..::::1 .... .c 'c '0 0)- is -Q.Qj ~ ~·fi <0) <-- en .....:0 enz g; .....ci ....: N c") ..t .n..... 77 I/) ..9! .,.... <0 <0 IU C') E CD ::::l a. v v ~ ~ I CD I/) ~"C 0) N N I_go- N I/) CD "is CO I() I() E C\I CD ..... C') C') N <0 .... N I() V ..... <0 v .... N C\I """':" "'0 ..!I! c: "C C') <0 ..- I() -0 C ~ ..- ~ 0 0 - (!) -U) :l"C N C\I V C\I 0 >-- ~I/)00 .... .r; f3 C -CI) E CI) $ N 0 ..... I() N V "is N N -to E en- CD IU 01 .,.... 0 C\I N I() t5 N C\I W 0 C') .,.... .,.... <0 C\I .....0) N C') <0 ::::l S rn c01 ..9! IU as CO C\I ..... 0) ::::E CD 0 cD I/) .,.... .,.... .,.... C') ~tl .,...... 00 .r; >- Q) Q) c CD Q) '0 .... I "C ! .Q :t::: :c Q) CD CD "0 Q) Q) al CI) CD as -CD .;:: as .... Ci) 0 CD a. 0 a. - c oX Q) 0 a. oX ... CD as CI) 0 m .... a: ::::l .r; IU CD >- Ci) -a. a: - c ::::E ~ as E ·to rn .J :l .... .-t::! ci. IU gJ 10 ~ -.:: E IU- as .t::. .r; ! ... CD E .(i) ii "is t5 gJ ~ .r; 0 (.) IU .... IU CT 10 CD 10 E 10 .!! I s::. (.) rn "0 0) CT .2 0 E ~ as Em c IU t::= I- 8 0) E"iS CD ... 0 IU= as as IU 10 0 :> .J (D C\I C\I C\I ' (ij II) II) Q) In C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I I I 0 C\I ('t) ttl (ij ' II) Q) (ij ('t) C\I ('t) a::I E ~ Q) ·c ttl ,.._ "0 ' cP II) ~"O r- ('t) I,g0- ' II) Q) 0 ' I Q) II) , ~"O In C\I In I,g0- ('t) ~ ' 'c ttl E (\j E ~ (\I ~ cD II) ~"O ~ .... :c,g0- a; a; Q) Q) ~ "0 ... "0 a; .... "0 :c . a; Q) "0 a; ttl a; en Q) ttl Q) 'c ttl ... en ~ ~ Q) 0 a. - c: .lI:: a; ... 0 - 0 ttl Q) a. II: .lI:: a; lIS ::s ..c: Q) II: en c: l Q) II) ::s en a. - ~ > ttl E II) (if ~ ... - II) ci. lIS lIS ~ - Q) ~ 'c ttl ..c: a. ttl ... E "iii iii r- i5 lIS ~ E 0 ttl a; (.) ..c: lIS .... lIS CT en Ettl ..!!! ..c: I ..c: (.) II) "0 C) .2 - 0 ttl E ~ ttl E! c: CT ~~ I- 8 0> Eiij Gi ... 0 ttl- 0 lIS lIS ttl ttl ttl 0 Q) ttl :> ...J < ~ ..- C\I C\I co S I' C\I C\I 0) \t) l8 (t) (t) C\I co IU 16 ,... l, (t) (t) (t) 0) 0) \t) ~ .,.... ~ M \t) C\I C\I I() -:- '0 i CI) c: (t) M -0 ::I ;1) (,) r:. "0 IU , -..- CI) co Q) 0-~~ (t) --> I() c: J:B -Q) E Q) :g C\I 0 (U iO \t) ~ E CJ)- Q) :~ iO [0 .- C\I co 0) I() C\I E Q) CI) :5 C\I I() co I/) Q) iO 0) (t) co ,... "¢ I() co E "¢ C\I It') Q) u. '5 I/) "0 ~ Q) co (t) C\I 0 co 0) I() I() IU "¢ It') a: ~ , Q) I/) ,... (t) C\I co I() ,... 0-~"O "¢ J:B G) >- Qi c: Q) G) Q) 0 "0 :E "0 .... , Q) "0 .... IU G) Q) IU Q) IU :~ "0 Q) Q) 0 - '0:: ~ Ci5 '0 Q) 0. Ci5 c: .:.:. G) -0. .... Q) 0 0 IU Q) -0. a: ::I IU .:.:. Q) IU CI) c: .... r:. ::I Ci5 -0. a: IU E Qi I/) CD ....J .... >- > - ~ 'iii :t::: > IU 0. IU I/) IU '0:: 'E ci. IU .... IU s::. IU .... Q) E iO "0 IU ~ 0 s::. IU .... IU 0' Ci5 iO E IU ..!!! r:. 0 s::. I/) ,Q ~Q) (5 0 IU . E 3l c: 0 "0 0) 0' ;> 0 0) E EiO a; ~ ~ 0 IU!:; (5 IU IU IU IU IU IU '0 ....Q)IU = I- ....J c( <{ c(CI) [0 oj aJ 0 ....,en ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z z a. >-0. ~ .- t\i cw) " CD,... ('I) I() {'II 0 tU.... .e. I() ('I) ,... "It "It "0 ,...... «c: ~ •,... ('I) I() ,...('I) ('I) I {'II "It 0) ~ II) -g .!!! C" {'II ('I) .... CCI tG ,... >- ::E ~ 0 0"0 ....- .... l'? ::J_ ,... 00 J:.e. II) 0) 0 {'II {'II I() M ('I) .... <0 0) CCI iii ,... • "It E 0) -"0..... LI.. c: tU I/J Q) .... 0) {'II It) {'II "It II) 0) «i "It C') "It ,... E CCI 0) LI.. III.... 0) II) '0 0) iii C') {'II 0) '0 CCI ~ ::E I 0) U) ~"O {'II {'II C') 0- CCI I2 Q) >- G) c: '0 0) 0) CD 0 :g :E .... I 0) "0 .... "0 G) tU Q) 0) III III -~ U) (5 0) a; 0 (J) c: .:.t:. - 0. 0) 'C ~ 0 (.) 0) o. - .:.t:. 'iQ a:: ::J tU a; III (j) c: e- G) .r:. ::J -0) >. (J) 0. a: :::E > III E II) 'CU' ..J .... :I::: - II) ~ 'C 'E ci .r:. tU 0. III .... :a 0) E (J) iii .... =0 III ~ tUG) tU 0 .e. tU .... tG CT iii III ~ .r:. 0 .r:. "0 C) ,Q ~O) - III E I 0 o ~ EO) c: tU g- .... = 0 C) E Eiii CD ~ 0 tU~ 0 tU :a tU (5 0) tU ::> ~ ...J 00:( « «(J) c:c a:i a:I (.) -,(J) ~ ~ -~ :::E ~ z Z Q.. >0. >= ...: C\i C') -.i iii cD ,...: cO 0; ci .,.... C\i c-) -.i iii cD.... ,...: cO 81 0 .9! .- It) -.t Q) as Q) E CD ;g C') CD Q) E g ~ Q) C\I C')- CO ~ :c (,) ,..., 0 v v :::?! CO ; CD 0 <0 ~:g CO 00 Is::. 0 CD 0 -.t ,..., .- 1U :g ~ "It E """':' CD '0 C ,..., -0 as .- It) v ~ C\I () 'ii :::?! - I to CD - o 0 :::J'O C') C\I <0 C\I -> ~:g CO C -Q) E 0 (I) CD C\I CO CO 'ii CO -CU E C/) CD - LL 10 I/) Cl .9! .- .- '0' 10 CO 10 :::?! :::?! I CD I/) 0 :::J'O C') C') 0"0 ~ .c. ,...,Q) C') C') 10 ,~ iii s::. CO r-.. r-.. '0 r-.. c: :::J I .... CD I/) « ~'O ,..., O- r-.. I,g Q) Q) >. Q) c: -~ '0 Q) .... 0 :c I CD "0 Q) :2 "0 10 Q) Q) 10 - Q) Q) 0 US .!I<: -CD ';:: as .... (/) "0 'iii' Q) Cl. c: Q) -0.. .!I<: .... Q) 0 - 0 10 al Cl. a:: 10 10 (/) c: .... :::J .c. :::J al >. (/) a. a:: - :::?! > 10 E Q) 'iii' :g .,_J .... := - I/) ~ ';:: ci.. s::. 10 a. :g .... al E 'ii 'E 10 'ii '0 10 ~ 0 as- (,) .c. as ... 10 0" CiS EIO .!!! s::. I s::. (,) I/) ,!d 0 10 ~ 10 ElE c: "0 Cl 0- ~~ 8 Cl E E'ii iii .... 0 as= 10 10 10 10 10 10 "0 alas :> t- .,_J « < «(/) CD a.:i CD 0 -,(/) ~- ~ :::?! :::?! :::?! z Z 0... >-0. >= .- C\i ~ -.i Iri cD ,...: cO en 0 C\i C') -.i ....Iri cD ,...: cO 82 Vl .!Q l(') l(') o oC"J c C\J -,ro o enm (/) :::1"0 00 o II.e (/) Q) L() (ij E Q) "'0 LL U ~ (/) C I,.;:; Q) .... O'I'~ (ij .C\I 0 1: ~ -u1 0, (/) (/) :::1"0 co 00 C\I "'" ~I..... I.e c o co C\J C\I C\J co o C\I C\J ell (/) (/) :::I:Q 10 C"J co C"J (') o 0 0) I.e (/) Q) (ij E Q) LL (/) Q) (ij :::!: > Q) c: Q) o :E .... '0 '0 iii (jj OJ CIl o Q) a. c: o () iii a::: OJ ::J ..c: ~ > > .~ ~ OJ l'O ,0 E CIl .e ~ g: .2 E(ij CIl CIl 0 The traditional distribution of occu introduction of new type of drinks. Gamalla.s pations for the four principal castes seems to also the toddy drawns the liquor vendors like have been significantly altered, and the the Idigas. The Padmasalis and Devangas are 'VARNASRAMA DHARMA' has yielded place to the weaver castes. The Kamsali (smiths) also the 'YUGADHARMA'. The Brahmins have no called Viswabrahmins constituted primarily a more a monopoly of learning and priesthood, community of goldsmiths, blacksmiths, than the Vysya of trade, the Kshatriya of coppersmiths and carpenters (vadrangis). Governance or the Sudra of tilling the soil. All Almost all the persons belonging to Barber and the com. nunities, are striving for more and Chakali (Rajaka) communities are engaged in better education and a uniform glamour for their traditional occupations like, shaving, white collar jobs and pOSitions of power in washing of clothes and laundry service. public life. Even now, certain castes or groups with specified occupations can be identified. The members of all Hindu castes are The Vysyas of the town are for example, largely engaged in different kinds of establishments engaged in trading activity. of Industry, Trade, Transport and in government service which are the major The Balijas, Reddys, Kapus, Kshatriyas avenues of employment in the town. are largely engaged in land owing and cultivation. The Madigas, and Malas who form Figures showing the distribution of the the two principal sub-castes under Harijans are entire male and female population by age, largely labourers. Tanning and shoe- making group and Marital status are not available to are also pursued by some of them. Recently the referent town from the 1981 Census some of them have taken up the pulling of cycle records. But intensive survey conducted rickshaws as their means of livelihood. covers only 1,675 persons belonging to 300 sample selected households. The distribution Idigas, the toddy drawing caste had been of the surveyed population by age group, rehabilitated as agricultural workers due to the marital status and sex is given below. change of traditional occupation like 84 Statement V (9) Sample population by age-group, sex and marital status (Survey data) Marital Status Sex Age Groups Total 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-49 50-59 60-69 70 + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Never Married P 143 200 185 185 103 41 4 863 M 57 105 95 98 76 31 4 468 (56.12) F 86 95 90 87 27 10 395 (46.97) Married P 17 58 97 101 278 101 47 16 715 M 5 15 31 45 150 59 34 14 353 (42.33) F 12 43 66 56 128 42 13 2 362 (43.04) Widowed P 18 31 24 21 96 M 2 2 3 6 13 (1.55) F 16 29 21 15 83 (9.87) Divorced or P Separated M F 1 (0.12) Total P 143 200 185 202 162 139 105 298 132 72 37 1,675 M 57 105 95 103 91 62 49 153 61 38 20 834 F 86 95 90 99 71 77 56 145 71 34 17 841 85 It can be seen from the above statement, The proportion of widowed, divorced or that 468 (i.e. 56.12 per cent) of the total males separated males is, however, lower than that of are never married, 353 (Le. 42.33 per cent) are females. There are 83 widows as against 13 married, 1.55 per cent are widowed and widowers in the town. Likewise, the divorced divorced or separated are reported nil. The males are nil, whereas, there is one female corresponding figures in respect of the female divorcee. Majority of widowers and widows are population are 46.97 per cent, 43.04 per cent, in the age group of 50 and above years 9.87 per cent, and 0.12 per cent respectively. whereas, the high divorces is found in the age Fur+'ler the percentage of married males and group 35-49. Two reasons are attributed to the females is almost the same in the town. No comparatively larger number of widowed and child marriage has been reported during the divorced persons among females than males. survey. Unmarried males are found in all the One is the difference in the age at marriage of age-groups. Above the age of 30, there are 6 husband and wife. The husband is very often males remaining unmarried. Married men and older than the wife at the time of marriage and women are found in the age-group of 15-19 secondly the possibility of getting remarried is onwards, but among the males married below greater in the case of widowed and divorced 19 years of age is almost uncommon. There males than among females. are only 5 married males in the age group Age, sex and education 15-19, whereas among females it is 12. In other words, 3.31 per cent of the total married Andhra Pradesh State occupied 23rd women are from the age group of 15-19. About rank in the percentage of literacy among all 11.88 per cent of the total married women are states in India. However, within the state, the in the age group 20-24, whereas among males literacy rate varies from district to district. In the only 4.25 per cent of the total married men are past under the British rule, the literacy w in these age groups. Among the quinquinnial encouraged by opening schools at seve age group the largest percentage of married centres in the districts. Education has mat women with 35.35 per cent is found in the age marked progress in the town during the la group 35-49 followed by 18.23 per cent in the three decades and has kept pace with tho:: age group 25-29. Among males high 9rowth of population. The foil! ling statement percentage of married male with 42.49 per shows the total number of J:te' ..? persons and cent are in the age group 35-39 followed by percentage of literates by sex during the 1 ~ '1 and 1981 Censuses. 16.71 per cent in the age group 50-59. Statement V (10) Literate and educated persons in Cuddapah town during the 1971 and 1981 Censuses Year Total Population Literate and educated persons Percentage of as percentages literates in Persons Males Females Persons Males Females A. P. Cuddapah 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1971 66,195 34,362 31,833 34,485 21,782 12,703 24.6 24.7 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (52.10) (63.39) (39.91) 1981 1,03,125 53,452 49,673 55,940 34,219 21,721 52.00 31.11 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (54.24) (64.02) (43.73) 86 It can be seen from the above statement, 21 wards, Yadla Venkatachalam, Mandi Bazar that the general percentage of literacy areas are the most literate wards with 69.75 per increased from 52.10 in 1971 Census to 54.24 cent and Agadi area is the least literate ward per cent in 1981 and the number of literate men with 32.12 per cent. There are 6 wards with a per hundred from 63 to 64. Another feature is literacy rate of above 60 per cent, 11 wards the growth of women's education d'uring the have a literacy between 40 and 59 per cent and last decade. The percentage of literacy among 2 wards have a literacy rate between 35.86 per women increased from 39.91 per cent in 1971 cent and 36.98 per cent. to 43.73 per cent in 1981, i.e., a little over two in every five women in the town can read and Effective literacy rate would throw more wr:le. The present rate of literacy in the town is light on literacy aspect. For calculation of higi)er than the Urban literacy rate of Andhra effective literacy rate in the sample population Pradesh State (52 per cent), Cuddapah Urban survey data under five years of age has been (48.84 per cent), Andhra Pradesh Rural (23.2 excluded from the total population. The per cent), Cuddapah Rural (26.86 per cent) and statement below based on sample population Cuddapah district (31.11 per cent). Out of the brings to light some of these aspects. Statement V (11) Distribution of population by age, sex and education (Survey data) Broad age groups Total population Literates and percentages Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 o -4 143 57 86 5 - 14 385 200 185 342 179 163 (100,00) (100.00) (100.00) (88.83) (89.50) (88.11 ) 15 - 59 1,038 519 519 797 458 339 (100.00) (100,00) (100.00) (76.78) (88.25) (65.32) 60 + 109 58 51 53 42 11 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (48.62) (72.41) (21.57) Total 1,675 834 84 1,192 679 513 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (71.16) (81.41) (61.00) The above statement shows that among learn by paying fees and buying books. The (:le children of school going age group 5-14, highest literacy rate in the town is in the age 88.83 per cent are literates. In the age group group 10-14 and in the other age groups the 15-59, the percentage of literacy is lower than literacy rate is going low as the age group that in the age group 5-14. The proportion of proceeds upwards. literacy rate among adults over 35 years of age is low. One of the reasons may be that free At every stage except the age group 5-14, education was not introduced at the time and the literacy rate among females is less than only children from well-to-do families CQuid that of males in the corresponding age group. The disparity is less among children and higher after the younger brothers and sisters when the among adults. The statement also reveals that parents go out on work. Poverty necessitates there is great progress in female education the parents of some girls to allow them to work both in elementary and secondary levels. The as domestic servants to assist in household people of the town are conscious of the duties of rich and needy people. In such cases, benefits of education and are willing to impart their food is supplied by the patrons, in addition education to their women folk. After the to the payment of monthly wage ranging from formation of Andhra Pradesh State (in 1956), Rs. 75/- to 100/-. Among males of 15-59 years government provided facilities for free of age, 88.25 per cent are literates whereas education upto matriculation, compulsory among female literates form only 65.32 per I education upto matriculation and lumpsum cent. This shows that the female education is grant to Scheduled Castes and Tribes have not much neglected in the town. improved the rate of literacy among them. In the age groups 15-19 and 20-24, there is a slight Among the literates, 1.36 per cent are variation between the rate of education of girls literates without educational level, 35.91 per and boys. Many families could not afford to cent have education upto primary stage, 26.17 send both their male and female children for per cent have got middle education and 27.10 higher education and usually they prefer to per cent have secondary education. Only 10.23 send male children for higher studies. Some per cent of the literates have higher education females discontinue their studies on getting such as graduation, post graduation or married. Some girls belonging to lower class technical qualifications. The levels of literacy in join to help the parents in earning by attending different broad age groups by sex are given to work. Few others stay at home/for looking below. Statement V(12) Educational levels by the age group and sex (Survey data) Educational levels Sex Age group Total 5-14 15-59 60 and above 2 3 4 5 6 Literate without educational level M F 7 7 (2.07) (1.36) Primary M 122 64 15 201 (68.16) (13.97) (35.72) (29,60) F 111 113 3 227 (68,10) (33,33) (27,27) (44,25) Middle M 55 108 14 177 (30,72) (23,58) (33.33) (26,07) F 51 89 5 135 (31.29) (23,30) (45.46) (26,32) Matriculation and above M 2 286 13 301 (1.12) (62.45) (30,95) (44,33) F 1 140 3 144 (0.61) (41.30) (27,27) (28.07) Total M 179 458 42 679 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) F 163 339 11 513 (100,00) (100,00) (100,00) (10000) 88 The following statement shows the Education by religion and caste educational levels of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The following statement shows the number of 'Iiterate's in the surveyed households by religion. Statement V (13) Statement V (14) Educational levels of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (Survey data) Literates by religion (Survey data) Name of the Total Total Percentage Educational Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Religi.on persons Literates to total levels P M F P M F 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hindus 1,069 779 72.87 Primary 32 19 13 Muslims 552 364 65.94 Middle 11 8 3 Christians 45 43 95.56 Matriculation 11 9 2 and above Jain 9 6 66.67 Total 54 36 18 Total 1,675 1,192 71.16 Viswabrahmins, Mangalis, Malas and It can be seen from the above statement Madigas (S.C's.) Yadavs and Padma Sali that the literates of Scheduled Castes are 54 ranges between 70 and 90 per cent. There are persons consisting of 36 males and 18 females. only four castes within a literacy rate of 50 per Most of them are studied upto primary cent or below. Among Christians highest education level. 32 persons followed by 11 percentage of 95.96 are found. each in middle and in the matriculation and High proportion of people having above educational standards. In respect of graduate or post graduate qualifications are Scheduled Tribes only one male studied upto found among the Brahmin, Reddy, Balija, Kapu primary educational standard. etc. castes. More proportion of matriculates are found among the Brahmins, Vysya, Yadava, Balija, Setti Balija, Devanga etc. castes. Among From the above statement it is seen that the literate Christians, 22.22 per cent have an 1.36 per cent of the total literate women are educational qualification of above matricula those without any educational level. Among tion, whereas among Muslims it is only 3.63 per the literates, large number of persons both cent. Similarly, 32.56 per cent of the total among males and females have got only literates among Christians are matriculates primary education. Persons who have had while among Muslims, it is 5.49 per cent. their schooling upto primary level constitute 29.68 per cent in the case of males and 44.24 The educational score per head by caste per cent in the case of females. The shows that the maximum average educational percentage of females who had primary score is 2 (matriculation). The persons who education is more than that of males in all age have an average educational score of 2 groups except the age group 15-19. Highly (matriculation) per head come mainly from qualified men generally outnumber women. Brahmin, Balija and Reddy castes. Majority of 89 the castes have only an average educational by sex, there is considerable difference by score between 1 and 2 (upto Primary) followed religion among the school going in the age by those between 2 and 3 (above Primary but 15-24. Even among males and females, there is below matriculation). Further, enquiry in the difference in educational level based on matter of educational score by sex shows that religion. While there are 85.71 per cent of the educational score among males is higher Christian males are studying in the age group among the Brahmin, Vysya, Viswabrahmin, and 15-24, among Hindus it is 81.25 per cent and Balija castes with 2 (non-technical diploma or among Muslims it is 47.27 per cent. Similarly, certificate not equal to degree) followed by the 80.00 per cent among Christian females in the Padma Salis and Brahmins, with a score of 1 age group 15-24 are studying, whereas among and 2. The proportion of average educational Hindus it is 37.21 per cent and among Muslims score among males is extremely low in the case it is only 13.95 per cent. It means the proportion of Yerukulas (S.T.), Valmikis and Yadavas. of females going for higher education is far low Average educational score of females in all when compared to males. This also shows that castes is below 2. The highest education score in the field of higher education, Muslim women among females is between 1 and 2 with are far behind their counter parts among other Brahmins, Vysya, Balijas, Reddy and religions. Among Muslims, there are no females Christians. Female education score is also very studying after the age of 24, but among low, between 0 and 1 (below Primary) among Christians and Hindus, there are few females the Yerukulas (S.T.), Madiga (S.C.), Mala (S.C.), continuing their studies even beyond the age Valmikis and Yadavas. of 24 years. Education among younger age groups by Non-enrolment in school religion Out of the 300 surveyed households, 265 Survey data reveals that out of 749 households have children of school going age persons between the ages 5 to 24, 511 of 5-14. Among them, 12 households or 4.0 per consisting of 283 males and 228 females are cent of the total households did not send their undergoing various courses of studies. 86.49 children to school and 18 households or 6.0 per per cent of he total persons in the age group cent of the households send some of their 5-14, 48.90 per cent in the age group 15-24 are children to school. studying in the town. Among Hindus, 91.53 per cent among males and 88.12 per cent among Out of 265 households with children of females are studying in the age group 5-14. school-going age, 74 had only boys, 83 had Among Muslims, the percentage of Males and only girls and 108 had both boys and girls. Out Females studying in the same age group are of 74 households having male children only, 3 89.29 per cent and 93.33 per cent respectively. households did not send all their children to The corresponding figures among Christians school. Similarly out of 83 households who are 97.23 per cent and 66.67 per cent have only female children,S households failed respectively. Among Jains, 75.00 per cent of to send the children to school. In the case of males are studying in the age group of 15-24. 108 households having both male and female 54.72 per cent of the Hindus, 87.50 per cent of children of school going age, 3 households the Christians, and 26.95 per cent of Muslims, failed to send any of their children to school, 4 who belong to the age group 15-24 are households failed to send all their male studying in the town. These figures would show children, 6 households failed to send their that while there is no vast difference in the female children, only 2 households failed to percentage of studying in the age group of 5-14 send some of their female children only and 2 90 households failed to send some of both male reported their age at marriage as 20-24 years. and female children to school. This age group claims the highest proportions of marriage. While considering persons of the Discontinuation of studies present age of 25 and above, 30.33 per cent of According to the households canvassed married males have reported their age at mar for study, altogether 18 persons comprising 6 riage as 25-29. 5.74 per cent ofthe married men males and 12 females never attended school performed their marriages at the age of 30-34 and 19 persons consisting of 5 boys and 14 years. There are only 2 males who got married girls discontinued their studies after primary or between the age of 35-39 and there is no males middle classes. About 83 per cent of them who married after the age of 40. The average discontinued after the primary classes due to age at marriage of males found in the selected economic hardship, sickness or due to the households of the town is 22.78, whereas the services being required for assisting in respect same for females is 18.86. of household duties, look after their younger Out of the 446 married women, only 26 sisters and brothers. or 5.83 per cent got married when they were The parents whose children had discon below the age of 14 years. 76.23 per cent of tinued studies were uneducated or had only married women performed their marriages in nominal education and were agricultural the age group of 15-19. This age group claims labourers. The children who discontinued their the highest proportions of marriage. While studies are mostly from the Scheduled Castes considering persons of the present age of 15 and Scheduled Tribes and Muslims. and above, 16.14 per cent of the total married women reported their age at marriage as Age at marriage 20-24 years and 1.58 per cent as 25.29. There As regards the age at marriage of males, is only one female who got married between the sample data reveals that out of 834 males the age group 30-34 years and there is no in the sample households, 366 are married. Out woman who married after the age of 35 years. of them only 50 or 13.66 per cent got married The age at marriage and present age of the when they were in the age group of 15-19. Out married males and females are given in the of the total married males 49.73 per cent following statement. 91 co O'l ~ J, .- Q) o> .0 Out of the 446 married women, only 26 or town is 18.86 and that for men is 22.78. 17.26 5.83 per cent got married when they were below per cent of the total married women who belong the age of 14. Among the males, marriage to the present age group of 55 and above got below 14 years of age is very rare. 12.39 per married when their ages were below 19, i.e .. cent of the total married Muslim when got mar they are the survivers of the once prevalent ried when they were below the age of 15 but child marriage. At the same time, only 11 .21 per among Hindus it is only 4.36 per cent and cent of the total married women who belong to among Christians it again went down to 3.98 the age group 15-24 got married before the per cent. Among the Hindu castes, earl; mar attainment of 15-19 years of age. It would. riages are mainly practised among Balija, therefore, be clear that the age at marriage has Yerukula, Madiga, Mala and Yadava castes. It advanced in recent years. The following state is aiso found rarely among the castes of Kapu, ment shows the distribution of households by Setti, Balija, Rajakas and Mangalis. The number of members and age of head of average age for marriage among women in the household. Statement V(16) Di.,tribution of households by number of members and age of head of household Age of Head of Number of households having memtJers Household Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & Total above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Below 20 20-30 2 6 5 9 3 26 31·40 4 9 19 20 27 4 2 87 41-50 5 8 21 35 10 83 51-60 11 B 11 26 5 4 2 69 61 & above 4 3 5 12 7 2 3.5 Total 4 12 34 45 62 103 26 8 6 300 93 Inter-Religion and Inter-Caste Marriage become widowers, when they were in the age group of 35 and above. Most of the widowers Inter-religious marriages are rare oc belong to BaJija caste. Among the 13 widowers, curences in the town and no caste has been only 4 got remarried when they were in the age reported in the sample household. Outside the group of 35 and above. The statement V(17) surveyed households one inter-religious mar given on next page shows the number of riage took place between a Hindu Brahmin widow/widower and reanalise by woman and a Christian man. caste/tribe/community. Marriage alliances among all castes are subject to certain traditional norms and restric Of the 446 married women, only 2 (0.44 tions. The higher castes or lower castes among per cent) of the total married women became Hindus do not inter-marry with each other. widows when they were below 25 years; 6 and Usually a member of a caste or community 75 in the age groups of 25-34, 35 years and marries trom within the same caste or com above. Most of the widows are Muslims and munity. Balijas. Among the 83 widows, none of them remarried. Widow re-marriage Widow remarriage is permissible by cus Unike the males, a widow or divorcee tom among the Hindu castes of Balija, Kamma, tamale finds it difficult to get a partner for remar Kapu, Bestha, Reddy, Yerukula, Scheduled riage. One of the reasons is that no male likes Tribes and among Muslims and Christians also. to take the responsibility of bringing up the But they are very rare occurences in practice. progeny born out of her first marriage. Social In the past, among Brahmins, widows were not stigma attached to widow remarriage is the allowed to remarry, but now-a-days, it is no second factor which makes it difficult for a more taboo. Among the Muslims and Christians divorced or widowed women to get a partner. also remarriage has never been prohibited by All the 4 men who got remarried are Hindus. law or custom. Almost all are aged above 35 years only. The reasons for remarriage are due to the spouses' Out of the 366 married males, only 13 death in 3 cases and divorce due to temper (3.55 per cent) of the total married males have mental incompatibility in one case. 94 Statement V(17) Widow/Widower remarried by age of becoming widow/widower and caste/tribe/community Casteffribe/Community Number Reporting to have Number Remarried out of those who become widow at the age of became widow at the age of Below 25 25-34 35 and Below 25 25-34 35 and above above 2 3 4 5 6 7 Balija 11 Bhatrajulu Bestha Brahmin 4 Viswa-Brahmin Chakali Devangulu Jangam Devarlu - Gandla 2 4 Eci;ga 2 Kamsali Kapu Khatri Kshatriya 2 Kummari Mangali 2 Madari 1 Padmasali 2 Rajput Reddy 3 Setti-balija 2 Sadhu Setti Togata Vaddepu Rajulu Vaddera Vysya 3 Yadav 1 Adi-Andhra 1 Arundhatiya Madiga Mala 2 Mochi Valmiki 2 Yerukula Muslim 26 Christian 2 Jain Total 2 6 75 CHAPTER VI MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES In urban areas, migration tends to -swell households were ascertained and detailed in the work force and change the existing the following pages. occupational structure. At places where Migrants according to place of birth industrial development is in progress, such migration has a favourable impact as it The survey data relating to 300 sample provides cheap labour which, when absorbed households gives some details about the in the industry, tends to change the migrants. The head of household usually has occupational structure of the area in favour of complete control over the movement of the industry, and in the long run also helps household from its place of origin, when a diversifying the economic activities. However, person gets employment in or transfer to a in ares of labour saturation, such migrants place away from his native place, he would like have an impact in favour of services. They are to shift the households to his working place. generally engaged in petty trade, transport, Out of the 300 sample households, heads of household duties etc. It will also affect 100 households are migrants to this town. It is population growth since fertility in urban areas found that the place of birth of the heads of is often lower than in rural areas due to a majority of the migrant households is in the number of factors such as higher costs of neighbouring districts or states. 12.00 per cent rearing children, improved communications, of the total heads of households born outside and greater access to improve child health the town are from other districts of the state. care and family planning services. 1.67 per cent are from other states. 19.67 per cent are from places elsewhere in the district. The study of migration covers two Of the migrants born in other districts of the important aspects viz. in-migration and state, as much as 3.33 per cent are from out-migration. Both of them are equally Anantapur and Kurnool each, 2.67 per cent important and no study of migration would be from Chittoor and 1.33 per cent from Nellore. completed without either of them. The With regard to the migrants from other states, particulars pertaining to the out-migrants are 0.67 per cent are from Rajasthan State, 0.33 per not available and hence no study could be cent each is from the neighbouring states of made on this aspect. The in-migration Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. particulars in respect of the 300 sample households covering a population of 1,675 The following statement VI (1) shows persons were collected on a sample basis. In further details of the distribution of households order to know the extent of in-migration, the by number of members, migration status and birth places of all the members of the sample place of birth of head of household. 96 Statement VI (1) Distribution of households by number of members, migration status and place of birth of head of household Migration Status and Number of households having members place of birth of head of household Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & Total above 2 3 4· 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A. Non-migrant (Born in Town) 3 9 22 23 43 70 21 4 5 200 B. Migrant I. Born outside the Town in the R 5 8 6 14 2 2 39 District U 2 5 4 6 1 1 20 II. Born within the State in the R District - I PRAKASAN U District - II NELLORE A 2 U 2 District - III CHITIOOR R 3 3 U 2 1 5 District - IV ANANTAPUR R 1 3 U 3 2 7 District - V KURNOOL R 3 5 U 2 1 5 District - VI HYDERABAD R U District - VII NIZAMABAD R U District - VIII WARANGAL A U III. Born in other States State -I KARNATAKA A U 1 State -II MAHARASHTRA R U State - III RAJASTHAN R U 2 State -IV TAMIL NADU R U 1 TOTAL 4 12 34 45 62 103 26 8 6 300 97 A comparative study of the rural and found among migrant households. There is urban components of the in-migration reveals not much difference in the migrants by place that the birth places of majority of the heads Qf birth and migrants by place of last of migrant households (52.00 per cent) are in residence. The last residence of 41.00 per rural areas. The urban component is small cent of the total migrant households is in other among the migrants from the neighbouring districts of the-state; of 5.00 per cent in other areas of the district and other districts of the states, of 54.00 per cent in other areas of the state, but it is more from distant places of district. It is also seen that a large number of other states. This shows that more rural folk migrant households have settled down in the have migrated to this town. town 20 years ago. They had shifted to the town in the past in connection with The 57 migrant households (57.00 per employment avenues. cent) have two to five members, 42 (42.00 per cent) have 6 to 10 members and the remaining The classifir.ation of households with 1.00 per cent have, more th~n ten members. reference to longest stay of any member in the In one household, only a single member is present residence is as follows. Statement VI (2) Distribution of migrants by place of last residence Last Residance Total Duration of Residence House- Less than 1-5 6-10 11-20 21 + holdS 1 Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Last residence in rural areas 44 8 11 11 14 Last residence in urban areas 56 17 19 12 7 TOTAL 100 25 30 23 21 It can be seen from the above statement The following Statement VI (3) shows the that at least 21.00 per cent of the total migrant distribution of Households by number of households came to the town 21 years ago, members, migration status of head of 23.00 per cent settled over a period of 11 to 20 household and duration of stay of any member years, 30.00 per cent between 6 to 10 years and of the household who has stayed the longest 25.00 per cent between 1 to 5 years. Only 1.00 in the present residence. per cent of the migrant households has settled down in the town very recently. 98 Statement VI. (3) Distribution of households by number of members, migration status of head of household and duration of stay of any member of the hOlJsehold who has stayed the longest In the present residence Number Number of households where the migration status and place of last residence of head of household of and duration of stay of any member of the hou~ehold who has stayed longest is members Non- Migrant Migrant Last residence in rural area and duration Last residence in urban area and duration (Born & of residence (Year) of residence (Year) last resi- Less 1-5 6-10 11-20 21+ Total Less 1-5 6-10 11-20 21+ Total dence in than years years years years than years years years years town 1 year 1 year 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Single 3 2 9 1 2 3 22 2 2 5 2 4 7 4 23 2 8 3 7 3 14 5 43 2 2 6 6 3 2 13 6·7 70 5 5 5 18 5 8 2 15 8-9 21 2 2 2 3 10 - 12 4 3 3 13 & above 5 TOTAL 200 8 11 11 14 44 17 19 12 7 56 Further, the details of distribution of to place of birth are furnished in the statement population by place of last residence as related below: Statement VI (4) Distribution of population by place of birth and place of last residence Place of Birth Place of last residence Total Same place Different from place of birth p M 1= M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 In the same place (Cuddapah) 1,411 685 726 684 725 1 1 In the same District 38 22 16 20 14 2 2 Other districts of the state 164 93 71 83 68 10 3 Other states 62 34 28 33 28 1 TOTAL 1,675 834 841 820 835 14 6 99 Out of the 1,675 persons covered by the migrants who migrated from other districts, 142 Survey, 20 persons have their last residence migrated to the town directly from the place of different from their place of birth and they birth and others have migrated from places include 2 persons born in the town but resided C?ther than birth place. Out of the 62 persons elsewhere and who came back again at the who migrated from other states, one had time of survey. As regards the last residence of moved elsewhere before reaching Cuddapah the persons, 1,411 have been residing in the town and all others have migrated directly from same town itself and the remaining 264 had their birth places. their last residence outside the town. Among The following ;>tatement reveals more these 264 migrants, 38 persons have migrated details in respect of households by migration from the same district inc!uding 4 persons who status and place of birth of head of household moved to other places before coming to and composition by Sex and Age status of Cuddapah town. Similarly, among th~ 164 members. me OISUlCl roaas at both ends. In the market and all the taluk headquarters. The trunk road area of the old town, Yadala Venkatachalam 100 Statement VI (5) Distribution of households by migration status and place of birth of head of household and composition by sex· and age status of members (minor upto age 14, adult 15 and above) Migration Status and place of Number of households where composition by Sex and age of member is birth of head of household Adult male Adult Adult Adult Total and female Male Male/ Female/ and minor and Males Females male/female Female only only 2 3 4 5 6 Non M:grant (Born in the Town) 145 52 2 200 Migrant I. Born outside Town in the District R 29 10 39 U 13 7 20 II. Born within the State in the R District - I PRAKASAM U 1 District - II NELLORE R 2 2 U 2 2 District - III CHITTOOR R 2 1 3 U 3 2 5 District - IV ANANTAPUR R 3 3 U 4 3 7 District - V KURNOOL R 3 2 5 U 3 2 5 District - VI HYDERABAD R U District - VII NIZAMABAD R U District - VIII WARANGAL R U IIi. Born in the state State -I KARNATAKA R U State - II MAHARASHTRA R U State - III RAJASTHAN R U 2 State - IV TAMIL NADU R U TOTAL 216 80 2 2 300 101 The following statement reveals the of households as related to place of birth. details of place of last residence of members Statement VI (6) Place of last residence of members of households as related to place of birth Place of Birth Place of last residence Place of Birth Place of last residence Same as place Different from Same as place Different from of birth place of birth of birth place of birth Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females I 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 Same place 667 636 Nizamabad R Same district R 42 55 U U 41 50 Karimnagar R Other Districts U East Godavari R Warangal R U 2 5 U 3 4 Guntur R Other States U 1 Karnataka R Prakasam R 2 U 4 3 U 7 5 Kerala R Neltore R 2 3 U U 8 17 Tamil Nadu A 4 2 Chittoor R 2 4 U 2 3 U 6 9 Maharashtra A Anantapur R 2 6 U U 12 8 Rajasthan R Kurnool R 5 4 U 4 3 U 16 17 Other Countries Hyderabad R U 3 1 TOTAL 667 636 167 205 ~-=~. -_ .. 102 Of the 264 migrant persons covered by employment to a larger number of persons and the sample households, 147 originally the frequent transfer and posting of employees belonged to rural areas. Of these 41 (27.89 per in these units appear to be the main reason for cent) belonged to places within a distance of the successive migration by stages. below 50 kms. 61 persons {41.50 per cent} within a distance of 51 to 100 kms, 25 persons A good proportion of migrants from all (17.01 per cent) belonged to places within a places still retain ownership of their landed distance of 101 to 200 kms 15 persons {10.20 property in their native places and it accounts per cent} hailed from places at a distance of 201 for 43.00 per cent. The recent migrants had +0 500 kms, and 5 persons (3.40 per cent) from more property than the old migrants in their a distance of beyond 500 kms from Cuddapah places of origin. 80.00 per cent of those who town. As regards persons born in urban areas, came to the town during the last one to five the birth place of 5 (4.27 per cent) out of 117 is years could claim properties at their previous within a distance of below 50 kms and those of house as against 9.52 per cent of the earlier 68 persons (58.12 per cent) is within a distance in-migrants who came to settle down in the of 51 to 100 kms., 16 persons (13.68 per cent) town before 20 years, 40.00 per cent of these each belonged to a place situated at a distance who settled over a period of 6 to 10 years and of 101 to 200 and 201 to 500 kms. respectively 39.13 per cent of those who came to settle and 12 persons (10.26 per cent) hailed from between 11 to 20 years have properties at their places situated at a distance beyond 500 kms. original place. It shows that the people with The above figures would show that majority of longer absence from their former houses did the persons born in rural and urban areas have not retain as much landed property in their migrated from places situated at a distance of native places as the recent migrant 51 to 100 kms. households. Usually the migrants hand over the management of the property to close As regards migrants characteristics by relatives or leave it for the maintenance of their place of origin, of the 100 migrant households, parents or other dependents who continue to it may -be stated that the places of origin of 58 stay in their place of origin. Some are found to households are villages, those of 15 have disposed of their property at the time of households are small towns, those of 15 migration. Thus 2 households of those having households are medium size town and those property elsewhere in the district, 4 households of 12 households are cities, chances of having property in other districts and two employment and openings in trade and households in other states have sold their Commerce seem to be the main attraction of properties at the time of or after migration. The the town to the migrant households. The properties of 68.23 per cent of the total percentage of in-migrants who had migrated households having properties in their original in connection with employment constitutes places are looked after by the parents, that of 84.36 per cent of the total migrant households. 5.67 per cent by sisters and 2.34 per cent each 9.27 per cent had migrated for business by brothers and other relatives. purposes and 5.32 per cent due to marriage alliance. Among the migrant households 38 per cent have their close relations like parents, The households which came to the town daughters, brothers, sisters etc., in the place of by successive migration in two or more stages origin. The statement below gives an idea constitute 24.38 per cent of the total migrant regarding close relations of the households households. The location of the district level who stay in the places from where the offices and the railway junction providing households migrated to the town. 103 Statement VI (7) former homes by visiting once or more times in a year. The percentage of migrants who stated Households having their close relations in that they had nq contact with their former places from where they have migrated homes and never vi~ited them during the last to the town three years was 19.37 per cent. Among the rest who continued to make visit to their kith and kin Details of relatives No. of households at home when at least one member was there, .2 consist 13.37 pr cent and they visited more than 4 times during the last three years and 12.37 Parents 19 per cent visited 3 to 5 times in the same period. Father 14 The frequency of visits of 49.37 per cent of the total households during the corresponding Mother 5 period is only 1 to 3 times. Almost all the visits Brother 3 of these households are to the places of origin Married Brother 8 of migration to meet their kith and kins. The Sisters 4 relatives of the migrants are also reported to have visited them at Cuddapah town Others 3 occasionally. TOTAL 56 The following statement VI (8) shows the As many as 56.00 per cent of the total distribution of households by natl!re of migrants of those who have close relations at relation of members to head of household and place of origin maintained contact with their migration status of head of household. Statement VI (8) Distribution of households by nature of relation of members to head of household and migration status of head of household Nature of Relation of members Nature of household where to head of household migration status of head of household is Non- Migrant Total Migrant 2 3 4 Self 3 4 Self, spouse 8 4 12 Self, spouse, unmarried sons and daughters 100 49 149 Self, spouse, married son and son's wife with or without unmarried sons & daughters 25 11 36 Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife with/without unmarried sons and daughters Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife, married son, son's wife, with/without unmarried sons and daughters 4 4 Self (Male), Unmarried son/daughter 104 Statement VI (8) -Contd. Nature of Relation of members Nature of household where to head of household migration status of head of household is Non Migrant Total Migrant 2 3 4 Self (Female), Unmarried son/daughter 5 4 9 Self, spouse with or without unmarried son/daughter and widowed father 2 2 Self, spouse with or without unmarried son/daughter and widowed mother 23 6 29 Self (Male), Unmarried brother/sister Sub-total 171 75 246 Other types 29 25 54 Total 200 100 300 Others (specify) 1. Self, spouse, father, mother, sister 2 3 2. Self (female), son, son's wife 5 2 7 3. Self, spouse, daughter, mother, wife, brother's son 4. Self (Female), daughter, daughter's husband 5. Self (Female), son, son's wife, unmarried sister, sister's husband 6. Self, spouse, unmarried son, daughter, wife's brother 7. Self, spouse, daughter, mother, mother's brother 8. Self (Male), son, son's wife, son's son, daughter, grand mother 9. Self, spouse, unmarried son & daughter, wife's mother 2 10. Self (Male), married sister 1 11. Self, spouse, son, mother, married sister 12. Self, spouse, unmarried daughter & brother 13. Self, spouse, unmarried son & daughter's son, sister's son 14. Self (Male), mother, unmarried sister 15. Self, spouse, mother, unmarried sister 16. Self, spouse, mother, mother's sister 17. Self, spouse, unmarried son, married sister, sister's son 18. Self, spouse, unmarried daughter, mother, wife's brother 19. Self, spouse, unmarried son, mother, widowed sister 1 105 Statement VI (8) -Concld Nature of Relation of members Nature of household where to head of household migration status of head of household is Non- Migrant Total Migrant 2 3 4 20. Self (Female), son, son's wife, son's daughter, son's son, grandmother 21. Self, spouse, unmarried daughter, father, mother 22. Self, spouse, unmarried sister and brother 23. Self (Female), unmarried son, daughter, widowed mother 24. Self, spouse, daughter's son, daughter's daughter 25. Self, spouse, sister's son, sister, son's wife 26. Self, spouse, unmarried son, brother-in-law, Nephew 27. Self, spouse, unmarried son, daughter, brother's wife, brother's son, brother's daughter 28. Self, spouse, married daughter, daughter's husban~, daugrter's son, daughter's daughter 29. Self (Male), son, son's wife, daughter, 'laughter's husband, daughter's son and daughter 30. Self, spouse, unmarried son, daughter, wife's/father's mother, wife's sister and brother 31. Self, spouse, son. brother. brother's wife & daughter, wife's mother and brother 32. Self, spouse, unmarried son, wife's mother 33. Self, spouse, unmarried son, father, mother, sister's son, sister's son's wife 34. Self (Female), widowed daughter, 2nd daughter's husband 35. Self (Male), unmarried son, married son, son's wife 36. Self (Female). married daughter, married son. son's wife, son's daughter 37. Self (Male), son, son's wife, son's son 38. Self (Female), widowed sister, sister's daughter, son 39. Self (Female), unmarried son, father, mother, married daughter, daughter's daughter 40. Self (Female), daughter, daughter's husband, daughter's daughter & son 41. Self, spouse, father. mother. unmarried brother 42. Self (Female). son, daughter, husband's widowed sister, husband's sister's daughter 43. Self, spouse, daughter, father, mother 44. Self, spouse, unmarried son & daughter, wife's father, wife's mother TOTAL 200 100 300 106 Of the migrant households, only five have from the surrounding areas of other districts received help on their migration to the town. and among them those shifting from the rural They belong to Christian Community. These areas are in maiority. The various facilities households received help by way of free available in the town due to its status as the accommodation from their relatives who headquarters of the district, the town being a migrated from Anantapur and Kurnool districts. centre of commercial and industrial activities The migrant households did not have any and more chances of employment appeared problems during or after migration to the to be the main reasons for migration of town. population from other areas. Appointments and official transfer of Government employees in The facts and figures furnished above the various offices and railways lin the town according to sample survey data show that an have also contributed to the process of· overwhelming proportion of the migrants came migration. 107 CHAPTER VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN A neighbourhood is a primary informal within the town for effective expression of civic group consisting of at least potentially all consciousness. In the process of discharging persons who live in local proximity. It is not only the obligations, the people grow to know each 'a physical entity but a social and moral entity. other and they perform group activities which Even if persons live in close proximity to one generate civic interest, clubs for social, political another, they do not constitute a or intellectual discussion as well as recreation neighbourhood. What they constitute is only a are formed and through these media, local physical unit. On the other hand persons living problems are aired and common resistence to away from one another without any physical undesirable trends is generated and greater continuity but with social and moral bonds also amenities encouraged. The people thus will do not constitute a neighbourhood. What they find a means to retain the neighbourhood constitute is only a community. Thus, the identity and character. They will find ways to neighbourhood is not only the blending of both change with an ever changing world and yet the physical and social entities, but it is also a maintain the integrity and character of the unit of the population with basic common community. The aeroplane and automobile will needs for educational, recreational and other produce profound changes in the town, but the service facilities and it is the standards for these neighbourhood must retain the basic, the facilities from which the size and design of a elementary, physical characteristics which neighbourhood would emerge. Further, the make it as a unit for service to the people who neighbourhood is necessary as a unit with live within it. which the town or city may be reconstructed, but it is not a physical element alone. It is the The common objective of a people that really make the neighbourhood, neighbourhood is the maintenance of a living and whether they participate in community environment suited to the nature and desires of affairs as personal friends or need not be the the people who are part of it. It means the area thread upon which their welfare changes. in which we live have our house and these of People are obliged to act in union with their our neighbours, the stores where we shop for fellowmen for the continued maintenance of our daily necessities, our school and its standards for ~chools, recreation, utility playground, and our local park etc. It is not only improvements, zoning and such other civic meaningful as the place we live and in the street enterprises as the community may embrace. we traverse to and from our work, it is also the This responsibility is shared by all regardless key to sound investment in a home. Prosperity of where they live and under whatever values are substained in proportion to the conditions. It is the act of citizenship and the standards of maintenance of a community neighbourhood is the smallest denominator insists upon the quality itself expects to 108 maintain. This quality is achieved only through town is divided into 21 wards. The wards can vigorous attention to neighbourhood also be considered as neighbourhood but standards and these standards are established they are not found homogenous in their com through the planning process. position. Inside these wa'rds, there are some named areas which seemed to be more sig Taking into consideration of the above nificant units of social action. However, par factors, the neighbourhood pattern of ticulars of some of the important representative Cuddapah town is discussed below. named areas where neighbourhood schedules are canvassed and discussed below. The char The entire town having an area ('f 6.84 sq. acteristics such as antiquity, phySical features, kms. with rural and urban characteristics can situation with reference to facilities available, b,e considered as one neighbourhood. It is type of houses, ethnic, social and economic about 5 kms. in length from Erramukkapalle to background of the population of the neighbour Devuni Cuddapah on the western side to hoods were indicated by informants belonging Eastern and about 6 kms. width Cheepurukatta to different walks of life. to Pakeerpalle or Bangarampalle on the north to south of Cuddapah. The following statement shows the dis A sample of 300 households constituting tribution of households, number of members, 1 .66 r>er cent of the totaillouseholds was drawn workers and non-workers by sex in the selected at random from different representative five neighbourhoods of the town. localities and neighbourhood of the town. The Statement VII (1) Distribution of households by number of members, workers and mon-workers by sex in the selected five neighbourhoods (Survey data) Name of the No. of Total Population Total Workers Total Non-workers neighbourhood house- holds P M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1, Ammavarisala Street 23 114 54 60 28 4 26 56 2, Y.V. Street 8 42 23 19 10 2 13 17 3, Yerramukkapalle 32 158 80 78 24 4 56 74 4. Radhakrishn~ colony 22 121 63 58 21 2 42 56 or co-op. colony 5, Ballari Street 9 50 25 25 9 2 16 23 Total 94 485 245 240 92 14 154 226 109 Ammavarisala street Shri Y. Venkatachalam. It is surrounded by Bellam Mandi on the north, Gandla street on This is one of the old localities of the East, old fort on the south and Cuddapah Town and it was named after the Kanyakaparameswari street on the west. It fs Goddess Kanyakaparameswari popularly one of the busy business streets of Cuddapah known as Ammavarisala. town consisting of number of business It is surrounded by Bellam Mandi street complexes-cum-residential houses of business on the north, Y.V. Str'eet on the south, Municipal class population comprising mostly Hindus market complex on east and on the west Agadi and Muslims. Street. Most of the houses in this locality are Textile show-rooms predominate in this residences of rich class population comprising street. The locality is equipped with almost all mostly Vysyas, Brahmins, and Muslims. The the modern facilities like protected water predominant occupations of the residents are supply, electricity and well maintained business and service. The entire locality is sanitation with R.C.C. roads. The entire locality equipped with almost all the modern facilities is covered by all the varieties of shops including like protected water supply, electricity and well printing presses, hotels, lodges, wholesale and maintained sanitation with R.C.C. roads. There retail business. The locality does not provide are shops ciealing in all commodities of any institution for the educational and medical domestic use, and some of the houses abutting needs of the public. The entire area is a the main street and at the junction of the street compact one without any green belt. to cater the routine needs of the residents of the locality. There is one primary school without Yerramukkapalle street having playground or other facilities. The Government Ayurvedic Hospital under the This locality is surrounded by management of the Municipality is located in Sunnapurallapalle on the north, railway line on this locality apart from a few clinics run by the south, Collector's Bungalow on the West. It private medical practitioners. Green trees like is very close to the railway station on the coconut, tamarind, neem etc. and flowers of southern side of the town. There are well laid different varieties are generally grown within parallel meandering shape cement roads in the the compound, depending on the economic locality. It consists of various educational status of the individual house owners. The institutions like Government Colleges, tutorials, locality is situated close to the old fort area, the and High Schools, Private institution as well as Central zone of the town. The location of an old the residents of affluent class. There are temple and an old mosque in the vicinity of this number of pucca and good houses. It can locality clearly indicates the predominance of safely be said that the majority of the residents these two communities. belong to Kummari and Brahmin castes. Once the entire vast area adjacent to the Y.V. street station now. swelled up with various types of This street was named after late buildings within a span of 30 years and facilities Sri Yadala Venkatachalam, a famous like water supply, electricity, sanitation etc. Philanthropist who liberally gave away lands for have been provided. Apart from this, there are the development of the town. It is located in the two degree colleges Le. Government Arts central zone of the town. All the 8 households College and S.V. Degree College and also a interviewed in this locality are of the opinion Municipal Secondary School, apart from that the name of this locality was given after several private english medium schools. All the 110 informants interviewed have expressed that among Hindus and Muslim communities. Both this locality is one of the best localities in the the communities dominate in business and as entire town, especially in the field of s u cn the i r res ide n c e s h ave a Iso bee n educational activities and mentioned that fashioned on the basis of modern equipment. generally well-to-do people belonging to different communities live in this locality. Sri The arc hit e c t'u r a I pro min a n ceo f Venkateswara Theatre, the newly constructed religious buildings as urban land marks in building with all modern equipment is some of the neighbourhoods throws functioning in this locality as the centre of emphasis upon contrasts in the face of the entertainment to the people of this locality. town that expresses differences of faith. The numerous temples and mosques existing in Radha Krishna colony or Co-operative close proximity to each other which is so Society colony conspicuous a feature of national integration, is deeply expressive of the cultu(al tradition. In vi~w of the rapid development of Cuddapah town within a span of 50 years, The existence of a plural society in people have to face housing problems. In ordp.r Cuddapah Town right from its inception had to meet the minimum requirements of the housing, a co-operative society was formed in far reaching effects upon the structure of the the year 1951, which ultimately purchased vast town. Segregation of different communities vacant land adjacent to Municipal and into distinct quarters with resulting duplication 'Government Headquarters Hospital on the of services has amounted to the creation of eastern side of the town. The entire colony adjace Ilt but vi rtu ally self-co ntai n ed consists of about 250 residential houses with neighbourhoods. Yet the inter-dependence of all fac.ilities representing economically the constituent groups is usually evident in advanced people. The colony has been their common participation in discharging provided with protected water supply, some urban activity, usually economic, which electricity, good sanitation, well laid drainage has brought them together. with a school, library and park. The colony consists of mostly people belonging to Reddy Ethnic composition, size of households, income and occupation in neighbourhood and Brahmin communities. Within the colony, there are two private clinics. Apart from this, The Hindus are spread over all the 5 some of the state government offices and localities covered under neighbourhood banks are also located in this colony. About 22 pattern of the town unit, the Brahmins and households of this locality were interviewed Muslims are concentrated in three localities and all expressed that they were satisfied with while Vysyas, Kummari, Balija and Reddy all the amenities provided by the Municipality. dominate in two localities. It is significant to note that nearly half. of the Hindu and Muslim Ballari street population lives in these five localities which though economically active are socially This locality is a part and parcel of Ward backward. The presence of a large percentage No. 15. It is also thickly populated area. Apart of Muslim population in these localities is a from the residential houses, number of oil mills historic relic. On the whole, the Muslims are and other small electrical workshops are also slowing down the socio-economic scale on found on this street. All the basic amenities account of their traditionalism and lack of except education have been provided; The adaptability because of their historical entire area mostly consists of Balija caste background. 111 Size of household and Administration (48%). The character of Cuddapah town as an "administrative" and The average size of the household in the "commercial" centre is confirmed by the fact above five localities is 6.18 which is higher than that government services which dominate the the average size of 5.71 for the entire occupational structure of the town provide it Cuddapah town as of 1981 Census. The large with a rather weak economic base because of average household size of the 5 units is their low income generating capacity. Even perhaps due to the joint family system and industrial occupations seem to be partly also seems to be a characteristic of the predominently "Unskilled" in nature and over local population. The latter conclusion is drawn 32% of the heads of the households are earning from the fact that in three localities, there is high less than Rs. 400 per month. Although the proportion of large sized households. The in-migrants in these localities are also being remaining two localities are also conspicuous attracted to these low income generating by the absence of single member households. occupations, nevertheless their average On account of the presence of a large income, as observed in the field, is fairly high. proportion of migrant population in these This is partly be due to their greater share in the localities, there is high proportion of medium to relatively high income yielding professional low size households. On the whole, as occupations such as legal, medical etc. It is observed during the survey that the medium sized household group of 5 to 7 members further observed that female employment is seems to constitute the dominent group· in lowest in these localities. These localities are these localities. inhabited by a socially backward population comprising Hindus and Muslims which, by and Income large, do not approve of women employment although this social inhibition is working The average monthly income of the against their own interest. To ameliorate their households in these localities is only Rs. 408. condition, a co-ordinated policy for educational Over 40% of the households earn less than Rs. and economic development of these localities 400/- per month. The proportion of upper has to be initiated. income groups in the range of Rs. 1000/- and above is less than 20%. The income per month of these localities, according to field Housing conditions observations is Rs. 694/-. There is a wide The gravity of the housing situation is disparity in the distribution of income within revealed by the fact that almost 40% of the these localities. The YV. Street, Ammavarisala dwellings are either huts or built of mud walls and Ballari Street have a larger share of the and tiled roof giving the appearance of slums. town's total income and almost a monopoly of The number of slum dwellings will considerably its upper income group. (based on field swell if the ill ventilated and dilapidated observation). structures which are concentrated in these five localities are also included*. The style of Occupational structure housing has undergone considerable change The bulk of working population of these since the last 20 years. Among house types, localities as observed in the field is engaged in semi-thatched and thatc.hed dwellings "other services" including commerce (29%), predominate in all the five localities. The ,. No figures are available on the structural conditions of dwellings and therefore the remark is based on field observations. 112 proportion has, however, declined proportion of these rented dwellings consist of considerably and on the other hand the three or less than three room tenements and a proportion of flats has increased considerably majority of the households living in these because of the fact that the Housing Board dwellings belong to the low income group as which accounts for a very large proportion of observed in the field. It is, therefore, not recently constructed dwellings prefers this type surprising that a large majority of these of structures. It is also observed in the field that dwellings are sub-standard once and lack the more than 30% of the households in these basic amenities of pipe water, electricity and localities are living in rented quarters. A large sewerage. CHAPTER VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN How far family life in Cuddapah city has Altogether, 300 households were undergone change in the changing surveyed comprising 1,675 persons circumstances due to urbanisation has been consisting of 834 males and 841 females. , brought out hy an analysis of its composition, the nature of relationship and interaction The average number of persons in a among its members, and with those who have household as revealed from the survey is 5.58. gone outside their home to distant places for Among the three major religions, the Muslim work or education etc. In addition to this, light households are found to be the largest as the is thrown on frequency of visits paid to average number of persons in a Muslim households in the town by friends and relatives household is derived as 5.75. The average living in rural area, categories of persons, and household size of the Christian is derived as purposes of visits etc. and in order to know 5.6, which is higher than in State Urban as well about a" these factors have been discussed in as the Cuddapah district urban household the following paragraphs. sizes. Among Hindus, the average household size has been found to be 5.4 which is lower Socia-economic linkage or bond than the other two religions. Castewise existing between them. The number of persons distribution of the size of families shows that in most of the families is not very high. The· large families are found among Bestha, average size of a household in Cuddapah town Arundhatiya (Madiga-S.C.), Devangulu, is more or less the same as that of the Andhra Mangali and Rajputs and the small size is Pradesh State Urban. According to the 1981 found among Yerukula (S.T.), Vysya, Census, the average number of persons per Kshatriya and Padmasale. The largest household in Cuddapah town is 5.71 as against proportion of families (34.33 per cent) 5.48 in 1971. consists of 6 to 7 members followed by (20.67 Considering the average number of per cent) families of 5 members, 15.00 per cent persons per household in the various wards, it of 4 members and 11.33 per cent of 3 is found that the average size of a household me,mbers. Families of 8 to 9 memb0rs is smallest in Dwarakanagar and Trunk Road constitute 8.67 per cent, 10 to 12 member area with 2.88 and the maximum size is in families constitute 2.67 per cent while the Kummarakunta road, Peera Sahib Street area families with above 13 members constitute 2.0 with 7.44. Among the 21 wards, the average per cent of sample households. 4.00 per cent size of household of 7 wards varies between of the total households have only two 6.0 to 6.9, of 12 wards between 5.29 to 5.99 and members, andi 1.33 per cent of the total the remaining two wards has more than 7 and households have only single member. less than 2.88 one each. The sample The classification of the sample households canvassed for this survey households by number of members and provide a comprehensive picture about the age of head of household is given in the family life in the town. statement below. 114 Statement VIII (1) Composition of households by number of members (Survey data) Age of head of Number at members household Total Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13+ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Below 20 20 - 30 26 2 6 5 9 3 30 - 40 87 4 9 19 20 27 4 2 40 - 50 83 5 6 21 35 10 50 - 60 69 11 8 11 26 5 4 2 60 & above 35 4 3 5 12 7 2 TOTAL 300 4 12 34 45 62 103 26 8 6 It can be seen from the above statement females in case where the male head has that there is no head of the household who is passed away or in the event of his living away below 20 years of age. Majority of the heads of from the house. households 87 households or 29.00 per cent belong to the age group 30-40 followed by A further division of the sample 27.67 per cent in the age group of 40-50,23.00 households by their composition shows that 82 per cent is the age group of 50 to 60. However, per cent of the total sample households have 11.66 per cent of the households are managed adults and minors of both sexes. 13.00 per cent by persons who are above 60 years of age and have adult males and females only, 3.24 per age of head of the household of 8.67 per cent cent have only adult females and 1 .26 per cent is between 20 to 30. each have only adult males and adult females with minor male of the female children only. The As regards the family composition, it is composition of households varied between found that out of 300 sample households, 272 non-migrants and migrants. Among non or 90.67 per cent of the households had male migrants, adult male and female and minor heads and 28 or 9.33 per cent had female male and female households constituted a heads. Thus majority of the households are higher proportion. 8~.67 per cent among the managed by male heads, who are generally the non-migrants and 69.29 per cent among bread winner of the households. Among the migrant families come in this oategory. The female heads, 24 are widows and 4 are migrant households had more nuclear families divorcees. From this, it is seen that normally the with husband and wife alone than the headship of the household passes on to non-migrants households. 115 Nature of relation of members to head of Statement VIII (2) households Distribution of the sample households by Despite the pivotal role of the head of the type household there is disparity in the level of relationship and degree of interdependence SI. Type of Numbers Percentage No. household to total which ought to have developed between the head of household and its members. This 2 3 4 disparity is highlighted by the fact that of the 1. Nuclear 161 53.67 total surveyed households 159 or 53.00 per cent come under the composition of self, 2. Supplemented Nuclear 5 1.67 spouse, unmarried sons and daughter. 11.33 per cent under the type of self, spouse, married 3. Sub nuclear 31 10.34 son and son's wife with or without unmarried 4. Single person 4 1.33 sons and daughters. 7.00 per cent with self, 5. Supplemented spouse with or without unmarried son and sub nuclear daughter and widowed mother. 3.00 per cent 6. Collateral joint 0.33 with only self (femal~) unmarried son and daughter. 1.33 per cent with self, spouse, 7. Supplemented married brother, brother's wife, married son, collateral joint 2 0.67 son's wife, with or without unmarried sons 8. Lineal joint 38 12.67 or/and daughters. 0.67 per cent with self, 9. Supplemented spouse with or without unmarried son and lineal joint 7 2.33 daughter and widowed father. There are also 10. Lineal collateral joint 7 2.33 many households with yet different nature of relations of members to head of househld. 11. Supplemented lineal (Statement VI (8)). collateral joint: 7 2.33 12. Others 37 12.33 Type of households and its correlates TOTAL 300 100.00 Taking into consideration, the relationship between various members of a It can be seen from the above statement, household, with the head of household, the that majority of the households covered by the households may be classified into 11 types of survey are nuclear families. The couples after families besides a residuary category of marriage prefer to lead an independent life of others, and they can be defined and given in their own. In the case of migrants, usually head appendix IV. of the household on getting married sets up a new household which accounts for more nuclear families among them, 53.67 per cent of A castewise distribution of the the total households belonging to this group. households according to above classification 10.34 per cent of the total households fall in the by nature of family is presented in the sub nuclear. Only 4 households (1.33 per cent) Statement VIII (2). are single member households. Some families 116 even today follow the joint family system which in the Legislature which was passed into Law was once prevalent among Hindus especially as Act I of 1912 A.D. Since then, it has taken so the Reddis, Viswabrahmins, Kshatriyas, 20.00 many amendments till tOday. per cent of the sample households in this sample come under joint type of family system Composition by country, state, religion, which includes collateral jOint, supplemented caste, language collateral joint, lineal jOint, supplemented lineal joint, lineal collateral jOint and supplemented 86.33 per cent of the total surveyed lineal collateral jOint. 12.67 per cent of the households belong to Cuddapah district, that sample households have come under the other is the district of enumeration. While the ty:=,es of family. remaining with a lone exception are from other districts and states. The migrants also came The joint family system is found in the from the adjacent districts of Chittoor, Nellore, town in all the religions but significant Ananthapur and Kurnool to Cuddapah. differences is observed between them. 22.92 per cent of the Muslim households live under Thus 3.33 per cent each belong to joint family system whereas only 16.20 per cent Anathapur and Kurnool districts, 2.67 per cent of the Hindu households follow joint family belong to Chittoor district and 1 .33 per cent system. The setting up of jOint families among belong to Nellore district. Only 1 .33 per cent of christians is also higher than that of Hindus with the households of the sample have been 25.0 per cent. The one Jain family found in the reported to be coming from places other than sample is also a joint family. Joint family is also the neighbouring districts of the state. 0.33 per found in almost all the communities irrespective cent eve n belong to Prakasam district, of their literacy and occupation. More joint Hyderabad, Nizamabad and Warangal districts families are found among the castes - Reddis, within the State. 0.33 per cent each belong to Goundla, Ediga Balija, Brahmin, Mala and the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu, Madiga. Karnataka. Classified on the basis of place of birth of heads of households, the heads of 259 It would be interesting in this connection out of the 300 are born within the district, 39 in o look into the growth and decay of the system rural areas and 220 in urban areas. Heads of 36 if jOint family - Ummadi Kutumbam system households, consisting of 23 households in 'as prevalent in the whole of Andhra Pradesh urban areas and 13 households in rural areas ld Cuddapah is not an exception. The joint are born in other districts of the state. Those of I, mily property is usually' managed by the 5 households were born in other states, and all ' senior must male member of the family and he of~them are born in urban areas only. had general control over the members. This system was followed by Reddis, Brahmins, According to classification on religion, 8alijas and Muslims. 195 sample. households are those of Hindus with 544 males and 525 females, 96 are Muslim The jOint family, with its system of joint households with 263 males and 289 f~males, 8 property, is. gradually eroding under the are Christian households with 21 males and 24 influence of social change and the economic females. Only one household is of Jain with 6 and political developments that took place males and 3 females. In other words, 63.82 per during the last 50 years. The above custom cent of the total households are those of began to change with the introduction of a Bill Hindus, 32.95 per cent are of Muslims, 2.69 per 117 cent are of Christians and the remaining one is outside the town and out of them, head of one that of Jain 0.54 per cent. household had his last residence in the town itself and only one household had come to the The mother-tongue of the vast majority town from a place situated within a distance of of the people in the town is Telugu with 64.66 berow 50 kms. per cent of the members in the sample households speaking it as their mother tongue. Excepting 2 out of the 9 Hindu Next to Telugu, Urdu is the mother tongue of households, whose family members are staying the second largest section of people (32.54 per outside, all heads are engaged in some work. cent) in the town. There are however people in Similarly out of 2 Muslim households, all are the town with Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Marwadi, engaged in work and the 2 Christian Punjabi, etc., as their mother tongues, the households are engaged in work. Th~ heads of percentage, all of them put together being households are found to be engaged in 2.80. production and related works and transport equipment operation followed by professional, Members staying outside, reason and technical and non-technical teaching and nature of link with the household related works respectively. Some head? of households are engaged in clerical jobs and in business, etc. Out of the 300 households covered by the study, close family members of 13 households are staying outside the town. Of these, 9 are As far as the member and relationship of Hindu households, 2 are Muslim households the members staying outside,with the heads of and 2 are Christian households. The Hindu households are concerned, it is noticed that out households in this case comprise 2 of of the 13 households, 6 are related to the head Brahmins, 3 of Reddy, 2 of Mala and 2 are of household as husband, 4 as son, 2 as father Bestha castes. Of the 13 households whose and one as brother. They include both close relations are staying outside, the heads oucmigrants of the household in the town and of 8 households are the natives of the town the family members of the migrant households itself, 2 have come to stay in the town from a to the town. Out of the 13 persons related to place within a distance of below 50 kms. and 2 the head of households, 84.62 per cent belong households hailed from places situated at a to 15 to 59 age group. The percentage of distance of 50 to 100 kms, last residence of one persons who belong to the age group 60 and household was at a distanc~ between 101 and above constitute 15.59 per cent and all of them 200 kms. and one household had its last are related to head of households as father, residence at a distance of 201 to 500 kms. husband, brother and son. Considering by religion, out of 9 Hindu households whose family members are staying Out of the 33 persons who are staying outside the places of last residence of heads of outside, 20 or 60.61 per cent are students 8 households in the town itself, the undergoing various courses of study, 13 or corresponding figure among Christians is one 39.39 per cent are workers in various of the 2. Place of last residence of all the heads departments and establishments. Particulars of of Muslim households whose family members the family members staying outside by nature are staying outside are in the town itself. There of occupation and relationship with head r are 3 scheduled caste households in the of household are given in the statement sample who have some of their members living below. 118 Statement VIII (3) Particulars of members staying outside by nature of occupation (Survey data) Occupational Division Relationship to head of household Husband Son Brother Father Total 2 3 4 5 6 1. Administrative, executive and managerial workers 2 2. Clerical and related workers 3 2 5 ~l Sales workers '~'.Jsiness workers ; oduction and related workers 2 6. Technical and non-technical teaching side 2 6 4 2 13 It is seen from the above statement that money to their relatives. Persons who were out of 13 members staying outside 6 are related working at a clerical level, sales boys in to head of household as husband, sons (4), business firms, etc., have sent money to their fathers (2) and brother (1). Out of 6 husbands relatives. From this, it is clear that the 3 are engaged in clerical job and 3 are engaged remittance sent by the workers is not in in different occupational Division. Similarly out relation to the income of a person but depends of 4 sons 2 are engaged in clerical job while on the background and the nature of their remaining two have adopted different relationship and contacts with their home. occupations. Only one brother is engaged in While considering the economic background, executive job. it may be pOinted out that when a member of an affluent family is working outside the town, Remittances he need not send any remittance home, and Out of the 13 households whose family therefore, the money he gets is utilised for his members are staying outside, 5 (38.46 per own maintenance or saved. Husband, son, cent) did not get any money from their kith and brother and father are the nearest relatives kin residing outside the town. Out of the from whom remittances are generally received remaining 8 households, 5 households (38.46 by the households. The proportion of those per cent) received remittances from the who sent higher remittances to their homes absentee members at amounts ranging from are from those who are related as husband, As. 500/- to 900/-, 15.38 per cent have got sons followed by father. between As: 1000/- to 1200/-, 7.69 per cent received As. 1500/- every month. There is Only three sample households from the however no direct relation between the town are stated to have sent money to their income group and the proportion of money absentee members who are staying outside. sent to their relations. While the lowest income Last year an amount of Rs. 8.500 was sent by groups have sent some money to their two households to their sons. An amount of relatives, the persons with higher income As. 900 was sent by the third household to his groups like administrative, managerial and son staying, in Tirupati. All the three absentee executive level workers did not send any members who received money were students. CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE Housing in Cuddapah town may be in future, the already inadequate housing will broadly distinguished into three categories, become scarce unless adequate measures i.e., higher income, middle income and lower are taken to improve the housing stock. income groups. The first category belongs to those who do not require public assistance. Housing and households in Cuddapah The second category consists of a composite Town in 1981 group of middle class. The third category The total number of occupied residential comprises of the lowest in the economic cadre houses within the municipal limits of Cuddapah and consists mostly of low income people, i.e., town in 1971 and 1981 are shown in the clerks, teachers, artisans, domestic servants following Statement along with number of and economically weaker sections of the households accommodated in the residential society. Dilapidated and overcrowded houses and the average size of household. buildings accommodate some of them, the bulk being absorbed in slums, while the surplus find Statement IX(1) their way on pavements. Public sector and housing co-operatives are the only hope for Number of occupied residential houses this class. and households in Cuddapah town at the 1971 and 1981 Censuses Growth of population and its effect on Census No. of No. of Popu- House- housing Year occupied house- lation hold residential holds size Cuddapah town had population of only houses 16,432 in 1901 and the latest 1981 Census has 2 3 4 5 recorded a figure of 1 ,03,125. The various improvements in the field of education, 1971 10,726 12,077 66,195 5.48 medical facilities, the growth in trade and 1981 17,451 18,073 103,125 5.71 transport, the advancement in industry and construction, as a matter of fact, have resulted in the spurt of population in recent decades. It is seen from the above Statement that Moreover, its location as an administrative the average household size in 1971 was 5.48 headquarters of the district has further and this has increased to 5.71 in 1981. There induced the concentration of population here was also a marginal decrease in the number in pursuit of several gainful economic of households per census house from 1.13 in activities. This steep and steady growth of 1971 to 1.04 in 1981. This indicates the house population in the recent decades has building activity in the town during 1971-81 profound effect on housing needs. If the was commensurate with the population present rate of growth is allowed to continue growth during the decade. The Statement 120 showing the number of houses and and (4) of second chapter. From the households density and size of households in Statements it is clear that already each ward in 1971-81 of Cuddapah town is overcrowded localities will become further· given in Appendix A. The number of congested if the present growth of population households per house is maximum in ward in the core area atleast is allowed to No. 17 (1 .20) and it is minimum in ward No.9 concentrate without any further careful check. (1.00). The household size is comparatively Main features of dwellings higher in ward Nos. 11 (7.44), 13 (6.68), 19 (6.42), 18 (6.28), 12 (6.26), 21 (6.29) and 15 The distinctive features of the dwellings (6.16) while it is lower in ward Nos. 8 (5.11), 1 in the town are their bricks and stone slabs (5.28) and 2 (5.29). The average household with flat roofs. In the flat roofed on~s, no size is 5.71 for the whole town. According to provision is made for courtyard .. Thatched the present land use in the town, the cottages or huts do not figure prominantly in developed area or the net area is worked out the town except in a few places where slums to be 683.92 hectaies. The net area is to the are found. The flat roofed houses of traders extent of land within the municipal limits of the and other non-agriculturists have verandahs town excluding agricultural land, burial in front with separate cattle sheds in the grounds, vacant lands and the land under back-yards. The verandah itself usually railways, hills and water courses. The net becomes a shop or the sitting room. Wherever density of population is 246.71 persons per weavers reside, they ply their looms within sq. km. for the whole town. But some of the their houses which often have small pail in areas in the town are densely populated front. Dwellings in the major part of the town having a net density of population over 200 do not present any consistent or uniform persons per sq. km. The highest net density pattern. Tiled roofs are also common in the ::Of population, i.e., 284 persons per hectare town. The houses of the well-to-do have fairly was recorded in ward No. 14. The ward Nos. big verandahs, front door frames displaying 14, 11, 15, 8, 13, 17 and 18 are in the density floral designs and figures from the Hindu range of 200 and above persons per hectare pantheon, and separate cattle sheds. and ward Nos. 6,12,7, 10,5,19 and 3 are in Courtyards within the houses are not much the range of 100-200 persons per hectare. The fancied by them. Front verandahs are a feature lowest density of 41 persons per acre is found of most houses in the censier streets of town. in ward No.1. Other low density areas are But, such verandahs open out directly into the ward Nos. 20 (62),16 (70) and ward No.2 (72). street and rarely have an additional pail in The dwelling density per hectare for the whole between. Due to the observance of the pardah town is 16.88. But the individual ward Nos. 8, among the Muslims of the town, it is common 14, 15, 18 and 11 have recorded high density for their dwellings to have a small enclosed of over 30 dwellings per hectare. The highest courtyard, each with a curtained doorways density of over 30 dwellings per hectare is abutting the road or an outer room directly found in ward Nos. 14 and 8. Densities as low open into the street and used only by the male as 7 dwellings per hectare in ward No.1, (9) members of the family, and an attached in ward No. 20 and 12 in ward No. 16 are also courtyard within. The rich and the poor alike observed. The Statement showing ward-wise keep their dwellings usually clean. The net and gross density of population per acre tendency to decorate the frontage of their and density of dwellings per acre as per 1971 houses is pronounced among them.,. The and 1981 Censuses is given in Statement 11(3) traditional pattern of drawing with "Muggui 121 Pindi" or locally available barytes powder, roofs in the 1981 Census. The relevant data of cleaning with cow-dung and employing Cuddapah town indicates that the decorative designs inside the houses, predominant material used for walls are brick, continues to be adopted in the town. mud and stone and for roofs thatched Important festivals and especially occasions material, tiles, concrete and RCC. Houses with call for while washing the entire dwelling, its stone floor were pre-dominant as 71.00 per spring cleaning and tying of festoons cent of the total surveyed houses belong (toranams) to its entrance and doors. The to this catagory. Next comes houses with furniture as well as rooms inside are now cement flooring with 19.67 per cent and being kept more and more artistic with window houses with mud flooring with 9.33 per cent. and door curtains, a few paintings and wall Regarding the material of walls, 84.00 per cent decorations. of the houses were made up with bricks. 14.33 per cent of the houses were having mud walls Condition of the structure according to the and 1.67 per cent were made up of stone material of walls and roots walls. Regarding the structure of roof, 39.33 per cent of the houses were made with tiles, As a matter of fact about 70 per cent of while houses having RCC roof form the 23.67 the total houses of the town consist of RCC per cent. 20.67 per cent of the houses were Construction, while 25 per cent form the having lime roofing and 12 per cent were made houses having Cuddapah slab roofs and the up of grass or thatched. About 99.33 per cent remaining 5 per cent consisting of tiles and of the total surveyed houses were having thatches, close study of the entire town wooden doors and windows, while houses reveals great variation in percentage of wall having doors and windows of grass form the and roof material from one locality to other. In 0.67 per cent. order to have a correct picture of the material of walls and roofs about 300 households were The localitywise distribution of houses by surveyed for recording the different categories pre-dominant materials of floor, wall, roof and of predominant material used for walls and cealing, etc., is given in the Statement IX(2). i22 NN (')(') N (') co? ..- ~ (') (') ..-M ...... ..... CO ..- .... ~ ...... or-: .... > ~ iii N ..-v...- o ,...: o > .0 (1.10 MO 0>8 o c"O CD CO -o 0) ::J ~ ... .S ~ ..- ..- E M N o "O:,t:. ~ 0 co M ll) C\IC\I <0 Ol <0 ll).,.... <00 ll)v .,....CO """1"- C\I <0 l"- I"- ll) N .,....(") v8 1"-<0 C'.i ci -.i -.i ,...: ,...: -.i ci M N N (") (") ll) N .,.... .,....ll) v OCO (,,)Ol (")0 CDll) vOl Nll) N8 NI"- "'": .,...."": N 0 <0 N l"- N CD CD ' M v .,....N (") Ol C'.i M ~ N NN I"- Nll) CD8 ~ CD N Ol cO cO C'.i 010 Ol 0 ...-0 <0 0 ' 0 NCO .,...ll) .,....N 1/)1"- CO v ~ Ici C') M .,....ll) Ol C\lN vOl OlCD I"- vI"- CD~ (")(") ""'":' N I"- CO <0 "': N ..q-(") C'.i M C'.i cO cO cO -.i "0 N v .,.... C -0 (.) CO I"- CO ll).,.... Nv ll)(") COll) ll)1/) COll) 1/)(") CO l"- NN to) N C":. .,....1"- NI/) N.,.... 8 ~8 - ,...: cO ,...: M C'.i M cO N'v I"- I/) CO g g @' CO CO Ol I"- ... CO -X I"- 0 .,....0 ' ll) C\lN NO NN CDO CDOl .,....('1)NO COO NO OlI"- N Ol I/) ~ <0 0 0 I/) CD C'.i cO en .0 I"- 0 Ici Ici en N M M C\I N C\I <01"- 1"-0 CDOl <00 OlCO 00.,....ll) OlC\l OlCO <00 .,....('1)0 CD N 0 .,....CO 1..") ..... M 0 C! cO M cO ci .0 C'.i .0 O'i Ici N ..... CD C1l I"- 0 ll) <0 <0 ll) l"- I"- .,.... C\I <01"- .,....<0 ..... N' CD CD CD CD Q) CD 0'1 0'1 0'1 0'1 0'1 10 10 10 10 ~ 10 a;E C C _c: CDC C 0. CD CD -CD c: CD 'Q) CD CD 'Q)CD .... (.) 0.(.) Q) (.) 10 .... o.e -Q) ....(.) (ij ~e ...... 10 CD o.Q) om r:.CD Q)CD CJ)a_- CD ua.. r:.a.. lOa.. ~ ~ :;: Z a.. ~ .,.... .,.... 124 II) ~ .....as E a:0) iii 0>0 o>S <00 o>g ~ 0>0 iii 0> ~g ~g (7)8 (!)8 <08 .co S ..... '0 (5 ~8 0 ~8 c::: 0 I- g g g ci Q) 8 8.,.... 0 g g g E a: .- ,...... Q) '0 cu iii _:.::CD .-~ I I .-1() I I I I I I I I I I I I ...... ;;;;; C 0) co (') 0) .- .c. CI) II) ,..: ~ "Iii E C (')(') .-1() I I I I (\1(7) I I I I 0) ,.... <0 co (') C "': ~ """: 0 ..- ...... ~ oi ·E C\I (') 0 '0 0)..... ,.... (\I~ co ...... coco,.... I() <0 I I vI() co <0 .... 0.. <0 I() v (') <0 C\lS v C\i ~ II) ~ cO cO II) ..- v (') I() v (') C\I ..... 0) '0.0 0> co, 0 ..... I() (') I() 0 0> co ..... E .,...... (\I .... .,.... as :J ~ ~ . ~ . ~z ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -;::::- 0) 8.0) Q) Q) Q) -Q) >Q) '(I) .- CI asCI CI Q)CI CCI CI ~ as as -as ~ Q) as ._ as as_ -0- -'(I)-as oas II)C Q) C ,r;E -cQ) 0) ~E as C -=E (5c -0) ";;;;;Q) o Q) 00 CD '0'(1) ~ () O)() as() !:: ~ (.)~ Q) () a...... > ... a:~ 00,- C ~ ...... CD ..... II) 0)... II) Q) .Q) •- Q) - as Q) a.Q) Q) ~ =00.. as 0.. Eo... ~~ ::!io.. .c.Eo.. 00.. ,r;o.. as ~ . CI E E iii ~ o « ;( « CD cO CD (.) ~ .0 u;z 125 (\I<.0 I() 0)0 ..... 0 <.00 0)0 (\I O)g NO NO cog ;J;g ..... 0 NO ~g cog gg 0 0 g 0 0 0 C')g 8...- 0 0 8 0 0 0 8...- v .... 1() ..-(\1 (\I v (\I""co C') ...; 0 C') COl() ..... 0 coo VO <.00 0)0 ..-CO COC') (\I O)g NI() (\10 0 MO ...-0 NO C')CO cog O)C') 0 to 0 0 0 0 0 to ,0 (\lei 0...- 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0) (\I C')O ...-0 vO ...-0 0)0 (\I ""g (\10 ~g I()g ~g 0 (\10 ('\10 V8 (\10 g 0 0 g g 0 0 0 g (\Ig ...- 0 0 0 0...- 0 ...- .... .... 1() .... ,... .-<.0 I() CO CO I() ,...... --0 .j. C') ..j. (\j U C 0 0 (\II() ""C') Ov .N ('\I ""S N<.O ~8 I()S Nv :::g CGS N(\I ·S (\10 £ ari 0 0 ari (\I"': g 0) 0 g ~ g 0 0) g 0) N ...- ...- -~ 0) 0)0 .... 0 VO 0)0 COO O)S NO NO C08 MO ~8 NO ~g 0 8g C 0 0 g g 0 g 0 0 C')o -Q) g 0 0 0 0 ,_0 0 E ...- .... Q) CO ...... - I I .... v v('l') -CO 0) "": ~ C/) ...- (\j - ...- ,... C')(\I ...... ~ COO I I ...-1() I I COl(),... I I ..... "": .... CO (\I ~8 C') (\j ...- ~ cD to cD CO • .n ""C') CO. 0,... 01() ..... O)~ C') N~ ,...0) C08 NO) .... (\1 (\IS ~~ • ...- C') N cD ...- ari .... ei ~ C') ~ C') I() g <.0 C') (\I C') N CO,... CO ,_ ('/I. C') .... ,...... N ....• I ..... I ;:ad I I 3: ad I ,: I 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: CD CD CD CD CD 1) CD CD ~CD CD CD 01 01 CD 01 01 ~Ol 01 Cl g' as as 'O:l g' ':::as as a. as as as 1)C C E asE 1)E 0E C1)E :JI,Cas- E CD 1) -CD CD o CD as CD c: CD :JI,CD 1)i CD ...e. (J a:(J e.CD J::(J as (J CI) (J as ... e.~ 1) ~ 1/1 ... oar ~ 1/1 ...... I ... :::I ~ ...... ~ J::CD co CD e.G) asG) .... CD as CD G) G) EQ) -Q) _G) (Ja.. J::a.. co a.. ... a.. co a.. era.. .2 a.. as a.. as a.. c: (J 1/1 '0 Cl er ... ° a.. (5 as 0 co as as as (5 :> I- ~ :::::I! :::::I! :::::I! z z a.. ~ >= (\j ..j. ,..: .- ....0 .... ,_ M.... ari to cD 126 Houses classified according to their uses houses were found vacant at the time of 1981 house listing operations. Classification of houses according to their uses was not available exclusively for Tenural status Cuddapah town at the 1981 Census, but the distribution of houses according to various According to the 1981 Census, there uses was available in 1981 for all the urban were 8,865 households forming 50.41 per cent areas of Cuddapah district which includes of the total households who live in houses besides Cuddapah other towns like owned by them. The remaining 8,720 forming Proddatur, etc. The distribution of 1981 49.59 per cent of households were living in Census houses in the urban areas of rented houses including those allotted by the Cuddapah district reveals that about 70 per employers. cent of the total houses were used as The following Statement shows the dwellings, 3 per cent as shop-cum-dwelling ten ural status of houses and the households and about 5 per cent as workshop occuping them by population and availability cum-dwelling. About 5 to 6 per cent of the total of electricity and toilet 1acilites. Statement IX (3) Households and population by availability of electricity and toilet facilities and tenure status of houses occupied as of 1981 Census Tenure Total Electricity Toilet facilities Status of No. of Available Not available Available Not available house house- House- Popu- House- Popu- House- Popu- House- Popu- occupied holds holds lation holds lation holds lation holds lation 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Owned 8,865 5,910 39.650 2,955 15,620 5,325 36,595 3,540 18,675 (50.41) (66.67) (71.74) (33.33) (28.26) (60.07) (66.21) (39.93) (33.79) Rented 8,720 5,725 30,005 2,995 13,485 4,485 23,850 4,235 19,640 (49.59) (65.65) (68.99) (34.35) (31.01) (51.43) (54.84) (48.57) (45.16) Total *17,585 11,635 69,655 5,950 29,105 9,810 60,445 7,775 38,315 (66.16) (70.53) (33.84) (29.47) (55.79) (61.20) (44.21) (38.80) * Houseless households are not included. The above statement reveals that two per cent could not get their houses elettrified thirds (66.16 per cent) of the total households due to p'overty. Of the 17,585 households,. in the town are electrified and the remaining 9,810 households forming 55.79 per cent are (33.84 per cent) are not electrified. They use having toilet facilities. In other words 61.20 per kerosene lamps. The population enjoying this cent ('f the total population in the town have facility constitutes 70.53 per cent of the total toilet facilities and the rest 38.80 per cent do population in the town. The remaining about not have this facility. They go to open places one-third of the households comprising 20.47 for their natural call. 127 Among the households having own constitute two thirds (66.21 per cent) of the houses, two-thirds (66.67 per cent) of the population. Among the rented households, it is households are electrified, whereas the rest noticed that a little over half (51.43 per cent) of (33.33 per cent) of households are not the total households and 54.84 per cent of the electrified. The population enjoying this facility population enjoy toilet facilities. It can be seen constitutes 71.74 per cent to the total from the above that the proportions of population. The corresponding figures in households and population living in own respect of rented households are more or less houses enjoying the electricity and toilet the same, i.e., 66.65 per cent of households facilities are slightly higher than the have electricity whereas 34.35 per cent don't counterparts in the rented houses. have this facility. The population enjoying the electricity facility in these rented households, Households by source of drinking water constitutes (68.99) per cent whereas 31.01 per cent of population do n6t enjoy this facility. As regards the availability of drinking water facilities, it is noted that all the 17,589 In respect of toilet facilities, three-fifths households covered by the 1981 Census have (60.07 per cent) of owned households have toilet facilities whereas the remaining 2/5th been provided with water facility. The (39.93 per cent) do not have this facility. These following Statement shows the drinking water households enjoying the toilet facility facility as of 1981 Census, Statement IX(4) Households by source of drinking water as of 1981 Census No. of Drinking water source house- Well Tap Handpump/ River/Canal Tank Others holds Tubewell Within Outside Within Outside Wkhln Outside Within Outside Within Outside Within Outside pram 1- premi- preml- praml- prami- premi- praml- premi- prami- praml premi- premi sas' ses ses ses ses sas ses sas sas sas sas ses 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17,585 740 1,075 3,745 10,390 390 865 15 15 3SO (4.21) (6.11) (21.30) (59.08) (2.22) (4.92) (0.09) (0.08) (1.99) It can be seen from the above Statement, water supply and they depend on welts. Within that though the town is provided with their premises (4.21 per cent) and outside their protected water, only 21.30 per cent of the premises (6.11 per cent) hand pumps and total households in the town have water borewells, within their premises (2.22 per cent) connections within their premises. Anottfer and outside their premises (4.92 per cent) 3/5th of the households (59.6e per cent) have while insignificant proportions of 0.09 per cent water connections outside the premises and and 0.08 per cent use river water and tank nearby the households. 50,80.38 per cent of water from outside their premises. 1.99 per the total households in the town have drinking cent of the households are depending on water supply within their reach and nearby other sources of drinking water In the town 1/5th i.e. (19.62 per cent) have no protected from their outside premises. 128 Amenities Though the town is provided with filtered water, only 146 households forming 48.67 per As regards the availability of amenities, it cent of the surveyed households in the town is noted that among 300 households, covered have water connections and 154 forming 51.33 by the survey 90.00 per cent are having per cent have no water connections. The main separate kitchen and 10.00 per cent sharing source of water supply for these households is kitchen facility with other households, 86.00 per water taps and bOring wells provided by the cent have separate bath rooms, 6.67 per cent Municipality. 87.33 per cent of the surveyed share common bath rooms with others and 7.33 households in the town have separate per cent have no bath room at all. Similarly electricity connection, whereas 8.67 per cent 16.00 per cent of the households have no are sharing electricity with other households, latrines and they use open fields and public and only 4.00 per cent have no electricity latrines constructed by the Municipality and connections. They use kerosene lamps. The whereas 77.33 per cent have separate latrines following Statement IX(5) shows the amenities in their houses. Only 6.67 per cent households available in the households. sharing with others. Statement IX (5) Availability of amenities (Survey data) Name of the No. of households are amenity having not having sharing Total with others 2 3 4 5 Kitchen 270 30 300 (90.00) (10.00) (100.00) Bath room 258 22 20 300 (86.00) (7.33) (6.67) (100.00) Lavatory 232 48 20 300 (77.33) (16.00) (6.67) (100.00) Water (Tap 214 38 20 connections) (71.33) (12.67) (6.67) 300 146 154 28 (100.00) (48.67) (51.33) (9.33) Electricity 262 12 26 300 (87.33) (4.00) (8.67) (100.00) Furniture cent households possess chairs, 69.33 per cent possess cots, 53.00 per cent possess The type and number of furniture and its tables, 33.00 per cent possess Nawar cots, use by the households reflects their economic 11.67 per cent possess benches, 10.00 per conditions. Some low class and middle class cent have sofas and 5.33 per cent have households possess. chairs, cots, tables, almirahs. Irrespective of income almost all the benches, stools, etc., while high class people are anxious to keep their houses well households are well furnished with fashionable furnished. The following Statement IX(6) shows items like chairs, tables, almirahs, dressing the existence 01 furniture by locality and tables, dining tables, sofa-cum-bed etc. duration' of stay in the present residence. Altogether in the sample households, 76.67 per 129 Statement IX (6) Existence of furniture by locality and duration of stay in the present residence Locality Duration of stay Total No. of Number of households having in the present number house- Chair Table Benches Cot Newar Other Fur- residence of holds cot niture Less 1-4 .5+ house- having (specify) than years years holds no fur- Sofa Almi- 1 year niture rah 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Agadi Street 12 14 4 9 5 1 9 3 2 2. Almaspet 18 19 1 11 6 1 11 5 3. Ammavari Sala 22 23 1 20 8 3 11 16 4. Ballari Road 9 9 8 5 2 8 2 5. B.K.M. Street 5 6 6 4 3 3 2 3 6. Brahmin Street 9 9 8 7 3 8 2 1 7. Co-operative Colony- 2 20 22 19 14 2 20 3 2 8. Jama Masjid Street - 5 6 5 4 4 4 9. Kotha Veedhi 8 8 7 6 2 7 1 10. Kancharapet 9 9 5 4 1 6 2 2 11. Mochampet 28 29 23 15 2 18 7 2 5 12. Masapet 21 21 11 3 11 10 13. Madras Road 6 6 6 5 1 6 1 1 14. Nagarajupet 33 34 29 20 6 29 10 7 15. Naqqash Street 16 16 8 6 12 3 1 16. Police Lane 4 25 29 27 23 5 21 13 2 17. Yerramukkapalle 5 27 32 2 20 18 1 21 11 5 3 18. Y.V. Street 8 8 8 6 3 3 3 2 TOTAL 18 281 300 9 230 159 35 208 99 30 16 Utensils per cent use stainless steel vessels and 2.0 per cent use earthen wares for cooking purpose. The utensils used for cooking and other For serving food, majority of the surveyed purposes are made of aluminium, earthen households use steel and aluminium plates wares, stainless steel, copper and brass. In the constituting respectively 75.33 per cent and case of cooking vessels the monopoly of 23.67 per cent. Only 3 households have earthen wares has been declining is being earthen wares for serving food: Besides these, gradually replaced by other metal vessels l;Jtensils made of China clay are also used by particularly aluminium and steel vessels. some of the households. There is also use of Irrespective of occupation or caste or porcelain plates, copper and brass vessels by economic status, most of the people use some of the households. The following aluminium vessels for cooking food. 79.67 per Statement IX(7) shows the materials of which cent of the surveyed households have utensils are made by locality and State, District aluminium vessels for cooking purpose. 18.33 which the households belong. 130 Statement Materials of which utensils are made by locality and Locality State/District to which household belongs Cudda- Chit- Anan- Kur- Nel- Praka- Hyde- Niza- Waran- Rajas- Karna- Tamil pah toor tapur nool lore sam rabad ma- gal than taka Nadu bad 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Agadi Street 11 2. Almaspet 16 2 3. Ammavarisala 21 2 4. Ballari Road 9 5. B.K.M. Street 5 -. 6. Brahmin Street 8 7. Co-op. Colony 20 8. Jama Masjid 6 9. Kotha Veedhi 8 10. Kancharpet 8 11. Mochampet 28 12. Masapet 21 "T 13. Madras Road 6 14. Nagarajupet 30 15. Naqqash Street 16 16. Police Lane 26 17. Yerramukkapalle 23 3 4 1 1 18. Y.V. Street 7 1 Total 269 4 8 9 2 1 2 1 131 IX(7) state and district to which the households belong Total Number of households where Number of households where Remarks. Number cooking utensils are made of utensils for surviving food are made of of Aluminium Steel Mud-pots Aluminium Steel Mud-pots House- holds 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 12 2 6 8 19 19 11 8 23 18 5 10 13 9 8 4 5 9 3 3 6 9 5 4 8 22 15 6 3 19 6 4 2 2 4 8 6 2 8 9 8 7 29 22 6 6 22 21 21 8 13 6 2 4 5 34 25 8 2 32 16 15 15 29 26 3 3 26 32 25 6 12 19 8 5 3 8 300 239 55 6 71 226 3 132 Fuel and Light cent use kerosene while non-migrant constitute 2.33 per cent. In respect of using of As in other parts of the state firewood is cooking gas among non-migrants households the main fuel used in the town. Majority of the are more than migrant households. None of surveyed households use firewood whi.le a the households uses electricity as fuel. 85.36 small section use kerosene, cooking gas etc. per cent of the total migrants households use while 52.33 per cent of the non-migrants electricity for lighting whereas non-mig rants households use firewood, the same among form only 82.11 per cent of the total migrants constitute 15.00 per cent. It is also non-migrant households. The following lvund that more or equal households among Statement IX(8) shows the light and fuel by migL~!'ts and non-migrant households use locality and migration status of households. kerosene as fuel. Among the migrants 2.00 per 133 Statement IX (8) Light and fuel by locality and migration status of households Locality Total Migrant households Non-migrant households Number Cooking Lighting Cooking Lighting Number using Number using Number using Number using Cooking Fire- Kero- Elec- Kero- Cooking Fire- Kero- Elec- Kero Gas wood sene tricity sene Gas wood sene tricity sene 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1. Agadi Street 14 4 5 7 7 2. Almaspet 19 8 6 2 11 8 3 3. Ammavari Sala 23 3 2 4 16 12 8 4. Baliari Road 9 2 2 5 6 5. B.K.M. Street 6 2 3 3 2 6. Brahmin Street 9 2 3 4 6 7. Co-operative Colony 22 4 2 6 8 8 15 8. Jama Masjid St. 6 2 2 2 2 3 9. Kotha Veedhi 8 3 4 6 2 10. Kancharpet 9 2 2 6 5 2 11. Mochampet 29 4 2 4 2 4 15 4 20 3 12. Masapet 21 21 14 7 13. Madras Road 6 2 3 5 14. Nagarajupet 34 4 9 12 2 8 11 17 3 15. Naqqash Street 16 15 14 2 16. Police Lane 29 6 8 9 12 20 17. Yerramukkapalle 32 8 6 2 14 2 3 13 12 4 18. Y.V. Street 8 3 4 7 TOTAL 300 29 46 6 70 12 54 157 7 179 39 Dress and educated influenced by the modern fashion have changed their dressing pattern The people of the town wear the same by wearing shirts and pants. Boys wear shirts type of dress as the people wear elsewhere in and shorts. Women generally wear blouse and the state. Old men folk wear a white cloth sari. Women belonging to rich family, and known as panch a (dhoti) around the waist women employees use costly dresses tucked in on the right side and hanging loose comparatively with in general category of to the ankles. Many also wear shirts. They use women folk. These women in addition to the shawl or longeloth or towel in addition to the blouse and sari use braSSiere, petty coats shirt and dhoti on their shoulders. The young (lungas) around the waist. The custom of 134 majority of the girls is to wear a blouse and Luxury goods skirt. Teen aged girls below 16 years put a half sari (voni) over the full skirt (Parikini) and Out of 300 surveyed households 84.00 blouse. Young women have now new forms of per cent possess luxury and costly goods dress such as Pyjama, bellbottom pants, skirts whereas only 16.00 per cent are not having any and jubbas etc. There is little differences in costly and luxury items in the household. Out dress pattern of various communities living in of 300 households 74.00 per cent own wrist the town. But some Muslim women use the watches and 39.33 per cent have time pieces. buraca to cover the body when they go Radio sets are found in 70.00 per cent of the outside. total households. 10.67 per cent have gramophones and tape recorders. 7.67 per 'Almost all the married women put a gold cent have T.V. sets. 4.00 per cent of the chain to which 'mangalasutram' (marriage households have refrigerators. Wrist watch and locket) or 'thalibottu' the token of marriage radio are generally used by all groups of bond is tied. Many women wear gold people. The following Statement IX(9) shows ornaments such as chains, ear studs, bangles, the presence of luxury and costly goods by finger rings etc. locality. 135 Statement IX (9) Presence of luxury and costly goods by locality Locality Total No. of Number of households passing No. of house- Wrist Table Radio Tele- Gramo- Others House- holds watch clock vision phone, (specify) holds posse- tape- .ssing . recor- no luxury der and costly goods 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agadi Street W-9 14 2 8 2 7 2 Tele==1 Almaspet W-8 19 4 14 8 Ammavari Sala W-10 & 11 23 19 7 21 2 Ballari Road W-15 9 3 10 4 8 B.K.M. Street W-13 6 6 3 6 2 Brahmin Street W-5 9 3 4 4 Co-op. Colony W-20 22 3 15 9 18 4 4 Tele=1 A/c=1 Fan=2 Jama Masjid St. W-19 6 3 4 4 Kotha Veedhi W-18 8 7 6 6 A/c=1 Fan=1 Kancharpet W-12 9 3 5 4 4 2 Fan=1 Mochampet W-6 & 7 29 4 20 13 19 3 5 Fan= 1 Refg= 1 Masapet W-16 21 7 12 3 9 Fan= 1 Madras Road W-21 6 2 6 Fan= 1 Nagarajupet W-2 & 4 34 3 28 14 26 5 2 Naqqash Street W-14 16 4 12 9 9 Police Lane W-3 29 28 13 24 3 5 Yerramukkapalle W-1 32 10 19 13 21 2 Fan= 1 Y.V. Street W-17 8 7 6 7 Fan= 3 Tele= 2 Alc=2 Total 300 48 222 118 210 23 32 Ref =2 Fan= 12 CHAPTER X SLUMS, BLIGHTED AND OTHER AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS Slum areas and problem of their re nearly eight times over 1978-79. Even this development seems to be an under-estimate because most of the town's 10,000 kutcha dwellings as Inevitably linked with the housing observed in the field can be termed as slums. problem is the problem of the eradication of Assuming that 25% of these dwellings are well slums and their redevelopment. The town kept and cannot be deSignated as slums. The planning department of the Government of total number of kutcha slum dwellings works Andhra Pradesh has defined slums as "areas" out to approximately 7,500, accommodating a where the buildings are unfit for human population of 37,500 (the average size of habitation by reason of dilapidation, over household being five). In addition, there are crowding, faulty arrangement and design of approximately 2,000 old and dilapidated buildings, narrowness of streets, lack of buildings in the old parts of the town which are ventilation and Iight*. Based on this definition, no better than slum. It may be concluded that the slums of Cuddapah town can be classified about 40% of the town's dwellings in which 30% under two categories: of its population lives are located in slums of (a) old and kutcha houses without lowest order. Although slums are scattered all proper ventilation and sanitary over the town, there is a distinct concentration amenities (these are located mostly in depressed areas which are associated with in old part of the town). industrial areas and the historic core of the town. (b) the huts of recent origin which are scattered all over the town. Slums and blighted areas of the town Slum areas and their population are multiplying fast in Cuddapah town. According In Cudd~ah town there are 29 notified to the survey conducted by the Town Planning slum areas scattered throughout the town Department in 1978-79 there were 4 slum areas within the municipal limits with a total extent with a tot~1 extent of 3.87 hectares (9.58 acres) of 52.26 hectares with 3,625 households with comprising of 660 households with an an estimated total slum dwellers of about estimated total slum dwellers of about 3,300. 25,316. The town Municipality reports that by 1985-86 the slum areas have increased to 29 and slum The following are the details of the slum population has risen to 25,316, an increase of areas in the town. * Town Planning Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Master Plan for Hyderabad-work studies, 1968, PP.141-42. 138 Statement X (1) List of slums notified upto 1985·86 SI. No. Name of the slum Extent in Hectares Population 1 2 3 4 1, . Sunnapuralla Mitta 1.58 1,300 2. Guduru Harijanawada 1.29 510 3. Agadi 1.34 780 4. Kandipalem 2.04 780 5. Gurrala Gadda 2.36 1,045 6. Mochampeta 1.17 1,191 . 7. Almaspeta 1.44 419 8. Vakkalapeta 1.62 634 9. Saipeta 9th ward 1.32 755 10. Saipeta 8th ward 1.62 634 11, Nagarajupeta 0.77 494 12. Saipeta Harijanawada (ward Nos. 8 & 9) 0.61 407 13. Balajipeta 1.21 390 14. Savaikhan Street (8th ward) 0.99 340 15. Chilakala Bavi Street (7th ward) 0.86 333 16. Kapu Gadda Street (8h ward) 1.86 235 17. New Yanadi Colony (11 th ward) 0.67 300 18. Almaspet Harijanawada (8th Ward) 0.81 196 19. Ameenpeer Rao (10th ward) 0.53 500 20. Chinthalappa Street (1 st ward) 0.99 1,441 21. Masapet (18th ward) 1.64 1,368 22. Venugopala Swamy Street (14th ward) 2.04 970 23. Durga Harijanawada (8th ward) 1.87 1,148 24. Radha Krishna Nagar (20th ward) 5.73 1,596 25. Sionpuram I part (3rd ward) 3.90 1,640 26. Sionpuram II part (3rd ward) 5.34 2,734 27. Agad; Nagappa Street Area (8th ward) 2.02 830 28. Agadi Pottipati Chalamaiah Street (9th ward) 2.95 1,453 29. Ghouse Nagar (16th ward) 1.69 890 TOTAL 52.26 25,316 139 These slums have occupied mostly For the year 1985-86, 8 slum areas were government lands especially on road margins selected for implementing various and government porambokes and also environmental improvements schemes. The municipal lands. The houses in the slums are following Statement shows the slum areas made up of thatched roof with mud walls. Bulk of slum dwellers belonging to the lowest rung of propo~ed for implementing environmental the society and are engaged as labourers, schemes for the year 1985-86. rickshaw pullers, hawkers, peddlers and petty traders. Slum clearance schemes for the 21 Statement X (3) slums were formulated by the municipality and suitable layouts were also obtained from the Slum areas proposed for implementing Director of Town Planning. The following environmental schemes for the year Statement shows the slums covered by the 1985-86 environmental schemes for the years 1980 to 1985. SI. Name of the slum Extent Popu- Esti- No. in HE'c· lation mated Statement X(2) tares amount Slums covered by environmental (in lakhs) improvement schemes 2 3 4 5 SI. Name of tile Slum Extent in Population 1. Venugopala Swamy Street 2.36 978 1.83 No. Hectares Slum Area 2 3 4 2. Durga Harijanawada 1.87 1,168 2.87 Slum Area 1980-81 1. Sunnapuralla Harijanawada 1.21 1,300 3. Radhakrishna Nagar 6.39 1,596 3.99 Slum Area 2. GiJduru Harijanawada 1.29 510 1981-82 4. Sionpuram Slum Area Part I 3.90 1,640 3.98 3. Agadi 1.34 780 5. Sionpuram Slum Area Part II 5.34 2,734 6.24 4. Kandipalem 2.04 780 6. Nagappa Street Slum Area 2.02 830 1.74 5. Gurrala Gadda 2.36 1,045 7. Agadi Pottipati Chalamaiah 3.15 1,453 3.27 6. Mochampeta 1.17 1,191 Street 7. Almaspeta 1.44 419 8. Chouse Nagar 1.69 890 2.14 1983-84 8. Vakkalapeta 1.62 810 It would not be out of place to point out 9. Saipeta 9th ward 1.32 755 here that all the 29 slums of the town are in 10. Saipeta 8th ward 1.62 634 existence for the last 50 years. The details of a 11. Nagarajupeta o.n 494 few slums are given below. 12. Saipeta Harijanawada 0.61 407 (8th & 9th wards) 1. Saipet Harijanawada 13. Balijapeta 1.21 399 14. Masapeta 1.49 1,368 The slum area predominantly occupied 1984-85 by the Scheduled Castes and Backward 15. Savaikhan Street 0.99 340 communities is situated in ward No. 8 and 9. 16. Chilakala Bavl Street 0.86 333 The area covered by this slum is 0.61 hectares 17. Kapugadda Street 1.86 235 with a population of 407, having a density of 18. New Vanadi Colony 0.67 300 667 persons per hectare. All the inhabitants of 19. Almaspet Harljanawada 0.81 196 this area dep~nd for their livelihood on manual 20. Ameenpeer Rao 0.53 500 labour. Throughout the entire area of this slum 21. Chinthalappa Street 0.99 1,441 only two taps for water supply are in existence. 140 And for the entire area there is only one open roads are not in good condition. For the entire type latrine. There are no drains and all the slum only two water taps have so far been approach roads are kutcha roads. Electricity provided. For supplying electricity polls have polls in this area are in existence without . been installed but without any bulb. There are lighting. The entire area is covered by huts with neither drains nor lavatories. However, the exception of a few tiled houses. In order to municipality has taken up necessary steps to provide minimum amenities to the people of improve this area by constructing pucca side this area, the municipality has taken necessary drains up to a length of 0.25 km. and steps for providing additional water taps and construction of kutcha roads upto 0.69 km. So also 20 street lights. Apart from this, the far as the water supply is concerned, the municipality also has a proposal to construct a municipality has proposed to provide kutcha road of 0.27 km. additional water taps in that area. Regarding the construction of lavatories the municipality 2. Saipet Slum Area is completely silent. This area is situated in ward NO.9. It 4. Durga Harijanawada Slum Area covers an extent of 1.32 hectares with a population of 756 having a density of 573 It is situated in the 8th ward with an area persons per hectare. This is one of the most of 1.B7 hectares. The total population of this ugly and dirtiest place where minimum basic area is 1,163. The entire area is predominantly amenities like water, drain, lavatories and street occupied by the Scheduled Castes and hence lights have not so far been provided. All the the name. The density of population is inhabitants of this area belong to mainly estimated to be 622 persons per hectare. The economically backward class who depend for entire area has been provided with two water their livelihood on manual labour. In view of the taps and 6 street light bulbs. There is neither bad condition of this area, the municipality has drainage nor latrine in this area. There is a undertaken several proposals to improve this proposal to construct a black tar road up to area. Among various proposals to develop this 0.59 km. with 4 additional water taps. There is area, it has been proposed to construct pucca also a proposal to construct drainage up to drains to the length of 0.42 km., at the first 1 .18 kms. There is no proposal to construct instance. Construction of kutcha road of 0.58 latrines. km. is already under progress. Apart from this, two water taps and 18 bulbs for the street lights 5. Agadi Pottipati Chalamaiah Street are being provided in this year. But no provision This area is situated in the 9th ward has been made so far to construct the latrines covering an area of 2.95 hectares with a in this area. population of 1,453. This is one of the oldest 3. Saipet Slum Area slum area of Cuddapah town without having any basic amenities since its inception. The This area is situated in ward No. 8 and density of population of this area works out to covers an extent of 1.62 hectares with a be 493 persons per hectare. Only unmetalled population of 634. More than 85 per cent of the road, two water taps and 7 street light bulbs population of this area belongs to weaker have so far been provided. The entire area is section communities and the remaining 15 per covered by huts only, without any drainage. cent belong to backward community. All the The municipality has proposed to construct people of this area are labourers. The density two bore wells and black tar roads up to 1 .26 of population per hectare of this area is kms. and drainage up to 2.40 kms. with 13 estimated to be 341 persons. The approach additional street bulbs. But, there is no 141 proposal for constructing latrines in the area. social and economic background. In both the areas these slums have cropped up mostly on 6. Radhal There is a broad similarity in the physical A majority of the slum dwellers in the character of the slums of the northern and southern sector are migrants from rural areas southern sectors of the town but the slum and are not yet accustomed to the urban dwellers of the two areas differ widely in their environment. They can be easily rehabilitated 142 in new areas with improved hygenic measures may also be adopted 10 facilitate to environment and perhaps may be able to change the land use. maintain the hygenic level provided a general improvement is effected in their level of It would not more congenial for most of education. the slum dwellers if they are provided with improved hygenic facilities rather than with The availability of resources acts as a multi-storied structures to which they are not major hurdle in the improvement of slum accustomed. This can be implemented without dwelling. At the existing level of economic heavy cost to the exchequer. The Municipal development of the State, it will not be easy to authorities should insist on the maintenance of mobilize colossal amounts needed for the minimum standards of sanitation. This improvement of slums. The alternatives to this suggestion is based on a recognised fact that can be- at the existing level of our economic development when the State's economy can (i) Either leave the slums as they are not bear the heavy cost of social development. and allow them to be taken care of We should therefore, construct less expensive by the natural process of economic dwellings of a temporary character to last for 20 development, to 25 years. Meanwhile, improvement in the (ii) Or improve the hygenic condition of economy of the State can take care of their slums without disturbing the slum development at a later stage. This policy of dwellings, slum improvement can be more practicable in areas of social depreSSion of the town. (iii) Or invest capital in areas where the slum dwellers have the means to repay. In the newly developing industrial areas of the town we can antiCipate a concentration In view of the scarcity of resources, a of hut dwellers because of the spatial combination of the three alternatives can be association of hutting slums with industrial applied to tackle the problem of slum establishment. In order to be pragmatic in our development. The blighted areas and slums approach, areas should be earmarked where which occur within the commercial core of the such huts can be set, and, in their town need not be disturbed for the rigour of the construction, minimum standards in regard to economy and intense competition among layout and sanitation should be maintained. commercial land uses will eventually force the This would prevent the development of slum slum dwellers to vacate the land. Legal environment. CHAPTER XI ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE The Constitution of India which came into constituencies into two single member force in January, 1950, provided for two houses constituencies, reserving one of them for of legislature; the Legislative Council and the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes. These Legislative Assembly, in respect of certain alterations did not affect the total numbe~ of states while in respect of others for only one seats allotted to the district or the names of house, the legislative Assembly. The most of the constituencies, although their composite Madras State had also a council, but jurisdiction underwent a change in many cases. no provision was made for a corresponding body for Andhra. A Legislative Council was set The Notification issued by the up for Andhra Pradesh, only in July, 1958. Till Delimitation Commission in 1965 further altered 1961, Cuddapah formed part of the the position of the Assembly constituencies in Rayalaseema Local Authorities graduates and the district, though no changes were brought teachers constituencies comprising the about in regard to Parliamentary districts of Cuddapah, Nellore, Anantapur, constituencies. The number and the names of Kurnool and Chittoor. Consequent on the these constituencies did not also change. The enactment of delimitation of constituencies, constitution created the House of People and Andhra Pradesh (Amendment) Order 1961, the the Council of States at the centre later (now) district was allotted one seat in the local came to be known as 'Lok Sabha' and 'Rajya authorities constituency, and it formed part of Sabha' respectively. Of the 75 seats allotted to Rayalaseema West 'Graduates and Teachers' the composite Madras State in the former, only constituency. Of the seats in the erstwhile one was assigned to this district which Madras Legislative Assembly, 8 were to be remained unaffected even when the Andhra returned from the constituencies of Cuddapah State was formed in 1953. But, in 1954 the district - one each from the single member number of seats were increased to 2 and were constituencies of Rayachoti, Cuddapah, assigned to the constituencies of Cuddapah Badwel, Proddatur, Kamalapuram, and Rajampet. The same allotment was Jammalamadugu, and two from the two maintained when Andhra Pradesh was formed member constituency of Rajampet. Of these, under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. one was reserved for Scheduled Castes. This As things now stand, the 43 seats for Andhra allotment for the district was continued in the Pradesh, are all distributed in single-member Andhra Assembly which was formed in 1953. constituencies, of which, 2, i.e., Cuddapah and With the general increase of seats in the Rajampet Parliamentary constituencies are assembly in 1954, the representation of this relevent to this district. The district has no direct district was increased to 11 seats. The representation in the Rajya Sabha as there is additional seats were assigned to be 3 single no provision for the representation of individual member constituencies. The number remained district in that body. unaltered even after the formation of Andhra The first elections under the Constitution Pradesh in November, 1956. The of India were held in January, 1952· in the constituencies were altered in 1961 as a result district. Each one of the 8 seats assigned to the of the two member constituencies (Abolition district was contested, 2 by the old parties, the Act, 1961). This Act, among other things, Congress and the Communist~ and 4 by the envisages the division of the two member individual parties, the Kisan Mazdoor Praja 144 Party, the Socialist Party, the Krishikar Lok recommendations of the Montagu-Chelmsford Party, and the Scheduled Castes Federation. A Report and presided over by Lord few independents also participated in the South-Borough, did not grant them the right to elections. vote. Women could not, therefore, participate in the first elections ·under the Government of The Congress which secured a majority India Act, 1919 held in 1920. On the 1st April, of seats in the Assembly assumed office under 1921 the Madras Legislative Council passed a the leadership of Late Shri C. Rajagopalachari. resolution for the enfranchisement of women. The ministry included Shri N. Rangal'e?dy of The Government accepted this resolution and. this district, who had been returned to the issued a regulation in May, 1921 . Again on 17th Legislative Council by the Assembly July, 1926 the Council resolved to request the constituency. In the Andhra Assembly which government to remove the sex disqualification was set up in October, 1953, the Congress for election or nomination to the Legislative constituted the largest single party. The Council. Consequently, women acquired the ministry which was formed with Shri T. right to vote and contest for elections to the Prakasam as the Chief Minister included Shri K. legislature. But, no woman candidate has so far Kotireddy of the district. It resigned on 15th contested for a seat at any of the elections in November, 1954, following a motion of no the district. The following Statement indicates confidence. The Assembly was dissolved by a the number of women voters and other presidential proclamation. The elections held in connected details during the elections held February, 1955 were contested in this district from time to time. only by three parties - Congress, the Communists and the Praja Socialist Party, Statement XI (2) besides the independents. In 1957 the elections in the Andhra districts were confined Growth in registered voters, women only to the Lok Sabha. voters and women votes polled, 1923-80 Election No. of No. of % of No. of % of Statement XI (1) Regis- Women Col. 3 Women Col. 5 tered voters to 2 voted to 3 Detailed trotal voters and polled votes in voters 1952, 1955 and 1962 2 3 4 5 6 Elections No. of Total Percentage 1923 Registered votes of Col. 3 26,180 1,723 6.6 133 7.7 voters polled to 2 1926 26,302 2,184 8.3 404 18.5 1930 26,285 2,280 8.7 2 3 4 1937 125,313 26,126 20.8 9,220 35.2 1952 5,83,771 4,03,475 69.1 1947 45,864 7,739 16.9 1,474 19.0 1955 7,53,834 4,93,490 65.5 1952 583,771 283,950 48.6 156,653 55.2 1962 7,51,963 5,40,570 71.9 1955 753,834 1962 751,963 366,455 48.7 247,691 67.6 The enfranchisement of women did not immediately result from the implementation of 1968 1974 I Information Is not avallaDle the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. The Franchise and the Functions Committee 1980 constituted in accordance with the Source: Collector's Office, Cuddapah 145 Political parties in the town constituency of whom 8 were independent candidates and the remaining three contested Cuddapah town nurtures various each one under the banner of Congress (I), political organisations like Congress (I), CPI, Telugu Desam and Lokdal. The CPI and CPI(M), Telugu Desam, Muslim League, etc. CPI(M) supported the Telugu Desam Party in All the factories located in the town have Trade this election. Of the total number of 70,090 Unions like Indian National Trade Union registered voters in the constituency only Congress, The United Trade Union Congress, 38,181, Le., 54.50 per cent votes were polled. All India Trade Union Congress, etc. and these Shri C. Ramachandraiah belonging to Telugu Unions were affiliated to All India Labour Desam party won the election by a margin of Organisation. 3,113 votes against his nearest rival Shri M. Chandrasekhar Reddy who contested as an In the last assembly elections which took Independent candidate. The following place in 1985 five parties entered into an Statement shows the number of valid votes electoral alliance and they supported each polled by each candidate. other. There were 11 candidates in Cuddapah Statement XI (3) Votes polled by contesting candidates at 1985 Assembly Election SI. No. Name of the candidate Name of the Party Number of Percentage of votes polled votes polled 1 2 3 4 5 1. Shri A. Sursiah Independent 21 0.03 2. Shri K. Linga Reddy Independent 202 0.20 3. Shri M. Chandrasekhar Reddy Independent 15,009 21.41 4. Shri Nagendra Reddy Independent 1,294 1.84 5. Shri P.V. Seshaiah Independent 9 0.01 6. Shri Rehmatullah Independent 31 0.04 7. SJ1ri C. Ramachandraiah Telugu Desam 18,122 25.85 8. Shri V. Devakumar lokdal 29 0.04 9. Shri V. Subba Reddy Independent 42 0.06 10. Shri M. Sanjanna Congress (I) 3,321 4.73 11. Shri Syed Hussain Mohamed Independent 101 0.14 Source: Collector's Office, Cuddapah. 146 Municipal Election from the business community, as well as general public. In fact, the Municipality at the As already mentioned, the entire town is Town level serves as a platform for training the divided into 21 wards in such a way that each persons of right nature to shoulder better ward consists of homogenous population. positions in future in different political The total number of councillors during the last institutions meant for the service of the public. Municipal elections held in 1981 was 33. Out Od of the total number of voters in the of these 33 seats 3 seats were reserved for Municipality, or.ly about 60 per cent exercised women candidates and 3 for Scheduled their franchise. The following Statement shows Castes and Scheduled Tribes. the particulars of Councillors of Cuddapah Municipality for the year 1981. The persons elected as Councillors are those who are influential and prestigeous in The following Statement XI (4) shows the their locality, generally dominated by the Socio-Political power and prestige at community to which the candidate belongs. As Cuddapah seems to be concentrated in some ascertained from the knowledgeable persons, individuals who have been able to secure it is known that councillors are elected on the special positions for themselves in their basis of their merits, adjudged from different respective localities as well as in the town angles with least interference by political affairs also. They have dominant voice in the parties. Generally, the background of the public meetings and policy formulations for the candidate and the dominant caste in the development of the town in various fields locality or the ward count for election of a including the material uplift of the people. They person. The present council consisted of can also influence in the public of the town, persons from all walks of life and from all local administration, education and religious sections ~f the public. These are land-lords, and other public institutions. Their services manufacturers, businessmen, politicians, rendered to the people who need in their independent professionals like doctors and respective localities as Municipal Councillor in lawyers and retired government servants with the town. These services of Municipal vast knowledge in administration. The Councilors are reflected in the MuniCipal chairman Shri Mohd. Azmathullah aged about budget, i.e., contract of MuniCipal shops in the 47 years belongs to Muslim community. He, town, maintenance of roads and drainages in 147 Statement XI (4) Particulars of the list of councillors of Cuddapah municipality for the year 1981 SI.No. Name Office held Sex Age Castel Educational Occu- How come to Religion qualification pation the position 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Md. Azamithulla Chairman M 45 Muslim Inter Business Through Election 2. Md. Kiran Pasha Vice-Chairman M 43 Muslim Inter Business Through Election 3. Y. Rama Murthy Vice-Chairman M 35 Balija Graduate Business Through Election 4. A. Saibaba Councillor M 42 Graduate Business Through Election 5. K. Rama Mohan Councillor M 27 Yadava Graduate Business Through .Election 6. V. SakuntaJamma Councillor F 40 Yadava NA Business Through EJection 7. P. Sambasivaiah Councillor M 47 Balija BAB.L. Advocate Through Election 8. Dr. M. Venugopal Reddy Councillor M 48 Reddy M.D. Doctor Through Election 9. T. Suvamamma Councillor F 40 Christian NA Through EJection 10. M.A. Narayana Swamy Councillor M 40 Christian R.M.P. Doctor Through Election 11. S. Modin Councillor M 26 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 12. P. Muralikrishna Naidu Councillor M 40 N.A. Business Through Election 13. S. Ghouse Peer Councillor M 39 Muslim NA Business Through Election 14. S.M. Doula Councillor M 40 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 15. M. Hussain Ali Khan Councillor M 41 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 16. K. Subbarayadu Councillor M 43 S.T. VIII Class Cultivator Through Election 17. D. Somaiah Councillor M 44 NA Business Through Election 18. B. Hussainaiah Councillor M 43 S.C. N.A. Business Through Election 19. Naseeruddin Councillor M 39 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 20. S. Ameer Basha Councillor M 38 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 2" S. Ramthumiah Councillor M 43 Muslim NA Workshop Through Election 22. Abdul Rahim Khan Councillor M 49 Muslim N.A. Business· Through Election 23. P. Ameer Khan Councillor M 43 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 24. B. Rahim Sahib Councillor M 43 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 25. B. Ashadlu Councillor M 51 Muslim NA Business Through Election 26. S. Md. Haneef Councillor M 52 Muslim N.A. 3usiness Through Election 27. SA Sattar Councillor M 52 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 28. S. Mahaboob Basha Councillor M 48 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 29. V.S. Alighar Councillor M 42 Muslim N.A. Business Through Election 30. P. Ravl Councillor M 38 S.C. N.A. Business Through Election 31. G. Ramamurthy Councillor M 39 Hindu NA Business Through Election 32. Y. Ramamurthy Councillor M 35 Hindu NA Business Through Electior 33. A. Subbarayudu Councillor M 49 Hindu N.A. Business Through Electior 148 Voluntary social service organisations children and a library in its own building. This was besides the maternity clinic it has been Organised charity has not been much in running at Kamalapuram and the weekly visits evidence in the entire district in recent times. its mobile medical unit was paying to the rural There are, however, a few voluntary social areas. In 1960, it held a training course for service organisations in the district as well as Junior Red Cross Counsillors and also started in the town. a nursery school. In 1961, it began running a The Cuddapah branch of the Guild maternity centre and a Balwadi at Service Seva Samajam Nandi-Mandalam. Its branch Kondalapuram Maternity centre conducts-deliveries and The Cuddapah branch of the Guild anti-natal tests, besides treating out-patients. :>=-rvice Seva Samajam was established in The Nandi-Mandalam centre also conducts 19<:. Its membership in 1963 was 33. In 1953, similar cases besides providing daily on an it started a rural branch of the guild at average 25 children with milk and break-fast. Mantapampalle and collected over Rs. 2,500 by The recent reports of the branch further a variety entertainment for the Godavari Flood indicate that it has been providing relief to the Relief Fund. In 1954, it was responsible for the victims of fire in nearby villages. Its membership construction of a hostel for the government in 1982 was about 1,000. school for the Blind at Cuddapah town, costing about Rs. 12,000. In 1955, it began running a The Rotary Club Maternity and Child Health Centre at Nabikot, The Rotary Club at Cuddapah close to the town. In 1956, it opened a home for destitute boys and girls at Mantapampalle. provisionally inaugurated in 1959 received its Its staff at Nabikot centre attend to anti-natal, charter in 1960. The membership of the club is ~- confinement and post-natal cases, besides more than 70. It has started a cloth bank, a drug treating a number of general cases. They also bank and also made some beginning with the supply them with medicines, UNICEF drugs free medical check-up of the students and the 0.nd diet supplements free of cost. The Samaj grant of scholarships to them. Directly or through its members, it has chiefly taken has been providing relief for victims of fire interest in organising an assisted private Eccidents and famines organising poor feeding, running cafeteria during melas, industrial estate, in setting up the local exhibitions, etc. It is evincing interest in polytechnic, in the opening of Khandasari programmes of adult education for women, Sugar demonstration centres and in collection of funds for the Sanskrit block of the Municipal teaching of sewing, Hindi, music and easy handicrafts, and training of young girls in music Multi-purpose School. and dancing. The Samaj also received grants from the Central Social Welfare Board. The Cuddapah branch of the Bharat Sewak Samaj The Cuddapah branch of the Indian Red Cross Society The Cuddapah branch of the Bharat Sewak Samaj was established in 1958. Its The Cuddapah Branch of the Indian Red activities chiefly cover the organisation of Cross Society was started, with its village units, the enrolment of members, headquarters at Cuddapah, around 1937. The holding of public meetings for explaining the oranch is housed in its own building importance and objectives of the Plans, the free constructed in 1958 at a cost of about As. distribution of copies of literature on planning, 16,COO. In 1959, it started a reading room for conduct of body shows, organisation of street 149 cleaning campaigns, and the conduct of social site for the construction of its own building. In service camps for boys as well as for girls. It 1982, its total membership was over 1,000. also ran for sometime night shelter at Cuddapah town. The only institution run for the disabled run by private agencies in the district in the The Mahila Samaj earlier decades appears 10 have been "The Narasimham Pantulu Home for the Disabled" at The Mahila Samaj at Cuddapah was Cuddapah town started in 1938. Narasimham established in 1940. It is housed in its own Pantulu was the Collector of Cuddapah in 1934. building constructed in 1943. It has now about The institution was first located in the Mutyala 90 members. Its activities are protecting the Seshu Choultry and then in its own building women rights and stopping the activities which constructed on a site donated by the Late K. are done against the women in the town. Venkatesam Chetty. The untimely demise of its pioneer D. Ramasubba Reddy led to the institu The Muslim Orphanage tion becoming dormant. The government school for the blind is now located in the build The Muslim orphanage at Cuddapah was ing of this institution. started in 1930. It is run by the Muslim Association in Cuddapah which has on its roll about 1,000 members. The strength of the Influential and respected persons of the town orphanage has risen from 5 in 1939 to 150 in 1982, drawn not only from various parts of this It has already been pointed out that the district, but also from the adjoining district of internal structure of the town wilfully reflects the Chittoor. In 1950, the orphanage was shifted impact of relations of distinct communities. So from a rented premises to its own building on far as socio-political power and prestige is the Cuddapah-Rajampet road. About Rs. concerned, at Cuddapah town, it appears to be 10,000 had been collected for the construction concentrated in some individuals who have of this building from the followers of different been able to obtain special positions for faiths. The land for this building had been themselves in the respective localities as well earlier alienated by the government. Besides as in the town as a whole. They have a donations from the public, the orphanage has dominant voice in the public meetings and been receiving a per capita grant from the deliberations for the development of the town government. invarious fields including the material uplift of the people. Cuddapah being a town, and the The Sri Sai Baba Ananda Association administrative headquarters of the district. The Sri Sai Baba Ananda Association there are persons who are prestigeous at the registered in 1961, was opened at Cuddapah locality level, at town level as well as at the state only during 1962. For the present, the institu level. There were persons who were known for tion is located in the Muthyalavandla Choultry, their services to the community in general and paying a nominal rent. Its section for the des to the public of Cuddapah in particular. The titute and the disabled has more than 10 in biographical sketches of some of the mates and that for poor and deserving students prominent persons who contributed their· mite of the age group of 7 to 12. The association for the all round development of Cuddapah running the institution collects about Rs. 200 town, given below will help to know the type of each month from its members and is striving to persons who held power and prestige in the improve its finances and to acquire a suitable town. 150 Sri Kandula Obu/a Reddy, Ex-M.P. pursuing his higher education in engineering Sri Kandula Obula Reddy was born on field at Delhi met a tragic death in a scooter 15.11.1917 in a village near Vempalli, accident there. Shocked by the sudden death Pulivendla taluk of Cuddapah district. His of his beloved sqn he established an primary education was in his native place and engineering college in Cuddapah in the name he completed higher studies from Cuddapah of his son. Apart from this, he formed a trust in Municipal High School in the year 1026. After the year 1978 by name Kandula Obula Reddy passing S.S.L.C., he was looking after his Trust and also industrial institute at Vempalle. traditional occupation, i.e., cultivation at his native place. Impressed by the ideology of In order to improve the standard life of ~ 1ahatma Gandhi, he joined Indian National C0ngress in the year 1940 and took active part rural people, 'he extended the industrial sphere in the Satyagraha Movement started by the to rural areas also so as to provide employment Indian National Congress leaders at national to the rural people. As a result of this, he level. He also participated in 'Quit India' established Ramakrishna Chemicals Unit at movement and became one of the freedom Putlampalle, Indian Medicine Unit, Engineering fighters of Cuddapah district. As one of the College at Yerramasumpalle and PulveriSing freedom fighters and social workers, he companies at Cuddapah and Mayapet. Apart brought certain reforms not only in his native from this, he donated 2.5 lakh rupees to the village but also in the surrounding areas. In Government for construction of an auditorium view of his everlasting services rendered for the named Kandula Obula Reddy" Auditorium at uplift of the poor in the year 1960 he was Cuddapah. Unfortunately this project has not elected as Panchayat Samithi President and so far been taken up by the Government. continued in the same capacity for about 17 years. At Cuddapah, he started mining Though he has reached the age of about business and very soon became one of the 70 years, still physically and mentally he is very world famous industrialists. In order to improve active in the political fields as well as in the field mining industry at Cuddapah he undertook of social reform. People of the entire town world tour except Russia and China and improved a lot in the mining technology respect him. expanding the existing mining industries by involving his sons also. He was nominated as Gajjala Ranga Reddy a Member of the Territorial Army Advisory Board. He was also nominated as one of the He was born on 10th August, 1928 at Members of Railway Users Consultative Muddanur, tal uk headquarter of Cuddapah Committee. As a member of these committees, district. He got his primary education at he brought several grievances of Pulivendla, Kurnool, Tadipatri and got his high ex-servicemen and also railway passengers to school certificate from Madanapalle High the notice of the Government and made several School. After passing his matriculation recommendations for the welfare of the examination, he completed his Intermediate ex-servicemen in India and also certain reforms course at Government Arts College, Cuddapah. in the Indian Railway system. Apart from this, After passing Intermediate, instead of he was also the Vice-President of Rayalaseema continuing his higher education he entered in Samithi. In view of his long outstanding services he was elected in 1977 as a Member transport business along with his father, who of Parliament as a Congress candidate. had also an oil expeller mill at Muddanur. In 1952, he started a separate transport business He has 3 sons and 3 daughters. One son and he is running a transport business even namely, Kandula Srinivasa Reddy, who was now. 151 He entered politics in the year 1964 and Cables Corporation. He is also a Director for contested for the post of Samithi President, but Indian Barytes and Chemicals Ltd. In 1985, he was defeated. Subsequently in the year 1957 visited Europe, Singapore and Japan. He was he contested the municipal election and was elected unanimously as M.L.C. on behalf of the elect~d as Municipal Chairman of Cuddapah Congress and continued on the same position Municipality and he held this post upto 1972. till the dissolution of Legislative Council. During his tenure in the post as Chairman of the Municipality, he implemented various schemes Sri Hajj Mohd. Abdul Rahmatullah, Ex. M.P. like sanitation, lighting roads, etc., to develop Sri Rahmatullah belongs to a poor Cuddapah town. Later, he joined Congress respectable family. He was born at Sidhout in party and contested for M.L.A. in the year 1972 Cuddapah district. He is about 84 years of age and was elected. In the year 1983 he again and still maintain a sound health. He studied contested as Congress (I) candidate but upto 3rd form and after completing 3rd form he defeated by Telugu Desum candidate. came to Cuddapah and started business. After He is one of the members of the getting sufficient experience in various fields of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Board business, he entered in transport business and Committee. He made considerable efforts and further developed the same on a grand scale pursued in matter with the Government for the and monopolized the entire transport business establishment of a separate college for women and became one of the millionaires. since there was no separate college for women He was closely associated with in Cuddapah. On his pursuation, the Cuddapah Municipality for 15 years in the governemnt sanctioned a Junior College. He capacity of Chairman and retained the collected Rs. 50,000 from the public and chairmanship of the Municipality for about 14 donated the same for the construction of the years. He was also a Zilla Parishad Member. As college building in Cuddapah town. He is the a Chairman, he did outstanding work by Chairman of the College Committee and is a extending and widening the roads of the town man of outstanding character and respected by and also removed the water scarcity during the local people. year 1953 by getting sanction of about 12 lakhs of rupees from the government. In 1954, he Kandula Sivananda Reddy, Ex.M.L.C. contested for M.L.A. on behalf of the Congress He is the elder son of Shri Kandula Obula and won the election with a good majority. He Reddy, Ex.M.P., a big industrialist in Cuddapah was President of the district Congress district. He was born in the year 1950 at Committee and also constructed a tower clock Vellampalle, Pulivendla taluk. He became near the old fort which is popularly known as Commerce Graduate from Government Arts Rahmatullah Tower Clock. From 1976-82, he College in the year 1971. After completing his was a Member of Parliament for Rajya Sabha. graduation in commerce, he started his career He was a Railway Board Member for about 14 as a social worker and subsequently became years .and a Senate Member of Sri an active politician along with his father. Venkateswara University and was also elected as Syndicate Member for about two terms. He established spinning mill at Cuddapah for providing employment to the poor people. Sri Rahmatullah has devoted his life for He is a Managing Director of the spinning mills. the upliftment of the poor and Harijans. He is He is also a Managing Partner of Sri the Chairman of a Muslim Orphanage and Ramakrishna Grinding Mills and Rayalaseema donated Rs. 20,000 for the construction of a 152 building and worked for the maintenance of the worked for the development of the panchayat. institution. Due to his strenuous efforts, the From 1972-82, he worked in the capaccity of Central Government started a new train link one of the Board of Directors of Wakf Board c/ known as Rayalaseema Express via Wadi by AndhYa Pradesh and from 1974 to 1980, he ' which re-modelling of the Cuddapah rail~ay acted as a Director of Co-operative Housing station was made. He is also responsible for the Colony. During this period, he developed roads completion of Rayalavagu Project. and also solved the water problem, and from 1980-84, he was elected as office President for Sri Ramatullah is a pious man and visits the Muslim Association of Cuddapah town. He mosque daily 5 times for prayers. In 1962, he developed the feelings of brotherhood by performed Haj. He is a life member of integrating all the people of Cuddapah town Cuddapah Club. belonging to various walks of life. In view of his meritorious and outstanding services, he was Sri. Mohd. Azamthullah elected as co-opted member for Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee. Sri Mohamed Azmthullah is the elder son of Shri Haji Mohd. Abdul Rahmutullah, EX.M.P. Shri Azamthullah is a man of good habits He got his entire education in Cuddapah town and outstanding character. He is respected by and passed his matriculation in the year 1953. all communities of Cuddapah town, irrespective He is aged about 47 years. Right from his of caste and creed. For the present, he is the childhood, he participated in politics along with owner of Royal Theatre and Star Barytes his father. He did a lot of work for the poor and Company. He was elected as a Chairman of the orphans and uplift of the Harijans. In the year Cuddapah Municipality in the year 1981 and 1976, he contested for the membership for the continued in that post till the dissolution of the Chemmumiahpet Panchayat Samithi and Municipal Council. CHAPTE8XII LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME There are a good number of'r~creational Parks and play grounds and religious centres in and around the town. The spare time activities and religious activities The town, as a matter of fact has no well of the town dwellers are to be considered in the developed public parks worth mentioning. Only context of the existence of these centres. As small patches of open spaces scattered in the already pOinted out Cuddapah is the district town are being used as parks. The total area headquarters town and about 1/4th of the under parks, play-grounds, etc., is 20 Hectares Municipal area is covered by agricultural fields accounting about 4 per cent of the total area of and also pockets of vacant lands which give the town. The following Statement shows the much scope for the provision of recreational existing parks and play-grounds of Cuddapah activities like parks and play grounds. town. Statement XII(1) Parks and play-grounds in Cuddapah town 31. No. Ward No. Description Ownership Area in Hectares 2 3 4 5 1. 20 Park at Co-operative Housing Colony Municipality 1.16 2. 3 Park at Police Quarters Government 0.06 3. Prakasam Centinary Government 10.85 Total area of the Parks 12.07 4. 20 Prakasam Stadium Government 2.73 5. 3 Police Parade Ground Government 1.78 6. 2 Church of South India Play-ground Private 1.44 7. 7 Sri Ramakrishna Junior College Play-ground Private 2.02 8. Government Arts College Play-ground Government 5.83 9. 20 Municipal High School Play-ground Municipality 2.52 Total area of the playgrounds 16.32 154 It can be seen from above Statement loaned to and are collected from the ladies of that there are only three parks in the town. Cuddapah town at their respective houses However, a beginning has been made to periodically. Besides these, there are privette provide large areas for parks by taking up libraries run by registered library Prakasam Centinary Park with about 27 organisati,ons. Of them, Sri Vivekananda Free Hectares. In view of the rapid growth of Library started in August, 1970 at Cuddapah population of the town, there is need to and run by Sri Ramakrishna Samaj is the pruvide additional parks in the town besides earliest. The following is the list of libraries in i rnp rovi ng the existing parks. Cuddapah town. Apart from this, there are six play 1. Sri Vivekananda Free Library grounds in the town of which one is Prakasam Stadium, which is open to general public. The 2. Red Cross Children Library Government Arts College is having a sizable area under occupation of this play-ground. 3. Tagore Centinary Library Police Parade Ground is under the control of police authorities. The remaining play 4. Dr. Haq Library grounds are attached to the educational 5. Sri Vasavi Grandhalayam institutions and hence are restricted for the use of the schools only. Therefore, there are 6. Public Recreation Samachar Kendra no play-grounds meant for the public use ,other than the stadium in the town. 7. Municipal Reading Room Libraries and Reading Rooms 8. Tower Clock Reading Room While parks and play-grounds provide All the above libraries are attached with long space for Physical recreation, libraries free reading rooms. The average number of and reading rooms, constitute social centres visitors using the 8 libraries and reading for the mental relaxation. Setting up of libraries rooms per day is about 900. In view 0.1 the and reading rooms mostly by private rapid growth of population as well as increase enterprise, strengthened by the efforts of in the percentage of literacy of the town, voluntary organisations like the Ramakrishna additional libraries and reading rooms are Samaj and Theosophical Society of Cuddapah required to be provided to meet the helped the cause. The constitution of Local recreational demands of the existing as well Library Authority in 1950 in accordance with as growing population. the Madras Public Libraries Act of 1948, which later became the Andhra Pradesh Public Cinema Theatres Libraries Act of 1960 was a land-mark in the growth of Library Movement In the district. It As in the case of any urban area, cinema resulted in the opening of District Central is a popular means of entertainment in this Library in 1952 in Sri Ramakrishna Samaj town also. The following Statement shows the building. Another facility provided is the home number of cinema theatres in Cuddapah lending services of the books which are town. 155 Statement XII (2) The Statement XII (2) shows that there are 10 cinema theatres functioning with total Cinema theatres in Cuddapah town seating capacity of over 11 ,000. This works out to a ratio of one theatre for 6,000 population. SI. Ward Name of the theatre Area in Seating The above theatres are also serving the needs No. No. sq. Km. Capacity of the surrounding villages and floating 2 3 4 5 population. The above cinema theatres do not 1. 6 Apsara Picture Palace 1.25 905 have adequate provision of parking space for vehicles and thus are causing traffic jam. At 2. 20 Krishna Picture Palace 0.65 694 those theatre centres theatres are not provided 3. 21 Ramesh Theatre 1.00 1,246 with proper sanitary facilities. Hence, this 4. 16 Rahmatia Picture Palace 0.75 1,005 aspect has to be considered atleast in respect 5. 19 Balija Picture Palace N.A. 1,095 of future construction while improving the old 6. 4 Rehmat Talkies 1.97 954 theatres. 7. 3 Saibaba Movieland 0.75 1,278 8. 2 Laxmi Ranga Picture 0.92 1,269 Clubs Palace 9. Sri Venkateswara 0.85 825 In addition to the cinema theatres, there Picture Palace are five clubs in the town. The following 10. 9 Srinlvasa Picture Palace N.A. 1,063 Statement shows the location of clubs and other cultural institutions in Cuddapah town. Statement XII(3) Clubs and other cultural institutions in Cuddapah town SI. No. Ward No. Locality Name of the Club Ownership Member ship (in Rs.) 2 3 4 5 6 1. 2 Station Road United Club Private 15.00 2. 3 Police Lines Police Recreation Club Private 5.00 3. 3 Police Lines Police Men's Family Welfare Centre Private Nil 4. 4 Near District Collector's Office Revenue Club Private 10.00 5. 20 Co-op. Housing Colony MahiiaSamaj Private Nil 6. 4 Near District Collector's Office' Police Club Private 10.00 156 For the district headquarters town like the most active in recent years has been "The Cuddapah, an auditorium is absolutely Cuddapah District Sports Council", first essential to conduct dramas, dance started in 1953 as the Cuddapah District programmes, musical nights and also any other Sports Club. Some of the teams beyond the cultural activities. district as well were participating. The games usually covered are foot-ball and badminton - Circus doubles and fives. The District Secondary Schools' Atheletic Association which owed its Circus is one form of occasional inception to endowment raised in 1905 to the entertainment. In the year 1985, National memory of H.B. Grigg, former Director of Circus was shown at Cuddapah in the Public Instruction for promoting atheletics in Municipal High School play-ground. It was various districts of the old Madras Presidency, shown in the town for a period of 30 days conducts competitions separately for boys starting from 11.8.85 to 9.9.85. Its head office and girls belonging to Secondary Schools in was at Bangalore. the district. It covers not only games and sports but also debates, dramas, etc. The Daily three shows were organised. The games covered are foot-ball, hockey, cricket, estimated average number of spectators basket ball, base ball, volley ball, badminton, including children was 5,000 per day. The rate tenny-coit and Kho-Kho. Similarly annual of admission was fixed Rs. 10 first class, Rs. 7 meets of the Police, Revenue, Postal second class, Rs. 5 third class and Rs. 3 for Employees, etc., attract fairly large groups gallery. The number of workers including and include a few items open to all. The more males and females engaged in this particular prominent of the clubs in the district include circus was 325. Among them skilled workers the Police Recreation Club, Revenue and were 45 males and 80 females. Unskilled male Police clubs in Cuddapah town. working members including those engaged in Generally, the women of the district do administration were 200. The animal stock in not partiCipate in out-door games of any type. the Circus was 10 lions, 10 tigers, 11 Many of them, however, take a few in-door elephants and 13 horses. However, this circus games, when they have attended to their provided a temporary entertainment to the chores or tired of the games they have to people of Cuddapah for a period of 30 days. recount. Beyond the premises of educational And thereafter it shifted to some other town. institutions girls in the higher age groups are discouraged from participating in out-door Tournaments games. The following Statement XII(4) shows Among the few organisations the leisure time activity of workers by locality, conducting open tournaments in the district, age and sex. 157 I() C\I a.. (I) C\I C\I ,... C\I C\I C\I C\I co C\I ..... C\I o ..... I() C\I ..... C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I ...... c (].) E ...... Q) o r C\I <0 ..... o I() C/) - C\I > a.. ~ .::: u.. o co -ca v (1) I:i: E o :;; a.. (1) a.. :::J I() .~ (1) ..J C\I C\I C\I (I) I() '0 ttlo ~ a:. o '0 :c Q) CD a. ! c: Q) ..... s:::. ttl CD ttl E (/) .... 8 I ~ ttl -' ci. s:::. s:::. ttl CD (/) o o o 0- .~ - 6 c: o g- (5 :> (.) ~ :e Z a.. >= 158 Newspapers and periodicals this periodical from Madras, Nagi Reddy, belongs to Kasanuru village of Pulivendla The needs of the readers in Cuddapah Taluk. 'Shama', 'Biswin Sadi', and Town are by and large met by newspapers and 'Deen-o-Duniya' all from Delhi are the Urdu other periodicals published especially from monthlies. An idea of the present volume of Madras City and Chittoor district. The more circulation of the more popular of the Telugu popular 01 the English dailies include "The periodicals can be had from the fact that in Hindu", "The Indian Express" and to a December, 1986 the daily and the weekly considerably smaller extent "The Mail". But the issues of the Andhra Patrika had a circulation circulation of even "The Hindu", as observed in of about 4500 and 3100 respecctively in the the field is a little over 1000 and that of the Town. "Indian Express" 900. The subscribers to the English Weeklies, taken together, are not likely The famous journalists of the district to be more than a few hundreds. Out of the fairly include the late G. Harisarvothama Rao of well read of the English fortnightlies is perhaps Pulivendla and A. K. Muni of Proddatur. The the 'Bhavan's Journal. But the circulation of son of the later A.S. Raman, was for sometime Telugu newspapers and periodicals is the editor of the "The Iliustrated Weekly of increasing considerably in recent years. The India". The circulation of the majority of the more widely read of the Telugu dailies and periodicals published in the town is not quite weeklies include 'Andhra Prabha' the daily appreciable. B9sides these, some educational published from Chittoor and the weekly from and allied institutions also bring out their Madras. Musalman from Madras, "Siasat" from magazines. During 1985-86, the total number Hyderabad and "Pasban" from Bangalore are of periodicals and books registered under the the daily Urdu newspapers in circulation in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 town. Amo ng th e oth e r wee kl ies, the from the Andhra districts were 2248 and 488 'Prajamata' from Bangalore, has also a fair respectively of which Cuddapah contributed amount of circulation. Of the Telugu monthlies only 175 periodicals. The periodicals now from beyond the Town, the 'Chandamama', a published in the Town are given in the periodical for children, has by far the widest following Statement. circulation in the town. One of the founders of Statement XII (5) Periodicals published in the town Name of periodical and Place Periodicity and language Subjects covered its year of publication 2 3 4 1. Bharata Jyoti (1947) Cuddapah Town Weekly (Telugu and English) Literary and Cultural copies 2. Savyasachi (1959) - do- Fortnightly (Telugu) News and Cultural affairs 3. Kala-bhashini (1962) • do- - do- Literary and Cultural subjects 4. Upadhyaya (1948) - do- Monthly (Telugu) Education 5. Silpa Prabha (1960) • do· - do- Commerce & Industry 159 It is obvious that the Town can not lay Tirupati at least once in a year in view of its claim to any outstanding contribution to the proximity to Cuddapah. Buses also ply daily development of journalism in this State in from the Cuddapah directly to Tirupati. Of the particular or much less in the Country in other pilgrim centres within the borders of the general. town are Sri Rama Temple, Anjaneya Temple, Siva Temple, Raghavendraswamy Temple, Nature of leisure time activities of Kanykaparameswari Temple. But ttie number members belonging to different visiting them is relatively limited. Pilgrimage is categories of households mostly undertaken during the annual festivals The surveyed households have thrown or on days like Maha Sivaratri and Sri Rama some light on the leisure time activities of the Navami within the town. people of the town. Only a few persons are reported to have any leisure time activity. The significance of Devuni Cuddapah lies Others have no particular type of leisure time in the fact that besides being easily accessible activity and do not have specified hours for rest from Cuddapah town, many pilgrims from areas or recreation. to the North of it make their offerings at the temple, while on their way to Tirupati. There is Many people go for films or spend the a small temple called Gandi Anjaneya Swamy leisure time in the parks or main centres in the Kshetram on the banks of river Papagni which town. Children upto the age of 18 have not attracts large groups on Saturdays and also reported any leisure time activity as such. Of people suffering from bodily and mental the 54 persons stated to have some leisure time diseases. activity, 51 are males and 3 are females. Muslim Dargas and annual Urses Classified on the basis of the nature of activities, 81.48 per cent of the total persons The most important occasion for Muslim who have some leisure time activity are congregation within the district is the Urse of engaged in' reading newspapers and Hazrat Arifullah Hussaini at Cuddapah which is periodicals while 12.96 per cent are engaged in held on 13th of Jamadi-ul-awal and the two seeing of Cinema, T.V. and hearing radio following days. It accounts for a gathering of programmes, 3.70 per cent are engaged in nearly more than 20,000 devotees, both Hindu playing indoor games such as carroms, Table and Muslims, who come from long distances Tennis, etc. and 1.86 per cent are engaged in including Delhi, Bombay and Bangalore. The outdoor games such as Volley Ball, Tennis, second largest Urs is that of Hazrat Syed Ali Badminton, etc. Murad Shah Qadri at Nabikot on the banks of the Bugga on 10th and 11 th of Jamal-ul-awal, Religious institutions and religious activities and is likewise attended by both Hindus and Muslims. The Urs of Hazrat Syed Shah Meer The Cuddapah town is dominated by Basha Qadri who lies burried on the banks of three communities belonging to three different the Bugga opposite of the fort street in faiths, Le., Hindus, Muslims and Christians. Cuddapah, is popular among the educated There are a number of temples, Dargas and public. A more recently established place of Churches scattered over the town. pilgrimage is the tomb of Hazrat Abdul Zafar Shah Qadri, Kamalapuram. The saint died Pilgrimages and Jataras about 40 years ago and as many as 10,000 Quite a large number of persons in the devotees gather from Cuddapah at his Urs. A town visit the Shrine of Lord Venkateswara at rather curious episode is recorded of Hindu 160 railway employee at Nandalur. He was a college and hostel. Rev. John Hands was the devotee of the Saint Khader Vali of Nagur, and founder of the London Missionery in began to host Khader Val\ Jhanda (flag) on the Cuddapah town. This was founded in the year death anniversary of the saint near railway 1822 and subsequently it was permanently station of Nandalur about 40 years ago. This located in 1824. Similarly, in 1893 the first annual function became so popular that it is Lady Missionaries were established at now celebrated in great fervour by about more Cuddapah and took charge of the Girls' Day than 20,000 Hindus and Muslims of Cuddapah and Trainil1g School was also inaugurated. St. town. It may be mentioned that the Muslims of Cuddapah are not content with taking part in Mary's Cathedral Church is located at these local Urses, but they also go beyond the Mariyapuram and AkkayapaHe Panchayat at a borders to attend the Urs of Hazrat Khadar Valli distance of 1 km. from Cuddapah on of Nagur, Hazrat Rahmatullah of Rahmatabad north-west. This church was established in the of Nellore district and Hazrat Baba Fakruddin year 1936. A priest from the western countries of Penukonda, Anantapur district. The came to Cuddapah and has selected this devotees even attend to the death place to construct some houses and named it anniversaries of the saints of Gulbarga, Ajmer a.s Mariyapuram. c After construction of the and Delhi. Those who can afford it would even village, a church was also constructed. It was to go Mecca for Haj. Besides items like "sandal, named as Mariyamma Cathedral Church and procession and fateha" and other rituals and it is a Roman Catholic Church. The prinCipal formalities, including the presentation of deity is Mary Matha. clothes to Chowdaries and Khalifas, fire works, sword and music displays, wrestling, Qawalis Mariyamma Jatara is being celebrated and sometimes Mushairas become additional on 10th and 11th of February every year. Gifts features of some of the Urses at the dargas in and cash are offered to the deity. The Jatara the town. Some of the dargas are also is being celebrated for the past 12 years. elaborately illuminated during these Crumulish a Priest of Scotland of Roman celebrations. Catholic Mission is the patron. It is seen that Christian Churches and festivals thousands of people from Cuddapah and - nearby villages belonging to all communities Christmas, the birth day of Jesus Christ, participate in the Jatara. A fair is held for two Good Friday and Easter are the most . days in this connection. Thus, day's prayers important festivals to the Christians of start from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. There is a Cuddapah town. Good Friday is preceeded by community development centre in this church a period of fasting known as 'Lent'. Easter run by this mission for the weaker sections by which falls on the Sunday immediately providing economic aids, getting funds from following Good Friday is a day of rejoicing in abroad. commemoration of Christ's Resurrection. Crime statistics and institutions There are 4 churches loc~ted in the town. Of these, Saint Mary's cathedral at Mariyapuram The Cuddapah town finds itself, from and three churches on railway station road are historical point of view, unhappily involved in import~nt churches for performing prayers by crime. The extent of cognizable, in p~rticular the Christians in Cuddapah town. The oldest is rather high. The following Statement reveals one is the Roman Catholic church. The Roman the general pattern of crime in the town during Catholic church is attached with school, th~ year 1.981-82. 161 Statement XII (6) by rich and influential persons. The intensity of factions sometimes quartering of additional Number of cases by crime in the town police forces at the cost of town dwellers. during 1981·82 and 1982·83 In order to maintain law and order in the Year Murders Hurts Riotings Suicides town and its adjoining areas, there are two 2 3 4 5 Police stations one is located in the heart of the town near Tower Clock; and the other near 1981-82 11 13 3 Nakas called Town Police Station. Besides 1982-83 3 . 13 17 5 these two, there is also one more taluk police station which is responsible for maintaining law and order pertaining to rural areas. Entire district is now under the charge of the Superintendent of Police Station at Cuddapah, Statement XII (7) exercising jurisdiction over the entire district Criminal cases registered and challaned duly splitted into three sub-divisions of during the year 1981·82 Jammalamadugu, Proddatur and Cuddapah. Each of these sub-divisions is in the charge of Year No. of criminal No. of cases Deputy Superintendent of Police. Each of the cases ended in sub-divisions consists of three or four circles, Regis- Challa· Convic- Acquittal each in charge of an Inspector of Police. Each tered ned tion circle is further sub-divided into four to six 2 3 4 5 Police Stations, each in-charge of a Sub-Inspector, i.e., jurisdiction extending over 1982-82 59 24 Nil a number of villages including some outposts in charge of Head Constables. The It is clear from the Statement XII(6) that Superintendent is responsible for all matters the number of riots is on the increase, a trend relating to its organisation and management, rather disturbing and somewhat surprising in the maintenance of its discipline and the regular performance of all its preventive and the context of highly organised systems of executive duties. He is the District Magistrate's Police administration in the town. But, the assistant for police purposes. difficulty encountered by the police seems to be that there are no well-developed Jail and lockups communications, particularly in the interior tracts of the district. The District Jail at Cuddapah was established round about 1805 and located in The town and its surrounding areas are a portion of the Nawab's Palace on the banks much known for its riots and its murders. The of the Bugga surrounded by a mud-wall. It was cause inspiring these riots are sometimes capable of accommodating about 200 political and sometimes social. Open attacks persons. The earliest of the available des on police stations are also occasionally in cription of this jail, by an Inspector of Prisons, evidence. But, more than all, a very imminent in 1955 has been extensive but, exceedingly cause for most of the riotings in the past is the low built and of very bad material being existence of anti-agonistic with loyalties generally of mud. The following Statement based on personal and family rivalries and led gives the particulars of the Cuddapah Jail. 162 _ III o Q) .....(/)~ - co U -:::l_ro •U _ ....Q) t:.r::;co_ a.. 0 (\J If) co c: III III ..... cor:. r:. co r:._ c: +- Q) III 0 § > E" .3c.t>'" E c.t>9 o (ijlJ.. 6 .0 E > E E.o 01() i~ Uco covU 0 III co .... 0) CD Q) ..- E c: Cl. O c: .... .-III .-.... U -CD .... ::::l- -'n; a. U 0 - .., QUe • Q) :::l +- co .... o 0- c 'i: z~~ Q) - E ~ Q) o ....«i o lJ.. (f) - ....tn «S :::J o :;: .... III cu Qj :(l 0.. "Diiio C,- I ::>':=0 o 6 'iii E > I() co E ~ o 0 (.') "';:; U co o «u I() III co 0) ~ c: o ~ U .9 ==r:.co co ""0. CD ~~ E !::U co .!!Z ::::l z 00 163 It will be seen from the Statement XII (8) Customary Laws relating to backward that the number of persons sentenced with communities Act, etc. . imprisonment for less than 6 months is 144 including 11 females. While those sentenced Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods for 6 months to one year is 18 males. In range of 2 to 3 years there are 5 males and between The Statement XII(9) shows that 132 4 to 5 years there are 8 males while in the range persons among 300 sample households have of 6 to 10 years there is only one person. There reported that there is possibility of prevention are 4 persons in the range of 10 years and of birth. Among them 44 persons are aware of more. Nirodh, three persons have the knowledge of loop and one person knows about pills/tablets. Police lockups have been in existence Among the remaining a4 oersons, 19 persons almost since 1860, the year of inception of the have undergone Vasectomy and 65 Tubectomy police force in the town. The three police operations respectively. stations located within the limits of the town have been provided with police lockups with Most of the females prefer to adopt the sufficient space. Family Planning methods. It seems that females among the lower and middle class sections Social awareness have realised the importance of the family Among 300 sample households only 100 planning methods better than their male households are aware of knowledge, attitude counterparts. and practice in respect of Indian Social Legislations, i.e., Hindu Minority and The" following Statement shows the Guardianship Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Child knowledge, attitude and practice of family Marriage Restraint Act, Untouchability planning measures by religion-wise among Offences Act, Special Marriage Act, and the sample households in the town. Statement XII (9) Knowledge about family planning measures as related to education, religion and caste/tribe of informant Religion/ Educational Status Total Number aware of Caste/Tribe I 1Ii- Literate Matric NuOl- Possi Family Planning measures of the informant terate upto and ber bility Nirodh Loop Co per T Tablets Vasec- Tubec- Matric above of pre tomy tomy vention of Birth 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hindu 27 71 72 170 98 30 3 17 48 Scheduled Castes 9 6 6 21 9 3 2 4 Scheduled Tribes 4 4 2 Christian 6 8 3 2 Jain Islam 38 45 13 96 20 8 11 Total 75 123 102 300 132 44 3 19 65 164 The following Statement will reveal the Planning methods by educational level. knowledge, attitude and practice of Family Statement XII (10) Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods by educational level. Educational level Family Illiterates 38 7 18 13 Primary 38 3 24 1 1 Middle 25 4 15 5 Matriculation and above 31 5 8 15 2 Total 132 19 65 44 3 It can be seen from the above Statement matriculation and above educational that the majority of people adopting Family standards. Planning is in literates, i.e., 94 persol1s out of 132 persons among the 300 sample The following Statement shows the households population of the town. Of 94, 38 knowledge, attitude and practice of Family are having primary, 25 middle and 31 Planning Methods by occupational categories. Statement XII (11) Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods by occupational categories Occupational categories Total Family Planning Methods Vasectomy Tubectomy Nirodh Loop Pills 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unskilled manual 6 2 2 2 Skilled manual 4 2 2 Lowest Professional and 25 7 3 15 administrative (e.g. Primary Te~cher) Small business 41 2 18 20 1 Clerks and shop assistants 6 2 2 2 Government employees 4 2 2 Cultivator 15 10 3 Agricultural labours 21 20 Non-workers category 10 10 132 19 65 44 3 165 The above statment reveals that the unskilled workers such as rickshaw pullers etc., majority of people who adopted the Family and skilled workers viz., drivers, general Planning measures are in the occupation of labourers who are working in the corporation in small business, Le., petty shop owners, the town. hawkers, etc., in the town, followed by the lowest professional and administrative workers The following Statements show the such as teachers, etc., agricultural labourers, Demographic Data on Family Planning cultivators, Non-worker categories, yiz., Programme during 1988-89. house-wives, etc., clerks and shop aSSistants, 166 C\I 0'1 0 C\I C') 0 v ,... CIO 0'1 C'\I 0'1 Q C') C\J C\J C\J C\I C\J C\J C') ~ :::l C\I - co ..- CIO Ii) Ii) co CIO ~ co C\J C') 0 0'1 co l'G :::l C\I Ii) Ii) v Ii) ,... CIO CIO ,... CIO CIO CIO (5 l- I- 0 C') C\I C\I C\J C'\I C'\I C\I Ch ~ co • ,..._ co Q 0'1 Ii) C\I CIO CD 0'1 0 ,..._ C') co ..... co :::l C\J Ch T"" (ij :; co CIO a) :::l Ii) C') C\I C') 0'1 0'1 LO 0'1 C\J LO V a::: V V C') V V LO co LO CD CD CD E l- E ,..._ co « C\I L. 0) > 0 Q L. ,..._ a. ;2 CD V CIO V C') CIO CIO CIO C\I 0'1 C') ClO C\I ...... ' 0) c: m co ,..._ e v C'\I V Ii) C') ,..._ l() co v C\I -e :::l Ii) C') C\I C\I C\I C\I e l- e :::l co « v a. > C\I C\I C'\I >- ,..._ E Q C') 0'1 0 C\I CIO 0 V CIO 0'1 C'\I 0'1 0'1 --C\I co :::l C') C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I C'\I C') C') e - (ij co CIO LO LO CIO C\I CD C'\I C') 0') 0 C\I co 0 co :::l LO Ii) V LO ,... co CIO ,... CIO CIO CIO >< I- ...... co ;§_ C co (l) "C- « C') C'\I C'\I C\I C\I E 0 > ...... (l) .r:. as C') C') C') +-' a. 0 0 C\I V C\I co :::l (J) L. en IIIc: 0 m co om :::l 0'1 C') V C') C\J C\I co C') E .;:: l- CI) .e. C () a,- CIO m « .~ > • ,... as CI C\I 'It L{) .... L{) ,... co -.:t L{) C') C'\I ,... CI) ;2 L. co III 'C .§ co Ii) v <0 CIO l() ,... v CIO 0') 0 .c u.; :::l c.o CIS e ::J 0- co CIS ~ "C CI) "C m Ii) ::J .~ > () • (ij CI) 0 ."!:: v v co or- LO Ii) V ClO (') (') It) c.o 0 0- m ;2 C'\I or- C'\I C'\I ('I) III -co 0 ::J I 0 u c: co (') CIO 0 CIO 0 0'1 (') c.o (') It) CIO C\I E ::> L{) v v V <0 ,... fe <0 <0 ,.... ,.... CD I E ....c: CD « C\I C') C'\I C\I C\I > > ..... 0 CD ...... (!) ..0 .... E E 0') ~ U; E CD CIO CIS CD .r:. CD .D E E ::J .r:. 0 c: CD ::J 0 CD .... 0 .... -0 c: >- 0) a C .D ::J a. ~ ::J :; ::J CD t5 ~ ~ CIS ,CD as 0 ~ « ~ --, --, « C/') 0 z 0 .., u.. ~ C/') 167 co <0 o to w LL C\I <.) r- w co en £:) co • (\J co :> co o co o o ,..en z ' QS C") Q) b 8 I/) > o Q) J: n.. lO w (\J C) (/) -t: '- ::l "0 I/J M c. ,_ _j -- QS ::J '- ...., X 0 ...... o C .,.... (1) -t: I/) E .2 (1) ::l CO .D- -- C\I U5 ..: 0) .! "0- Q) CI:" co co co o co co co <0 .r:: «or-n..0) -en ·it: o .c 0> .r:: C .c tn -s 0) E o 0) c E c 0> o t: CI1 ";:: :s .c E Q) ::J "0 (5 0> - "0 0) -s - .c E 0) ~ .§ Q) c ~ ~ ::J (5 ";:: Z ::J - QS ::J 0: gJ 0> "0 "0 - "0 iij -5 "0 C CD en "0 (5 0: 0> - iij ~ -~ 0> 0> .c ~ "0 ::J o C\I D (5 C -, ";:: ~ ~ iii c c E .::.:. ii.i E o o gJ o '6 o "S ~ 0: o ~ o a. =0 iii a:: C c c ~ CJ) 0>- CD CD o -5 '0 E"O E E 0- o£ o (/) (5 '0 o ~£. ~ c 0> z _.c _ 0 ~= ~.c o o E -a...0_ iij OE EIt! C ~ o o o 0 o~ o e ::J 0 iii z I- z E z- zO oE co (i) 168 .,.... 0 Q) C\J ::::> .q- .q- (Q CIO C\J ::::> I I- ~ 0) CO « ...... C\J C\J CO• > CO CI) ..... 0 <0 .q- C? Q) C\J I ::::> CD E Q) (Q to to ~ C\J ~ .q- .q- to V ...... E C? ::::> CO I I- Lo I.{) C) C? 0 Lo ~ C. C) C c:: C? V C? <0 C? V ...... 0 C? C\J C? c:: ::::> CO .q- a. C? (Q C\J I.{) ~ C? CIO CIO Q) V 0 CIO CIO <0 I ::::> C? >- 0 I- .- C? v E -..... CO - -c:: X 0 CO C 0 Q) to Q) C\J ...... <0 C\I <0 CIO 10 C\J -CD CO ~ E "C- 2 CD .2 Q) co C\J (Q - .s::. Q) I.{) 0 Q) <0 ...... ,.... v Q) Q) C\J C\J I() C/) C. I ::::> C\J C? C? ~ 10 V C? I() 10 V - co 10 I- '- C\J C) 0 « CIO E > CD Q ...... to 0 ,.._ C'? N 0 N V V CD 0 N C\J fI) ::::> 'j v (Q CD• C\I <0 C\I 10 .q- Q) Q) I() ...... Q) 10 CIO I CI I- ea ~ "D c:: I() ea CD fI) "i v C? "D• Q).,.... :c C? 0 I .,....10 C\I ~ ... Q) Q) ...... Q) CI) CIO CIO D ... D D ft) CIO Q) e=- II) E ~ <0 .c Q) D E E <0 ::::I .c Q) -::::I CI) CI) 0 ::::I ... C ";::: c: >. CJ) a. 0 c: D 0 a. ~ ::::I :; ::s -Q) n lS Q) <0 Q) ~ :::E « :::E ..., ..., c( (f) 0 z 0 ..., u. :::E 169 ..... 10 C') C\I C"') Q) e> ,...._ .0 CO 10 C') CO CO 10 0'> CO as C') u c as 10 10- C') " c ~ C') C\I 0 C\I 0 CO CO " ..- '¢ C\I C') 10 10 C') 10 co co co '¢ a C') 2 c (I) ..... ,...._ "'C :Q IXJ 0 '¢ 10 (7) 0 co (7) 0 0 C') co ..... - :::l C') C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I C') " 10 ..... lI) co 0) 0 co C') C') 0'> C') co C\I " C') C\I cv C\I ..- C\I ~ 1 .... 0) Q) ...... Q) Q) co, .0 .0 .0 fI) co ...Q) ~ .c 'Iii E E E ~ as ..- Q) .0 Q) as :J .c ~ Q) :J 0 Q) :J ..... 0 c: c ~ 0'1 Ci 0 c .0 .... 0 0.. ~ :J :J :J Q) U e> Q) as CD as ~ « ~ """"J """"J « C/) 0 z a """"J u. ~ i- 170 en a.. .,_.: Ol ..c: . c: -c: It) ~ .;: Q) 10 ..... 0_::l..c: EO ...... - C\I 10 N ..... co~ o CD_ o ..c: g C'? "0o ...... c: o o Z C ...... It) Q) 0 co ...... -E E M (") N co o o en ..- co CX) C'? co C'? en T"" I co ..c: co o C'? co co 'E co It) It) o en Q) 0 T"" -5 E ,..._ c Q)- o .....,..._ ,..._o co ,...... <:!: ~ co o ,2, C\I C'? fI) - 0 16 o .!2- ,~ ;2 c:o co C\I .... N C'? CP >< li +-' c: o C]) co CD C'? -CP C\I o 'E o CD co C]) c CCI as - E ..c: U5 .... 'E 00 CD o .,..... Q) 0 It) co 0) .E... -5E c..CP CP 00 C'? o ..- (I) CD ,..._ o 'i C'? .cI c C'? o - CD 0) o ...... :E co It) 10 N C\I 0) CD 10 10 ,..._ co 00 co Q)iU - .~-- 0 - Z E Q) Q) c: ~ o ::l ti Q) ..., o C CHAPTER xm LINKAGES AND CONTINUA Towns no longer belong to the retiring there from urban occupations or living countryside as they once did. In the pre there while actually pursuing their urban industrial age, the great majority depended employment. Naturally, the associations of this upon their immediate rural surroundings for adventitious population in the so called "rural" supplies of food, and were firmly rooted in the areas are essentially urban. Their very agricultural life of the countryside. Essentially presence· in villages· and the countryside market towns they were not only in the country, depends upon the opportunities whioh modern but of it. Modern transport has removed the methods of transport offer them to share in the one-time dependence of towns upon local food employment and general amenities of towns supplies, and other modern developments while enjoying a more rural setting for their have brought about the multiplication on a homes. great scale of other· categories of towns, notably industrial, administrative and resorts, Indices of the linkage and continua which in origin at least were quite unconnected In selecting indices to measure the with their rurai environs .. 'Linkage and continua', the essential functions But .if the relations between town and of Cuddapah town have been carefully taken surrounding area have been changed, they into consideration, and the indices chosen will have not been severed. The two are still reflect these functions. Cuddapah town acts as mutually l.nt~r dependent economically and a centre of employment, as collecting and socially .. Modern communications have marketing point for the products of the enabled town and city greatly to extend the surrounding areas, and as distributing centre range of their services and have afforded the for goods from outside. These are its primary surrounding populations more direct and economic functions. Its more specifically social immediate contacts with urban life and functions are as centre for the provision of institutions. At the same time, there has been a educational, health, entertainment and cultural great increase in the number of centralised services; and it also provides crystallising pOint services which by their very nature find their of regional and district feeling and thought. locale in urban nodes. It is of the very essence Cuddapah is one of the leading towns of of the modern town that it should in special Rayalaseema Region and a primate city in degree be the seat of such centralised services, district. Its importance as a town is evident and as such it stands out in the urban rural continuum of the present:..day settlement from the fact that it is a premier centre of the pattern. district for highly specialised and advanced medical and educational services. Besides the Now-a-days Townfolk are showing an post-graduate extension centre and increasing tendency to settle in the country, Government College of Engineering, :Arts and 172 Science College and number of Junior planned diversed of its region which has to be Colleges both government and private, it has defined first so as to facilitate an integrated advanced Primary and Higher Secondary social, economic and physical planning of the training centres, Banking, Small Scale town with its region. Industries and Indian Medicine In order to appreciate better the character (Homeopathy). of the region, it has been examined in the It is also connected with broad gauge background of the wider area of influence. Only railway line. With the location of major industrial three of the diverse centralised functions hqve units such as regional workshops of R.T.C., been discussed in the text, referred to above, Jyothi Chemical, Ramakrishna Chemicals, newspaper circulation, college education and Cuddapah Spinning Mills, AP. Government medical facilities. Silk Realing Unit, Sri Krishna Grinding Mill, Rayalaseema Mining Industries, Oil mills, Circulation of daily newspapers Gangikunta Textile and Lakshmi Vinay Poly prints, it has emerged as a leading industrial The publication or distribution of daily town of the Rayalaseema region in general and newspaper from the Urban centre symbolises district region in particular. its iise to the status of a town or a city. The circulation of these dailies outside the town In the functional hierar(;hy among the radiate its SOCial, pOlitical and cultural major towns of Rayalaseema region, it now influence over the region. While this index is certainly leads Chittoor and Ananthapur and generally acceptable in Western cities as a ranks next only to Kurnool. measure of urban influence, in India it is to be accepted with reservation because of the low Being the district headquarters all the percentage of literate population in both administrative offices are located here which urban and rural India. One cannot ignore the thus controls and directs their productive fact in regard to Cuddapah town that eleven activities. The influence of town over district daily newspapers are distributed from region is more directly exercised by its Cuddapah town and more than 30 per cent of distributive activities such as centralised the copies of dailies received in the town services, general merchandise, timber, circulated in the adjoining rural areas. wholesale trade in vegetables, milk, fruits, Moreover, the ratio of newspapers circulation circulation of newspapers and textiles. to literate population in the surrounding Within this wider area of influence, a core region of Cuddapah town compares area within a radius of 20 kms. surrounding the favourably with its circulation ratio in the town town can be delimited as "region" with which itself. In view of these, circulation of daily the town strongly interacts spatially, socially newspapers can be accepted as a significant and economically. Its productive activities are index of town's status and influence. Between dependent on the consumer and industrial 1985 and 1986 the circulation of the "dailies" demands of Cuddapah town. Fluctuations in increased by over 34 per cent from 10,000 to the town's economy have a direct bearing on 13,400 of this increase in circulation; 33.84 the region's development. This strong has been recorded in the Cuddapah town and interaction between the region and the'town is the balance in the region. A comparative reflected in the supply and demand of Statement of circulation figures for dailies in vegetables, milk and fruits and in the movement 1985 and 1986, by region and by language is of traffic. Cuddapah town, therefore, cannot be given in the following statement. 173 Statement XIII (1) Circulation of news papers received and distributed from Cuddapah town 1985' and 1 986 Total circulation Circulation in Circulation outside Cuddapah Town the Town 1985 1986 % increase 1985 1986 % increase 1985 1986 % increase 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Telugu 6,500 8,400 29.23 4,000 5,500 37.50 2,500 2,900 16.00 English 2,000 3,000 50.00 1,500 2,000 33.33 500 1,000 100.00 Urdu 1,500 2,000 33.33 1,000 1,200 20.00 500 800 60.00 All news papers 10,000 13,400 34.00 6,500 8,700 33.85 3,500 4,700 34.29 Source: Department of Information and PubliC Relations furnished by the Bureau of Audit Circulation. Of all the dailies Telugu papers have the the other weeklies, the 'Prajamata' from largest circulation lollowed by English and Bangalore, has also a fair amount of circulation. Urdu. Though the two regional language dailies Of the Telugu monthlies from beyond the together comprise nearly 63 per cent of the district, the 'Chandamama' a periodical for total circulation of all dailies, it is the English children, has by far the widest circulation in the dailies which have registered the greatest gain district. "Shama", "Biswin Sadi", and having increased their overall circulation by 50 "Oeen-O-Duniya" all from Delhi are the Urdu per cent. In the town alone, their circulation has monthlies. This indicates the cultural link of improved by well over 34 per cent. The growing Cuddapah town with other areas of the district. circulation of the Telugu dailies has been The circulation of the majority of the periodicals largely due to the formation of the Linguistic published in the district or Cuddapah town is state of Andhra Pradesh and consequent not quite appreciab1e. Besides these some introduction of Telugu as official language of educational and allied institutions also bring the state. The sphere of influence of English out their magazines. dailies is strongly localised, being limited to the town and a few moffussil towns of the district. College education, distribution pattern of resident scholars The main demand for English and Urdu dailies comes from the town's population. This is Post-graduation Extension Centre is the because of a strong concentration of Urdu premier of the main colleges of the district. Its speaking population in the town. The jurisdiction is, however, restricted to Cuddapah "Musalman" from Madras "Siasat" from district. A large number of students from far and Hyderabad and "Paslean" from Bangalore are within the jurisdiction area are attracted to this the daily Urdu newspapers in circulation in the institution and most of them reside in the town and district. The more widely read of the hostels maintained by private agencies. Telugu dailies and weeklies include 'Andhra Prabha' the daily published from Chittoor and The students come predominantly from the weekly from Madras, and 'Andhra Patrika' Cuddapah district, the jurisdiction area of the (both daily and weekly) from Madras. Among centre. The proportion of students coming from 174 Chittoor district bordering Cuddapah district is distance as will be observed later. much higher compared to other districts and the share of districts located on the periphery The Road Transport Corporation runs is the least. Most of the urban centres located express, passenger and local bus services in Cuddapah and Chittoor districts send a large from Cuddapah town. It is very revealing to number of students. This reflects the note that of the' services operating from importance of Cuddapah town as an advanced Cuddapah town, the express bus services and specialised post-graduate and research operate almost over the entire state whereas centre. the passenger and local bus services ply within a radius of 40 to 100 kms. from the town. While these centralised funcHons do indieate the wide range of influence exercised The passenger and local services through their higher frequencies and more frequent by CUddapah town over and extensive region, they do not help in determining the core area halts, are more reflective of town region or the Urban region which is susceptible to relationship. The following Statement reveals a high frequency of bus services radiating out social and economic changes in the town. in all 47 directions from the Cuddapah Town. This strong gravitational pull of Cuddap&h The highest frequency of 25 services daily town is felt over a much restricted area and can be more precisely defined by an analysis (either direction) is on the Cuddapah-Mydukur of the traffic movement and of the production route followed by Cuddapah-Nandalur (20 and supply of such commodities as services from either direction), and Cuddapah-Sidhout (10 services from either vegetables, milk and fruits. The production of these commodities is largely determined by direction) and the lowest of 1 service daily the consumer demand in the town. (either direction), is on Kamalapuram and Kodur routes. While high frequency of Regional accessibility and traffic shed services indicate strong linkage, sharp breaks in frequencies point out the awakening of the The factor of accessibility is very links. important in determining the range and degree of town's influence. This factor can be An examination of above Statement determined by a study of the frequency of shows that high frequency route a!1d sharp transport services and the flow of passenger breaks in frequency are concentrated within traffic. Of these two indices, the traffic flow is distances less than 40 kms and a few the more refined, since it clearly defines the exceptions apart frequencies are low on traffic dividor the line beyond which the traffic sectors exceeding 40 kms. It may not be shades off the town. wrong, therefore to assume that the regional influence of passenger bus services varies Range and frequency of bus services between 10 and 40 kms. This further Nearly 30 bus services operate daily corroborated by the fact that the range of along the four highways radiating out of operation of local bus services which connect Cuddapah town carrying, each way, over stations having strong contacts with the Town 1,000 passengers. Through these services the on a daily basis, also indicates the range ·of town influence is spread into the region but high frequency services and break in the degree of its inftuence declines with frequencies. 175 Statement XIII(2) zone within which the direct towns' influence is dominant. It follows, as a corollary, that beyond Operational range of local* night the traffic-shed line, the rigors of economy and bus services, 1985 the friction of travel time reduce the intensity of Route Local bus service Distance the "town pull" destination from Town Vegetable supply zone 2 3 Cuddapah town with its population of 1. Cuddapah Proddatur Proddatur 44 1.03 lakhs (1981) is the largest consumer of 2. Cuddapah Badvel Badvel 48 vegetables among the urban centres of Cuddapah district. This large consumer Cuddapah Rajampet Rajampet 3. 48 demand in the Town has much influenced the 4. Cuddapah Pulivendla Pulivendla 52 land use in the surrounding rural areas. It is evident from the fact that nearly 1/5 of the total 5. Cuddapah Chennur Chennur 10 area under vegetable gardening in Cuddapah Source: A.P.S.R.T.C. Cuddapah *(Within the district) district is in Cuddapah Taluk. There are two wholesale markets within the Municipal area of the Cuddapah town-one is called "Municipal In addition to the bus services, the Town Market" and the other is known as "Agricultural is linked with the region by rail route. On an Market Yard". These two markets deal mainly average, nearly 1200 passengers come and go in vegetables and agricultural produce of the out of the town daily by train. The major centres surrounding rural areas. Municipal Market is on this route are Kodur, Rajampet, Nandalur, the premier where more than 75% of the total Kamalapuram, Yerrguntla, Muddanur and arrivals of vegetables are received. Vegetables Kondapuram. An examination of the flow of grown and consumed include brinjals, cluster traffic between these centres and the beans, sharp-angled and other kinds of Cuddapah town clearly shows that the flow of cucumbers, a few varieties of field beans, traffic tapers off with increasing distances from pumpkins and gourds of different kinds from Cuddapah town. The significant points on this bitter gourd to the snake gourd, ladysfingers, route are those where the passengers either tomatoes, radish, greens of diverse types and cease to be gravitated to Cuddapah town, or drumsticks besides onions and sweet the Towns' proportion of traffic is much less as potatoes. There are others like the plantain~, compared to that of the other centres. Thus at the core of plantain stems and their these pOints, the internity of traffic is directed flowered-heads, tender tamarind leaves, unripe away from the town. An analysis of the flow of mangoes and the seeds of jack fruit. Some of traffic by bus, pOints out to similar results. The the villages have acquired a reputation for anamoly of the rise in the town's proportion of particular kinds of vegetables. These include traffic at the terminal points of bus services, Ontitatipale, Jyoti, and Machupalle' in Sidhout which are also the taluk headquarters is rather and T. Velamavaripalle in Pulivendla for reflective of administrative contacts between brinjals, Akkulugaripalle, a hamlet of the District headquarters and the Taluk Peddakudala in Pulivendla for tomatoes and headquarters. One significant pOint, however, Gandikota for "boodida gummadikaya" (ash is that in both cases traffic divide points are pumpkin). Som villages like Chen~uru, located within 11/2 to 21/2 hour distance. It may 7 Mamillapalle, Nagireddypalle, Kopparthl and not, however, be wrong to infer that 11/2 to 21/2 Chintakommadinne, all near Cuddapah, and hours seems to be that critical time distance Valasapalle near Yerraguntla, are specialising 176 in the cultivation of vegetables. A few others like It direct arrivals of less perishable type Tallaproddatur and Gandikota have even of vegetables such as potatoes from distant developed an export trade in them. sources are excluded, almost the entire supply of vegetables originates within a radius CiJddapah is the most leading district for of 40 kms of the town. Therefore, it would be betelvines accounting roughly for one fifth of appropriate to consider this area as the the total acreage in the entire state. The taluks vegetable supply region of Cuddapah town. It of Cuddapah and Rajampet practically may be mentioned here that this boundary of monopolise about 75% of the area under the vegetable supply region would coincide with crop. In Cuddapah taluk,. the betelvine the maximum distance that can be covered by gardens are concentrated in and·around the a bullock cart hauling vegetables to the town. villages of Chennuru Ramanapalle, This is particularly important because bullock Kanuparthi and Bayanapalle. The gardens are cart is the main mode of transport used for raised mostly under the K.C. canal, transporting vegetables in the region. There is supplemented by wells, some of which are a strong seasonal fluctuation in the supply of fitted with electric pumps. The betal vines are vegetables to the market. The peak arrivals are in December and more than 53% of the also grown on a large scale in total arrivals are received in five months from Chintakommadinne-Buggalapalle tract to the December to April. June is the month with south of Cuddapah Town. It is said that in the lowest arrivals. The inaccessibilityof many "off Chennuru area an acre of betelvine garden the road villages" during the monsoon season costs Rs. 1,00,000 or more. Hundreds of causes a sharp fall in vegetable arrivals during baskets of betel leaves are exported from the peak monsoon months - August and Chennuru to distant places like Delhi, Agra, September. Distance seems to be a governing Bombay, Hyderabad and Madras. The factor in determining the market spatial following Statement shows the total quantity relationship with villages supplying of arrivals in the Municipal Market during the vegetables. This is clearly borne out by the year 1985. fact that most of the villages within a radius of 10 Kms supply to Municipal market. The Statement XIII(3) choice of the market is in effect dictated by the Quantity of Vegetables supply 1985 distance with few exceptions where the availability of mechanised transportation and Local and Supply Total collective organisation helps in marketing the regional from produce. Further, there is a gradiant pattern of supply in distant supply decreasing with distance from the Quintals sources Town. This is substantiated by the following 2 3 4 Statement which gives the number of vegetable supply villages and the quantum of Municipal Market 11,241 5,920 17,161 supply by concentric 2"one at varying radii also. Source: Collected from Municipal Market 1985, Cuddapah. 177 Statement XIII (4) Zone-wise distribution of vegetable supplying villages Zone No. of vegetable supplying villages Less 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 700 and than 300 400 500 600 above 200 quintals quintals quintals quintals quintals quintals 2 3 4 5 6 7 Inner Zone (20 kms) (a) Town and suberban zone (10 kms) 12 10 5 4 2 (b) Peri urban lone (10-20 kms) 6 10 5 4 4 Outer Zone (a) 20-30 kms. 7 5 5 (b) 30-40 kms. 7 7 5 Total 32 32 20 9 6 Source: Agricultural Market Committee - 1985 Land field survey Cuddapah town. Access to a large market in the town has induced farmers in the zone to The town and suburban sub-zone switch over to intensive vegetable cultivation. includes the peripheries of the Cuddapah In most of the villages electric pumps have town and other settlements of Cuddapah been installed by cultivators to irrigate their town group (Cuddapah town group includes farms. As a result 3 to 4 crops are normally Patha-Cuddapah, Chinnachowk, Gudur, raised during the year. Abkayapalli, Nagarajupet, Nuttamapalle, Mamipalle, Utukur, Chemmumaiahpeta, Viswanathapuram). This was the principal The supply of vegetables from the outer supplier of vegetables to the town but now has zone sharply declines mainly because of ceased to be so (supplied only 950 quintals in increasing distance from the town and the 1985) because of the increasing urbanisation rising cost of transportation and distribution. and rapid expansion of settlement area Market gardening in this zone is only outside the Cuddapah town. Despite its subsidiary and supplementary to food declining importance, this sub-zone still production; cultivation is neither as produces over 50% of the total yearly widespread nor as intensive as in the inner requirement of the leafy vegetables consumed zone. In view of this it may not. be wrong to in the town. In the suburban zone, vegetable infer that the 40 Kms radius is that critical cultivation has been driven either to the distance beyond which tha supply of periphery of the town or is confined to the bed vegetables to Cuddapah town ~jminishes to of penneru river. The peri-urban zone follows msignificant proportion. Thi~!i!~(mlt is set more by the mode of transportaft6g. . the suburban area for vegetables supply to 178 Milk supply region about 2000 litres is now brought daily twice from proddatur, a distance of 44 kms. Despite Dairy is also an important rural industry in these facilities, the immediate region the district in general and its black cotton soils surrounding the town is still predominant in particular. The most important dairy products supplier, contributing over 50 per cent of the are milk, curd, and ghee of which the buffalo total supply to the town; through private milk is largely in demand owing to its superior commercial agencies and individuals who fat content. Cows are seldom milked in the transport milk to the town on bicycles or motor district, the calves being left to thrive on their vehicles. The distribution of villages supplying mother's milk. In fact, except in Rayachoti milk is patterned more on a sectoral rather than Taluk, where the cows are reared in large concentric basis. The following Statement numbers mostly for manurial purpose, the shows the number of villages supplying milk to she-buffaloes predominate in the rest of the Cuddapah town with sector, distance and district. There were about 13 milk supply quantity of milk. co-operative societies of which the Cuddapah Co-operative Milk Supply Union, established in Statement XIII (5) about 1939, was the earliest. The rest are all now dormant. The district is noted for its ghee Sector-wise distribution of villages production. The annual export of ghee is supplying milk, 1985 estimated to be about 2,96,000 to 3,33,000 kgs Sectors No. of villages situated at valued at about Rs. 11,840,000 to Rs. Distance Within Quantity 13,320,000 (Rs. 118 Lakhs to Rs. 133 Lakhs). within 10 to in lit res The Chief markets are Punjab, Delhi, Jabalpur, 10 Kms. 20 Kms. Bombay in the north and Tirupati and Madras 2 3 4 in the South. Within the district, the taluks of proddatur and Jammalamadugu are the largest Northern Sector 11 585 ghee producing centres with organised trade Southern Sector 8 4 195 to their credit. There are also merchants in Cuddapah town where agents visit the villages Eastern Sector 2 130 for collecting butter. There are two private Western Sector 3 10 335 Agmark Ghee grading centres at Proddatur town and one at Jammalamadugu. A Total 24 15 1,245 Government Ghee grading Laboratory has also been set up at Muddanur for the benefit of Ghee Source: Sample Survey data 1985. traders and consumers. It is evident from the above Statement that The supply area of milk is one of the most Northern and Western sector, which together reflective indices of town's influence. Prior to supply over 70% of the total milk collected from the introduction of refrigeration facilities, the all the 39 villages located within a distance of supply of milk to Cuddapah town came largely 20 Kms around Cuddapah town. These two from the nearby areas because of the sectors are emerging as specialised milk perishable character of the commodity. producing sectors for Cuddapah town. Based Howe-ver, after the establishment of the on the field observations, it can be stated that Integrated Milk project at Proddatur town·, these sectors contain extensive grazing lands, refrigeration facilities have been introduced and cultivation of fodder crops such as jawar and the area of Milk supply has considerably and maize which are considered as nutritious increased. A milk tanker with a capacity of feed, are very prominent. In addition, high 179 accessibility of these sectors with the Town The only other taluks which raise this crop are market on account of direct road and rail link Cuddapah, Pulivendla and Sidhout. has further intensified milk production there. Although at present these surrounding villages The district is far ahead of the others in especially those located within the radius of 10 raising melons on the wide sandy expanses of kms, are the most important sources of milk the Panneru and in the heads of other rivers their importance in future is likely to diminish suited for their cultivation. The musk melons rapidly because of the retreating grazing lands are grown at Patha-Cuddapah. The fruits from H-.9 town and its suburbs ori account of generally called Sidhout or Cuddapah melons increasing constructional activities and rising are widely known and enjoy a good market in land values. places like Bangalore, Hubli, Madura!, Hyderabad, Bombay, Sholapur, and Pune. The musk melon is locally called "Karbooj" or Fruits supply Sidhout "Oosa Pandlu". The forests have The perishable nature of fruits and receded to the periphery of the zone and in the inadequate refrigeration facilities limit the rest of the area food crops are prominent. distances from which they can be brought to Demographic characteristics of the the town of Cuddapah. However, fruits for the Town's region town, being relatively less perishable as compared to vegetables and Milk, Orchards Because of its proximity to and strong may develop further away from the town where interaction with the Town, the Cuddapah Town physical factors favour such development. Region (a core area within a radius of 20 kms surrounding the town has been delimited as Mangos, citrus fruits, bananas, and region) is likely to develop demographic melons are the important fruits of Cuddapah characteristics responsive to town influence. In district. Mango gardens occupy an important view of this, the demographic characteristics of place in the field of horticulture although the the region are being analysed with the following district does not stand in comparison with objectives : Chittoor, the pioneer in the production of the i. To assess the town influence over the fruit in the Rayalaseema Region. Ramajpet growth and movement of population Taluk and more especially its Kodur firka holds in the region, and a dominering position in this district. Considerable quantities of mangoes are ii. To examine if the patterns and trends exported annually from Rajampet and of population development are in Rayachoti Taluks to other states. The popular harmony with the town trends. varieties in the district are neelam, banglora, Malgoba and Benesha. The district also leads It may, however, be stated, at the outset in cultivation of citrus fruits. They are that on account of the limitations imposed by concentrated in Rajampet followed by Sidhout, the non-availability of relevant data on age, sex Pulivendla, and Rayachoti. The Velpula and fertility, the conclusions drawn may be oranges of Pulivendla Taluk are supposed to deemed as tentative. have great medicinal properties. Citrus is The Cuddapah Town Region, excluding raised mostly under wells and also tanks. The the town with an area of 254.30 Sq. Kms, and district is also noted for the cultivation of a rural population of 43,316 in 1981, has an bananas. The taluk holding a significant place average gross density of 170.33 persons per in the cultivation of the fruit is again Rajampet. 180 Sq. Km. As against this, the gross density in population of more than 15,000. Cuddapah Town with a population of 103,125 and 6.84 Sq. Kms of territory comes to nearly Growth and variation 150.77 persons per Sq. Km. The Town is thus The town Region of Cuddapah extends a demographic peak in this low density region over 10 villages; its total population in 1981 was by virtue of which it may be influencing the 43,316 of which the urban population has no demographic characteristics of the region share. The variation in the region's population itself. One evidence of this impact is the in the decade 1971-1981 is given in the absence in the region of Urban centres with following Statement. Statement XIII(6) Variation in population in the Cuddapah town region, 1971-81 Name of village Distance from Population Absolute % Variation Cuddapah in Kms. 1971 1981 increase 2 3 4 5 6 Chennur 10 10,015 12,380 2,365 23.61 ValJuru 7 4,739 5,267 528 11.14 Ganganapali 16 2,528 2,903 375 14.83 Nagireddypalli 45 2,107 2,946 839 39.82 MamilJapalli 7 3,579 4,601 1,022 28.56 Pushpagiri 25 2,693 2,991 298 11.07 Pendlimarri 22 2,091 2,278 187 8.97 Nandimandalam 30 6,468 7,531 1,063 16,43 Eguvapalli 8 526 483 43 8.17 Machupalli 5 1,739 1,936 197 11.33 Total 36,385 43,316 6,931 10.80 During the decade, the total population of Density the region increased by 19.05%. Excepting Eguvapalli village where the population has The density of population of the Town declined by 8.17%, all the villages registered Region has increased by 27 persons per Sq. increase ranging between a minimum of 8.94% Km from 143 in 1971 to 170 persons per Sq. (Pendlimarri) and a maximum of 39.82% Km in 1981. This denotes a rising pressure of (Nagireddypalle). Without a detailed analysis of population on land. Lack of data on land-use the socio-econ_omic conditions in these prevents any analysis to see whether there villages, it is difficult to account for this has been a corresponding increase in variation. What seems obvious, however, is that cultivated area. The distribution pattern of the growth rate if examined by concentric density and its variation over the decade zon~s decreases with the increase in distance 1971-81 are given in the following Statement. from Cuddapah Town. 181 Statement XIII(7) Variation in population density in the town region, 1971-81 SI. Name of village Area in Density Variation in No. Sq. Kms. (persons per Sq. Km.) density 1971 1981 1971-81 2 3 4 5 6 1. C'1ennur 5.94 1,686 2,084 + 398 2. Valluru 14.71 322 358 + 36 3. Ganganapa"i 60.70 42 48 + 6 4. Nagireddypa"i 3.79 556 777 + 221 5. Mamillapalle 57.82 62 80 + 18 6. Pushpagiri 19.28 140 155 + 15 7. Pendlimarri 9.38 223 243 + 20 8. Nandimandlam 58.26. 111 129 + 18 9.. Eguvapalli 4.46 118 108 H 10 10. Machupalli 19.96 87 97 + 10 Total 254.30 143 170 + 27 The above Statement highlights the over the distribution and density pattern of following facts : regional population. In addition to the town fringe, strong clusters of high density of I. The Cuddapah Town Region falls population have also developed along the within the low range of population principal highways and railways. Many of these density, all its villages, excepting high density population areas such as Valluru Valluru, having density of population and Chennur are emerging as industrial nuclei less than 35 persons per Sq. Km. with strong potential to cluster population II. The villages with significant increase around themselves. in density above the region's average increase of persons per Sq. In-migrant component of population Kms. are located either adjacent to the town or where better irrigation The Census of India does not provide facilities are available. data on migrants by villages. An attempt was, therefore, made to determine the inmigrant III. In the peripheral villages of the component of the rural population within the region, density has either declined town region based on the field observations. or has registered insifnificant increase. The volume of in-migration as observed in the field in an area is, by and large, related These facts do suggest the 'Town-pull' to the volume of economic opportunities 182 available to the incoming population. The settlements. This is further confirmec t, a population movement within the Town Region positive correlation between rural settlements is obviously, rural to rural, involving only short with sex-ratio lower than the region's mean sex distances. This movement of approximately ratio, which is 929/1000 and settlements with 3000 persons per annum into the region population growth rates exceeding the state speaks for its relatively higher agricultural average growth rate during 1971-81 settle opportunities. And perhaps this movement may ments which have growth rates exceeding the be of seasonal character since the distdbution State's average have also sex ratios lower than of this in-migrant population is rather the State's mean. It appears that sex-ratio tend dispersed. Spatially there is a greater to be lower in areas closer to the town and most 'oncentration of the in-migrant population in of these settlements are concentrated in the pHirheral settlements. Over 60% of the north and north-western parts of the region. region's estimated in-migrant population lives outside the 20 Kms radius. Perhaps most of As observed in the field, the bulk of the these migrants coming in to the 20 Kms zone region's population is located in small to are drawn into the Urban web which has medium sized rural settlements where already spread its tentacles within this zone. educational facilities even upto the middle school are grossly inadequate. This problem In India, on account of the prevailing is far more exaggerated at the High School social and economic conditions, low sex-ratios level. High priority ought to be given to provide (expressed as female per 1000 males) are considered as a good index of Urbanisation. adequate educational facilities if this future The lower sex-ratios can also be interpreted to working force of the region has to be more mean an influx of inmigrants into such effectively and more productively utilized. CHAPTER XIV CONCLUSION· Cities or Towns ever since have been the subjected to the process of continuous chief repositories of social tradition, the pOints remodelling through the ages, and the variety of contact between cultures, and of present form is the result of forces which fountain-heads of inspiration. They are dominated during the successive periods of extremely potent agents in the spread of its history. We find the motives of Town cultures and are among the most notable builders, from Emperors to sub-dividers, illustrations of the process whereby forms and reflected in the design they have stamped patterns developed in a particular setting are upon the town. Its urban character further introduced elsewhere as exotic features. So expresses its role as administrators, traders or far as Cuddapah town is concerned, two basic retired persons, as compared with the forms are discernible - the walled town and indigenous rural population. Two of the the open city. Within these basic forms, a wide commenest types of gathering point for Town variety of patterns has been woven, each development, the fortress and trading post, colour and design shaped by the character of are very typical features of such an impact of society at the time. It developed by a process cultures. of accretion - the growth was irregular in form, sensitive to changes in the habits of people, Cuddapah town is not only the head and dynamic in character. It began as free quarters of the district but also the Divisional town in which men settled by voluntary choice. and taluk headquarters. Besides, it is a first Geometrical form was introduced during grade Municipality. It has rich hinterland con Qutub Shahi period according to the manner taining black cotton plains and also soils in which the land was apportioned among the covered under an assured irrigation system of inhabitants. Old town founded by Neknam K.C. Canal. The region is also endowed with Khan, a Qutub Shahi Commander of minerals of economic importance such as As Golconda, was given a formal pattern bestos, Barytes, iron ore etc. As a trade centre, pfedetermined by the ruling authority. Cuddapah town stands second only to Prod Privileged landowners plotted their land for datur in the district; but in a sense it is more allocation to settlers, the plots being generally important as it taps a larger area within the regular in form, almost static in character. district. Most of the trade of Badvel, Sidhout, Within these various patterns, one can find Cuddapah, Pulivendla and Rayachoti taluks social, economic, and political habits and passes through Cuddapah, and its situation on customs. Neither the presence nor the the main railway line to Bombay facilitates the absence of Geometrical form has affixed itself export its agricultural and mineral produce of upon a people or a period as a conclusive the hinterland. An industrial development area expression of society. It is rather the manner is being developed near the town to promote in which the forms have been manipulated and the industrial activity in this backward region. the purpose for which they have been devised The Regional Workshop of Andhra Pradesh that give significance to the physical patterns State Road Transport Corporation was set up of the Town. Cuddapah town has been in this Industrial development area. 184 Cuddapah town was established in the other social infrastructure facilities. The latter part of the 16th century. The development sectors like trade and transport P atha-Cuddapah Tank was constructed have already reached a peak showing the during this period and was closely associated imbalances in the economy of the town which with the origin of the town. For a long time, the requires to set right the situation by providing town was confined to a small area located to a balanced development of all the sectors in the so'uth of Patha-Cuddapah Tank and to the the coming years. About a ql:larter of the area East of Buggavagu. The establishment of the of the town within the Municipal limits is Railway station and the District Collectorate occupied by agricultural lands with a few on the outskirts of the old town in the extreme pockets of non built up land which requires south during British period had given an planning for optimum utilisation of the land. impetus to the growth of the town towards the The Housing shortage in 1981 is accounted by south. The location of the Collectorate had led more than one-tenth of housing stock. There to the growth of an office complex and are 29 slums scattered in the town of which 21 developed further with the entire area in slums during 1981-85 were cleared under between the old town and Railway line. The environmental improvement scheme but still 8 residential development has spread beyond more slums have to be cleared. under the the present Municipal limits towards East above scheme. The industrial sector as a bringing forth new colonies like . whole indicates the imperative need to Sankarapuram and N.G.O.s' colony. The develop ~n adequate industrial base for a growth of the town is thus oriented towards balanced economic growth of the town. The East and South owing to the existence of number of schools and essential facilities natural barriers on other sides. The equipped for the purpose .are quite development in the East has exceeded inadequate to serve the purpose of education. beyond the Municipal limits. These Even though a Government Headquarters developments, however, cannot stand Hospital is located here, other medical comparision with the urban fringe facilities like the public dispensaries are only development that has taken place in the case a few and even these are not distributed on of cities like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and rational pattern. Shopping streets are Vijayawada and is a compact town by all concentrated in a few areas like Y.V. Street, standards. There is relatively little separation Trunk Road and B.K.M. Street while a large of industrial, commercial and residential uses extent of residential areas are deprived of in the town, although a number of colonies of these facilities. The present Market Yard purely residential nature have been sprung requires to be expanded to bring in additional up. commodities. The increase of population and other activities have increased traffic in each The analytical study of survey data and and every lane and by lane apart from main empirical evidences revealed a number of roads o'f the town. As the residential shortages in Cuddapah Town. These could be development also sprang up to the West of summarised as follows ;- Bugga river, the existing two bridges across the river may not serve as effective linkages of From 1951 to 1981 Cuddapah recorded the town. The existing two cause ways across a population growth of over 175.46% without the river may also require to be converted into a corresponding increase in the amenities and two bridges to achieve a well-knit integration. 185 Cuddapah town has been classified as For this, an effective and efficient Trade and Commerce-cum-services-cum administrative set up and the provision of Industry town. The key industrial sector which adequate infrastructure are essen.ti~al is vital for the sound health of the economy pre-conditions for the development and has lost its earlier importance. There are no implementation of development plans in any large scale industries in the town, and the area or region. With this in view a detailed existing industries comprise of mostly analysis of all the settlements with population agro-industries, engineering, electrical and not less than 1,000 has been made in order to automobile workshops, printing presses, determine the level of services and hierarchy Beedimaking, saw mills and the like. of settlements. The following functions and Engineering and electrical industries, plastics services have been used for the analysis. and foundry type of industries are located in the industrial estate located near the railway 1. Administrative functions Score station. An Industrial Development Area with i) Taluq Hqrs 4 an extent of about 202 hectares, located at a i i) Panchayat Samithi Hqrs. 4 distance of 4 Kms. from Cuddapah town is iii) Revenue Circle Hqrs. 3 being developed by the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation, iv) Police Circle Hqrs. 3 Hyderabad. The establishment of Barium II. Services Chemicals unit, De Hydrotim of onions, i) Veterinary Dispensary 3 polythene products, printing inks, rubber ii) Veterinary Key village centre 4 moulded goods, mechanised bakery, and U.Foam Factory with an investment of Rs. 92 iii) Taluq Hqrs. Hospital 3 lakhs in industries. in private sector iv) Primary Health Centre 3 recommended by the Rayalaseema Develop v) High School 3 ment Board has achieved to some extent the vi) Middle School 3 object of making a sound industrial base for vii) Weekly market· 3 the town. These efforts are to be further viii) Accessibility 1,2,3 supplemented by the enthusiastic (Depending on entreprenures interested in the development the degree of of a backward region like Cuddapah availing accessibility) the multiple incentives offered by the Government for the development of industries There is ample evidence from the in the backward region by establishing investigations of various workers to believe industries based on the locally available forest that there is a close relationship between the and mineral resources. population size of settlements and functions or level of services. Based on the score and Service centre within the region population size, the service centres and their hierarchical order have been determined. The Let us test the formulation of Christaller that a town as a central place has a cluster of hierarchy of service centres within, the region service functions which spread over the are the town, sub-centres, rural service surrounding area to the extent it is centres and villages. However, the economically viable with reference to sub-centres are not the next door centres of Cuddapah town region. the town. But there is a very strong direct 186 interaction between the town and the tntensive cultivation of crops like sub-centres. sugarcane, groundnut, castor seed, korra, turmeric and hybrid maize which could b,e The goals of a desirable policy for the used as industrial raw materials should be . ~ region should be objective with proper spatial encouraged so that processing industries can allocation of investment and concentration of be located in the growth points. Similarly, functions at various service centres._, The large scale market gardening has great growth points can playa very impo~tant role potentialities in developing commercial and in the development of the region by serving as industrial activities in the growth pOints. The focal points for investments. These centres nodality of town can be fully exploited to can provide basic services to the surrounding exp:>rt raw and processed goods beyond the areas and while accelerating their own growth, region to other parts of the State. can help in the development of the surrounding rural areas. Any policy for economic development is inevitably linked up with locational policy, Le., A policy aimed at an integrated over all the selection of suitable settlements or growth development of the town region must centres which can be employed to implement necessarily pay proper attention to agriculture the policy for social and economic of the region. The region is dominantly a dry development. These growth centres will farming area with subsistance agricultural function as important demographic and economy. Since the development of the functional nodes within the region. The region much depends on the development of economic dynamism of these centres should agriculture, no private individual or accelerate the growth rate of the surrounding institutional effort would be able to bring rural areas. These growth centres with their about the desired transformation. The state increasing employment opportunities will should draw up an integrated comprehensive attract immigrants and may eventually be development plan with stress on improvement instrumental in reducing the rate of of agriculture and better and improved inmigration to the town. infrastructure in the growth points. The following ten settlements, located Cuddapah town region presents a fairly within the rural Hinterland of the Town Region balanced picture of irrigation. By far, the have been selected as potential growth points largest and most important source in the leased on their service functions and region is the K.C. Canal. The present cropping economic and demographic growth rates. pattern of growing all that is required for the Excepting Sidhout these growth centres have consumption of the farmers should be emerged within the multiple crop region, discouraged. If the regional economy is to be which testifies to the hypothesis that multiple improved, a land use pattern strictly following cropping which is of intensive character can the dictates of economic considerations must lead to higher rate of economic growth. emerge in the region. In other words, land Sidhout also lies within the zone of potential should be put to the use which gives the multiple cropping. Each growth centre will, on. greatest return. The growth pOints can serve the average serve a rural population of 20,000 as collection and marketing centres. living in 111 settlements of varying sizes. 187 Statement XIV(1) Growth centres of Cuddapah town region SJ. No. Name of the Approximate distance Important cropping growth Centre from Town and location pattern 1 2 3 4 1. VaJluru 15 Kms. to the north of Cuddapah-Tadpatri Road Melons and Paddy 2. Sidhout 15 kms. to the East of Cuddapah Melons 3. Nandimandalam 34 Kms. to the south of Cuddapah-Vempalle Road Groundnut 4. Kajipeta 22 Kms. on Cuddpah-Kurnool Highway Paddy 5. Chintakommadinne 9 kms. on Cuddapah-Chittoor Highway Paddy 6. Pendlimarri 21 Kms. on Cuddapah-Vempalli Road Coriander 7. Chennuru 11 Kms. on Cuddapah-Kurnool Highway Betelvine 8. Lebaka 5 Kms. to the south of Tadpatri Road Paddy 9. Patturu 21 Kms. on Cuddapah-Kurnool Highway Paddy 10. Pushpagiri 8 Kms. on Cuddapah-Kurnool Highway Paddy At the existing level of accessibility when Revenue Admn. Panchayat Raj Police Adm. nearly 2/3rd of the total area falls within the Distt. Hq. Zilla Parishad Distt. Hq. range of low accessibility and when transport (1 ) Taluq Hq. (1 ) Panchaya1h Taluq Hq. (1) facilities, besides being inadequate, are also of Samithi primitive types, it is difficult for a focal paint of (4) Revenue Police circle (3) the size of 10,000 population to exercise circle effective control and stimulate the development (20) Individual (70) Individual Individual (21) of the region. There is, therefore, the need to settle- settlements settlements establish rural service centres of lower order to ments (Gram serve as a link between the growth centres and Panchayat) individual settlements. In order to determine Within the region are located 111 villages, this, it is necessary to examine the existing 4 Revenue Circles and 3 Police headquarters. pattern of hierarchy within the region and A Revenue Circle Hqrs. serves on the average devise scientific criteria to choose the rural 27 villages while the average number of service centres. set~lements served by a police circle Hqr. is 37 The boundary of Cuddapah town Region villages. Of the total number of police and cuts across the boundaries of many taluqs and Reven'ue circle Hqrs., only 4 settlements the hierarchical pattern at the taluq level is as combine both the functions. Thus, within this follows :- small area, there is a multiplicity of 188 administrative centres of the lower order and combination of functions· at one centre will extensive overlapping areas occur between the reduce the cost of their maintenance and revenue and police circles. In order to remove improve the efficiency of their operation. These these anomalies, it seems desirable to rural service centres, because of their lower stimulate the development of multifunctional range of operation, will have a higher degree of rural service centres, combining in one accessibility with their service area and, settlements the functions of market, planning, therefore, can function efficiently as their revenue and police administration. This will collecting and cUstributing centre and can as ensure co-ordination between these agencies well link them strongly with the service centres which is signally lacking and will help the of higher order. In order to perform this function development of strong focal pOints in the rural efficiently, the settlement should be of the areas to stimulate the growth of the rural population range 4,000 and above (as economy. In order to select rural settlements indicated by the study of threshold margin of for multHunctional development, a study was function). It settlements which lack this made of the threshold margin of functions character are selected for want of alternatives, based on a slight modification of the they may have to be, induced to grow upto that reed-Muench Method 1 and of the size-function level. relationship of settlements. Rank scores were assigned to functions based on this 1 . Rank score of function relationship. These functions which recurred at Administrative Functions Rank score higher population size were given higher rank 1. Taluqa Headquarters scores. A direct relationship between size and 4 function has been found and this has further 2. Panchayat Samithi, Hqrs. 4 been confirmed by the Rank correlations (+ 3. Revenue Circle, Hqrs. 3 0.85) and Chi-square test that the size of 4. Police Station 3 settlements are directly related to their number of functions. The multifunctional towns or 2. Services villages .are in the population range 2,000 and 1. Veterinary Dispensary 4 above, and next in order of importance are the 2. Veterinary Key Village Centres 4 bye-function settlements performing the 3. Veterinary Key Village 3 functions of either revenue circles and weekly Sub-centre markets, or of police circles and revenue 4. Taluqa Headquarter Hospitals 3 circles. Based on this rank score system, all 5. Primary Health Centre settlements of the region with population 6. High Schoolfor boys 2 exceeding 1 ,000 persons were examined and 7. High School for girls 4 10 settlements having rank scores of 7 or above were selected as Rural Service Centres. Each Rural Service Centre will serve 11 villages within a radius of 8 to 16 Kms. (5 to 10 miles). The hierarchical position and model It may not be out of place to remark that the within Cuddapah town region is totally existence of intermediate settlements between different from the model given by Christaller. the Panchayath Samithi and Gram Panchayat Perhaps the hierarchical system observed is vitally important to promote the development withir. the Town Region characterises the of planned economy and to accelerate the rate pattern of under-developed economics in of growth of the rural economy. The semi-arid regions. 1. Peter Hagget : Locational Analysis in human geography, London, 1966 P.1 16. APPENDICES 191 o o 8 o 0_ v r:: ~ o~ ...... ~ - 1/1 CO 1/1 1/1 C 0- 0) 1/1 (i} c: o c: c: o I CO c: 1/1 1/1 c: I 'D 0(1) (I) o o o o o I I o '"0 I- o c: v c: C\I tD_ 0c: v _ 0c: LO GO g~ :J V v cOo.. (.) ~ (')1- ~I- Si r:: CI) o 0- LO C\J >- (') '"0-r:: CO CI) N tD ..- ·iii C\J r:: -...CI) CI) :!: 'D o '0 - 0) til >. 1/1 (ij r:: 1/1 (I) 0- (I) ..... 1/1 1/1 E 1/1 i3 -CI) ..... u 0) CD 0) u ~ E « (3 () u I « 8...... ·?:$ ~ C\I ~ < LO « ~ ""0 ..- (') C\I C .!!! (1) :E Q. CO Q. LO til « -CI) 0) c: .~ ·iii ... c: til II) .Q "5 E :J 0"0 113 Q) - iii .s:::. 113 '"0 u ...... - r:: o :Q 0 (I) 113 .- ....J U)a: )-0. '"0r:: as E ~ .::;,9_ u 1/1 II) 1/1 2"' 0) ..... CI) (I) 113 .s ::;, ~O) c: ..:: .... E E"O o c: 2"'_ ::::l c: 2"'~ :t: .... o 113 ::::l - 0 (Ij 0 o (Ij roo.. u roo.. 0)- u < -CO __ E E E •• CD .~ = (I) =(1) CD (I) (I) .~ Q) .~ CD = = = =(Ij- -o 0) 0)'0 113 113- 113- 113- 113- "0- "0- - N ..... CD E E ~ E E (I) (Ij 0) (Ij ._ 113 "'" ~ E ~ E ~ ~ til... U)....J.c;U) U)U) U)U) U)U) U)U) U)U) ~a5 ::2:~ CO ""5 .~ 0) ~ ~. t: (Ij .s as o a. c: 0- i3 c: .::.t:. ::::J E .5. CD 113 "0 o '"0 >. C/5:t:::: c: () U) CI) -s 0) .c: o .s:::. c: 1/1 ~ 02- 113 (I) >:::l () . (Ij ·iii 0) .... o 0) 113"0 a. 'coS :E (Ij ; E ~ 113 1/1 ::::J== >- «~ E (f) C') Q.l-= C\I a:: co C\I C\I ...... C\I (G (ij (G iii "in "in =e u u '6 '6 'E o (5 (5 (5 (5 o (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) I/) CD o I()t: o Z (0 III z :J C" o (f) -"#.;; oe o "0 (00. Z U c I() rJl(O o rJl ...... o § 8o 8o 0": OJ ;j- Cl.-" -- ~- I/) .t: (f) :t= c: (f) ~;f ...... en C/)..,_ .- q; I/) q; I/) • o . x o e ::; o UI ... I/) o _J a. "0 a: .3 a:: ....Ja:: a. a: Z "0 c Q) 0.. (.) Q_ (f) iii Q.l Cl a..: c (.) c: .Q .crJl . a; OJ .:>t'.ca § (f)"5c: ....J !E.e "c C\I g - c: ._ ::3 ~"': u o.c: III :J (.) 0 o E g <"0 Q.l .~ LL. & ~ ~ ~ I/) o III o 0. .;::CD t) a. (I) ::J E .c III ca- "0 it I/) o ~ E ~ C ._c- CD U - C (f) l-g ~tj ad O~ ca CD 8. (1)- 1/) 111"0 E III .... 'cE caO) s::.D.. :2 E ~ cal/) iii .!: .c:1 "U 111"0 ... ::::I "0 . I/)E c: l ... CD "0 ~.!: .:.!. .- z.s CD c c:> III >- a:::!: Appendix - II Frequency of ordinary Bus service to and fro Cuddapah, 1985 SI. No. Route Frequency Frequency per day Distance break point To Cuddapah From Cuddapah range of high freque- ncy Kms. 2 3 4 5 6 1. Cuddapah-Kamalapuram Valluru 4 4 14 . 2. Cuddapah-Chinnachepalli Kamalapuram 8 8 24 3. Cuddapah-Pagasampalli Kamalapuram 24 4. Cuddapah-Kokatam Peddachapalli 3 3 26 5. Cuddapah-Yarranguntla Kamalapuram 6 6 24 6. Cuddapah-M uddanur Yerranguntala 2 2 34 7. Cuddapah-Thippireddypalli Metamedapafli 5 5 18 8. Cuddapah-Adigallapalli Boggaletipalle 4 4 10 9. Cuddapah-Chennur Alamakhanpalli 12 12 5 to. Cuddapah-Mydukur Chinnaur 10 10 10 11. Cuddapah-Mundalapalli Alampalli 3 3 5 12. Cuddapah-Nagireddipalli Boggaletipalli 5 5 10 13. Cuddapah-Boinpally Madhavaram 4 4 45 14. Cuddapah-Kothapi Madhavaram 2 2 45 15. Cuddapah-Yallempet Madhavaram 2 2 45 16. Cuddapah-Obulampalli Patha-Cuddapah 3 3 5 17. Cuddapah-Qaderbangla Sidhout 3 3 18 18. Cuddapah-Masupalli Takkoli 3 3 5 19. Cuddapah-VelugapaUi Sidhout 3 3 18 20. Cuddapah-Brahmamgarimatham Perumamilla 4 4 40 21. Cuddapah-Kanigiri Badvel 4 4 52 22. Cuddapah-Tangutoor Mahuvaram 2 2 45 23. Cuddapah-Kodur Rajampet 2 2 52 24. Cuddapah-Y. Kota Kodur 64 Appendix-II (Contd.) 194 Appendix-II (Concld.) S·I. No. Route Frequency Frequency per day Distance break point To Cuddapah From Cuddapah range of high freque- ncy Kms. 2 3 4 5 6 25. Cuddapah-Chitvel Nandlur 2 2 45 06. Cuddapah-Pushpagiri Alankhampalli 2 2 5 27. Cuddapah-Peddaputha Vallur 4 4 '12 28. Cuddapah-Machunoor Pend Ii marry 3 3 16 29. Cuddapah-Balapalli Chintakumadimme 3 3 10 30. Cuddapah-Eguvapalle Yaramasupalli 3 3 7 31. Cuddapah-Paidikalva Eguvapalle 2 2 12 32. Cuddapah-Jammalamadgu Proddatur 6 6 42 33. Cuddapah-Proddatur Mydukur 25 25 24 34. Cuddapah-Badvel Sidhout 10 10 18 35. Cuddapah-Rajampet Nandalur 20 20 38 36. Cuddapah-Pulivendla Vempalli 15 15 24 37. Cuddapah-Simkadhanipur Pulivendla 3 3 44 38. Cuddapah-Gandikshparam Yalarpalli 2 2 36 39. Cuddapah-Madanapalli Rayachoty 6 6 44 40. Cudddapah-Rayachoty Guvvalacheruvu 6 6 24 4 1 Cuddapah-Gandikota Rayachoty 2 2 44 4'"~. Cuddap1h-Veerapalle Rayachoty 2 2 44 43. Cuddapah-Punganoor Rayachoty 2 2 44 44. Cuddapah-Pincha Rayachoty 2 2 44 45. Cuddapah-Kondur Nandimandalam 2 2 24 195 Appendix - III Definition of Workers At the time of taking Census, the (i) Working' as cultivator livelihood pattern of each individual is also ascertained and tabulated. Broadly, the (ii) Working as agricultural labour . population is divided into workers and (iii) Working at household industry non-workers, depending on the nature of activity, one is engaged in to eke out a (iv) Doing work other than (i), (ii) & (iii). livelihood. The information on economic activity of the individuals was being collected In the 1971 Census, considerable right from 1872 Census. But the concepts and departure was made in respect of the economic definitions used to identify a worker are often questions. The main activity of the person was changing. From the point of view of ascertained according to the time spent comparability of data, it is important to note the basically as a worker producing goods or doing conceptional changes in the definition of services or as a non-worker. For regular work worker from the 1961 Census onwards. in industry, trade and commerce or services, the reference period was one week prior to the As of 1961 Census, persons engaged in enumeration and for seasonal work such as productive work whether they derive income or agriculture preceding year. Further, 'secondary not were treated as 'Workers'. In respect of work' was also recorded in respect of persons 'Seasonal Work' like Cultivation, Livestock, returned as part-time workers. At the 1981 Household Industry, etc., if the person had Census, it was considered desirable to have as some regular work, for more than one hour a a detailed profile of the working population as day throughout greater part of the working possible, maintaining the comparability with season, he/she was recorded as a 'Worker'. 1961 and 1971 data. An attempt was made to Persons who are temporarily incapacitated, find out if a person had done any 'work' at all under trial prisoners, if they were working during the preceding year. 'Work' is defined as before were also treated as workers. any economically productive activity which involves not only actual work but effective The 1961 Census adopted a dual supervision and direction of work too. Thus the reference period of working season for those questions on economic activity were des:gned engaged in 'seasonal work' and 15 days for to identify all workers, regular or seasonal, and those in regular work. non-workers, with reference to the last one year There has been no change in the prior to the date of enumeration. It was non-workers category who included students, intended to find out how many had worked housewives, dependents, persons perma during 'major part of the year', i.e., worked for nently disabled from work, retired persons, 183 or more days. Information regarding people of independent means for they need 'secondary work' done by regular workers, and not work, beggars, convicts in jail, unemployed marginal work done by non-workers was also persons, etc. collected. All others who did not do any productive activity whether they derived some In the 1961 Census, workers were income such as pension, rents or not, were covered under the following categories: classified as non-workers. A significant feature 196 of the 1981 Census was the collection of Agricultural labour, (iii) Persons engaged in information on 'marginal workers' who had household industry and (iv) Other workers. done some work for a period of less than six There has been no change in these categories' months during the reference year prior to from 1961 to 1981. The type of workers that Census take. At the 1971 Census, though this . come under 'Other workers' category include concept was not present, there was a factory workers, plantation workers, those in comparable category called non-workers with trade, commerce, business, transport, mining, 'secondary work'. construction, political or social work, all government servants, municipal employees, The workers are broadly arranged into teachers, priests, entertainment artists, four distinct categories as (i) Cultivators, (ii) lawyers, barbers, 'dhobis', etc. 197 Appendix - IV Type of Household 1. Nuclear family: a couple with or without unmarried children. 2.. Supplemented nuclear family: a nuclear family plus one or more unmarried, separated or widowed relatives of the parents, other than their unmarried children. 3. Sub-nuclear family: a fragment of a former nuclear family. Typical examples ara the widow with ~nmarried children, or the widower with unmarried children or siblings - whether unmarried, or widowed, separated, or divorced - living together. 4. Single-person household. 5. Supplemented sub-nuclear: a group of relatives, members of a formerly complete nuclear family, plus some other unmarried, divorced, or widowed relative who was not a member of the nuclear family. For example, a widow and her unmarried children plus her widowed mother-in-law. 6. Collateral joint family: Two or more married couples between whom there is a sibling bond - usually a brother and other relationship - plus unmarried children. 7. Supplemented collateral joint family: A collateral jOint family plus unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives. Typically, such supplemental relatives are the widowed mother of the married brothers, or the widower father, or an unmarried sibling. 8. Lineal joint family: Two couples between whom there is a lineal link, usually between parents and married son, sometimes between parents and married daughter. 9. Supplemented lineal joint family: A lineal joint family plus unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives who do not belong to either of the lineally linked nuclear families, for example, the father's widower brother or the son's wife's unmarried brother. 10. Lineal-collateral joint family : Three or more couples linked Hneally and collaterally. Typically, parents and their two or more married sons, plus the unmarried children of the three or more couples. 11. Supplemented lineal-collateral Joint family: A lineal-collateral joint family plus unmarried, widowed, separated relatives who belong to none of the nuclear families lineally and collaterally linked; for example, the father's widowed sister or brother, or an unmarried nephew of the father. 12. Others: Those not covered above. Kolenda, Pauline M. Religion, Caste and Family Structure: A comparative study o~ the Indian "Joint" Family, Structure and Change in Indian Society - Edited by Milton Singer and BArnard S. Cohn, Chicago, 1968 pp. 346-347. DEVELOPMENT OF CUDDAPAH TOWN 1650 A.D ORIGINAL NAME NEKNAMABAD NOT TO SCALE PATHA CUDDAPAH NEKNAMABAD DEVELOPMENT OF CUDDAPAH TOWN 1650 A.D.-1812 A.D. NOT TO SCALE Jt PATH A CUDDAPAH f ~ .i t [D c: ?J a MUNICIPAL COLLECTORATE OFFICE 1m! OFFICSm m ~ [D c Q Q l> . DEVELOPMENTOUTS~E FORT AREA DEVELOPMENT OF CUDOAPAH TOWN 1812 AD - 1900 AD NOT TO SCALE PATHA C UDOAPAH ~ ::fIE 1: ~- ~ \\ ~ ~ ~ 1* ~1: ~ ~ \ \ ! 1: ~ r :r ~~ ~ ~~ ~ l' :r \1 ~ ~ ~ j~\ ,_.. ~ ~ ~ * - MUNrclPAL OFFICE ~ = DEVELOPMENT OUTSIDE FORT AREA CUDDAPAH TOWN SHOWING CENSUS LOCALITIES 1981 AND PRESENT DEVELOPMENT WITH MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY .~.-.-- . __ . CUDDAPAH CHERUVU ) DEVUNI CUDDAPAH I ) -ro .~ . ...._ '1 ® -- ',> t '@ \ [.7 \ J I ( PRAKASA~-f STADIUM ~ MARIYAPURAM SANKARAPURAM N G.ds COLONY KAGITHALAPENTA \ I MPL'.T.B. SUNNAPURAlLAPALLI J CD ) { ~/ DONGALA ~HERUVU '\ - • - MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY WARD BOUNDARY \ \ ARTS COLLEGE Fig. 1. Kanyakaparameswari temple Fig. 2. Sree Venkateswara Swamy temple Fig. 3. Sree Venkateswara Swamy temple tower Fig. 4. Sree Hanuman temple Fig. 5. Sree Pothuluru Veera Brahman Mausoleum, who predicted Kalagnanamu (knowledge of occurance of future events) Fig. 6. St. Anthony Church Fig. 7. Kurri Masjid Fig. 8. Rakula shavali Darga Fig. 9. Collector's Office Fig, 10. Life Insurance Office Fig. 11. District Court Fig. 12. Akasavani (All India Radio Station, Cuddapah) .,...... Fig. 13. Municipal Office Fig. 14 . District Library Fig. 15. Arts College for men Fig. 16. Arts College for women Fig. 17. Engineering college Fig. 18. Nirmala English Medium High School Fig. 19. Municipal High School Fig. 20. Social Welfare Girls Hostel Fig. 21. Household Industry located at Rajeev Gandhi Nagar is exporting broom sticks made up of Date tree leaves to Delhi , Nagpur, Bombay, , , , Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore, etc. Fig. 22. Spinning of spindles Fig. 23. Brick Industry Fig. 24. Slab stone polishing industry F;g. 25. St. Anthony's Industries (Wood) .... Fig. 26 , Ghouseiy Minarets company - pulverising mill Fig. 27. Andhra Pradesh Cement Factory Fig. 28. State Bank of India Fig. 29. District Co-operative Central Bank Fig. 30. Indian Oil Tanks Fig. 31. Market Yard Fig. 32. A view of Y.V. street Fig. 33. A view of Madras road for shopping of fanqy, goods Fig. 34. Post Office Fig. 35. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Fig. 36. Railway station Fig. 37. A view of broad gauge line at Cuddapah Railway Station Fig. 38. Rajeev Gandhinagar - Slum Fig. 39. Kotha Kottalu at Masapeta - Slum Fig. 40. Mochampeta - Slum Fig. 41 . Government Headquarters Hospital Fig. 42. Government Homeo Hospital Fig. 43. Government Veterinary Hospital Fig. 44. A 8alija Caste family Fig. 45. A view of Bhagvan Mahaveer Centre Fig. 46. A view of Kotireddy centre Fig. 47. Muslim Orphanage, Cuddapah .1939 under the auspices of the Muslim Association Fig. 48. Cuddapah Seven Roads Junction Fig. 49 . Mazdoor Union office Fig. 50. Kotireddy, an eminent Freedom Fighter and Social Worker Fig. 51. Statue of the Father of the Nation Fig. 52, Annamacharya - A great devotee of Lord Sree Venkateswara Fig. 53. Sangam Lodge Fig. 54. Clock Tower-cum-hotel Fig. 55. Saibaba Movies Fig. 56. National circus Fig. 57 . Women playing Katta Sara Game during leisure time Fig. 58. R & B Guest House Fig. 59. Municipal Guest House Fig. 60. Sree Bhagwan Mahaveer Museum Fig. 61. Municipal Auditorium Fig. 62. A view of Telugu Ganga.