OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 40 NO. 3 SUMMER 1990

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows Regular membership $15 00: husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly is included 1992 President James G Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle. in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136. (216). 238-1 799 incorporated non-profit organization. 1992 Vice President Larry Morris, 901 Evening Star SE. East Canton. OH 44730, (216) 488 1640 1992 Treasure/ Paul Wildermut l. 5210 Coonpath Road NE. Back Issues PleasantVille, OH 43148. (614) 536-7855 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist. 1992 Recording Sect. Nancy Monris, 901 Evening Star SE, East Canton. OH 44730. (216) 488-1640 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse 1992 Exec Sect. Barbara Motts. 3435 Sciotangy Drive. Columbus, Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse OH 43221, (614] 898 4 1 16 (work) (6141 459 0808 (home) Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse 1992 Immediate Past Pies Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse Lancaster. OH 43130. (614) 653 9477 Back issues—black and white—each 1998 Editor Robert N Converse. 199 Converse Dr.. Plain City. OH 43064. (614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prn TRUSTEES generally out of print but copies are available from time 1992 David W Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave.. Portsmouth. OH to business office for prices and availability. 45662 (614)354 1454 (work)] 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave. Box 1. Seaman, OH ASO Chapters 45679.(513)386-2375 Aboriginal Explorers Club 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Rd,, ML Vernon. OH 43050, President: Chuck Henderson. 1244 North Union, Salem. OH (614)393-2314 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081. Blue Jacket Chapter (614) 297-2641 (work). (614) 846-7640 (home) President: Jacque F Stabler, 115 South Mill St., DeGraff, OH 1994 Don Gehlbach. 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, Beau Fleuve Chapter 161 4] 459-0808 President: John McKendryMcf , 1020 Humbolt Pkwy, Buffalo. NY 1994 Stephen J. Parker 1859 Frank Drive. Lancaster, OH 43130, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (614)653-6642 President: Norman Park. 4495 West High Street. Mantua. OH 1994 Joe Redick, 35 West Riverglen Worthington. Or 43085, (614)885-0665 Fort Salem Chapter President: Clinton McClain. 1844 Sicily Road, ML Orab, OH

Business Manager Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Mark Hersman, 608 Logan Road, Mansfield. OH Paul Wildermuth Jr.. 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantvllle. OH 43148-9727, (614) 536-7855 King Beaver Chapter President: Ronald Richman, Box 22 Clay Street, Edinburg, PA Regional Collaborators Lake County Chapter President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: John Unrue, Rt. 5, Box 5372 - Apt. 52, South Point, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave.. Lakewood, OH Mound City Chapter James L, Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 97 Musselmann Mill Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 Chillicothe, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Harry Blair, 613 Virginia Ave., Midland, PA Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: George Demuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Seneca Arrow Hunters Zanesville, OH 43701 President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Six Rivers Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Road, Mount Vernon, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Steve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Sugar Creek Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Gary L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., N.W., North SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Canton, OH TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page

An Iron Trade Axe from the Site of the Historic Delaware Indian Village at The second annual joint Archae­ Newcomerstown, Ohio by Wayne A. Mortine 4 ological Society of Ohio, and West Virginia Archaeological Society meeting Geniculates, Bannerstones and Miscellaneous Slate by Mel Wilkins 7 was held on June 23-24 in Parkersburg, Glacial Kame Gorgets and Adena Gorgets byMeiwiikins 7 West Virginia. The meeting was well at­ Paleo Points from Hardin County by Dr. Russell J. Long 8 tended by members of both the Ohio Archaeological Society and West Slate Birdstones by Gary Weiner 9 Virginia, with nearly all the Ohio Unusual Artifact by Carl B. Dunn 10 Archaeological Society's chapters partic­ ipating. One of the many benefits of a Archaeological Survey in the Portage River Region of Northwestern Ohio joint, weekend meeting is the number of by David J. Snyder 11 archaeological seminars which can be The Shawnees Called Them Wapiti by Phillip R. Shriver 13 held in a two day time frame. Our speak­ ers were Mr. Doug Bailey, Dr. Brad Lower Shawnee Town on the Eve of the French and Indian War Lepper, Mr. Bob Converse, Dr. Mike by Phillip R. Shriver 16 Gramly and Dr. Bob Maslowski. The seminars were well received, very infor­ Crawford County Polissoir by Carl e. Dunn 22 mative, and well attended. Of course, A Steatite Bead by Mark Daloia 22 these events just don't happen. The be­ hind the scenes organization and plan­ Re-notched Points by Robert N. Converse 23 ning takes a great amount of time and Cervalces Scotti: The Elk-Moose of the Ice Age by Phillip R. Shriver 24 energy. So I'd like to take this opportu­ The James McNutt Cache by wmiam Koup 27 nity to thank our West Virginia neighbors and our own Ohio Archaeological per­ 19th Century Pipes from the Collection of Jim Ritchie, Toledo, Ohio sonnel for a job well done. In the future, by Robert N. Converse 28 perhaps our joint meetings will include other state societies as well. A Catlinite Pipe from The Caldwell Collection by Robert N. Converse 29 Summer and Fall also afford the op­ A Fan-Tailed Bird from Arkansas by Dr. Russel J. Long 30 portunity to personally visit the many Three Birdstones by Dr. Robert N. Converse 31 prehistoric and historic sites that we have here in Ohio such as Fort Laurens, Early Archaic of the Lower Sandusky River Drainage by Jonathan E. Bowen 32 Flint Ridge, the Serpent Mound, Fort A Virginia Concretion Container by Wm Jack Hranicky 36 Meigs, Fort Ancient, etc. Thousands of The Lithic Industry of Brokaw Village (33BL-6): A Late Prehistoric people from Ohio and other states tour these sites and museums each year. In Monongahela Site in East-Central Ohio by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh 37 addition, there are numerous small mu­ Blunt Edge Knives by Bob sterling 52 seums and sites which are worth seeing. Each are different and very rewarding in Field Find Judging Criteria for Regular A.S.O. Meetings 54 their own way. Dos and Don'ts to Contributors to the Ohio Archaeologist 54 Recently I've given a lot of thought Book Review 55 about increasing our membership. I've decided that the easiest and fastest way The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program is to issue each and everyone of you a (University of Toledo) 55 challenge for 1990-1991. The challenge is that each one of us sign up one new member each year. Sound simple? It is, so let's get started right now. Also, I'd like to see as many young people signed as new members, in addition to former, and new people. Growth is a critical part of our society whether at the chapter or individual level. Lastly, as you must know by now, we're facing Senate Bill 1980, and FRONT COVER Senate Bill #244. Our magazine has pub­ Shown are six trapezoidal pendants. Top left is of red quartzhe from Franklin County, lished positions on these bills in past is­ Ohio, originally collected by the late Phil Kientz of Columbus. Center top is green sues. The time is now to advise your leg­ hardstone and was first collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser in Erie County, Ohio. Top right is islators that you oppose these bills. of red slate from Spencer County, Indiana. Lower left is of tan slate and was found near Ostrander, Delaware County, Ohio. Bottom center is banded slate with incrustations. It was found in Hardin County, Ohio, and is dated 1904. It was first collected by Dr. Bondley Best regards, of Belle Center, Ohio. Bottom right is of pink slate and was collected by Dr. Meuser 4 James G. Hovan miles south of Delta, Fulton County, Ohio. Collection of the Editor.

3 AN IRON TRADE AXE FROM THE SITE OF THE HISTORIC DELAWARE INDIAN VILLAGE AT NEWCOMERSTOWN, OHIO by Wayne A. Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio

During the construction of a new bridge Especially impressive was Neta­ Sites such as Neale's Landing have by the W.M. Brode Company on State watwees' cabin, described in 1772 as a generally been included in the Route 258 over the Tuscarawas River at roomy dwelling with a shingled roof and Protohistoric Period where native Newcomerstown, an iron trade axe was board floors. Its staircase and stone chim­ populations were only indirectly af­ discovered. The exact circumstances of ney formed one of those Delaware lodges fected by European penetration to how the axe was found are now uncertain. that rivaled the homesteads of the early such remote areas as the Ohio The axe was given to Dr. Frank Warren of white settlers. The site of Netawatwees' Valley. Trade goods found at such Newcomerstown by members of the cabin was located 150 yards northeast of sites as Neale's Landing are indica­ Brode family and was acquired by the au­ the bridge where the axe was found. tive of complex trade interaction be­ thor in 1980. Although Netawatwees had moved his tween coastal Indians and Europ­ This iron trade axe was probably asso­ capital downstream to the site of present- eans, followed by intertribal ciated with the historic eighteenth-century day Coshocton (at the "Forks of the arrangements which allowed for the Delaware Indian village that was once lo­ Muskingum") by 1776, the location of his subsequent movement of goods to cated at the site of Newcomerstown, and old cabin at Newcomerstown was evi­ the interior by a mechanism which a few well known facts concerning this vil­ dently visible for a considerable time. has been termed "middleman lage are worth repeating. The Indians we James Pilling, who settled on the site in trade." now refer to as the Delaware had their ini­ 1841 and established a saw and wool mill, Baker's research on the Blennerhassett tial contact with Europeans along the as able to locate the cabin site and point Island axe indicated that it appeared to be eastern seaboard in 1524. These Indians out a large tree that stood beside it to suc- a 17th century "French" type, and that were gradually pushed westward, first into ceeding members of his family. Mr. similar axes were associated with the western Pennsylvania and then into the Pilling's descendants still live in a home French fur trading activities. There were Ohio country. By 1762 the Delaware chief next to the site. In 1978, Riverside Manor, two forms of this trade axe. In form "A" Netawatwees had established a village a nursing home/care center, was erected the cutting edge is straighter, while in form along the Tuscarawas River at the present on the cabin site. "B" the cutting edge is convex. The date site of Newcomerstown. This village was The iron trade axe is not the first historic of manufacture of form "A" was 1608 to frequently visited by white traders, and Indian artifact to be recovered at the site 1760, while form "B" was dated 1675 to contemporary Presbyterian minister of the old Delaware village. In July of 1934 1760. In Baker's opinion the Blenner­ Charles Beatty in 1766 wrote that the vil­ historic Indian graves, laid out in European hassett Island axe belonged to the form lage at Newcomerstown was about one cemetery fashion, were uncovered at the "A" style. The comparisons of the size and and a half miles in length and consisted of downstream end of the village, about one weight of the axe found at Newcomers­ 60 or 70 houses, with a population of six mile from the chief's cabin. Workmen town with the Blennerhassett Island exam­ or seven hundred people. The houses trenching for a storm sewer on present- ple are shown in Table 1 (based on stood close together as some parts of the day Mulvane Street found twelve bodies Baker's Table 1, 1984:51). It can be seen village, but were more irregularly spaced buried at a depth of two and a half feet. by looking at the measurements that the in other parts (Beatty 1798:37-38). Emerson F. Greenman of the Ohio Newcomerstown axe is larger in most cat­ Congregational preacher David McClure Historical Society made an examination of egories, the only exception being the provides this eyewitness description of the find and concluded that the graves length of the eye. It should be stated that the village as it appeared in September were probably associated with the o]d the Newcomerstown axe was in very good 1772 (Dexter 1899): Delaware village, based on the glass condition when found, while the Blenner­ This town is called New Comer's beads and other historic "trinkets" found hassett Island axe required electrolytic Town by the English and stands on buried with these individuals (Newcomers­ cleaning. If their state of preservation had the west-bank of the Muskingum town News and Index, July 12, 1934). An been the same, the size and weight of the [now called Tuscarawas], containing eye witness to the removal of the burials two axes may have been a little closer. about sixty houses some of logs (James Tish, personal communication) The most significant similarity between and others the bark of trees, fas­ stated that the bodies ad a two inch thick the two axes, however, is the stamped tened by elm bark to poles stuck in layer of clay that formed an arc or valt cross-in-circle guild marks found on both. the ground and bent over at the top. over them. This type of mark is found on many There are nearly 100 families. It is The trade axe that was found at the French style axes. On the Newcomers­ the principal town of the Delaware State Route 258 bridge over the town axe there are three guild marks on Nation, and the residence of the Tuscarawas is nearly identical to one that the obverse side (Figure 2) and two on the King and the greater part of the was found with typical proto-historic vil­ reverse side. The Blennerhassett Island Councilors. Eight or ten acres lage refuse in a feature at the Neale's axe has two guild marks on the obverse around the town are cleared. On the Landing site on Blennerhassett Island, in side. opposite side of the river is a large the Ohio River (Baker 1984). Ceramic corn field, in rich low ground. It is analysis, as well as the presence of his­ Conclusion enclosed within one common fence toric trade material, indicates that Neale's This report has attempted to document and each family has its division to Landing was occupied about A.D. 1600. the recovery of an iron trade axe with dis­ plant. Some of the houses are well Although one hundred and sixty years tinctive cross-in-circle trade or guild marks built with hewed logs, with stone later European traders would be frequent­ from the site of the historic (ca. 1762- chimneys, chambers and cellars. ing the Indian towns in the Muskingum 1777) Delaware Indian village at These I was told were built by and Ohio River valleys, trade goods ar­ Newcomerstown. Comparisons with a English captives in the time of the rived at Neale's Landing through Indian similar axe found at Blennerhassett Island French Wars. "middlemen." Baker comments: suggests French origin. It should be

4 pointed out that the Blennerhassett Island Table 1. axe was uncovered under controlled ar­ Size and Weight of the Blennerhassett Island axe from Neale's Landing site and the chaeological excavations, whereas little comparison with the Newcomerstown axe from the Delaware Indian village site. importance was placed on recording the Blennerhassett Newcomerstown exact location and circumstances of the Island Axe Axe Newcomerstown axe. It was merely given Total length 185 mm 198 mm to a family friend of the Brodes as a gift. Width of blade 90 mm 100 mm The two sites (Blennerhassett and Height of poll 52 mm 60 mm Newcomerstown) are separated in time by Width of eye 29 mm 35 mm about 160 years and by a distance of over Length of eye 61 mm 55 mm 100 miles. Middlemen involved in the fur Weight as found 1225 g (2.8 lb.) 2.911b. trade were undoubtedly responsible for Weight following electrolytic cleaning 1152 g (2.71 lb.) the Blennerhassett Island axe being at the Neale's Landing village. The most logical explanation for the Newcomerstown axe is that the Delaware Indians, who by the 1760s had a long history of trading with the Europeans in Pennsylvania, brought the axe with them when they established their village along the Tuscarawas River in 1762. However, Wyandot Indians as well as French and English traders had been in the Tuscarawas valley as early as the late 1740s and early 1750s (Carskadden and Morton 1980), and the Newcomerstown axe may have been inadvertently lost by some Wyandot hunter or European trader during these earlier decades, prior to Newcomerstown becoming the site of a major Delaware village.

References Baker, Stanley W. 1984 An Iron Trade Axe from the Neale's Landing Site, 46WD39, on Blennerhassett Island. West Virginia Archaeologist 36(2):50-53. Beatty, Charles 1798 The Journal of a Two-months Tour; with a View of Promoting Religion Among the Frontier Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and of Introducing Christianity Among the Indians. T. McCliesh and Company, Edinburg. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 1980 The Historic Indian in Muskingum County and the Central Muskingum Valley. Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology No. 11. The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. Dexter, Franklin B. (editor) 1899 Diary of David McClure 1874-1820. The Knickerbocker Press.

Fig. 1 (Mortine) Map of Newcomerstown, Ohio. The letter A* designates the 1762 site of the Delaware Indian chief's cabin. The letter B' designates the site of the 1934 discovery of historic Indian graves laid out in European cemetery fashion.

5 Fig. 2 (Mortine) Photos showing the cross-in- circle guild marks found on the Newcomers­ town trade axe.

Fig. 4 (Mortine) Members of the Delaware Indian Nation are still returning to the Tuscarawas River Valley for conferences of their heritage. Representatives of this nation from Canada, New Jersey, Western Oklahoma and Eastern Oklahoma met on the site of the 1762 cabin of the Delaware Chief Netawatwees at Newcomerstown, Ohio on August 1990 to plant a peace tree. Visible in the photo is a symbolic turtle effigy constructed of cement and brick by local contractor Denny Ross. The planting of the peace tree in the center of the turtle's back Fig. 3 (Mortine) Side and front views of the Newcomerstown trade axe. was well attended by local residents.

6 GENICULATES, BANNERSTONES AND MISCELLANEOUS SLATE by Mel Wilkins 155 Seriff Drive Lima, Ohio 45807

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Row 1 - shield banner, tan/orange quartz, Bledsoe Co., Tenn. - geniculate, Wyandot Co., 3 3/4 inches long - panel banner, Erie Co. - panel banner, Scioto Co. - panel banner, Greene Co. - Geniculate, Auglaize Co. - shield banner, Franklin Co. - Row 2 - panel banner, 5 mi. south of Kenton, Hardin Co. - loafstone, engraved, sandstone, Ross Co. - celt/pendant, Van Buren Co., Mich. - loafstone, Medina Co. - loafstone, gray granite, Allen Co. - panel banner, Erie Co. - Row 3 - geniculate, Mercer Co. pendant made from part of a geniculate, Miami Co. - geniculate, Richland Co. - boatstone, Ohio - boatstone, Williams Co. - geniculate, engraved, Michigan - panel banner, Hancock Co. - geniculate, Michigan.

GLACIAL KAME GORGETS AND ADENA GORGETS by Mel Wilkins 155 Seriff Drive Lima, Ohio 45807

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Top row, left to right - spineback gorget, green banded slate, Miami Co., Ohio - expanded center Adena, found by Judge Rice in 1932, Tuscarawas Co., 6 in. long - spineback gorget, Hancock Co., - Row 2 - humped gorget, Licking Co. - expanded center Adena, tan sandstone, Ross Co. - humped gorget, Henry Co. - Row 3 - humped gorget, brown slate, Hancock Co. - expanded center Adena, Marion Co. - expanded center Adena, Pickaway Co. - expanded center Adena Delaware Co. - expanded center Adena Holmes Co. - humped gorget, Scioto Co. Row 4 - humped gorget, Shelby Co. - humped gorget, Tuscarawas Co. - humped gorget, ocher stained, attica, Seneca Co. - humped gorget, brown slate, Pusheta Creek, Wapakoneta, Auglaize Co.

7 PALEO POINTS FROM HARDIN COUNTY by Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma St., Beaumont, TX 77705

I have a routine that I follow when we Paul Tanner's natural-sized drawings in There is no way that one could say that make our annual trips from Texas to Ohio. the accompanying plate are all from artifacts B and C are related in time, even I greet the relatives, then change into Hardin County. though they were found the same day on more comfortable clothes and head for Point A is a Clovis point made of black the same farm. Dola to see Dean Driskill. Zaleski flint that is 2 11/16 inches long. It The Bamberg farm abuts against a I guess the best field hunt Dean and I was found by a farmer named Quail, east county road intersection on the southeast. ever had was an even 40 years ago when of Forest near the Wyandot County line. It At the southwest corner of this intersec­ we introduced my new brother-in-law, is a thick point with a width to thickness tion on the adjoining Matthews farm is the Roger Wanamaker, to the pleasures of ratio of 2.22 to 1. While it is a strong point, remains of a large sink-hole. Locally it was hunting plowed and washed fields in it is finely made. The basal edges and known as "The Devil's Half Acre". In early Washington Township. There had been concavity are polished. There is evidence days, livestock was reportedly lost in this some early dry weather that spring and that both flutes were taken out using two sink. It would have been the last location farmers were well along with plowing guide flakes on each face. One flute is of evergreen trees in the area. when a couple of weeks of rain kept them 9/16 inch wide, 15/16 inch long and pre­ When I first read Gramley's The Vail Site out of the fields. All the low knolls showed cisely made. The other is 5/16 inch wide, (1982) located in Maine, I was struck by signs of Indian activity. Roger couldn't 15/16 inch long and not cleanly done. The the presence of fluted drills or reamers. quite understand why we gave him every­ basal notch is 1/4 inch and is retouched Even though we had found Clovis points thing we found that day, including two after fluting. in Hardin County, I hadn't noticed any grooved hammers. We assured him that if Pieces B and C were found by the late fluted drills. This caused me to check he had found anything we really wanted Ike Driskill, brother of Dean, when they back through my Ohio collection. Here I we would have knocked him down and were hunting the CM. Bamberg farm, five found one (Fig. 1, D) made of Nellie chert taken it away from him. miles southeast of Ada in Washington and a personal find. It came from Monday morning Roger took his box of Township. C is the base of a Clovis point Washington Township, three and a quarter plunder to work with him at the Marathon made of pearl-colored Flint Ridge stone. miles east of Ada on the Homer Elwood office in Findlay. The late Merton Mertz, an Both the sides and the base are highly farm. It was close to Lord's ditch, a short avid collector and longtime OAS member, polished. The notch is 0-1/4 inch deep distance from the ditch's juncture with was his boss. Mertz about closed up and retouched on both faces. The break is Hog Creek (Lake Erie drainage system). Marathon when Roger told him the stones old and clean. The tool is 1 3/4 inches long and widest were all over the place. All ages of points made of 10-mile chert near the base. It is diamond-shaped in The last time Dean and I hunted to­ (Kiel, 1986) are common in the Ada area. cross-section. Again, it appears as a ream­ gether we tried the Scioto River east of Point B is the finest piece of flint knapping ing tool to make sockets in bone or wood. Foraker where the river comes out of the in this stone that I have ever seen. Paul In my original notes, I did remark that the Scioto Marsh. Three fields and an open Tanner's drawing shows that the chipping base looked strange with it's fluting. ditch away from the car, a sudden snow is diagonal. The artifact is exceedingly thin, squall hit us, rapidly covering the ground. the width to thickness ratio being 5.66 to References We were caught so we hunted the lee side 1. Prufer and Baby (1965, p.22) classify Kiel, Mike of the knolls. Finally we looked at each this point as an "unfluted fluted point". The 1986 Ten Mile Creek Archaic Points, Ohio Archa­ other, our eyebrows covered with wet piece is 2 5/8 inches long by 1 1/16 inches eologist, Vol.86, No. 2, Spring, pp. 25. snow and laughed. at the greatest width. The point is widest at Gramly, Richard Michael the middle of the body, then constricts 1982 The Vail Site, Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of This past August we were back in Ohio Natural Sciences, Vol. 30, Buffalo, New York. and Dean was dispensing his collection. some as you approach the base. The con­ Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby Since he knew that I was particularly inter­ stricted area is well-polished on the edges 1963 Paleo-lndians of Ohio, Historical Society, ested in Paleo-material, he had saved as is the basal concavity. The break on one Columbus, Ohio. some for me. ear is an old break.

Plate 1 (Long) Four Paleo pieces from Hardin County. A, near Forest; B, C, D - Washington Township east of Ada. Pencil drawings by Paul Tanner, natural size.

8 SLATE BIRDSTONES by Gary Weiner 22 West Lynn Edgerton, Ohio 43517

My collection of slate birdstones in­ (1832-1921) who was from Wayne in Birdstone d is from the Warner collec­ cludes examples from many old collec­ Wood County, Ohio. Two years ago I tion and was found in 1934 - it has pro­ tions. Birdstones e, h, and k, are from the found his grave in the Graham Cemetery. truding eyes and drilled nostrils. Caneron Parks collection and are from This is the first birdstone I collected. Birdstone a is from Prebel County and Branch County, Michigan. Examples j and Top row b is from Kenosha County, the Diller collection. f are from the Maple collection. The latter Wisconsin, and is from the Wachtel/ Example i is from the Dr. Kramer is pictured in the 1914 Archaeological Stephens collection - it is pictured in collection. Bulletin and was found by Wesley Graham Vietzen's Ancient Ohioans.

a.-*:,;;:.'' Fig. 1 (Weiner) Slate birdstones from the Weiner collection.

9 UNUSUAL ARTIFACT by Carl B. Dunn 120 Crescent Court Bucyrus, Ohio

The artifact pictured in Figure 1 was ob­ of the stone which intersects the first de­ steatite, which withstands heat well. They tained with a collection purchased twelve scribed wedge. This wedge also exhibits a do not have as wide a dispersal as the years ago and was alleged to have been use-worn groove having the same dimen­ grooved polishers, nearly all being found found in Huron County north of Willard, sions as previously described. A slight in an arc from Texas through the Ohio. It is 7 1/4 inches long, 2 1/4 inches groove is also present on the top surface Southwest and Pacific Coast to the wide and gradually increases in thickness of the stone's rounded end. Pacific Northwest. Their assumed use is from the rounded end to a maximum 1 3/8 Whoever made the cuts forming the two the combination of heat and warping inches near the middle. The base surface wedges knew what he was doing because force." (Miles: p. 92). is very flat and all of the upper area ap­ the direction of the two-inch long cut is so As their were several other artifacts in pears to be polished. The material is a positioned that a pencil laid in the trough the purchased collection with a Southwest dense, fine-grained stone, tar-black in at the base of this cut will not touch any derivation such as obsidian points, the color and contains no inclusions. other part of the object. If it was used as a writer suggests that the pictured artifact is Opposite the rounded end a right-an­ shaft straightener, the shaft could be a grooved heat straightener from the gled wedge 1 3/8 inches wide and 3/4 moved within the trough for its entire southwestern United States which was inch deep has been cut into the thickest length without obstruction. used to straighten arrow shafts. part of the stone. At the base of the right In researching material for this article Photography is by Douglas B. Dunn, Canal angle formed by this cut is a use-worn the following description was found: Fulton, Ohio. groove 1/8 inch deep by 3/8 inch wide "Often confused with such stones (shaft which extends for the full length of the cut. polishers) are grooved and heat straight- Reference A second wedge two-inches long with eners. Examination shows that these differ Miles, Charles side walls measuring 3/8 inch and 1/2 not only in their shapes, but especially in 1968 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North Amer­ inch, respectively, has been cut at the top being made of a smooth stone, commonly ica, Bonanza Books, New York, New York.

Figure 1 (Dunn) Dense black stone exhibiting right angled intersecting cuts with grooves worn through use.

10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE PORTAGE RIVER REGION OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO by David J. Snyder P.O. Box 388 Luckey, Ohio 43443

Introduction ple of a late Archaic turkeytail was found sites as opposed to Portage River sites. This article is a very basic overview of on a Portage River site (33-Wa-249) which This may be attributed (but certainly not the various prehistoric cultures repre­ has also produced a slate bar amulet. definitely) to more surface hunting activity, sented in the Portage River and Toussaint past and present, along the Portage. Creek areas of Wood, Sandusky, and to a MIDDLE WOODLAND (Fig. 4) lesser extent, Ottawa counties of North­ The Middle Woodland era seems to SLATE (Fig. 6) western Ohio. This survey area is the heart have less representation than early Slate artifacts are not especially rare. of the former Black Swamp region of the Woodland. A honey-colored Flint Ridge Several Archaic bannerstone types, both state. Therefore, the majority of sites are Hopewell Snyders Point (33-Wa-279) was tubular and winged, have been found in located on the higher elevations near wa­ found near the portage River east of varying sizes (and conditions). A notched terways. The basis of this survey is sur­ Bowling Green in 1976. Notched points of ovate form was found on a Toussaint face collected material for a 14 year span varying materials and dimensions, some Creek site (33-Sa-51) near Woodville. from 1975 to 1989. of which may be Middle Woodland, have Two-holed gorget types, with bifacial turned up on multi-component sites, but drilling, are the most common form. PALEO/PLANO (Fig. 1) not predominating. Perhaps some of Glacial Kame birdstones and bar Paleo, the earliest period, is sparsely these points may be middle/late Archaic. amulets are found in this region. Several represented in the area. I am aware of two birdstones have been reported from the rather small fluted lanceolate points from LATE PREHISTORIC (Fig. 5) Woodville area near the Portage. A bar two Portage River sites, one located in The late Woodland and post A.D. 1000 amulet was found adjacent to the Portage Sandusky County near Woodville and the prehistoric triangle arrow points are ex­ on a site near Pemberville (33-WO-249) in other in Wood County adjacent to the tremely scarce in this survey. Only 5 or 6 1977. A damaged banded slate fragment Sandusky County line. specimens have been found on various (33-Wo-291) appears to be the "beak" of a The late Paleo period (Piano) appears to Portage River sites and none have been bar-type birdstone. be better documented in this region. An recovered along the Toussaint Creek. In Two Archaic "cloud blower" pipes have excellent example of an Agate Basin (33- fact, the only site I am aware of in the area recovered from two separate Portage Sa-249) and several Hi-Lo points have that has produced numerous triangles is River sites. An early Archaic-middle been recovered. Several are stray surface located on a large sandy elevation north of Woodland multi-component site (33-Wo- finds with no additional diagnostic cultural Bowling Green called Union Hill (33-Wa- 366) near Pemberville produced the frag­ debris found at the sites. The two re­ 143). This site has been largely destroyed ment pipe pictured in 1989. worked Hi-Lo points (33-WO-237, 304) are by local building contractors removing quite unique. sand for fill purposes over the years. HISTORIC NOTES Obviously late prehistoric peoples tended The historic era is represented in the EARLY ARCHAIC (Fig. 2) to avoid the swampy terrain. survey area by the occasional gunflint of Progressing into the early Archaic time Flint types from most eras range from English origin. A very few honey-colored zone (7800-5000 B.C.), Thebes, or Archaic the various locally quarried cherts to the French flints have been discovered. level, turn up on several sites. Most of Indiana hornstone, Zaleski/Upper Mercer, On the middle branch of the Portage these tools have been used heavily and and multi-colored Flint Ridge. Virtually all River near the village of Portage, located have been resharpened many times. of the recovered late Paleo/Plano tool south of Bowling Green, was a block­ Various bifricated point styles (MacCorkle, forms are fashioned from the various house constructed by the Hull's U.S. mili­ LeCroy, Etc.) are also a fairly common cherts. tia troops in 1812, W.H. Harrison had a early Archaic artifact. This early Archaic fairly large army encampment on the era seems to be the most clearly define GROUND STONE TOOLS south branch of the Portage near period in the survey region based on rec­ Ground stone tool forms from this Pemberville in January, 1813 prior to the ognizable point styles. survey include the rare (for the area) full building of Fort Meigs on the Maumee grooved axes and the common 3/4 groove River. MID-ARCHAIC axes and hammers. Celts and related The Portage River was known as the Both sides and corner-notched points, forms are well represented. Carrying River at this time (because of the along with stemmed points, are the pre­ Full groove axes are exceedingly scarce many logjams a canoe had to be carried dominant style from most sites within the with only 4 examples from the survey or "portaged" over). area. Many of these small notched points area. This form may have originated in the Permanent settlements did not get may have middle Archaic/early Woodland early Archaic. started in this sector until the 1830's with time frame. The Kirk corner-notched and 3/4 groove axes and hammers (thought most of the earliest efforts immediately the Decater (also corner-notched), have to have evolved from the full groove style) adjacent to the Portage. been found on several sites and both are heavily predominate in this region. Many The Toussaint Creek was discovered by thought to have early Archaic origins. of these tools display considerable wear. the French in the late 1600's. Apparently Many of the notched points recovered are 1/2 groove tools seem to be totally non­ these early French explorers first saw the not so easily categorized and thus it is dif­ existent. mouth of the Toussaint on November 1 (All ficult at this time to assign them to a spe­ Celts, and celt-like adzes, are quite Soul's Day), hence the unusual name for cific time frame. common and frequently discovered on the this waterway. same sites that produce 3/4 groove speci­ Because of the Black Swamp, the LATE ARCHAIC/EARLY WOODLAND mens. Approximately 30 per cent of the northwest Ohio area was the last portion (Fig. 3) celt form tools recovered have been fash­ of the state to be settled. Drainage Late Archaic/Early Woodland points ioned from slate. ditched lace this region and were respon­ discovered include several stemtail vari­ It has been my experience that a much sible for the demise of the swamp and the eties - i.e. Creasps (33-Sa-232), Adena more significant number of ground stone development of the strong agricultural tra­ (33-Wa-227), and Robbins. A single exam­ tools have been found on Toussaint Creek dition.

11 33-UiD-Ai„.!

3S-W0- 33- SK-iM!

Cxw

33-UO-225" 53-WC-J31 SS-bio-3fl3

33-WO-3CW

33-uio-:m 33-SK-aiO- ^TTlJ 3,VUiO-^M"

F/g. J (Snyder) Piano artifacts. F/g. 3 (Snyder) Late Archaic/Early Woodland points.

31- wo- ALfl as-Viio-*ii Fig. 2 (Snyder) Early Archaic artifacts.

SS.- 000-^49

C_*(v

33.-UiCi--i.lS 2>S.-uib- CNV Fig. 4 (Snyder) Middle Woodland points. SB,-ui6-iu^

31-U30-2LTI 22* 3J-5K-5

Fig. 5 (Snyder) Late prehistoric triangular points Fig. 6 (Snyder) Slate artifacts.

12 THE SHAWNEES CALLED THEM WAPITI by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

The problem of nomenclature within the bark" or "eats off bark") in reference to the As the westward movement of settle­ deer family of the world has been with us eating habits of the animal LeJeune had ment continued through the eighteenth for a long time. Naturalists tell us that deer been calling "elk." (See Bryant and Maser, and on into the early nineteenth centuries, are cloven-hoofed, cud-chewing animals 1982: 3) Consequently, when he described the taxonomic distinction between North that are generally distinguished from other the hunting of these animals by the American moose and elk was finally estab­ ruminants by the presence of antlers Montagnais in his report to his superiors in lished. Though some Europeans continued among their males. But naturalists are also Paris in 1634, he used the terms "elk" and to refer to the North American moose as quick to point out that among the deer of "moose" interchangeably. Said he, "When "elk," the name of its European counter­ the world are a whole array of genera or there is very little snow, they kill it with ar­ part, most had accepted the Indian word species, ranging in size from the Alaskan rows, the first that we ate being taken that "moose" and were calling the animal by bull moose, which stands 7 feet high at way. But it is a great stroke of luck when that name. On the other hand, while there the shoulder and weighs some 1,800 they can approach these animals within were still a few referring to the North pounds, down to the tiny pudu of South range of their bows, as they scent the American elk by such European names as America, the male of which stands but 15 Savages at a great distance, and run as red deer, hinds, or stags, the majority had inches at the shoulder and weighs only 20 fast as Deer. When the snow is deep, they accepted the word elk in preference. pounds. (See Whitehead, 1972: 3-4.) pursue the Elk on foot, and kill it with Significantly, the journals of the Meriwether On a Saturday afternoon in late July, thrusts from javelins which are fastened Lewis and William Clark expedition of 1988, I stood in the Museum of Natural on long poles for this purpose, and which 1804-1806 contain no fewer than 570 ref­ history in Dublin, Ireland, awestruck by the they hurl when they dare not or cannot ap­ erences to elk, a term used exclusively by enormity of the antlers of a now extinct proach the beast. Sometimes they chase them for the animal we know today by that prehistoric Ice Age Irish elk. Found across one of these animals for two or three days, name. (See Bryant and Maser, 1982: 4.) northern Europe as well as the British the snow being neither hard nor deep Such resistance as remained to the use of Isles, when the polar ice-cap extended far enough; while at other times a child could the word "elk" came from abroad and from beyond its present limits, the Irish elk or almost kill them, for the snow being frozen certain scientific circles which continued to Giant Deer, larger even than the Alaskan after a slight thaw or rain, these poor fret over its interchangeable use between bull moose and fittingly identified as Moose are hurt by it, and cannot go far Europe and America with resultant confu­ Megaceros giganteus by paleontologists, without being slaughtered." sion in scientific inquiry. (See Bryant and had antlers which frequently measured "I had been told that the Elk was as Maser, 1982:4.) over 10 feet. The antlers I saw in the mu­ large as an Auvergne mule. True, its head It was in 1806 that an important break­ seum in Dublin measured 11 feet from tip is as long as that of a mule, but I find it as through occurred. B.S. Barton, writing for to tip! Megaceros giganteus, indeed! large as an ox. I have only seen one of the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Because all are members of the deer them alive; it was young, and the Journal, observed: "As the elk has not to family, whether the tiny pudu or the branches or horns were just emerging my knowledge been described by any moose, the Virginia white-tailed deer or from its head; I never saw in France either systematic writer on zoology, I have as­ the mule or black-tailed deer, the reindeer, a heifer or young bullock that was as big sumed the liberty of giving it a specific the caribou, the musk deer, the water or high as it was. It is tall and erect, like name. I have called it Wapiti which is the deer, the Barbary deer, the red deer, the the Deer; its horns are lofty, branching, name by which it is known among the elk, or dozens of other genera, the efforts and somewhat flat, not round like those of Shawnese or Shawnees Indians." (Quoted to identify them, to give them appropriate a Deer;...I have sometimes thought that, in in Bryant and Maser, 1982: 4.) names have sometimes produced more time, these animals might be domesti­ That the North American elk had been confusion than understanding. In Europe, cated, and could be used to till the soil called "wapiti" by the Shawnee Indians before the period of Discovery and and to draw sledges over the snow, which had been long understood. But why did Exploration began with the Columbian would be a great comfort." (See Thwaites, they call the elk "wapiti"? There is gen­ voyages, the counterpart of the animal we ed., Jesuit Relations, 1634: 295-297.) eral agreement that the word means in North America today call the moose By mid- and late-seventeenth century, "pale" or "white," but to what does it re­ was called the elk. The counterpart of the as European explorers and fur traders fer? Some speculate that it may have re­ animal we call the elk was called the red penetrated inland, into the mountainous lated to the patch of white fur at the rump deer, hind (female), or stag (male). terrain of western New England, to the of the animal. Consequently, when reading the records upper waters of the St. Lawrence, and on (See Stoutenburgh, 1960: 439. See also and reports of sixteenth and early seven­ as far as the Great Lakes and the Ohio Figure 1.) Others have questioned whether teenth century explorers and missionaries and Mississippi valleys, they began to it might refer to the whitened cold weather in America, one must be mindful that their encounter significant numbers of the ani­ coat of the elk, coloration in a leafless, of­ frequent references to "elk" were in fact mals we today call elk but which they ini­ ten snow-covered, sometimes hostile en­ usually references to "moose." (See tially referred to as red deer, hinds, or vironment. (See Figure 1.) According to Thwaites, 1896: passim.) Because of the stags. Clearly, these were not the same Larry D. Bryant and Chris Mayer (1982: 4- range of the moose into New England and animals they had been calling by the 5), "Since 1806, some authors, especially the St. Lawrence Valley, areas not reached European name "elk" and the Indian Europeans, have referred to the American by many North American elk, the moose name "moose" in the lower St. Lawrence elk as 'wapiti,' but for some reason the was the animal with which most English, and along the New England coast. To dif­ term has not been accepted fully, either Dutch, and French had early contact. ferentiate between the two, some in New nationally or internationally. Most laymen, Living among the Montagnais Indians of England began to refer to the moose as students, professors, biologists, and Quebec, the Jesuit missionary, Father the "black moose" and to the elk as the wildlife agencies in North America con­ Paul LeJeune, heard them use the word "grey moose." (See Bryant and Maser, tinue to use 'elk.' 'Wapiti' is used primarily "moosh" or "moose" (meaning "he strips 1982:3-4.) by authors of papers that have interna-

13 tional significance and by romantic maga­ Yellowstone National Park as replacement their enthusiastic cooperation with my ef­ zine writers." stock, have had both credibility and some fort to know more about elk, or wapiti, Deferring to many of my archaeologist success. (See Bryant and Maser, 1982: prehistoric to the present, and for their friends, who are certainly not "romantic 24, Robbins, Redfearn, and Stone, 1982: generous provision of pictures which I writers," while admitting my own pro- 479-496.) have used in this article. Thanks also goes Indian bias, I have no qualms about using Like many other indigenous species — to Ronald Keil of the Division of Wildlife, the word "wapiti" in reference to the North the beaver, the buffalo, the river otter, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, American elk. I prefer it to the modern trumpeter swan, the Canada goose, the and to Dr. Paul M. Daniel, Professor Latin taxonomic name, the type genus wild turkey, the white-tailed deer and oth­ Emeritus of Zoology and Curator of the Cervus established by Linnaeus in 1758, ers — there have been major fluctuations Robert Hefner Zoology Museum at Miami though I admit there is some advantage in wapiti or elk populations in North University, for their helpful support through for clarity's sake in referring to subspecies America in the last four hundred years. provision of photographs for this article. by both their common and Latin names. Whitehead has estimated that by the six­ In post-Pleistocene time, six subspecies teenth and seventeenth centuries, the References of wapiti flourished in North America. Two wapiti was extremely abundant, and esti­ Bryant, Larry D. and Chris Maser are now extinct. The first of these was the mates their probable numbers at that time 1982 "Classification and Distribution." In Jack Eastern wapiti (Cervus elaphus canaden­ at 10,000,000. Then, during the eighteenth Ward Thomas and Dale E. Toweill, editors, sis) which ranged across the deciduous and nineteenth centuries their numbers Elk of North America. Published for the forests about the Great Lakes and the began to be eroded dramatically as Wildlife Management Institute by Ohio-Mississippi rivers from southern European settlement moved westward. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Ontario southward to Georgia and east­ During the last decades of the nineteenth Pennsylvania. ward nearly to the Atlantic coast. (See century in particular, "a great slaughter of Cincinnati Enquirer Figure 2.) It was the elk which flourished in wapiti took place: first by hide hunters to 1989 "Teaching Shawnee Skills." November 5. the Ohio country until hunted to extermi­ make money, and then at the close of the Daniel, Paul M. nation with the coming of the Europeans. century by 'tusk hunters' who killed the 1989 Personal correspondence. July 21. The other was Merriam's wapiti (Cervus bulls just for the sake of their canine teeth, Murie, Olaus J. elaphus merriami), of the arrid southwest, for which there was a profitable market 1951 The Elk of North America. Stackpole including Arizona and northern Mexico. among members of the Elk's Lodge. Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The four subspecies which are still ex­ Eventually this wanton slaughter was Nelson, Jack R. tant are the Roosevelt or Olympic wapiti checked, but not before the wapiti had 1982 "Relationships of Elk and Other Large (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) of coastal been exterminated from about 90 percent Herbivores." In Thomas and Toweill, Elk of its former ranges." (See Whitehead, Oregon, Washington, northern California, of North America. Stackpole Books, 1972:40.) and Vancouver Island; the Rocky Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Mountain wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) By 1907, only 41,000 elk remained in Keil, Ronald J. of Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, the entire United States. In 1922 the count 1989 Personal correspondence, October 24. Montana, British Columbia, and adjacent was down to 37,242, and these included Rasmussen, D.I. areas of neighboring provinces and states; the elk in Canada as well as the U.S. The 1949 "The American Elk or Wapiti — Today." the Manitoban wapiti (Cervus elaphus figures today, happily, have improved dra­ Transactions of the North American manitobensis) of Saskatchewan and matically, with an estimated 500,000 Wildlife and Natural Resources Manitoba; and the Dwarf or Tule wapiti wapiti in North America. (See Bryant and Conference, 14: 513-526. (Cervus elaphus nannodes) of California. Maser, 1982: 1; Whitehead, 1972: 40.) Robbins, Russell L., Don E. Redfearn, and With the obvious exception of the last- Here in Ohio, once the home of thou­ Charles P. Snow named, the wapiti found across the conti­ sands of Eastern wapiti, the last one re­ 1982 "Refuges and Land Management." In nent in late prehistoric and historic times ported in the wild was in Ashtabula Thomas and Toweill, Elk of North America. were very large animals, indeed, second County in 1838. At the present time, be­ Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, only to the moose in size among American cause of limited habitat, there is no imme­ Pennsylvania. deer, with mature bulls weighing up to diate prospect that Rocky Mountain wapiti Rodabaugh, Louis D. 1,000 pounds, standing about 5 feet at the will be introduced in Ohio on state or fed­ 1989 Personal correspondence. August 3, shoulder, and with rounded antlers eral forests or game refuges. Over the September 4, December 15. spreading as much as 5 feet. (See years, however, limited numbers have Rodabaugh, Robin R. Whitehead, 1972: 39-44; Bryant and come in from national preserves (primarily 1989 Personal correspondence. October 2, 10. Maser, 1982:5-59.) at Yellowstone) to zoological parks at Stoutenburgh, John L., Jr. While three of the subspecies Toledo in 1914 and 1923, at Cleveland in 1960 Dictionary of the American Indian. (Roosevelt, Tule, and Merriam) were iso­ 1926, at Canton in 1930, and to private Philosophical Society, New York. lated from the rest as well as from each preserves in Mansfield in 1950 and 1959. Thwaites, Reuben Gold, editor other as to assure the evolution of geneti­ (See Robbins, Redfearn, and Stone: 1982: 1896 The Jesuit Relations and Allied cally distinct subspecies, such does not 489-494.) In more recent years, some Documents, 1610-1791. 73 volumes. appear to have been the case for the other have been introduced onto private deer or Burrows, Cleveland. three. Indeed, Bryant and Maser have elk farms in both northern and southern Whitehead, G. Kenneth concluded that "considering the available sections of the state. (See Figures 1, 3, 1972 Deer of the World. Viking Press, New evidence, we do not think that the Eastern and 4.) The hope is that at some distant York. elk, Manitoban elk, and Rocky Mountain day there may yet be a return to Ohio Thomas, Jack Ward and Dale E. Toweill, editors elk ever have been completely isolated forests of one of this continents truly mag­ 1982 Elk of North America: Ecology and from one another." (1982: 21,23) nificent and majestic animals, the one the Management. Published for the Wildlife Shawnees called "wapiti." Consequently, efforts in to re-introduce Management Institute, Washington, D.C. wapiti or elk in wilderness areas in such by Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, diverse locations as Pennsylvania, Acknowledgments Pennsylvania. Michigan, and Ontario, all areas where the To Dr. Louis D. Rodabaugh of Hartville Eastern wapiti once flourished, using and his son, Robin R. Rodabaugh of West Rocky Mountain wapiti primarily from the Bloomfield, Michigan, goes my thanks for

14 Fig. 1 (Shriver) A two-year-old, 700 pound bull elk on a northern Ohio Fig. 2 (Shriver) Antlers of a prehistoric bull elk or wapiti of the Eastern elk farm near Hartville, showing the characteristic year-around patch or Cervus elaphus canadensis subspecies found throughout the Ohio of white fur on the rump as well as the whitened side of the shoulder country. This impressive rack was found in a gravel bar on the coat typical of elk in the late fall, winter, and early spring cold weather Whitewater River, a tributary of the Great Miami, west of Oxford in months of the year, It is believed that the Shawnee word "wapiti" 1919. It was donated to Miami University by Roy Hood in 1986 and is referred to the white fur of the elk. Photo is courtesy of Louis now part of the Robert Hefner Zoology Museum on the Miami Rodabaugh. campus. Photo has been reproduced here through the courtesy of Paul Daniel, curator.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) A bull elk or wapiti of the Rocky Mountain sub-species Fig. 4 (Shriver) Young bull elk in full antler in early autumn on a Cervus elaphus nelsoni, with antlers still in the velvet of spring. It is northern Ohio elk farm near Hartville. This is the same animal shown typical of those translocated into Ohio parks and farms. Due to the in Figure 1. Photo courtesy of Robin Rodabaugh. absence of sufficient elk habitat, it is unlikely that any of these will be returned to the wild here in Ohio in the foreseeable future. Photo by Ron Keil, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

15 LOWER SHAWNEE TOWN ON THE EVE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Francis Parkman, still the best known they were called by the French, or Town, at the mouth of the Scioto, were by historian of the long struggle between Twightwees, as they were known to the far the largest settlements." It is on the lat­ France and England for control of North English, migrants from the west; and the ter, Lower Shawnee Town, that this article America, wrote more than a century ago Shawnees, or Shawandasse, the people of has been focused. (See Figure 1.) that it was the French and Indian War (also the south wind, not as numerous as the Located where Portsmouth, Qhio, now called the Seven Years War), 1756-1763, Delawares or the Miamis yet significant be­ stands, Lower Shawnee Town was the which assured for England the greatest yond their numbers, for they were the ones headquarters of the Shawnee nation at empire the world had ever seen. "It crip­ most inclined to fight for their homeland. that time. (See Tanner, 1987: 43; also, pled the commerce of her rival, ruined Of all the tribes, none had roots deeper Randall and Ryan, I, 1912: 244, 255-256.) France in two continents, and blighted her in Ohio soil than the Shawnees. As David Though primarily a Maykujay town, many as a colonial power. It gave England the Edmunds has observed, "In the distant of its inhabitants were drawn from the control of the seas and the mastery of past, when the Shawnees' forefathers had other four Shawnee septs as well — the North America and India, made her the first occupied the area, they had built vil­ Chalagawtha (or Chillicothe), the first of commercial nations, and prepared lages along the many tributaries that joined Thawegila, the Kispokotha, and the Piqua that vast colonial system that has planted the Ohio as it wound its way toward the (or Pickaway). Edmunds has noted (1984: new Englands in every quarter of the Mississippi, . . . Here the old ones had 46) that the Maykujays were "specialists in globe. And while it made England what prospered, forming part of the Fort Ancient medicine and health," the Chalagawthas she is, it supplied to the United States the Aspect, a culture that dominated the cen­ and Thawegilas "supplied political leaders indispensable condition of their greatness, tral Ohio Valley during the late prehistoric for the tribe, sometimes competing with if not of their national existence." (See period." (See Edmunds, 1984:1-2.) each other for such positions," the Piquas Parkman, 1884:3-4.) They were still in the Ohio Valley in the "were responsible for maintaining tribal rit­ The French and Indian War had its ori­ early historic period. In 1673, when the uals and had a special affinity for religious gin in the Ohio Valley. Here, in the middle French explorer Father Jacques Marquette affairs," while the Kispokothas "most often of the eighteenth century, the two rival reached the mouth of the Ohio, he wrote supplied war chiefs and were relied upon lines of empire crossed, that of France de­ in his journal: This river flows from the by the Shawnees to advise the tribe in scribing a vast crescent from the mouth of lands of the East, where dwell the people matters concerning warfare." the St. Lawrence southward to the mouth called Chaouanons [Shawnees] in so great While it was the English who called the of the Mississippi, that of England a more numbers that in one district there are as river Scioto and the settlement on it Lower direct line from east to west, from the many as twenty-three villages, and fifteen Shawnee (or Shannoah) Town, the French Atlantic seaboard across the mountains to in another, quite near one another. They and the Indians had a multiplicity of other the Ohio country beyond. With significant are not at all warlike, and are the nation names. To the French, both the town and numbers of Indians occupying the Ohio whom the Iroquois go so far to seek, and the river were known by the same name, country by mid-eighteenth century, it was war against without any reason...." (See called and spelled variously Sinhioto, but a matter of time before French and Shriver, 1987: 13.) Decimated by disease Sinioto, Sonnioto, Centioteaux, and even English rivalry for commercial (primarily fur and war, by 1682, as Edmunds has St. Yotoc! Among the Indians, the Wyandot trade) and military dominance with the pointed out, "a French map based upon name was Scionto, meaning the "Deer Indians would spark armed conflict. It La Salle's expeditions indicated that most River." The Mohawk word was Scaento; came in June 1752 with the destruction by of the Shawnee villages north of the Ohio the Onondaga, Skanodo; the Shawnee, the French and their Ottawa allies of the River had been destroyed or abandoned, Seeyo-toh. Caleb Atwater, an early Ohio Miami town, Pickawillany, and its English and that many of the Shawnees had es­ historian, interpreted the latter to mean trading post in the valley of the Great tablished towns on the Cumberland River "great legs," in reference to the Scioto's Miami River (See Figure 1.) And it came in in western Kentucky and northern many tributaries: the Little Scioto, July 1755 with the annihilation by French Tennessee." (See Edmunds, 1984: 3.) Olentangy, Big Walnut, Little Walnut, Salt and Indians, principally Shawnees, of an After renewed Iroquois attacks in the Creek, Rush Creek, Mill Creek, Boke's entire British army under General Edward 1680s, Shawnee remnants scattered west Creek, Darby Creek, Deer Creek, and Paint Braddock near Fort Duquesne at the forks as far as Starved Rock on the Illinois River, Creek. (See Randall and Ryan, I: 225-226.) of the Ohio. After that, the declaration of south as far as the Savannah River in Because of dramatic efforts made by war between France and England in 1756 Georgia and the Carolinas, and east as far both the French and the English to win the was a mere formality. as the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, support of the Ohio Indians on the eve of Who were the Ohio Indians of the mid- men by the 1730s, with an accommoda­ the French and Indian War, we have a eighteenth century? We know them by tion having finally been reached with the number of eye-witness accounts of Lower their historic tribal names: the Wyandots, Iroquois (see McConnell, 1987: 93), the Shawnee Town at that time. The first of as they were called by the English, or Shawnees began to return to their home­ these is found in the journal of Celoron de Hurons, as they were known to the French; land. By 1750, on the eve of the French Bienville, who was dispatched in the sum­ the Ottawas, the famed traders and ca­ and Indian War, most of them were back in mer of 1749 with an expeditionary force of noeist of the north; the Six Nations of the Ohio Valley. (See Tanner, 1987: 44; also 250 Frenchmen, French-Canadians, and Iroquois (Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, McConnell, 1987 93-112.) At that time, ac­ Indians by the Governor-General of New Cayuga, Mohawk, and Tuscaroras) from cording to Edmunds (1984: 4), "Shawnee France, the hunch-backed Marquis de la upper New York and the Carolinas; the villages stretched from western Penn­ Galissoniere, to drive English traders (pri­ Mingoes, or mixed-blood Iroquois; the sylvania to the mouth of the Cumberland, marily from Virginia and Pennsylvania) out Delawares, recent arrivals from the but Logstown or [Shenango], located of the Ohio Indian towns and to post the Delaware Valley, the most numerous of the about twenty miles downstream from the land with "Keep Out" signs in the form of Ohio tribes at this time; the Miamis, as forks of the Ohio, and Lower Shawnee tablets of lead to re-affirm the Ohio Valley

16 them and their families." With that a num­ ber of warriors "rushed to arms, saying that these Frenchmen should be killed" and Celoron and the others waiting up- river in the canoes should be ambushed. (CJ: 363-364.) Some even threatened death to the French by burning them alive at the stake. (See Parkman, I, 1895: 49; Bonnecamps, 1749:179.) Fortunately, the intercession of a friendly Iroquois chief "averted the storm." With his help, the French-Canadian, Joncaire, whose mother was a Seneca, was re­ leased to return under guard to the ca­ noes waiting upstream with Celoron and the rest of the expedition. The others who had accompanied Joncaire were held hostage back in the town by the still dis­ trustful Shawnees. How paradoxical! Here were Shawnees, soon to be principal allies of France in the French and Indian War, firing on the flag of France and threatening to kill or burn French envoys at the stake. And who saved them? An Iroquois chief, of all peo­ ple! Though the Shawnees "held little af­ fection for the French, and their ties to New France had always been tenuous" (see Edmunds, 1984: 4-5), the Iroquois held the French in even less favor, dating back to that fateful day in the spring of 1609 when Samuel de Champlain, on the shores of the lake which still bears his name, fired his arquebuse, felling two Iroquois chiefs and effectively though un­ intentionally assuring that the French thereafter would have the Iroquois as im­ placable foes. Fig. 1 (Shriver) Map of the Ohio country on the eve of the French and Indian War. Shown are the principal Indian towns and European fortifications, circa 1749-1756. Now, with the unexpected help of an Iroquois chief, Celoron was able to enter Lower Shawnee Town, the town he called as the property of his Majesty, the who was asked by Celoron about the size "St. Yotoc," there soon to secure the re­ Bourbon King Louis XV of France, claimed of the Shawnee town. The Delaware lease of the hostages and to ask the by France since 1669. replied that there were 80-100 cabins, a Shawnee chiefs to give notice to their Celoron reached Lower Shawnee Town number "so considerable" that the Indians young men to "dispense with saluting (he called it "St. Yotoc) in late August, who had traveled all the way with Celoron me." He had seen the three bullet holes in 1749, having traveled with his companions from the St. Lawrence (primarily Abenakis) the French flag and had concluded that in a flotilla of 23 birch bark canoes all the implored him to send an advance delega­ the "salutes" might hit more than cloth the way from La Chine on the St. Lawrence tion to explain their mission and avert a next time around. Indeed, still uneasy over River, from whence he had embarked on possible ambush. (See Celoron Journal, the reception given his "peace party," June 15, 1749. He and his 250 men had hereafter cited as CJ, 1749: 363.) Celoron reflected in his journal on the made their way up the St. Lawrence to Accordingly, Celoron assembled the "weakness" of his small army, two-thirds Lake Ontario, across to the Niagara River, French officers in his company "to discuss of whom "were recruits who had never around the falls, and into Lake Erie. They the part we should take." It was con­ made an attack." Of the total force of 250, had paddled along the lake shore to cluded that a party of six, led by a French- he observed that other than his officers he Chautauqua Creek and then portaged to Canadian by the name of Chabert de had no more than "fifty men on whom I Lake Chautauqua, the outlet of which took Joncaire, should be sent under the French could rely." (See CJ: 365.) them to the Allegheny River. The small flag to the Shawnee town as messengers Despite his request that he and his men army had come down the Allegheny to the of peace. This was done, with near disas­ not be saluted by the young warriors of Ohio and then down the Ohio to the trous results. As the peace party ap­ the town, with his arrival "the salutes be­ Scioto, pausing periodically to bury their proached the town on August 22, 1749, gan immediately, and those Indians dis­ lead plates at key tributaries of both the the Shawnees fired upon them, piercing charged well nigh a thousand gunshots. I Allegheny and the Ohio, which they re­ the French flag with three bullets but fortu­ knew the powder," he wrote in his journal, garded as all one river. Ultimately, their itously (and apparently purposely) killing "had been gratuitously furnished them by journey would take them to the Great no one. On landing on the Scioto shore, the English." (This was undoubtedly true Miami River, the Auglaize and the the party was conducted to the council for he soon learned that there were five Maumee, with return to Lake Erie and house in the center of the town. There, as resident English traders in the town.) thence back to Montreal. Joncaire was explaining the purpose of Prudently he pitched camp on the oppo­ Celoron's expedition, an Indian interrupted When they were still a two-days' journey site (or east) side of the river "and had a him, "saying that the French deceived from the Scioto, they encountered a lone return salute fired." Posting guards and Delaware warrior, a Loup or "Munsey," them and that they came only to destroy

17 keeping close watch, he invited the chiefs although far away, has induced me to pleasure, that all he has told us is true and and old men to cross the river to meet send Monsieur de Celoron to open your intended for our good, and that we our­ with him, leaving their hot-blooded young eyes and disclose to you the projects selves and our brethren who are here pre­ men behind. which the English are forming in your re­ sent will conform to it, having but one and "The chiefs and the old men crossed gard, and that of the territories also which the same mind." the river," he wrote, "and came to me with you inhabit. Undoubtedly you are not Presenting six wampum belts of peace flags and pipes of peace along with the aware of the establishments that they are and friendship, they continued: "By these hostages whom they were now releasing ; thinking of making there which tend to belts of wampum we assure our father they had the grass cut in order to make nothing short of your ruin. They conceal Onontio, that all who dwell in our village seats for us, and invited me to sit down from you their idea, which is to build on will no more play an evil part and will no along with the officers. ... As we were sit­ your territories forts sufficiently strong to longer listen to bad talk....we encourage ting down about 80 men crossed over, destroy you, if I would allow them to do you [Celoron] to continue your route [west­ armed and accoutred as warriors. I or­ so. . . To shield you completely from their ward to the land of the Miamis] and to ani­ dered my detachment under arms. These seduction I have [demanded] them to mate all your children, so that the land may 80 men lined a hedge about twenty paces withdraw immediately from off my territo­ be at peace for us Chananaous from us, and leaned on their guns. I told ries wherein they never had a right to en­ [Shawnees], and we assure you that we the Shawnee chief that I was astonished at ter...the English should never come for shall labor henceforth only in what is right." the manoeuvres of these hare-brained trade or aught else upon the Beautiful (CJ: 369-370 .) creatures, and that if they did not move out River [the Ohio]...[and will be] removed On the following day (August 25), of that immediately I would fire upon them. from my territories. I shall afford you all the Celoron again met with the chiefs, this time He answered me that they did not come assistance which you have a right to look to give them presents from "Onontio" [the with any bad intention, but merely to salute for from a kind father who loves you and Governor General] and to "urge them to us again, and that they should retire since will not let you want for anything. Those keep the promise they had given to me." it displeased me. This they did immedi­ who...bring you this assistance will not in­ After they had departed, Celoron sum­ ately, firing their guns in the air, which were vade your lands nor drive you away from moned the five resident English traders to only loaded with blank cartridges. Pipes them; on the contrary, I have given them appear and "commanded them to with­ were then presented to me and to all the orders to maintain you therein, and your draw, making them feel that they had no officers " (See CJ: 365.) interests and mine shall always be the right to trade or aught else on the same." With this Celoron presented to the The rest of the day was spent in arguing Beautiful River." Though he had been or­ Shawnee chiefs a wampum belt of peace whether the presentations of Celoron on dered by the Governor-General to "plun­ and friendship. (CJ: 368-369.) behalf of "Onontio" [the Indian name for der the English" whom he might en­ the Governor-General of New France] As Celoron presented the belt, a counter in the Ohio Indian towns, he felt should take place in Celoron's tent on the Shawnee runner entered the tent "with a that here at the Shawnee town he "was French side of the river or in the council- very frightened look and told the chiefs not strong enough for that, the traders house on the Shawnee side. After the that all the nations of Detroit (or the nar­ having established themselves in the vil­ chiefs and old men had returned to their rows) were coming to fall upon them, and lage and being well sustained by the town, the argument still unresolved, the that whilst I was amusing them, they were Indians, I would be only undertaking a uneasy French posted guards "and the going to see their villages destroyed. I saw task which would not have succeeded, rounds were kept up during the whole that the Indians were excited; I asked the and which would only have redounded to night very scrupulously by the officers." cause of it, and having learned it, I calmed the disgrace of the French." (CJ: 370.) The next morning (August 23) the argu­ their fear and so encouraged them that After lecturing the English traders, who ment continued until finally an exasper­ the council was interrupted but for a short returned to their trading posts with dubi­ ated Celoron insisted "that it was the duty time." (CJ:369.) The assembled chiefs, af­ ous assurances that they would heed his of children to come and find their father ter agreeing to make a response to the warning, Celoron then received the three where he wished to light his fire." Governor-General's letter the next day, Ottawas sent down from Detroit. These Reluctantly, the Indians agreed, and in a were "regaled with a cup of brandy each" runners arrived at his tent bearing two spirit of conciliation, even apologized for after which they returned to their village. letters from the French commander at their rough treatment of Joncaire and the (See Parkman, 1884,1: 50.) Detroit, a Monsieur de Sabrinois. peace party the day before. After rebuking After the chiefs had left, Celoron sent (Sabrevois? See Parkman, 1884, I: 486; them for their "insulting" treatment of Joncaire "to get information relative to and Bonnecamps, 1749: 181.) The letters Joncaire and his party, Celoron affirmed the news [from Detroit] that had just ar­ revealed that though the French had that the "French heart" they had once rived." Joncaire soon returned to report been urging the Indians (primarily Hurons) possessed had been "corrupted by the that "it was three Ontarios [Ottawas who "to march, they had constantly refused." English who dwell among you continually had arrived at a village in the territory at a March against whom? Celoron's journal and who, under pretext of ministering to distance of ten leagues from St. Yotoc." is silent on this matter. Perhaps the your wants, seek only to ruin you." Then, The news of their arrival had been com­ Shawnees and the other Ohio Indians re­ in conciliation on his own part, he par­ municated via courier to St. Yotoc [Lower ally did have reason to be concerned. doned them with these words: "I bury this Shawnee Town] together with information Giving the three couriers some provi­ unhappy affair, and I will ask your father which Celoron conjectured concerned sions, "which were at present very much Onontio not to keep any remembrance of "the dispositions of the people of stinted," Celoron penned a reply for them it. I invite you to reject all the deceitful talk Detroit." (CJ: 369.) to carry to Sabrinois, asking him to pre­ which may be addressed to you, and I in­ The next day (August 24), after another pare twenty replacement canoes for him vite you in future to hear well the speech brief argument over whether the response and his men and to have them ready, of your father Onontio, which I bring to of the Shawnee chiefs should be given in with provisions, "at the foot of the nar­ you." (See CJ: 366-367.) Then followed the council-house of their village or in the rows" on the Detroit River by October 1 the main point of the meeting, the reading tent of the French commander (again re­ for the long voyage home. (CJ: 370.) of the letter to the Shawnees from the solved in favor of the latter), the chiefs His work at "St. Yotoc" completed, Marquis de la Galissoniere. The message replied as follows: "My father, we come to Celoron and his expedition departed at was clear, blunt, and unmistakable. "My tell you that we have listened to the ten o'clock the next morning (August 26) children, the friendship I entertain for you, speech of our father Onontio, with great for the village of the Miami chief, Le Baril,

18 at the mouth of the Little Miami River, St. Yotoc], Monsieur de Celoron, by the council. The 24th. The savages re­ and then the village of another Miami advice of the officers and of the savages, sponded, but in vague and general terms, chief, La Demoiselle, in the valley of the dispatched Messieurs de Joncaire and which signified nothing at all. On the 25th, Great Miami. As he left Lower Shawnee Niverville [the latter was a young ensign in 4 outaouas [Ottawas] arrived with letters Town and the Scioto River, "all the the French navy who accompanied from Monsieur de Sabrevois, which noti­ Indians were under arms and fired a Celoron] to announce our approaching ar­ fied Monsieur de Celoron that he had not salute when I passed before the village." rival to the Chaouanons [Shawnees]. Their been able to persuade the savages of his (CJ: 370.) This time, at least, no balls reception was not gracious. Hardly had government [at Detroit] to come to join us pierced the French flag, giving Celoron the savages perceived them, when they on the Beautiful River, as had been pro­ reason to believe that his visit had been at fired on them, and their colors were jected. In the evening, there was a bonfire least somewhat effectual. pierced in three places. In spite of this hail to celebrate the feast of St. Louis. All the History has recorded that Celoron com­ of musketry, they advanced as far as the detachment was under arms; they fired pleted his trip and arrived back at bank, and disembarked without receiving three volleys of musketry, preceded by Montreal, enormously fatigued, on the any wound. They were conducted to the several cries of Vive le Roy\ 10th of October, 1749. There he reported council-cabin; but scarcely had Monsieur The 26th. The Chaouanons gave a 2nd to the Governor-General that the Indian de Joncaire commenced his harangue, response which was somewhat more sat­ nations of the Ohio country were "very ill- when a miserable Panis [Pawnee], to all isfactory than the 1st. After which, we con­ disposed towards the French, and de­ appearances influenced by the English, tinued our journey to riviere a la Roche [the voted entirely to the English." As Parkman suddenly arose, crying out that they were River of the Rock, or Great Miami River]. concluded, "If his expedition had done no deceived, and that the French came only The situation of the village of the more, it had at least revealed clearly the to destroy them, m iS denunciation was Chaouanons is quite pleasant — at least it deplorable condition of French interests in like a war-cry. The savages ran to arms, is not masked by the mountains, like the the West." (See Parkman, 1884,1: 53.) and arrested our envoys; they talked of other villages through which we had In closing his journal, Celoron, on binding them to the stake; and perhaps passed. The Sinhioto river, which bounds reaching Montreal, noted that "Father they would have executed this threat if an it on the West, has given it its name. The Bonnecamps, who is a Jesuit and a great Iroquois, who was by chance present, had Englishmen there numbered five. They mathematician, reckons that we have not appeased the furious savages by as­ were ordered to withdraw, and promised travelled twelve hundred leagues; I and suring them that we had no evil designs. to do so. [Celoron interestingly mentions my officers think we have travelled more." He even promised to go with Monsieur de only the order, not the promise. The lati­ (See Parkman, 1884, I: 52-53.) Four Joncaire to meet us, which he did. tude of our camp was 39 1'." months in frail canoes and through all We encountered them on the 22nd, History has also recorded that Celoron's kinds of weather must have made the about a league from the village. Monsieur expedition to the Ohio country was, in the journey seem twice that distance! de Celoron thanked the Iroquois for the main, injurious rather than helpful to the Parkman refers to Bonnecamps as the zeal which he had displayed on this occa­ French cause. His small army of 250 men "chaplain of the expedition." (See sion, and made him same small presents. was not strong enough to intimidate either Parkman, 1884, I: 39, 77. See also We finally embarked, in order to go to the English or the Indians. Stopping along Marshall, 1920: 426.) He was much more. Sinhioto. We encamped opposite the vil­ the Ohio River at a dozen or more A trained mathematician, he kept a minute lage, where we worked hard, in order to Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, and Shawnee record from the astrolabe he carried of the complete the fort, which had been begun towns, towns whose inhabitants had once precise latitude and longitude of each the evening before. [N.B. Celoron makes been staunchly pro-French, he saw nearly Indian town and village they visited. From no mention of the hasty construction of a everywhere "evidences of the English­ this record he detailed a map.(See Figure French fort opposite the Shawnee village. men's presence." As James Richards has 2.) And, even more important, like Celoron Ironically, in the letter he subsequently noted (1988: 18-19), "At many villages, he kept a daily journal account of the peo­ read to the Shawnees from the Governor- trading houses had been erected, and ple and places they visited and the high­ General of New France, it is the English British flags were hauled down at his ap­ lights of their experiences. Interestingly, in who are chastised for "thinking of making" proach. [The evidence suggests that after Volume 69 of Reuben Gold Thwaites' forts in the Indian territories!] Celoron left, those same flags were hauled Jesuit Relations (1896-1901), the complete On the 23rd, a council was held; but the back up as the English traders returned to journal of Father Bonnecamps appears, in savages raised some difficulties about the "business as usual."] At every parley with both French and English translation. Yet place where they were to assemble. They the tribesmen the fundamental French Thwaites ascribes the journal to Jean de desired that we should address them in predicament on the Ohio surfaced, one Bonnecamps, a Professor of Hydrography the cabin appointed for Councils; that no planting of lead plates could allay. at the Jesuit University in Quebec. (See JR, Monsieur de Celoron declared, on the French traders were not reaching the 69: 19.) However, its author was more contrary, that it was for the children to Indians; English traders were. The warriors likely Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps, a come to hear the words of their father in might nod in agreement when he pointed member of the same family, also a Jesuit, the place where he had lighted his fire. out that the English had already dispos­ and a mathematician rather than a hydrog- Briefly, after many disputes, the savages sessed their Indian brethren to the east; rapher. (See Woehrmann, 1971: 6.) gave way and presented themselves in they acknowledged that Onontio had al­ Bonnecamps clearly was well-edu­ our camp. During the Council, two couri­ ways been the most benevolent of fathers. cated, highly intelligent, and a stickler for ers arrived, to announce that canoes bear­ But they pleaded that they be allowed to detail and accuracy. Accordingly, though ing the French colors had been seen de­ keep the English blacksmith among them briefer by far than Celoron's journal, his scending the river of Sinhioto. This news just a little longer to repair their guns, the account, which differs in some details somewhat disconcerted our grave sena­ English trader to buy their peltry." from that of Celoron, is worth close exami­ tors [the Indians], who imagined that it As far as the French were concerned, nation, m iS is what Bonnecamps has to was a party of warriors sent against them the worst was yet to come. Stung by re­ say (see Thwaites, JR, 69: 179-183) about from Detroit, and that it was our design to ports of the French expedition to the Ohio the visit of Celoron's expedition to Lower inclose them between two fires. Monsieur country, the English moved quickly to Shawnee Town: the Commandant had great difficulty to re­ counteract Celoron's activities and pre­ When we were near Sinhioto [Bonne- assure them. Finally, however, their fears serve English influence among the camps's spelling in contrast with Celoron's were dissipated, and they continued the Indians. The first to act was Governor

19 James Hamilton of Pennsylvania, who in Wednesday 30.—We were conducted in command at Detroit, the dispatch of a the fall of 1750 dispatched George into Council, where George Croghan deliv­ large expedition into the Ohio Valley to Croghan, a trader with an outstanding rep­ ered sundry Speeches from the punish the Indians and to drive out the utation for fair dealing with the tribes, and Government of Pennsylvania to the Chiefs English traders." (See Roseboom and Andrew Montour, an interpreter, west to of this Nation, in which He informed Weisenburger, 1976: 24.) Though Celoron counter the blandishments of the French. them...that the French offered a large Sum demurred, one Charles Langlade in June At the Wyandot town on the present site of Money to any Person who would bring 1752, apparently without formal official of Coshocton, where Croghan kept a to them the said Croghan and Andrew sanction, led a band of 250 Ottawas, store, they were surprised on December Montour the Interpreter alive, or if dead Chippewas, and French in a surprise at­ 14, 1750, by the arrival of a third their Scalps; and that the French also tack on Pickawillany, to make an object Englishman on a quite different mission. threatened these Indians [the Shawnees to lesson for all Ohio Indians of the one who He was Christopher Gist, an eminent fron­ whom he was talking] and the Wyendotts talked out of both sides of his ruth by de­ tiersman and surveyor, who was there on with War in the Spring...that ten French stroying his town and then boiling and eat­ behalf of Virginia and its recently orga­ Canoes [had been seen] loaded with ing him. As an object lesson the stratagem nized Ohio Land Company to find suitable Stores for a new Fort they designed on the worked, for it had an almost immediate lands for permanent settlement of S Side Lake Erie. Mr. Croghan also in­ chilling effect on English-Indian relation­ Virginians west of the Monongahela on ei­ formed them of several of our Traders hav­ ships. The destruction of Pickawillany and ther side of the Ohio. (The prospect of ing been taken, and advised them to keep the death of La Demoiselle (Old Britain) English occupation of Indian lands in the their Warriors at Home, until they could see has been called by some historians "the Ohio Valley, prophesied in the letter of the what the French intended which he first battle of the French and Indian War." Governor-General of New France read by doubted not would appear in the Spring. That "first battle" might just as easily have Celoron to the chiefs at Lower Shawnee Then Andrew Montour informed this taken place at Lower Shawnee Town, with Town, was now more than an idle dream!) Nation as He had done the Wyendotts & the chief called "Big Hannaona" the target of French vengeance. The meeting of Gist, Montour, and Delawares 'That the King of Great Britain Croghan at Coshocton determined the had sent Them a large Present of Goods, Just a few short years later, when three men on a plan of action in behalf of in Company with the six Nations, which Braddock's army was annihilated in the both their colonies, Pennsylvania and was under the Care of the Governor of forests of western Pennsylvania, Ohio Virginia. Simply stated, they together Virginia, who had sent Me out to invite Indians, including Miamis and Shawnees, would follow the trail of Celoron through them to come and see Him, & partake of were participants as allies of the French. the Ohio country, visiting the same Indian their Father's Present next Summer.' The abrupt decline of English influence towns the Frenchmen had visited (and To which We received this Answer — among the Ohio Indians had been real­ even some he had not visited), everywhere Big Hannaona their Speaker taking in ized, not through tablets of lead but undoing whatever good for France his Hand the several Strings of Wampum through force of arms. Celoron had been able to accomplish. which had been given by the English, He Today, farm land covers the site of After several weeks of planning at said, 'These are the Speeches received by Pickawillany. But a city called Portsmouth Coshocton, the three set out across eastern Us from your great men: From the stands astride the site of Lower Shawnee Ohio for the Scioto Valley, proceeding ini­ Beginning of our Friendship, all that our Town. Fittingly, in that city one finds the tially to the Shawnee towns in the Pickaway Brothers the English have told Us has newest of Ohio's public universities, the Plains.(See Figure 3.) They then followed the been good and true, for which We return one called Shawnee State, a visible re­ Scioto to its mouth, arriving at Lower our hearty Thanks.' Then taking up four minder of that time in mid-eighteenth cen­ Shawnee Town (they called it Shannoah other Strings of Wampum in his Hand, He tury when Lower Shawnee Town had been Town) on Tuesday, January 29, 1751. They said 'Brothers I now speak the Sentiments the headquarters of a nation and a theatre remained there two weeks, until Tuesday, of all our People; when first our of world diplomacy. February 12. Here is the account of the first Forefathers did meet the English our two days of their visit as set forth in original Brothers, they found what our Brothers Acknowledgments spelling and punctuation (see Darlington, the English told them to be true, and so Appreciation goes to the Ohio 1893: 44-46) in the journal kept by Gist: have We....We hope that our Children will Historical Society for permission to repro­ "Tuesday 29. — [We arrived at] the hear and believe what our Brothers say to duce here from a 1920 issue of the Ohio Mouth of Sciodoe Creek opposite to the them, as We have always done, and to as­ Archaeological and Historical Quarterly Shannoah Town, here We fired our Guns sure You of our hearty Good-Will towards the map prepared by Joseph Pierre de to alarm Traders, who soon answered, and you our Brothers, We present You with Bonnecamps, who served the expedition came and ferryed Us over to the Town — these four Strings of Wampum." of Celoron as priest and navigator. the Land about the Mouth of Sciodoe The wampum having been exchanged, Creek is rich but broken fine Bottoms the council came to an end following dis­ References upon the River & Creek— cussion about sending a Shawnee guard Bonnecamps, Joseph Pierre de 1749 "Account of the Voyage on the Beautiful River Made The Shannoah Town is situate upon to accompany the Englishmen Croghan, in 1749, Under the Direction of Monsieur de both Sides the River Ohio, just below the Gist, and Montour to their next destina­ Celoron." Translated and printed in Reuben Gold Thwaites' Jesuit Relations, Volume 69,151 -199. mouth of Sciodoe Creek [see Figure 3], tion, ironically, the Miami town of Also translated and printed in the Ohio and contains about 300 Men, there are Pickawillany and the chief the French Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 29(3): 397- 423. The original journal is in the French about 40 Houses on the S Side of the called La Demoiselle, the one who was Department of Marine in Paris. River and about 100 on the N Side, with a known to the English as Old Britain. Buchman, Randall L, editor Kind of State-House of about 90 Feet Certainly no Indian leader of that time 1976 The Historic Indian in Ohio. The American Revolution Bicentennial Conference Series, Number long, with a light Cover of Bark in wch better epitomized than this old Miami chief 3. The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. they hold their Councils — the capacity to talk out of both sides of his Celoron, Pierre, sieur de Bienville (or Blainville?) 1749 Journal of the expeditions which I, Celoron, Knight of The Shanaws are not a Part of the six mouth, to the French if they were in the the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain, Nations, but were formerly at Variance area, or to the English if they happened to commanding a detachment sent down the Beautiful River by the order of M., the Marquis de la with them, tho now reconciled; they are be on hand, affirming friendship with equal Galissoniere, Governor-General of all New France, great Friends to the English who once pro­ fervor for both. and of the Country of Louisiana. The original journal tected them from the Fury of the six And so it was in 1752 that French offi­ is in the French Department of Marine in Paris. It has been edited by A.A. Lambing and published in Nations, which they gratefully remember. cials in Quebec "urged upon Celoron, now 1920 in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 29(3): 335396.

20 Darlington, William M., editor 1893 Christopher Gist's Journals. J.R. Weldin & Company, Pittsburgh. Edmunds, R. David 1984 Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. Galbreath, Charles B. 1920 "The Expedition of Celoron." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 29(3): 330-334. Gist, Christopher 1751 Journal for the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esquire, Governor and Commander of Virginia, Pursuant to Instructions given Mr. Christopher Gist by the Committee of the Ohio Company the 11th day of September 1750. Edited by William M. Darlington and published in 1893 by J.R. Weldin & Co., Pittsburgh. Havighurst, Walter 1976 Ohio, A Bicentennial History. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York Lambing, A.A., editor 1920 "Celoron's Journal." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 29(3): 335-396. Marshall, O.H. 1920 "De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 29(3): 424450. McConnell, Michael N. 1987 "Peoples 'In Between': The Iroquois and the Ohio Indians, 1720-1768." Chapter 6 in Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrell, editors, Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600-1800. Syracuse University Press. Parkman, Francis 1884 Montcalm and Wolfe. 2 volumes. University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. 1962 The Conspiracy of Pontiac. Collier Books, New York. Randall, Emilius O. and Daniel J. Ryan 1912 History of Ohio. 5 volumes. The Century History Company, New York. Richards, James K. 1988 "Icon of Empire." Timeline, 5(2): 17-19. Fig. 2 (Shriver) Father Bonnecamps's map describing the route of Celaron's 1749 expedition to the Richter, Daniel K. and James H. Merrell Ohio country. All places where he took astrolabe readings to determine latitude and longitude are 1987 Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600-1800. located on it. Inasmuch as Celaron did not travel up the tributaries of the Ohio (save for the Great Syracuse University Press. Miami River, which marked the beginning of his return trip to Montreal), only the mouths of those Roseboom, Eugene H. and Francis P. Weisenburger tributaries are positioned. (See for example the mouth of the Scioto, or Sinhioto, where the Miami 1976 A History of Ohio. The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Chief Le Baril had his village.) This copy of Father Bonnecamps's map has been taken from Shriver, Phillip R. Charles B. Galbreath's article, "The Expedition of Celaron," which appeared in 1920 in the Ohio 1987 " The Miami and the Illinois (Peoria) at the Time of Archaeologist and Historical Quarterly, 29 (3): 334-335. It is reproduced here courtesy of the Ohio Historic Contact: The Journal of Father Marquette." Historical Society. The original map, measuring 30 by 81 centimeters in size, is in the French Ohio Archaeologist, 37(4) 17. Tanner, Helen Hornbeck Department of Marine, Paris. 1986 Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Thwaites, Reuben Gold, editor 1896 Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents (73 vol­ umes). 1901 Burrows Brothers, Cleveland. Woehrmann, Paul 1971 At the Headwaters of the Maumee. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Detail from a map drawn by Christopher Gist in 1751. It provides an English perspective of the Ohio Valley as well as the lands north of Lake Erie and south to the Cumberland Mountains. Note that in contrast to the Bonnecamps Map of 1749 (shown as Figure 2), this detail positions Lower Shawnee Town on the east bank of the Scioto River rather on the west. The detail has been taken from the Gist map following page 90 in the W.M. Darlington edition of the Christopher Gist Journals, published in 1893.

21 CRAWFORD COUNTY POLISSOIR by Carl B. Dunn 120 Crescent Court Bucyrus, Ohio

The roughly fist-sized object pictured The French word "polissoir," meaning a Heath, John R. in Figure No. 1 is a grayish-tan colored, polishing or grinding implement, applies 1979 Two Conversation Pieces, Ohio fine-grained piece of sandstone which to the scars left as an indication of such Archaeologist, Vol. 29, No. 3, The bears a four-inch long, one-inch wide use on the walls of rock shelters, large Archaeological Society of Ohio, and three-quarter-inch deep tapered slabs, a boulder or a small portable stone Columbus, Ohio. groove on its obverse. The reverse ex­ (Long: p. 18). A characteristic of the Long, Mark W. hibits several one-sixteenth inch deep polissoir site is its apparent isolation from 1983 Prehistoric Indian Polissoirs, Ohio grooves running the width of the stone any prehistoric Indian habitation area Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 1, The paralleling the direction of the indentation which may indicate the manufacture of Archaeological Society of Ohio, on the obverse. These narrow grooves stone tools was a speciality performed by Columbus, Ohio. resemble scars remaining after a bone a skilled individual (Long: p. 18). Absence Murphy, James L. needle, awl or stylus has been sharp­ of any other implements or debitage at 1973 Polissoirs In Geauga County, Ohio ened. In addition, a two-inch wide band the site of the find has been previously Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 4, The has been worn through the cortex or indicated. Archaeological Society of Ohio, hard outer crust of the stone in the same A survey in Ohio Archaeological issues Columbus, Ohio. direction as the narrow grooves and it from 1967 indicate reports of polissoirs Pegott, Thomas R. approximates the width of a celt if the bit being found in the following counties of 1981 Polishing Stone from Trumbull County, were to be flatly honed on that surface. Ohio: Coshocton (Cooper: p. 21), Geauga Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 31, No. 4, The The most narrow end of the object is pit­ and Fairfield (Murphy: p. 21), multiple Archaeological Society of Ohio, ted and scarred as if used as a hammer- sites in Jackson (Long: p. 18), Trumbull Columbus, Ohio. stone. This piece was found by the au­ (Pegott: p. 50) and a possible specimen thor three miles south of Bucyrus, Ohio in Ashland (Heath: p. 39). on a small hill adjacent to Little Scioto In addition to revealing the polissoir River in Crawford County. No other arti­ characteristics the Crawford County arti­ facts or debitage were found at the site. fact also exhibits the percussion damage Described and identified in literature associated with its use as a hammer- concerning stone tools as an "abraiding stone and thus qualifies it for another stone" used to smooth wood, bone and category, that of being a multi-purpose other stone implements and to process tool. spear or arrow shafts by Indians from the Photograph was taken by Douglas B. Dunn, Archaic into later periods, they are not Canal Fulton, Ohio. common artifacts (Converse: p. 108). While it was possible to smooth shafts in References the prominent "V" shaped groove, the Converse, Robert N. width, depth and shape of the tapered 1966 Ohio Stone Tools, Ohio Archaeologist, outline would suggest wear attributable Vol. 16, No. 4, The Archaeological to that resultant from sharpening a stone Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. axe or celt. Placement of celts from my Cooper, Lee collection bit-first into the obverse 1971 Cupstones and Abraiding Tool, Ohio groove provided a reasonable fit and ap­ Archaeologist, Vol. 21, No. 3, The pears to verify the assumption it was Archaeological Society of Ohio, formed as a result of its use as a celt bit Columbus, Ohio. Figure 1 (Dunn) Crawford County polissoir sharpener. showing prominent "V" shaped groove on obverse.

A STEATITE BEAD by Mark Daloia 3829 Lincoln Ave. Shadyside, Ohio.

I found this steatite bead on May 24, 1987, in Washington County, Ohio. Steatite is a soft stone, easily carved and quite fragile. It is 1 1/8 inches in diameter and 1/2 inch thick. The hole is conical and about 1/4 inch at its narrowest part.

Figure 1 (Daloia) Obverse and reverse of the steatite bead,

22 RE-NOTCHED POINTS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064 The accompanying photograph was notches. This re-notching could have points and Archaic bevels. An argument found in the old Editorial files and was been done for two reasons - either the against this hypothesis is the recurrence taken for me by Dr. Stanley Copeland owner was not satisfied with the original of certain types which have additional sometime in the late 1960's. They are ex­ notching process, or these are pieces notches always done in the same way. If amples of re-notched points in the picked up by later Indians who notched indeed these were fortuitous finds, it Copeland collection. them according to their own tastes. seems unusual that so many of the same In reality there are two kinds of re- Most collectors believe that they are type were recovered. notched points - those which have been pieces found hundreds, if not thousands A good example of this type which is broken and re-notched and those which of years, after they were lost by their origi­ found with disconcerting regularity is the simply have additional sets of notches nal owners and re-notched for contempo­ re-notched transitional point - example similar to those in the photo. rary use. This latter argument is certainly a upper left in photograph - and I have seen As can be seen in the illustration, there valid one since I have seen fluted points a number of them but they are neverthe­ are a number of distinct types with added made into such types as side notched less quite scarce.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Re-notched points from the Copeland collection.

23 CERVALCES SCOTTI: THE ELK-MOOSE OF THE ICE AGE by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

The headline of the article on the first Terminal, another fossil, this one from the at the back of his property into a small page of the Cincinnati Enquirer encapsu­ Railroad Age....The latest Ice Age started lake to be named "Lucretia" in honor of lated the climatic changes of the most re­ three years ago when the voters of his mother when Grable struck a solid ob­ cent year and the most recent decade: Hamilton County agreed to tax themselves ject mired in a vein of gray clay, a material HOT YEAR TOPPED A WARM DECADE. to support a new Museum Center, a joint much like quicksand. (See Figure 1.) The article went on to say that 1989 was operation of the Cincinnati Museum of Pulling earth away from the obect re­ one of the hottest years of the century, ac­ Natural History and the Cincinnati vealed the skull of an unknown animal. As cording to worldwide weather records.... Historical Society. The site was to be the they continued digging, they found an en­ the six hottest years of the last 110 years city's white elephant Union Terminal, an tire skeleton, standing upright, some all occurred in the 1980s: 1988, 1987, Art Deco masterpiece that has stood train- seven feet below the surface, with head 1983, 1981, 1989, and 1980, in descend­ less since 1972, including a brief and pointed up. It was soon concluded that ing order. The average annual temperature commercially disastrous episode as a though the peat bog/quicksand had been worldwide [in 1989 was] 59.3°.— shopping mall.... the cause of the animal's death it was also According to Philip Jones, a researcher at Each museum is being given a wing of the apparent explanation for the excellent the University of East Anglia in Norwich, the old terminal....The Natural History state of preservation of the skeleton, be­ England, "My guess is that the warming is Museum, which began collecting in 1818 cause of the near total lack of oxygen in probably a combination of natural varia­ and signed up John James Audubon as the soil. (See Oxford Press, July 15,1987.) tions in the planet's temperatures and the its first employee, decided to go with a The Rodabaughs stopped digging and greenhouse effect. But we really don't walk-in Ice Age. Visitors will take a trip to notified the Natural History Division of the know for sure. (See Cincinnati Enquirer, greater Cincinnati in 19,000 B.P., a time Ohio Historical Society's Museum in January 7,1990.) geologists say was the beginning of the Columbus of the find. Museum represen­ No, we really don't know for sure why Wisconsinan glacial period and the begin­ tatives subsequently removed the skele­ the planet earth is warming at the present ning of the beginning of modern Ohio. ton for further examination, preservation, time, nor conversely are we absolutely To reach that place, a visitor must leap and eventual assembly and display. In the certain why 2,000,000 years ago it began through time to an Ohio just emerging meantime, Greg McDonald, Curator of to cool, eventually bringing on the from the glaciers, a terrain that looks like Vertebrate Paleontology at the Cincinnati Pleistocene or Ice Age which found the present-day southern Alaska. This Ohio Museum of Natural History, a doctoral stu­ average annual temperature worldwide was a land of boggy tundra and swift- dent under Professor Charles E. Churcher falling to an estimated 39°. We do know flowing braided streams running milkwhite of the University of Toronto who had done that as the earth cooled much of it fell un­ with powdered rock. It was a land inhab­ extensive research on the subect of der the embrace of periodic glaciers, ited by vaguely familiar but distinct and Cervalces, identified the Rodabaugh's find enormous deposits of ice and snow rang­ now vanished species such as [the woolly as the remains as those of an ancient ing in depth here in Ohio from an esti­ mammoth, the giant Ohio beaver, the Cervalces and affirmed that it was espe­ mated 5,000 feet at the site of present- mastodon, the saber-toothed tiger], the cially significant because only five or six day Cleveland to an estimated 200 feet at peccary (Platygonus compressus) a pig­ good skeletons of this prehistoric animal the site of present-day Cincinnati. And, we like non-pig, the giant ground sloth exist and all the others were male. (See also know that about 14,000 years ago (Megalonyx Jeffersonii), a bear-like non- Oxford Press, July 15,1987.) the Ice Age finally came to an end, the bear, and the elk-moose (Cervalces scotti), According to Louis Rodabaugh, "A large planet earth returned to a more typical a seeming moose-elk combination that percent of the skeleton was retrieved. 55°, and that which we call Ohio today was neither. Shaping all things great and Every large bone was found — right and was left as principal beneficiary of count­ small were the retreating glaciers, moving left mandibles, both shoulder blades less millions of tons of Canadian topsoil northward slowly in an irregular frontage of (scapulae), the three large bones of each and topsoil-making materials brought ice-free valleys and lingering snouts miles of the four legs, the tail bone, and several down from the north by the great glaciers. long." (See Fleischman, September, 1989, vertebrae, many ribs, an ankle bone, and Left behind as well were countless bal- 13-14.) several of the smaller foot bones. In other lions of gallons of freshwater, nearly a Anticipating the 1991 opening of what words, the skeleton was sufficiently com­ quarter of today's entire world supply of must surely become one of the nation's plete to make a complete assemblage that precious resource, the meltwater of stellar museum attractions, I decided to possible. Curator McDonald told me that all that ice and snow, impounded and learn more about one of those "distinct they do not wire up the actual skeleton; in­ channeled in the Great Lakes and the but now vanished species" that once in­ stead, they make plastic substitutes for all ohio-Mississippi River system. habited the Ohio of late Pleistocene times, the bones, and wire these plastic pieces Writing in the Ohio Magazine, John the Cervalces scotti or elk-moose. Indeed, together. Since the Rodabaugh Cervalces Fleischman has engagingly called our at­ my interest had earlier been whetted by discovery included at least one of each tention to the fact that "the next Ice Age the discovery on July 8, 1987 of a nearly type of bone, such an assemblage could opens in 1991. It is currently under con­ complete and well-preserved skeleton of be performed in its entirety. (One cloven struction in an industrial building overlook­ the first female Cervalces scotti ever hoof-bone was found, for example, and ing downtown Cincinnati, where Greg [Dr. found, on the property of Louis D. this would suffice for the construction of H. Gregory] McDonald and his crew of Rodabaugh near Hartville in Stark County, plastic substitutes for all four hoof-bones. sculptors and fiberglass molders is as­ Ohio. Oxford-born Louis Rodabaugh, a The state of preservation of all the bones sembling a herd of extinct paleolithic brother of my long-time friend and col­ were nearly perfect (except for the ends of mammals. They were driven over earlier league, the late James H. Rodabaugh, the skull — this was held erect for more this year to the new Cincinnati Museum was in the process, with the help of his than ten thousand years, at a depth of Center, which is being carved out of the son Richard and an excavator Ronald only three and one-half feet below the sur­ dirt subbasement of the one-time Union Grable, of converting a swampy peat bog face, and it is probable that for thousands

24 of years this depth was much less than following the close of the Ice Age. The Celina Daily Standard name "scotti" identifies W.B. Scott as the 1982 "Ancient Elk Found Here." May 29, page 3. this until more peat accumulated. Every Chronicle, Ohio Historical Society one of the numerous awteeth was secure, first discoverer of the animal. (See 1982 "Ancient Elk Exhumed: Specimen Could Be and all were perfect." (Letter, Louis McDonald, 1989.) 15,000 Years Old." September issue, page 5. Rodabaugh to the author, July 24,1989.) Along with many others, I await with no Cincinnati Enquirer 1990 "Hot Year Topped A Warm Decade." Sunday, Significantly, additional discoveries in little eagerness the completion of the new January 7. the same peat bog subsequently included "walk through" Ice Age exhibits of the Fleischman, John the legbone of a mastodon, a comer of a Cincinnati Museum of Natural History 1989 "Coming soon to a Cincinnati museum near mastodon skull, a large mastodon molar (4 when they open to the public in 1991. In you: the Ice Age, complete with a supporting by 7 by 9 inches in size), a mastodon knee particular, I look forward to seeing the life- cast of life-sized woolly mammoths, saber- toothed tigers and giant sloths. The joint, and the scapula of a second size re-creations of those long-extinct Pleistocene Epoch s making a comeback." Cervalces. What else lies in the peat bog creatures of the Late Pleistocene past, Ohio Magazine, September, 13-15. at the bottom of Lake Lucretia may never the saber-toothed tiger, the ground sloth, McDonald, H. Gregory be known! the woolly mammoth, the great 1989 Personal correspondence. September 13. 1989 "New Records of the Elk-moose Cervalces scotti First identified as a separate and dis­ mastodon, the giant Ohio beaver, and, of from Ohio." American Midland Naturalist, 122(2): tinct genus or species following discovery course, the elk-moose. 349-356. October issue. of remains at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, Murie, Olaus Johan south and west of Cincinnati, skeletal re­ Acknowledgements 1951 The Elk of North America. Stackpole Company, Harrisburg. mains of the elk-moose or Cervalces For their helpfulness in providing me Murphy, James L. and David Dyer scotti have since been found in Ohio in abundant information concerning the 1982 Letter to Joyce L. Alig, September 22. Darke, Clark, Union, and Licking counties Cervalces scotti, or elk-moose, I want to 1984 "Cranberry Prairie's Ancient Elk — One That Got as well as in Stark County, where the acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Away?" Ohio Archaeologist, 34(4): 20-21. Oxford Press Rodabaugh discovery took place. (See Louis D. Rodabaugh of Hartville, Professor 1987 "Louis Rodabaugh Gets 'Good Noo's': What McDonald, 1989: 349-356.) Other remains Emeritus of Mathematics at the University He's Found Is Ancient Moose." July 16. have been found as far east as New of Akron; Dr. Carl W. Albrecht, Jr., Curator Rodabaugh, Louis D. Jersey, as far north as Ontario, as far of Natural History at the Ohio Historical 1989 Personal correspondence. July 24. Scott, W.B. south as Arkansas, and as far west as Society; and Dr. H. Gregory McDonald, 1885 "Cervalces americanus, a fossil moose or elk.-' Nebraska and South Dakota. (See Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural McDonald, 1989.) Taller than a horse, with Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. Sciences, Philadelphia. antlers resembling a cross between an elk Shriver, Phillip R. and a moose (see Figures 2 and 3), the 1988 "The North American Beaver in History and References Prehistory." Ohio Archaeologist, 38(2): 32-35. elk-moose or Cervalces scotti was neither Albrecht, Carl W., Jr. Warren, Robert E. and Russell W. Graham elk Cervus nor moose Alces but a distinct 1990 Personal correspondence, January 17, 2 1986 "Cervalces: An Ice Age Discovery." Illinois State species that apparently became extinct Alig, Joyce L. Museum. 1989 Personal correspondence, July 21. not long after the period of deglaciation

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Not to be confused with the antlers of a Cervalces scotti are those of a prehistoric elk or wapiti of the genus Cervus Fig. 1 (Shriver) Lake Lucretia, near Hartville, elaphus canadensis discovered in a bog near Stark Country, Ohio. It was in a peat bog on Cranberry Prairie in Mercer County, Ohio, in this site in July, 1987, that a neatly complete November 1981 by Ron Schwieterman while and upright skeleton of a Cervalces scotti was laying tile on the Ron Stucke farm. unearthed, the only skeleton of a female elk- Subsequently investigated by James L. Fig. 2 (Shriver) Known as the elk-moose, the moose found to date. Photograph furnished Murphy and David Dyer, the nearly complete Cervalces scotti was present in the spruce by Louis D. Rodabaugh, on whose property elk skeleton, of which these antlers were a forests of the Ohio region in the late the discovery was made. part, was first thought to be Late Pleistocene. Pleistocene time. The sketch of a skeleton of a However, it subsequently yielded a male Cervalces shown here is a detail of a radiocarbon date of 9370±70 B.P., or 7420 drawing in a report by W.B. Scott, the B.C. (See letter, James L. Murphy to Joyce L. discoverer of the animal for whom it was Alig, September 22, 1982.) The antlers of this named, which appeared in the Proceedings of prehistoric elk offer an interesting comparison the Academy of Natural Sciences meeting in with those of the Cervalces scotti shown in Philadelphia in 1885. It was provided the Figure 2. author by Dr. H. Gregory McDonald of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History.

25 Fig. 1 (Koup) The McNutt cache of turkeytail blades found near Winchester in Adams County, Ohio, in 1896. Collection of William and Margaret Koup.

26 THE JAMES McNUTT CACHE by William Koup 11 Juniper Hill, NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87122

The illustrated cache of twelve July 1st.-Mr. Loveberry secured 18 blade in his distinctive hand. Since Dr. Turkeytail variants were found in Adams spears from Mr. James McNutt Meuser did not collect flint, this blade County Ohio, one mile north of the town who in clearing a new piece of along with perhaps others from the of Winchester on a branch of Brush ground found them in a cache or McNutt cache were traded into other col­ Creek in late June 1896 by James pocket. This happened but a few lections. Needless to say, I was very McNutt. It is not very often that we can days prior to our arrival, and but for happy to locate and purchase this blade be so precise about the circumstances of Mr. Loveberry's efforts the speci­ and return it to the remaining eleven the discovery of prehistoric artifacts. mens would have become scat­ members of the cache. Many of the larger, finer specimens were tered and lost and thus an impor­ The thirteenth blade was located while found over one hundred years ago by tant cache distributed among those looking through an old auction brochure farmers who were busy turning the who were unable to comprehend conducted by Painter Creek on April 26, prairies and forests into farms for the first its real significance. Mr. McNutt 1981 . The brochure pictures one of the time. Recording the specifics of artifact found them one mile north of McNutt Turkeytail cache blades along discoveries was not a high priority for Winchester on a branch of Brush with the correct provenience, finder and these hardworking pioneers. The people Creek. With the exception of two, date. The purchaser of this blade is not who were busy documenting and explor­ they are all over six inches in known. Perhaps there are readers of ing the rapidly disappearing remains of length, of fine workmanship and "Ohio Archaeologist" know of the exis­ the prehistoric peoples of the Ohio Valley constitute one of the finest de­ tence or whereabouts of this and the were so few in number that relatively little posits ever discovered. other five missing blades from the published data exists of these important One can easily infer that Moorehead McNutt cache. I would be very grateful to early exploratory excursions into the pre­ was able to collect this cache from Mr. anyone who may be able to provide such historic past of North America. Warren K. McNutt. He even implies that McNutt information. Moorehead, the first documentor of was ignorant of the importance of his dis­ The McNutt Cache of Turkeytail vari­ Turkeytail cache, was one of the very few covery and was more than willing to sell ants are all made from Harrison County archaeologist/explorers who did publish or give the blades to anyone who wanted Flint that was prehistorically quarried in his observations and discoveries. He them which was probably a typical atti­ Harrison County Indiana. Five of the made a career of exploring prehistoric tude of the day. The complete history of blades are presumed to have been found sites, studying artifacts and publishing this cache since their discovery is rather damaged. Two were simply broken in two observations and hypotheses. Indeed, sketchy. One thing for certain is that and both have subsequently been glued Moorehead published more than twenty Moorehead's fears of the cache being together. Two others have small areas of separate works on North American pre­ broken up were realized. At some point restoration and a fifth blade is about 20% history as well as numerous shorter arti­ seven of these blades were separated restoration. cles, papers and reports. It is easy to from the cache. These may have been Although the McNutt cache exhibits criticize the work of Moorehead in 1990. the largest and finest specimens. The some of the classic characteristics of His archaeological techniques were eleven remaining cache blades ended up named Turkeytail, types it would be diffi­ crude and destructive by today's stan­ as a wall display in a store in Columbia, cult to assign a named type to them. dards. Some may even feel his primary Ohio, a nearly extinct village in Williams Knapping techniques, size, material and goals were less than scholarly ideals. County. After spending more than twenty general shape identify this cache as Perhaps his primary motives were to dis­ years in a private collection, the author Turkeytail. but they do not seem to fit cover artifacts and sell books. However was able to collect this cache not yet conveniently into any of the named one feels about the work of Warren K. knowing that seven of the blades were types. Indeed, one writer (Tully, 1986) has Moorehead, one cannot discount the vol­ missing. However, the information that illustrated five examples of a nearly iden­ umes of important data that he left for us. James McNutt had found this cache in tical cache from Marshall County What would we have without his efforts? Adams County near the town of Kentucky. The Kentucky cache contained One thing we wouldn't have would be the Winchester was intact. 55 blades and appear to conform in ev­ factual documentation of the illustrated While displaying this cache at an arti­ ery way to the McNutt cache. Tully stated cache. In 1900 The Ohio Archaeological fact show in Cincinnati in 1988, I was that the type has not yet been named in and Historical Society published very surprised to be informed that Kentucky. Nevertheless, the McNutt and Moorehead's "Report of Field Work" com­ Moorehead had written about the McNutt Kentucky cache blades are certainly vari­ pleted in the spring and summer of 1896. cache in his 1896 "Field Report". It was ations of the classic Turkeytail. This study was done in the Muskingum, only then that I learned that seven of the Scioto and Ohio River valleys. It is gener­ blades were missing and began to won­ References ally a diary of Moorehead's observations of der if I would ever be able to locate any Moorehead, Warren K. significant archaeological features of these of them. It was to be! The first of the 1900 Ohio Archaeological and Historical archaeologically rich river valleys. It was missing seven to be located was once in Society Publications , Vol. V, "Report of during this field trip that Moorehead and the collection of Max Shipley of Field Work", p.213. his crew foreman, Clarence Loveberry, Columbus, Ohio. This blade was sold as Tully, Lawrence N. chanced upon the very recent discovery of lot #37 on May 29, 1988 at one of the 1986 F//'nf Blades and Projectile Points of the the McNutt cache of Turkeytail while work­ Shipley auctions. This particular blade North American Indian, Collector Books, ing in Adams County. Moorehead reports had been previously collected by Dr. their discovery as follows: p.86. Gordon Meuser who had written "Found by Jas. McNutt, 1 mile north Winchester. Adams Co. June 1896" directly on the

27 19TH CENTURY PIPES FROM THE COLLECTION OF JIM RITCHIE, TOLEDO, OHIO by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio The color plate shows three pipes from half of the 19th century. The top pipe is tent pattern having a large stem which is the Great Lakes area. Made of black from Wisconsin - second was found near often keeled. Historic tribes which used steatite and inlaid with catlinite and Viola, Illinois. Bottom is from the Great these pipes include Ojibway, Winnebago, pewter, they were in vogue during the first Lakes area. Such pipes follow a consis­ Sauk and Fox, Menomonee and others.

28 A CATLINITE PIPE FROM THE CALDWELL COLLECTION by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

This outstanding effigy pipe is in the collection of J. Clemens Caldwell of Danville, Kentucky. It is made of catlinite, a stone quarried in Minnesota and used widely over the eastern part of the United States in historic and prehistoric times. Originally collected from near Topeka, Kansas, the pipe is attributed to the Sauk and Fox and dates from the first half of the nineteenth century.

29 A FAN-TAILED BIRD FROM ARKANSAS by Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma St., Beaumont, TX 77705

Morris Weeks is an "Indian Hunting' into the lake on private land. It was raining Kame Indians in Ohio (Converse, n.d.) Ray friend of mine down in Southeast Texas. that particular day and as he scanned the said that of points picked up in the area of He has a welding training and testing sides of the cut, he saw a small, round the boatslip where he found the bird, none business a short distance from my home brown head sticking out, then the whole were Caddo "birdpoints". He also told me and he was responsible for many fine con­ object began to slump down the side of that he knew that the finding of the bird tacts for me around Lake Sam Rayburn the cut. He grabbed it and discovered he was a "once in a life-time event". "If you and Toledo Bend Lake to the north of us. had found a fan-tailed birdstone with a part with such a thing, you don't sell it, Recently he phoned and told me to come round head, drilled eyes and made of a you give it away." So he gave the bird to down to the shop. "There's something brown, faintly banded shale. It's head re­ Morris Weeks to be shown on permanent here you want to see." sembles an owl. display in his collection. That was how I met Raymond W. As you can see from the accompanying Bateman, a welder by trade, now living at natural-sized photographs, the piece is References Rose City, Texas, nearby. perfect except for an old heavily-patinated Converse, Robert N. Back in 1972, Ray was hunting the chip on one side of the tail. It could be that n.d. The Glacial Kame Indians. A special pub­ shore of Lake Millwood in the southwest fresh water pearls or shell were embedded lication of the Archaeological Society of corner of Arkansas. The lake is about 15 in the eyes originally. Ohio, pp. 62-64-92-129, Columbus, miles northeast of the town of Ashdown. I have known for a long time that bird­ Ohio. Someone had bull-dozed for a boatslip stones were associated with the Glacial

Plate 1 (Long). Four natural size views of a fan-tailed birdstone from Southwest Arkansas. Collection of Morris Weeks.

30 THREE BIRDSTONES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

The three birdstones shown in the color plate are in the collection of J. Clemens Caldwell of Danville, Kentucky.The top birdstone is made of Ohio pipestone, a rare material for such artifacts, and was found in Ashtabula County, Ohio. The second example is made of yellow and black granite and was found in Isabella County, Michigan. At the bottom, the porphyry birdstone was also found in Michigan in Alpena County.

31 EARLY ARCHAIC OF THE LOWER SANDUSKY RIVER DRAINAGE by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction Kirk Stemmed (7000-6000 B.C.) has reported four St. Albans points from The lower portion of the Sandusky River Thirteen Kirk Stemmed points (Converse Seneca-I, while Don Weller, Jr. found five drainage (Fig. I) includes an area of about 1970: 19; Gleach 1987; Hranicky 1987; such points at Seneca-161, just a few kilo­ 1600 square kilometers in north-central Justice 1987: 82-85) from 12 components meters downstream. Ohio, including the towns of Fremont and are known from the lower Sandusky River On the other hand, no site in the lower Tiffin. Major portions of Sandusky and drainage (Fig. 2, b; Table 2). While most Sandusky River area has yielded any­ Seneca counties are included in this area, have been manufactured from Upper where near as many St. Albans points as as well as small tracts that lie within Mercer flint, a substantial minority are has Huron-38. Randy Yingling has recov­ Crawford and Huron counties. The lower made of Flint Ridge flint, Pipe Creek flint, ered 11 St. Albans points at that site, Sandusky River drainage is bounded by or Delaware chert. As is the case in the up­ which is located on an upland creek west that of the Portage River to the north and per Portage (Bowen n.d.) and Mohican of the Huron River. Most of the specimens the west, that of the Huron River to the (Bowen 1990) River drainages, Kirk from that component are made from Pipe east, and, obviously, the upper Sandusky Stemmed points are not abundant in the Creek flint, which outcrops nearby. Thus, it River drainage to the south. lower Sandusky River area. appears that more specimens of both The lower Sandusky River drainage area MacCorkle and St. Albans points have includes both the extremely flat lake plain MacCorkle (6900-6500 B.C.) been recovered from individual sites within in the north, and the rolling till plain in the The lower Sandusky River drainage has the Huron River drainage of northwestern south. Prominent fossil beach ridges lie yielded 26 MacCorkle points (Converse Ohio than from individual sites in the between those two physiographic zones. 1970: 31; Justice 1987: 86-88) from 23 Mohican River area to the south, or in the The major tributary streams include Wolf components (Fig. 2, c; Table 33. All are lower Sandusky and upper Portage River Creek to the west, and Green Creek and made from Upper Mercer flint. As in the drainages to the west. It should be noted, Honey Creek to the east. upper Portage (Bowen n.d.) and Mohican however, that David Mielke has recovered A total of 231 Early Archaic bifaces have (Bowen 1990) River areas, although 15 St. Albans points, most made of Upper been reported from 159 sites within the MacCorkle components are abundant, Mercer flint, from Shelby-26, which is lo­ lower Sandusky River drainage. Although few specimens have been reported from cated on Loramie Creek in west-central those data were gathered by a multitude of any particular site in the lower Sandusky Ohio. dedicated researchers, most were provided River drainage. by Timothy Abel of the University of Toledo, The situation is very different in the LeCroy (6500-5800 B.C.) by Robert Hill of the Sandusky County Huron/Vermilion River area to the east. The lower Sandusky River area has Historical Society, by former Ohio Historic Randy Yingling has reported 21 yielded 41 LeCroy points (Converse 1970: Preservation Office regional archaeologist MacCorkle points from Huron-39, which is 30; Gleach 1987; Hranicky 1987; Justice Scott Schermer, and by Archaeological located on an upland creek west of the 1987: 91-93) from 25 components (Fig. 3, Society of Ohio members Willard Rife and Huron River. Two nearby sites in similar b; Table 5). They have been manufactured Donald Weller, Jr. (1989). All data are on file settings, Huron-43 and Huron-97, have from a diversity of materials, including in the Ohio Archaeological Inventory, or in yielded five specimens each to Randy Upper Mercer flint, Pipe Creek flint, and the Ohio Historical Society county archaeo­ Yingling and Ken Hicks, respectively. Delaware chert. Specimens of Flint Ridge logical files. Kirk Corner Notched (7900- Lauren Kamm has found eight MacCorkle flint are lacking from the sample. 6900 B.C.) points on his farm, which is situated on As is the case in the Mohican River Thirty-five Kirk Corner Notched points the Vermilion River in Huron County. Thus, drainage (Fath 1980; Bowen 1990), only a (Converse 1970: 36; Gleach 1987; greater numbers of MacCorkle points single component in the lower Sandusky Hranicky 1987; Justice 1987: 71-72) have have been recovered from sites in the River drainage has yielded more than four been reported from 24 components within Huron/Vermilion River area than in the LeCroy points. Michael Fath found 10 the lower Sandusky River drainage (Fig. 2, Mohican, lower Sandusky, or upper specimens at Knox-40, on the lower main- a; Table 1). Although most are made of Portage River drainages. stem of the Mohican River. Similarly, Upper Mercer flint, a substantial minority Donald Weller, Jr. has reported 10 LeCroy have been manufactured from Flint Ridge St. Albans (6900-6500 B.C.) points from Seneca-325, which is located flint, as well as unidentified cherts. Twenty-seven St. Albans points on the Sandusky River, within the till plain Although no site in either the upper (Converse 1970: 32; Gleach 1987; area. Portage (Bowen n.d.) or Mohican River Hranicky 1987; Justice 1987: 90-91) have (Bowen 1990) drainages IS known to have been found at 16 sites in the lower Kanawha/Stanly (6000-5000 B.C.) yielded more than three specimens, at Sandusky River drainage (Fig. 3, a; Table Twenty Kanawha/Stanly points least five such points have been reported 4). Most are made of Upper Mercer flint, (Converse 1970: 13; Gleach 1987; from two components in the lower with a minority having been manufactured Hranicky 1987; Justice 1987: 97-99) have Sandusky River area. Weller (19) has re­ from Flint Ridge and Pipe Creek flints. been recovered from 14 components covered six Kirk Corner Notched points In the upper Portage (Bowen n.d.) and within the lower Sandusky River drainage from Seneca-161, which is situated on a Mohican (Bowen 1990) River areas, no (Fig. 3, c; Table 6). They have been manu­ bluff of the Sandusky River in the lake more than two St. Albans points have factured from a variety of cherts, including plain. Lawrence Neikirk found five such been reported from any individual compo­ Upper Mercer, Flint Ridge, Pipe Creek, and points on his farm in Seneca County, nent, although such points are not uncom­ Delaware materials. which was located on Rock Creek, in the mon in those areas, in the lower Sandusky till plain. River drainage, however, two sites on the St. Charles (8000-6000 B.C.) Sandusky River, within the lake plain, have Fifteen St. Charles points, or "Dovetails" yielded four or five specimens. Ernie Yetter (Converse 1970: 40; Justice 1987: 57-58)

32 have been recovered from 13 components well as other similar, but unidentified mate­ drainage, just upstream from the present in the lower Sandusky River drainage rials. Donald Weller, Jr. has recovered 10 study area. Roughly equal numbers of (Table 7). Although a slight majority have Big Sandy points from Seneca161, which Archaic Bevels and Big Sandy points are been manufactured from Flint Ridge flint, is located on a blufftop overlooking the present in that sample, suggesting that the remainder are made of Upper Mercer mainstem of the Sandusky River, within the Archaic Bevels and Big Sandy points are material. Almost all of the St. Charles lake plain. This is more than three times as present in approximately equal numbers points reported from the lower Sandusky many specimens as have been reported throughout the entire Sandusky River River area were found on the Sandusky from any other site in the lower Sandusky drainage. It is suggested that Archaic River mainstem, or on the prominent fossil River area. Bevels and Big Sandy points are geo­ beach ridges. Carl Mooney (1989) reported 7 Big graphic variants of Early Archaic knives, Sandy points from Richland-193, which is the former used primarily to the west of Archaic Bevel (8000-6000 B.C.) located on the mainstem of the Clear Fork the Sandusky River, the latter to the east. The lower Sandusky River area has of the Mohican River. That is nearly twice yielded 29 Archaic Bevels (Converse as many specimens as have been re­ Bibliography 1970: 22; Justice 1987: 54-57) from 18 ported from any other site in the Mohican Bechtel, Susan K. sites (Fig. 4, a; Table 8). The specimens in River drainage (Bowen 1990: Table 7). 1988 The Thebes Cluster: New Perspective from the sample are made from a variety of ma­ Apparently the most intensive Big Sandy Northwest Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist 34(4): terials, including Upper Mercer, Flint components in both the lower Sandusky 114-126. and the Mohican River areas are located Bowen, Jonathan E. Ridge, Bayport, Pipe Creek, and Tenmile n.d. Early Archaic of the Upper Portage River Creek materials. Although common in the on river mainstems. Drainage. Manuscript submitted to Ohio lower Sandusky River area, the numbers Archaeologist. of Archaic Bevels found at individual sites Archaic Bevel/Big Sandy Dichotomy 1990 The Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic of the do not approach the numbers of speci­ The abundance of Archaic Bevels and Mohican River Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist mens recovered at sites in the Maumee the scarcity of Big Sandy points in the up­ 40(1): 30-33. (Bechtel 1988) or upper Portage (Bowen per Portage River drainage area, just the Converse, Robert N. n.d.) River drainages. Also, the strong ten­ the west, has already been noted (Bowen 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of dency for Archaic Bevel components to n.d.). On the other hand, in the Mohican Ohio, Columbus. be located in the uplands in those areas River area a short distance to the south­ Fath, Michael A. 1980 Five Multiple Component Sites in Knox County- dose not hold true for the lower Sandusky east, large numbers of Big Sandy points (33KN40-44). Ohio Archaeologist 30(1): 43-46. River drainage. have been reported, but very few Archaic Gleach, Frederic W. Bevels have been collected. As the lower 1987 A Working Projectile Point Classification for Big Sandy (8000-6000 B.C.) Sandusky River drainage lies between Central Virginia. Archeological Society of A total of 28 Big Sandy points (Converse those two areas, it is perhaps not surpris­ Virginia Quarterly Bulletin 42(2): 80-120. 1970: 17; Justice 1987: 60-63) have been ing that the Archaic Bevel/Big Sandy ratio Hranicky, W. Jack reported from 13 sites in the lower is 29:28, virtually even. The collections of 1987 Suggested Dates for Twenty-Eight Middle the Wyandot County Museum include Atlantic Projectile Points. Archeological Society Sandusky River drainage (Fig. 4, b; Table of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin 42(4): 188-192. 9). While most have been manufactured hundreds of bifaces for which all data have been lost, except that they were Justice, Noel D. from Upper Mercer flint, a very substantial 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Mid- minority are made of Delaware cherts, as found within the upper Sandusky River continental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Mooney, Carl Table 1 Kirk Cor ner Notched Component s 1989 Archaeological Survey in Southern Richland County, Ohio. Paper presented at the annual Site Number Location meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, Seneca-1 2 Sandu sky R. , lake plain Parma. Seneca-148 1 Sandi sky R. , lake plain Weller, Donald, Jr. 1989 The Early Archaic of Seneca County, Ohio. Seneca-161 6 Sandusky R. , lake plain Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Seneca-176 2 Sandusky It. , lake plain Ohio Academy of Science, Parma. Seneca-Mizen 1 Sandi sky R. , lake plain Seneca-100 1 Sandi sky R. , till plain Seneca-104 1 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-285 1 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-323 1 Sandusky R , till plain Table 2 Kirk Stemmed Compone nts Seneca-350 1 Sandusky R , till plain Sandusky-Butler 1 lake pla Ln creek Site Number Location Sandusky-Lagrou 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-Winters 1 lake plain creek Seneca-323 1 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-24 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-160 1 lake plain creek Seneca-374 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-Findlay 1 lake plain creek Seneca-Smith 1 lake pla in creek Sandusky-Yetter 1 lake plain creek creek Seneca-2 1 till pla in creek Sandusky-Winters 1 lake plain creek Seneca-57 1 till plain creek Seneca-304 1 lake plain creek Seneca-318 1 till plain creek Seneca-3 1 till plain creek Seneca-Neikirk 5 till plain creek Seneca-13 1 till plain plain creek Seneca-Tiell 1 till plain creek Seneca-Neikirk 1 till creek Sandusky-92 1 fossil beach ridg 5 Seneca-Tiell 2 till plain fossil beach ridge Sandusky-Heft 1 fossil beach ridg S Sandusky-96 1 Seneca-Buskirk 1 fossil bea :h ridg s Sandusky-197 1 fossil beach ridge

Table 1 (Bowen) Table 2 (Bowen)

33 Table 3 MacCorkle Components Table 4 St. Albans Components

Site Number Location Site Number Location , lake plain Sandusky-172 1 Sandusky R Sandusky-40 2 Sandusky R., lake plain , lake plain Seneca-161 2 Sandusky R Seneca-1 4 Sandusky R., lake plain , lake plain Seneca-176 1 Sandusky R Seneca-161 5 Sandusky R., lake plain , lake plain Seneca-235 1 Sandusky R Seneca-176 2 Sandusky R., lake plain Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-325 1 Seneca-235 1 Sandusky R., lake plain creek Sandusky-9 1 lake plain Seneca-292 1 Sandusky R., till plain plain creek Sandusky-55 1 lake Seneca-325 1 Sandusky R., till plain plain creek Sandusky-170 1 lake Seneca-Smith 1 lake plain creek creek Sandusky-266 1 lake plain Seneca-2 1 till plain creek creek Sandusky-267 2 lake plain Seneca-3 1 till plain creek Sandusky-Hasselbach 1 lake plain creek Seneca-13 2 till plain creek creek Sandusky-Reichert 1 lake plain Seneca-122 1 till plain creek creek Sandusky-Yetter 1 fake plain Seneca-Tiell 1 till plain creek Sandusky-Winters 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-92 1 fossil beach ridge Seneca-Smith 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-98 2 fossil beach ridge creek Seneca-10 2 till plain Seneca-Buskirk 1 fossil beach ridge Seneca-13 1 till plain creek Seneca-56 1 till plain creek Table 5 (Bowen) Seneca-57 1 till plain creek Seneca-309 1 till plain creek Seneca-321 1 till plain creek Seneca-Edwards 1 till plain creek Table 6 Kanawha/ Stanly Components Seneca-Neikirk 1 till plain creek

Table 3 (Bowen) Site Number Location Seneca-1 4 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-161 3 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-Hill 1 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-286 1 Sandusky R , till plain Table 5 LeCroy Components Sandusky-131 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-160 1 lake plain creek Site Number Location Sandusky-Findlay 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-10 1 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-318 1 lake plain creek Seneca-1 4 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-10 1 till plain creek Seneca-161 3 Sandusky R , lake plain Seneca-13 1 till plain creek Seneca-105 1 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-134 1 till plain creek Seneca-285 1 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-Neikirk 1 till plain creek Seneca-293 1 Sandusky R , till plain Sandusky-McC] ory 2 fossil beach ridge Seneca-325 10 Sandusky R , till plain Seneca-Buskii k 1 fossil beach ridge Seneca-350 1 Sandusky R , till plain Sandusky-24 1 lake plain creek Table 6 (Bowen) Sandusky-65 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-160 2 lake plain creek Sandusky-193 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-Yetter 1 lake plain creek Table 7 St. Char les Components Seneca-364 1 lake plain creek Seneca-Smith 1 lake plain creek Site Number Location Seneca-10 1 till plain creek Seneca-13 1 till plain creek Sandusky-148 2 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-198 1 till plain creek Sandusky-150 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-390 2 till plain creek Sandusky-164 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-Carry 1 till plain creek Sandusky-210 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-Neikirk 1 till plain creek Sandusky-268 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-Tiell 1 till plain creek Seneca-9 Sandusky R. , lake plain Sandusky-123 1 fossj 1 beach ridge Seneca-104 Sandusky R. , till plain Sandusky-Sturgeon 1 fOSS] 1 beac h ridge Safidusky-9 lake plain creek Seneca-Buskirk 1 foss: 1 beac h ridge Seneca-Smith lake plain creek Seneca-376 till plain creek Table 4 (Bowen) Sandusky-97 beach ridge Sandusky-McClory beach ridge Seneca-Buskirk beach ridge

Table 7 (Bowen)

34 Table 8 Archaic Bevel Compone nts Table 9 Big S andy Components

Site Number Location Site Number Location Sandusky-210 1 Sandusky R., lake plain Seneca-161 10 lake plain river Seneca-1 2 Sandusky R. , lake plain Seneca-162 2 lake plain river Seneca-11 3 Sandusky R., lake plain Seneca-176 2 lake plain river Seneca-12 2 Sandusky R., lake plain Seneca-235 1 lake plain river Seneca-161 1 Sandusky R., lake plain Seneca-350 1 till plain river Seneca-176 1 Sandusky R., lake plain Sandusky-117 2 lake plain creek Seneca-98 1 Sandusky R., till plain Sandusky-160 1 lake plain creek Sandusky-113 1 lake plain creek Seneca-4 1 till plain creek Sandusky-160 1 lake plain creek Seneca-10 1 till plain creek Sandusky-Hasselbach 2 lake plain creek Seneca-13 3 till plain creek Sandusky-Yetter 3 lake plain creek Seneca-Neikirk 2 till plain creek Sandusky-Winters 2 lake plain creek Sandusky-McClory 1 fossil beach ridge Seneca-Smith 1 lake plain creek Seneca-Buskirk 1 fossil beach ridge Seneca-4 1 till plain creek Seneca-13 4 till plain creek Table 9 (Bowen) Seneca-Arbogast 1 till plain creek Sandusky-84 1 fossil beach ridge Sandusky-123 1 fossil beach ridge

Table 8 (Bowen)

Fig. 2 (Bowen) Early Archaic Points a - Kirk Corner Notched, Seneca-2 Fig. 1 (Bowen) Lower Sandusky River drainage area. b - Kirk Stemmed, Seneca-13 c - MacCorkle, Seneca-13

35 Fig. 3 (Bowen) Early Archaic Points Fig. 4 (Bowen) Early Archaic Knives a - St. Albans, Seneca-122 a - Archaic Bevel, Sandusky-210 b - LeCroy, Seneca-13 b - Big Sandy, Seneca-4 c - Kanawha/Stanly, Seneca-13

A VIRGINIA CONCRETION CONTAINER by Wm Jack Hranicky RO. Box 11256 Alexandria, Virginia 22312

In a recent issue of the Ohio Archae­ field where there is a known village site. resents another piece in the puzzle of ologist, Richman (1989:34) reported an Its measurements are 29 mm high and it prehistory. engraved concretion container from was made from a concretion. The draw­ Hancock County, West Virginia. While ings appear to have been done with metal References concretion containers have been reported tools. They may represent a map, but Converse, Robert N. (see Converse 1973), engraved containers they cannot be deciphered by this author. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Society are rare. This pot has been named by the author of Ohio. Fig. 1 a-b shows an engraved pot from as the Dan River bowl. It probably dates Richman, Ron post-contact. With the West Virginia find, 1989 "Engraved Paint Cup from the Richman a prehistoric site on the fall line of the Dan Collection." Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 39, No. 3, River in Virginia. It is a surface find in a Virginia's container is not unique, but rep­ pp. 34.

Fig. 1 a-b (Hranicky) Obverse and reverse of engraved pot.

36 THE LITHIC INDUSTRY OF BROKAW VILLAGE (33BL-6): A LATE PREHISTORIC MONONGAHELA SITE IN EAST-CENTRAL OHIO by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Naval Historic Center Washington, D.C.

INTRODUCTION Lithic Material Types and Sources than chert. As few full-length site reports Beginning in 1974 a preliminary report on The lithic material from Brokaw Village have been published for the geographical Brokaw Village (33BL-6) was initiated in the indicates a multiplicity of types and area concerned, a brief description of the Ohio Archaeologist. Since that time, other sources. Nodular river pebble cherts from various chert sources and types seems articles have followed in which specific top­ the Upper Ohio River Valley, Flint Ridge justified and accordingly follows. ics have been discussed (1976, 1978, flint from Licking and Muskingum coun­ Statistically, the most preferred material 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1989). ties, Upper Mercer chert from Coshocton of the Monongahela villagers in the manu­ Similarly, the focus of this paper will be the County and local and unidentifiable cherts facture of their chert tools is the river peb­ lithics recovered from the Brokaw site. from the general site area and beyond are ble cherts (around 65.0%) from the Ohio some of the major types and sources River, located some 18 km (11 mi) to the THE LITHIC INDUSTRY (Figure 1) of lithic material found at east. Exactly where along the Ohio the The lithic material from Brokaw Village Brokaw. Other lithic types, such as nodu­ material was quarried, however, can not is comprised of chert debitage and arti­ lar quartz and quartzite, are also present in be determined due to the historical ap­ facts. The lithic debitage indicates several minor numbers, but appear to have been pearance and growth of numerous towns of the quarry sources of the Material re­ discarded by the site inhabitants after as­ and villages up and down the river, and covered and the nature of the knapping certaining their stone types were other the more recent damming of the river it- activity which took place at the site. By way of contrast, the artifacts found, in ad­ dition to indicating lithic sources, also suggest the cultural and chronological af­ filiations of many of the specimens and the nature of the cultural activity associ­ ated with them. Indeed, the various pro­ jectile point types identified indicate the sequence of the Archaic cultures which in­ termittently utilized the site as a hunting encampment and some of the associated cultural activities. More broadly, the waste flakes and various sub-categories of arti­ fact types of Upper Mercer chert, in con­ junction with several of the Upper Mercer projectile points recovered, are proffered as provisional evidence for more extensive use of the site during the Late and Transitional Archaic periods. The end of the Archaic, however, appears to all but herald a hiatus in the cultural history of the Brokaw site until the setting is extensively reutilized by the Late Prehistoric Monongahela, as is evidenced not only by the shell-tempered ceramics and river pebble cherts, but by the several triangu­ lar projectile point types and other con­ temporaneous point types as well. A comparison of the various identifiable chert artifact types recovered from Brokaw is also made with other contem­ poraneous Archaic, Late Woodland, Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites of the Upper Ohio Valley and beyond. Although more data are required in several in­ stances, the evidence suggests cultural continuity and change within a single geo­ graphical area, similarities and differences within a single prehistoric culture area and similarities and differences between con­ temporaneous cultures occupying sepa­ rate but contiguous territories. A descrip­ tion of the various lithic types and sources follows. Figure 1 (Pickenpaugh) Map of Ohio showing the location of Brokaw Village and the sources of lithic material found at Brokaw.

37 self. The very presence of cortex on the TABLE 1 pebbles recovered, though, is a clear indi­ cation that the material did not come from the river itself, but from the banks or ter­ races adjacent to it. Evidence which may Brokaw Village Chert Types and Their Relative Percentages. be cited for the veracity of this proposition Sample comprised of waste flakes and discarded chunks and pebbles is the observation that chert pebbles dredged directly from the Ohio for com­ of chert. mercial purposes, lack any signs of cor­ tex. The fortuitous recovery of three dis­ carded river pebble chert fragments from Brokaw Village bearing fossil Paleozoic Chert Type Number Percentage coral indicate the cherts were very likely quarried from deposits near the river that date to the Silurian/Devonian age in which River Pebble 1710 67.70 the limestone had been replaced by silica (Richard Efthim, Smithsonian Institution, Flint Ridge 581 23.00 personal communication). The presence of mottled gray, tan, black and red cherts Upper Mercer 116 04.59 may suggest the materials were quarried from different locations however. Finally, it Local/Unknown 119 04.71 may be added that examination of the stream beds of McMahon and Wheeling creeks, the only two streams in the more Sample Size 2526 100.00 immediate vicinity of the site flowing through a Carboniferous limestone forma­ Table 1 (Pickenpaugh) tion with sufficient volume and velocity to produce pebbles and cobbles, failed to dam, located about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) east of nent site such as Brokaw. Indeed, the produce any cherts. the site. As the cut dates to the time of the classifier must give consideration to an With reference to where the knapping construction of the dam, it is assumed the extensive amount of literature, spanning a activity took place, although the river peb­ source was unknown to any native range of cultural periods, before assigning bles were quarried in the river valley some American Indians. a specimen to a type. Thus, should a pro­ distance from the site in the adjacent up­ Of the various identifiable cherts recov­ jectile point form appear in two cultural lands, the vast number of waste flakes at ered, Upper Mercer in its black form is the periods with a significant amount of time Brokaw displaying cortical material most infrequently used raw material (about separating them, or, should a specimen (around 40%) leave no doubt the nodules 5.0%) in the making of artifacts at Brokaw lack the requisite attributes, it is necessary were carried to the site before starting to (Table 1). This nevertheless important chert to leave the point unclassified. An exam­ work them into tool form. source lies approximately 95 km (60 mi) ple of the latter at Brokaw is a projectile Flint Ridge flint is the second most fre­ west-northwest of the study area near point which may well be an Ashtabula, quently preferred category of raw material Warsaw in Coshocton County. In fact, the however, the maximum length is only found at Brokaw (about 25.0%). This well distance from these Upper Mercer de­ around 40 mm and the percussion chip­ known lithic source lies approximately 115 posits to the Flint Ridge Vanport materials ping was crudely executed; an instance of km (70 mi) west of the site in the compara­ to the south and southwest is only 40 the former situation is the Fishspear, tively more gently rolling topography of the some kilometers (25 miles). Here, too, as at Prufer (1967:22-23) places the point type Unglaciated and Glaciated Appalachian Flint Ridge Park, numerous large open in the Late Woodland sequence, whereas Plateau. At this important source of high quarrying pits may be observed for a good Converse (1973:46) identifies the type as quality chert open quarry pits may still be description of the quarry area, see Fowke belonging to the Archaic. Neither point seen north of Brownsville at Flint Ridge (1902:624). Unlike the river pebble, Flint was accordingly included in the analysis Park. The smaller size of the Vanport chert Ridge and local cherts, however, the Upper which follows. Still, the vast majority of the cores, chunks and debitage recovered from Mercer material had apparently already specimens recovered from the Brokaw Brokaw implies the material had already been reduced to the preform and artifact site possess the requisite attributes which been considerably reduced in size prior to stages of manufacture prior to arrival at make classification possible. transport or arrival at Brokaw Village, where Brokaw, since only small to medium-sized the knapping process was completed. waste flakes have been found at the site. Some Evidence for Archaic Much less frequently utilized chert types Occupations are the local cherts (around 5.0%). These Some Problems in A total of one hundred and thirteen artifacts are manufactured from a rather Typing Projectile Points chert projectile points and numerous point broad range of cherts that are for the most The quintessential problem in the fragments have been recovered from the part assumed to be from unidentified analysis of the projectile points recovered site surface, plow zone and features un­ sources in the general site area, while oth­ from Brokaw Village is the lack of stratig­ derlying the plow zone. In all, seventeen ers may well be from much more distant raphy over much of the site. This unfortu­ projectile point types are identifiable. Eight locations. Nevertheless, there have been nate condition is of course a result of the of these types suggest the area was in­ no large pieces of chert found to suggest field being plowed and put into agricultural habited by Early, Late and Transitional the stage of reduction following quarrying production. While the analysis and identifi­ Archaic peoples. In approximately chrono­ was performed at the site. One example cation of the projectile point types present logical order they are Kirk Corner- of a local chert found near Brokaw Village at a stratified site necessarily require the Notched, Small Variety, Kanawha is a dark brown (IOYR 3/3) material of late utilization of the regional archaeological lit­ Stemmed, Archaic Side-Notched, Archaic Carboniferous (Dunkard) age appearing in erature in which the types are defined, an Concave Base Corner-Notched, a bank cut as angular chunky pieces of even greater reliance is placed on this lit­ Brewerton Eared-Notched, Vosburg, chert near the St. Clairsville Reservoir erature for an unstratified multi-compo­ Lamoka and Ashtabula.

38 This point is here assigned to the Early Archaic period of southeastern Ohio. Kanawha Stemmed points have been re­ ported from northern Alabama, Tennessee and southern West Virginia to Ohio, Michigan and New York (Broyles, 1971:59; Ritchie, 1971:115; Converse, 1973:36). Its chronological position is approximately 6200 B.C.

ARCHAIC SIDE—NOTCHED (Fig. 2, C-F). Four projectile points of this class were found. Three are from the plow zone of the Brokaw site and a fourth was found in such close proximity to the plow zone that it cannot be considered in situ. These arti­ facts are manufactured from tan, tan and gray, gray and black and mottled cream f and gray cherts of unknown origins. The maximum metric data are as follows.

Length Width Thickness N= 4 N= 4 N= 4 Range: 30.7-35.5 Range: 23.7-27.1 Range: 6.2-8.5 Mean: 33.7 Mean: 25.4 Mean: 7.4

Several varieties of this point type ap­ pear in the eastern United States. Consequently, it bears numerous regional names. Among them are Otter Creek (Ritchie, 1971:40-41), Big Sandy Side- Notched (Kneberg, 1956:25), Osceola (Bell, 1958:68), Newton Falls Side-Notched (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:23-25) and Pymatuning Side-Notched (Murphy, 1975:85). Converse has described this point (1973:18) as follows. "Archaic side- notched points are nearly always well made. They are heavy in cross-section and exhibit extensive basal grinding. The base may be straight or slightly concave but never convex. Most specimens are short Figure 2 (Pickenpaugh) Archaic projectile points. Early Archaic: (A) Kirk Corner-Notched, Small Variety, (B) Kanawha Stemmed, (C-F) Archaic Side-Notched, (G) Archaic Concave Base Corner- and wide, and one variety ... has a base Notched. Late Archaic: (H) Brewerton Eared-Notched, (I) Vosburg, (J) Lamoka. Transitional which protrudes beyond the blade edges. Archaic: (K) Ashtabula. Middle Woodland: (L) Middle Woodland Corner-Notched. It is not unusual that they show an attempt at basal thinning." All four specimens ap­ KIRK CORNER—NOTCHED, SMALL Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky (Nance, pear to conform in major respects to the VARIETY (Fig. 2 A). 1986:22, 36) and Ohio (Converse, above definition. More specifically, they are This artifact was recovered during 1973:40). The proposed age within the the variety in which the base protrudes be­ intensive/extensive surface collecting ac­ Early Archaic is around 7000 B.C. yond the blade edges. In addition, three of tivity on a plowed field west of and imme­ the Brokaw specimens are serrated. With diately adjacent to Brokaw Village. The KANAWHA STEMMED (Fig. 2, B). regard to basal thinning, it may be noted manufacturing material is Flint Ridge flint. A single specimen was recovered from that one particularly large flake has been Minor impact fracture damage has oc­ the plow zone. Unfortunately, a shoulder is removed from a single facet of each speci­ curred to the base and one barb. The missing from one side. The raw material is men, although the reverse side also ex­ maximum metric measurements are: a tannish-gray chert of unknown origins. hibits signs of thinning. It is this latter sur­ length 36.0 mm, width +28.0 mm and The metric data are as follows. The maxi­ face which displays more evidence of thickness 6.0 mm. mum length is 39.3 mm, the width is +28.0 grinding. In comparison to specimens from In comparison to specimens from the mm and the maximum thickness is 7.1 the McKibben (Prufer and Sofsky, St. Albans site (Broyles, 1971:62-63), the mm. 1965:23-25) and Mixter (Shane, 1967:135) Brokaw form accords in nearly every Except for extensive grinding over most sites in northern Ohio the Brokaw points major respect with the exception of the of one surface, the Brokaw specimen is in are a little smaller, though two or three ap­ presence of basal grinding. Still, the de­ nearly all respects similar to the Kanawha pear to be of the same variety. gree of grinding is considerably less than Stemmed points described by Broyles In northern Ohio Prufer and Sofsky that reported by Coe (1964:67, 69) in his (1971:58-59) for the St. Albans site in West (1965:23-25) place this type in the type description for Palmer Corner- Virginia. In addition, in many respects, it is Laurentian tradition with a temporal range Notched at the Hardaway site. Kirk similar to the Stanly Stemmed points from from 3000 to 1500 B.C. Dates for projec­ Corner-Notched, Small Variety projectile the Doerschuk site in North Carolina (Coe, tile points similar to these, however, range points have been reported in West 1964:35). from the inception of the Early Archaic in

39 Eastern North America, circa 8000 B.C. This projectile point type may be as­ chert of probably Upper Mercer origins. (Broyles, 1971:60-61) to its termination signed to the Late Archaic of southeastern The length is +70.0 mm, the maximum around 1000 B.C. (Kneberg, 1956:25). It is Ohio. Based on C-14 dates from the width is 17.3 mm and the maximum thick­ suggested that the Brokaw specimens O'Neil site in central New York and Krill ness is 9.0 mm. date approximately 6500 to 6000 B.C.; for Cave in northeastern Ohio, Brewerton The quality of the workmanship re­ additional discussion, see Wilkins Eared-Notched points may date around flected in the percussion and pressure (1978:29,33; 1985:22-23). 2000 B.C. (Ritchie and Funk, 1973:91; flaking is particularly good. Only the short­ Prufer, Long and Metzger, 1989:79), or ness of the stem is at variance with the ARCHAIC CONCAVE BASE earlier, as George and Davis (1986:19) definition of this point type (Converse, CORNER—NOTCHED (Fig. 2, G). have dated the Brewerton horizon of the 1973:48). Ashtabula projectile points are This specimen was recovered from the Brown site in western Pennsylvania to reported in eastern and northern Ohio site surface. Unfortunately, all that remains 4140 B.C. (Blank, 1970:272-273; Pickenpaugh, is a basal fragment. A metric thickness of 1974:45; Hill, 1986:7), Pennsylvania and 5.8 mm was the only measurement that VOSBURG (Fig. 2,1). New York (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:33). In could be determined. The manufacturing A single projectile point of this class has the latter states Ashtabula points are material is Flint Ridge flint. been recorded. This specimen was recov­ called Susquehanna Broads. This speci­ As noted, the specimen is a fragment. ered at a point intermediate between the men may be assigned to the Transitional Nevertheless, it possesses several at­ base of the plow zone and the top of a Archaic of southeastern Ohio and is dated tributes which are characteristic of the truncated Monongahela refuse pit. It is as­ between 1200 and 700 B.C. (Ritchie, Archaic in Ohio and neighboring states. sumed, however, that this artifact is of 1971:53-54). They are: (I) basal grinding, (2) concave plow zone origins. The length is 39.4 mm, base, (3) basal width is as great as, or the width is 28.6 mm and the maximum Summary of the Archaic greater than, the shoulder, (4) basal thin­ thickness is 5.3 mm. The two former The evidence for the Archaic, although ning and (5) assuming symmetry, the base should be increased by approximately 1.5 meager, indicates the Broka site was peri­ appears to be comprised of two lobes. mm due to minor impact fracture damage. odically utilized by Archaic peoples from Other projectile point types with which it The raw material is Flint Ridge flint. potentially as early as 7000 B.C. until as shares similarities are Archaic Side- The Brokaw specimen, lacking basal late as 700 B.C. The evidence also indi­ Notched (Converse, 1973:18), Kirk Corner grinding, accords with the less typical cates the inhabitants were very likely Notched (Broyles, 1971:64-65) and form of the Vosburg found in New York members of small hunting parties or small Concave Base Corner Notch (Converse, and Ohio (Ritchie, 1971:55; Converse, family hunting units, for the presence of a 1973:29). In general, it is the latter type 1973:42). This point type is assigned to few projectile point types is the only diag­ with which the Brokaw specimen shares the Late Archaic of southeastern Ohio and nostic material representing this culture. more similarities. It differs from the pre­ would date approximately 2500 B.C. Such an interpretation is given additional ceding point types in that the notches are (Ritchie, 1969:84; Prufer and Long, support by the observation that the major­ much deeper, small barbs (assuming sym­ 1986:68). ity of the specimens display impact frac­ metry) are present, the angle of the lobes ture damage. In addition to other activi­ (approximately 20°) is different and the LAMOKA (Fig. 2, J). ties, the locus, accordingly, was also a blade appears to have been relatively thin. One projectile point of this class was place at which hunting implements were Although no point type akin to this ap­ found in a soil-filled rodent burrow in asso­ repaired. Of the eleven identified speci­ pears in the archaeological literature, it is ciation with Monongahela materials. This mens recovered six are confined to a suggested that the artifact belongs either context would indicate a plow zone origin. small area some thirty-five feet wide and to the latter part of the Early Archaic or the The manufacturing material is a mottled one hundred feet long, on the upper slope early part of the Middle Archaic. The river cobble chert. The maximum metric of the northeastern side of the site. This chronological position would therefor be measurements are: length 52.3 mm, width suggests this small area may have been approximately 7000-5000 B.C. If, on the 22.5 mm and thickness 6.9 mm. intermittently seasonably employed over a several thousand year period as a tempo­ other hand, the point is related to the The Brokaw point is in principal agree­ rary hunting camp. In this regard, thermal Concave Base Corner Notch point de­ ment with the extant type description of experiments undertaken by the author on scribed by Converse, it may be contem­ Ritchie (1971:29-30) with the exception of the north and south facing slopes of the poraneous with the shell mound the presence of grinding over much of the site indicate this location may have been Lauderdale phase of the Archaic of the surfaces. However, Prufer and Sofsky used during the summer and early autumn Southeast (Willey, 1966:250) and would (1965:30) report that the presence of at months, when the south-facing slope was date essentially after 3000 B.C. least basal and lateral grinding is a feature too hot to comfortably occupy. frequently met with on Ohio specimens. BREWERTON EARED-NOTCHED Assignment to the Late Archaic of The occupations may be divided into (Fig. 2, H). southeastern Ohio is proposed for the three major periods. The first is a local One example of this projectile point type Brokaw specimen. Lamoka projectile variation of the Early Archaic. This period was recovered from the surface of the site. points are found in New York, southern is represented by Kirk Corner-Notched, One "ear" and part of the base are missing Ontario, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Small Variety, Kanawha Stemmed, Archaic as a result of impact fracture. The raw ma­ Kentucky (Ritchie, 1971:29; Shane, Side-Notched and Archaic Concave Base terial is Upper Mercer chert. The maximum 1967:138-139; Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:30; Corner-Notched projectile point types. All length is 44.4 mm, the width is +19.0 mm Prufer, Long and Metzger, 1989:79) and of the foregoing point types indicate cul­ and the maximum thickness is 5.7 mm. In dates to around 2500-2000 B.C., or possi­ tural influences from the Southeast be­ major respects the Brokaw specimen con­ bly earlier (Prufer and Long, 1986:68). tween 7000 and 5000 B.C. As the lithic forms to the description presented by materials of several of these specimens Ritchie (1971:17). In comparison to speci­ ASHTABULA (Fig. 2, K). differ considerably from the other artifacts, mens from northern Ohio the Brokaw point A single example of this type was perhaps they too are of Southeastern is somewhat longer and the length/width recovered from the plow zone. (West Virginia ?) origins. ratio is greater (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:27; Unfortunately, the tip is missing as a result The second period is represented by a Shane, 1967:137; Prufer, Long and of an impact fracture. The manufacturing local variant of the Late Archaic and may Metzger, 1989:38, 91). material is a high quality two-tone gray be related to the McKibben Phase of

40 northern Ohio (Prufer and Sofsky, added that with regard to Monongahela from rather poor to excellent. Finally, an 1965:37-38; Shane, 1967:145). Still, the sites, Griffin states that some corner- observation which must be made is that relationship of this manifestation to the notched and small stemmed points may be tip damage occurs on 38 of 50 of the tri­ Laurentian tradition of the Northeast is not associated with Monongahela, albeit the angular points. The author would contend known (Ritchie, 1969:79; Funk, 1988:32). early phases (1978:558); to these, the au­ that this fact may conceivably be ex­ Three projectile point types are present: thor would add small side-notched points. plained by the hunting practices employed Brewerton Eared-Notched, Vosburg and Triangular projectile points (see Ritchie, by the Brokaw inhabitants. In short, ar­ Lamoka. These point types suggest a time 1971:33-34) are the dominant type found rows shot while hunting were retrieved frame from circa 3000 to 2000 B.C. at Brokaw, as 50 of the 113 specimens re­ and later repaired within the context of the The third period present at the Brokaw covered (44.2%) are triangles. Convex, village, where broken projectile points site is a local manifestation of the Straight and Concave-based forms are were simply discarded. Transitional Archaic. A single Ashtabula present. Convex-based forms are the projectile point represents this period. The most prevalent shape and Concave the CONVEX-BASED TRIANGLES presence of this point type indicates cul­ minority. In outline, all of the triangular pro­ (Fig. 3, A-L). tural affiliations not only with eastern and jectile points, excluding the occurrence of Thirty-one Convex-based Triangles northern Ohio but Pennsylvania, New York a single equilateral-form, are isosceles tri­ were recovered. Seven are from the sur­ and New Jersey as well, for several angles or have slightly incurvate sides. face, seventeen are from the plow zone of stemmed points with somewhat similar Specimen lengths are approximately one excavated units, six were found in con­ morphologies appear in the Late and and a half times the basal width. The texts below the plow zone - but only two Transitional Archaic and continue into cross-sections are thin. With reference to or three are presumed to be definitely as­ Early Woodland times (Ritchie, 1971:14, manufacturing materials, the principal ma­ sociated with features -, and one was re­ 39, 53). The proposed time frame is be­ terials employed in making these artifacts covered during intensive/extensive sur­ tween 1200 B.C. and 700 B.C. are the fine-grained tan and mottled gray face collecting activity conducted on the As an addendum, some half a dozen river pebble cherts from the banks and field west of and immediately adjacent to other projectile points recovered may also terraces of the Ohio River. The quality of Brokaw Village. Twenty-three projectile be Archaic in origin, but their identification these materials is uniformly quite good, as points are made of tan, red and mottled is less certain due to a fragmentary condi­ is the workmanship in the execution of gray river pebble cherts, five of Flint Ridge tion, or nearly identical point types appear these specimens, although quality ranges flint (one specimen is thermally altered) in later cultures and they will consequently not be considered here.

The Late Woodland Monongahela Occupation Of the numerous chert projectile points found at Brokaw only the basal fragments of two or three of the larger stemmed points can with any likelihood be at­ tributed to the Early Woodland phase. ff f tff Indeed, the recovery of a single basal fragment of a Middle Woodland Corner- Notched point (Fig. 2, L) may constitute the only evidence for Middle Woodland peoples at the site. Even this specimen, however, may very well belong to the Late Woodland Monongahela archaeological assemblage, since this point type has been observed in early Fort Ancient cul­ tural contexts as well (Prufer and Shane, ?f Iff 1970:88-89). The manufacturing material is Flint Ridge flint, the maximum body width is 27.6 mm and the thickness is 6.3 mm. The maximum thickness was very likely greater, for evidence of extensive pot lidding is apparent. This artifact is from the plow zone. ^ T • U ^ v W w W * " Chert projectile point types which may be cited for the presence of Late Prehistoric Monongahela people occupying Brokaw Village are Convex-based Triangles, Straight-based Triangles and Convex-based Triangles. To these triangles may be added Chesser Notched, Jack's Reef Pentagonal and small notched and stemmed projectile points. Typologically re­ lated points of all the foregoing types, ex­ cept Jack's Reef Pentagonal, were re­ ported at Chesser Cave (Prufer, 1967:18-23) and Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970;79-87), Late Woodland and Fort Ancient sites, respectively. It may be Figure 3 (Pickenpaugh) Triangular projectile points. Convex-based (A-L); Straight-based (M-R); Concave-based (S-X).

41 and three of cherts of local origins. The (Prufer and Shane, 1970:82), Graham Length Width Thickness sides of eleven are straight, whereas Village (McKenzie, 1967:72) and Philo I, N= 1 N= 2 N= 2 twenty are incurvate. Six triangles have Philo II and Richards (Carskadden and Range: 45.0 Range: 19.6-20.1 Range: 8.4-8.7 "ears" and an additional six specimens are Morton, 1977:76). With regard to metrics, Mean: Mean: 19.8 Mean: 8.5 serrated. The maximum metric data are as the Brokaw points are a little smaller than follows. nearly all of the sites with which a compar­ In essentially all respects, the Brokaw ison was made. Village specimens conform to the type de­ Length Width Thickness scription by Prufer (1967:21) for the Late N=5 N=12 N=31 CONCAVE-BASED TRIANGLES Woodland Chesser Cave site in southeast­ Range: 24.4-30.6 Range: 12.5-22.1 Range: 3.0-5.4 (Fig. 3, S-X). ern (Athens County) Ohio. Chesser Mean: 27.0 Mean: 17.0 Mean: 4.2 Seven Concave-based Triangles were Notched points are associated primarily recorded. All seven artifacts were recov­ with Late Woodland sites in southern, cen­ In many respects, the Convex-based ered from the plow zone. The manufactur­ tral and east-central Ohio (Prufer, 1981:26- Triangles recovered from the Brokaw site ing material of five projectile points is tan 28; Omerod, 1983:27, 29; Marwitt, Sauser are similar to those found at Chesser Cave and mottled gray river pebble chert, and and Sterling, 1986:13), but appear in (Prufer, 1967:19), White Rocks (Omerod, two are made from Upper Mercer material. Middle Woodland and Fort Ancient con­ 1983:26-28), Tower (Brown, 1981:47), Concerning the bases, six of the seven are texts as well (Prufer and Shane, 1970:84; Hunt (Grubb and Allen, 1979:48), Wylie only slightly concave, while the sides of Converse, 1973:64; Carskadden and (Eisert, 1981:28-29), McKees Rocks three specimens are incurvate and four Morton, 1977:79-80). Chesser points ap­ (Buker, 1968:29), Richards, Philo I and are straight. One of the latter is equilateral pear to be infrequently associated with Philo II (Carskadden and Morton, in form. None display serration but two ev­ Monongahela sites, although at Brokaw 1977:75). Regarding the metrics, however, idence extensive surface grinding. The they are assumed to be part of the in general, the Brokaw specimens are a lit­ metric data are as follows. Monongahela assemblage. At the Wylie tle smaller than those reported from Late site in southwestern Pennsylvania, in con­ Woodland and Fort Ancient sites, but are Length Width Thickness trast, the Chesser-like points are attributed to a late Middle Woodland occupation, al­ nearly identical to those from other N= 3 N= 7 N= 7 though early Late Woodland is not ruled Monongahela settings. Convex-based Range: 19.8-27.9 Range: 14.1-20.7 Range: 3.6-6.1 out (Eisert, 1981:28,58). forms are found much less frequently, Mean: 23.5 Mean: 17.9 Mean: 4.6 nevertheless, at Pennsylvania and West Virginia Monongahela sites and are, ac­ The Concave-based Triangles from JACK'S REEF PENTAGONALS cordingly, assumed to have at least spatial Brokaw Village, again, appear to be smaller (Fig. 4, C-D). if not temporal significance. than their counterparts from Late Two specimens of this type were Woodland, Monongahela and Fort Ancient recovered from the plow zone of exca­ STRAIGHT—BASED TRIANGLES (Fig. sites, although the Monongahela projectile vated units. The manufacturing raw mate­ 3, ll-R). points are clearly the closest in morphol­ rials are Flint Ridge flint and a black Upper Twelve Straight-based Triangles were ogy and metrics. Concave-based Triangles Mercer material. The tip of the Flint Ridge reported. With the exception of one speci­ are the minority type - or are entirely ab­ specimen is broken off. The permissible men recovered from level 1 of a feature, all sent - at Late Woodland, Monongahela maximum metric data are: of the projectile points were recovered and Fort Ancient sites such as Chesser from the surface and plow zone. Six are Cave (Prufer, 1967:19), Raven Rocks Length Width Thickness manufactured from gray and tan river peb­ (Prufer, 1981), Tower (Brown, 1981), Blain N= 1 N=2 N=2 ble cherts, three from Flint Ridge flint and Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:80) and Range: 30.9 Range: 22.8-24.7 Range: 4.0-4.8 three from Upper Mercer material. The Philo II, Richards and Philo I (Carskadden Mean: Mean: 23.7 Mean: 4.4 sides of seven triangles are straight and and Morton, 1977:76). However, in combi­ five are incurvate. Two specimens are ser­ nation with Straight-based Triangles, they Jack's Reef Pentagonals have already rated and another displays considerable predominate in southwestern Pennsylvania been defined by Ritchie (1971:28). And, surface grinding. The metric data are as and West Virginia at such sites as Drew as the two Brokaw specimens clearly follows. (Buker, 1970:37), Ryan (George, 1978:26), meet the defining criteria, no additional Wylie (Eisert, 1981:28), Gnagey (George, comment will be proffered beyond noting Length Width Thickness 1983:44), Novak (Boyce, 1985:44), that they are an infrequent type reported N=3 N= 11 N=12 Henderson Rocks (Baker, 1981:10), Man at sites with Late Woodland components Range: 19.2-28.1 Range: 13.2-23.0 Range: 3.4-5.4 (Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:13), (Carskadden and Morton, 1977:79; Friendsville (Boyce-Ballweber, 1987:15- Mean: 24.0 Mean: 17.4 Mean: 4.2 Pousson, 1983:62). The careful chipping 16), Kane and Russell City Earthworks over the entire surface of one specimen (LaBar, 1987:39, 43) and Krill Cave and A comparison of Brokaw Village and the wear pattern on the other indi­ Hale (Prufer, Long and Metzger, Straight-based Triangles with specimens cate these are finished products and not 1989:3334). The latter two are Whittlesey recovered from Late Woodland, preforms. sites, located in northeastern Ohio Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites indi­ (Summit County). cates minor morphological differences. Small Notched and Stemmed Points Still, a greater similarity of forms occurs Since at least the mid 1960s the authors between the various Monongahela sites CHESSER NOTCHED (Fig. 4, A-B). of Late Woodland, Fort Ancient and than between Monongahela and Late Two examples of this projectile point Monongahela site reports have been con­ Woodland or Fort Ancient, for example: type were found. Unfortunately, the distal fronted with the problem of the presence Peters Cave B (Prufer and McKenzie, end of one is missing. The latter specimen of small notched and stemmed points on 1966:247), Raven Rocks (Prufer, 1981:26), was recovered from the surface of the site, archaeological sites and the determination Chesser Cave (Prufer, 1967:20), White while the other was found at the base of of their cultural origins. As a result, in Rocks (Omerod, 1983:28), Tower (Brown, the plow zone. One is manufactured from many instances, the projectile points have 1981:47), Ryan (George, 1978:26), Drew Upper Mercer chert and the other from a been attributed to either Archaic or Early (Buker, 1970:35-38), Friendsville (Boyce- low quality chert material. The maximum and Middle Woodland cultures because Ballweber, 1987:15-16), Blain Village metric data are as follows. the authors doubted the specimens were

42 Length Width Thickness N=8 N=9 N=10 Range: 25.9-33.1 Range: 14.2-24.2 Range: 5.0-8.7 Mean: 29.5 Mean: 19.5 Mean: 6.9

The most distinguishing characteristic of the small Brokaw Village corner- notched points is the shoddiness of the workmanship. Thus, crudeness of form, percussion chipping and thick cross-sec­ tions are the most dominant features of the specimens. Small to medium-sized, relatively symmetrical corner notches are the norm, while blade forms are triangular, ranging from straight to excurvate. Biconvex and plano-convex cross-sec­ tions are present, although biconvex forms appear more frequently. The basal configurations are divided nearly equally between straight and convex. Small Corner-Notched projectile points with similar attributes were recovered from Raven Rocks (Prufer, 1981:29), Hunt (Grubb and Allen, 1979:48), Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:86), Graham Village (McKenzie, 1967:73) and an un­ named Philo Phase site in eastern Ohio (Brown, 1976:25), Late Woodland, Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites, re­ spectively. Still, they do not appear as fre­ quently on contemporaneous sites in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. By way of contrast, Converse reports that specimens akin to these - "Birdpoints" - are com­ monly found in limited numbers on Mississippian sites (1973:72).

SMALL SIDE-NOTCHED POINTS (Fig. 4, J-L). Four Small Side-Notched points were found. One is from the general site sur­ face, two from the plow zone of excavated units and the last from level one of a fea­ ture. One of the specimens is made from gray river pebble chert, another from Bisher chert and two are manufactured from local chert materials of unknown ori­ gins. Two of the projectile points have mi­ nor tip damage while a third displays con­ Figure 4 (Pickenpaugh) Projectile points. Chesser Notched (A-B); Jack's Reef Pentagonals (C-D); siderable damage to the tip and part of Small Corner-Notched (E-l); Small-Side-Notched (J-L); Small Stemmed (M-N); Archaic projectile points? (0-R). the base. The metric data appear below. from the assemblages of the late cultures SMALL CORNER—NOTCHED POINTS Length Width Thickness of the Middle and Upper Ohio Valley re­ (Fig. 4, E-l). N=1 N=3 N=3 gion. The explanation for this situation is Ten Small Corner-Notched projectile Range: 31.5 Range: 18.0-18.5 Range: 5.7-6.5 in part to be found in the archaeological points were recovered. Two are from the Mean: Mean: 18.3 Mean: 5.9 history of the area, for in the earlier site re­ general site surface, seven are from the ports, the writers made no direct reference plow zone of excavated units and one is The recovery of such a small number of to the presence of such point types. In ad­ from the first level of an excavated feature. side-notched points in conjunction with dition, all too frequently, there was an ab­ Three specimens are manufactured from the amount of impact fracture damage re­ sence of stratigraphy on the sites con­ gray river pebble chert, three from Flint ceived by one of the specimens - permits cerned, and it was customary to account Ridge flint (one point is thermally altered), but a limited number of generalizations to for the presence of such notched and two from black Upper Mercer chert and be made. Accordingly, like their corner- stemmed point types by stating that they two from local cherts of unknown sources. notched counterparts, shoddiness of were probably from earlier occupations of Very minor tip impact fracturing occurs on workmanship in general characterizes the the site, or reused pickups from earlier three projectile points and two more dis­ artifacts. In addition, the small side- cultures. Only more recently has it been play more major damage. The metric data notches are relatively symmetrical and the realized that many of these artifacts are are as follows. blades are triangular. In contrast, however, part and parcel to the cultures of the late on two of the specimens, the blade forms period. are asymmetrical and the tips are off-cen-

43 tered. All, though, possess straight basal considerable amount of damage. Still, the ufactured from river pebble chert, sixteen configurations that range from a little damage sustained by the majority of the from Flint Ridge flint, eleven from black broader than the blade to a little less so. specimens is not sufficient to preclude Upper Mercer material and three from un­ Morphologically similar side-notched classification. The specimens simply lack known local cherts. The mean length of points have been reported in Late the attributes of the established projectile the following types are approximately as Woodland, Monongahela and Fort Ancient point typologies appearing in the archaeo­ follows. Trianguloid (N=10): 28 mm; ex­ contexts such as White Rocks (Omerod, logical literature. To what extent the points panded base (N=8): 29 mm; expanded 1983:30), Raven Rocks (Prufer, 1981:28), may thus represent local types within the rectangular bases (N=8): 32 mm; straight Peters Cave B (Prufer and McKenzie, broader regional developments, or end (N=8): 39 mm; bi-pointed (N=l): 30.5 mm. 1966:243, 247), Tower (Brown, 1981:48), products that simply do not lend them­ Finally, the slightly shorter, thicker cross- Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:84, selves to easy classification is not known. sectioned trianguloid drills cannot be con­ 86), Graham Village (McKenzie, 1967:73) On a more general level, however, it sidered a precursor form of the thinner, and an unnamed Philo Phase village site seems safe to assign the artifacts to the flatter expanded base drill type. Each was in Muskingum County, Ohio (Brown, later manifestations of the Archaic (Late manufactured as a separate type. 1976:25, 28). Some of the side-notched and Transitional) and to the following Drills, of course, have traditionally re­ specimens from the Monongahela Duvall Woodland cultures. Several of the speci­ ceived less than full attention by site re­ site in the northern panhandle of West mens, in fact, may well be contemporane­ port writers, and a comparison of Brokaw Virginia may also be of this type (Dunnell, ous with the culturally unidentifiable ce­ Village specimens with other sites is corre­ 1980:16,23). ramics referenced in chapter 3. The raw spondingly rendered more difficult. Still, it material types present are Flint Ridge flint, would appear that the drill types from SMALL STEMMED POINTS black Upper Mercer and local cherts. most Monongahela sites in southwestern (Fig. 4, M-N). Pennsylvania are more different (Buker, Three Small Stemmed points comprise Drills and Perforators 1968:31-32; Eisert, 1981:31-32) than simi­ this category. All three artifacts are from Forty-eight drills and perforators, lar to the Brokaw classifications, with the plow zone excavated units. The manufac­ comprising seven classifications, make Ryan site being an exception rather than turing raw materials are Flint Ridge flint, up the drill inventory (Fig. 5, A-X)- Of the rule (George, 1978:27-30), as is the black Upper Mercer chert and a low qual­ these, eighteen are complete but only Fort Ancient Blain Village site in south­ ity quartzite material of, originally, glacial three specimens are from features, and western Ohio (Prufer and Shane, 1970:95). origins. None of the projectile points dis­ they are refuse pits. Of the seven formal Indeed, as a generalization, drills from the play any evidence of damage, although classes, three trianguloid, expanded Mississippianized cultures of the latter one specimen is manufactured from a base and expanded rectangular bases - state appear to compare more favorably larger expanding stem point. The metric may have served the same functions, to the Brokaw specimens, although they data are as follows. and their styles, intergrading somewhat, are somewhat larger. may simply reflect the preferences of Length Width Thickness their manufacturers. This contention, Knives N= 3 N= 3 N= 3 nevertheless, should be tempered by the The Brokaw knife assemblage is quite Range: 28.5-34.8 Range: 18.9-22.5 Range: 4.4-7.6 observation that nearly twice as many small. Only nineteen specimens have Mean: 32.1 Mean: 21.5 Mean: 5.8 trianguloid drills as expanded base and been recovered, and all of these are from expanded rectangular bases, lack their the surface or were excavated from the The presence of only three stemmed extreme distal tips due to fracture dam­ plow zone. The predominant knife form is points allows only a limited number of age. Of the four remaining classes, two, triangular in outline, although several of generalizations. Like the notched speci­ straight and bi-pointed drills, which are the larger specimens tend towards lance­ mens, carelessness of workmanship char­ also quite similar in form, were probably olate. Unfortunately, all of the larger knives acterizes all three projectile points. In ad­ used for reaming or boring purposes. are broken transversely through the mid­ dition, both biconvex and plano-convex The sixth category, comprised of five section, and only their proximal ends re­ cross-sections appear, and blade forms thin, narrow, sharply pointed tip remains, main (Fig- 6, A-F)- Of these, five bases are symmetrical, ranging from straight to probably functioned as perforators of a range from ovate to convex, one is excurvate. One stem is small, crude and light, soft material such as animal skins. straight and one is missing as a result of contracting, a second is crude and Nine additional damaged specimens of a heat damage. Four of the bifacial artifacts straight and the third is well-formed and larger and heavier construction, manu­ are manufactured from Upper Mercer expanding. Shoulders are minimally to factured from black Upper Mercer chert chert, one from Flint Ridge flint and two well defined. and a dark gray material which may also from an unknown chert type. The quality be of Upper Mercer origins, form yet an­ Small Stemmed points are a minority of the workmanship ranges from fair to ex­ other subset of categories. These latter type at Brokaw and, where they appear, at cellent. The mean metric basal width (N=6) specimens are in fact believed to be other late prehistoric sites as well. In addi­ is 27.5 mm, the range is 21.0 to 38.1 mm; from an earlier component of the site tion, all three Brokaw artifacts are rather the mean thickness (N=7) is 7.9 mm, and (Fig. 5, T-X). dissimilar from each other. In comparison the range is 6.7 to 9.1 mm. to specimens from Late Woodland, Only four or five of the trianguloid and With one exception, the remaining Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites the expanded base drills may be reworked twelve knives are much smaller (Fig. 6, G- Brokaw Village points are smaller and dis­ projectile points. The rest were clearly O). All of the latter are triangular in outline play, in the main, as many differences as manufactured to serve as drills, as is evi­ and nine are of the "humpbacked" type similarities. Only in isolated instances do denced by their diamond or cylinder- (Munson and Munson, 1972:31-35), while specimens compare favorably, for exam­ shaped cross-sections. A comparison of one is unifacial and one is damaged. ple, at Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, drill base types with their triangular projec­ Seven of the humpbacked specimens are 1970: Figure 12, C) and Raven Rocks tile point counterparts indicates all three manufactured from tan and gray river peb­ (Prufer, 1981: Figure 4, b). forms - convex, straight and concave - are ble chert and have convex bases, and two are made from Flint Ridge flint and pos­ The cultural origins of the remaining present, but the relative percentages of sess straight bases. Three of the river eleven projectile points remain unknown. each are different. Notwithstanding this pebble chert artifacts display cortex mate­ All are medium-sized artifacts which, with fact, concave bases continue to be a mi­ rial. Thus the quality of the workmanship, one exception, display from very little to a nority form. Eighteen specimens are man­

44 The limited number and fragmentary condition of so many of the knives from Brokaw make comparison with contem­ porary sites and cultures difficult and rather tenuous. As a generalization, though, they appear to be more similar to the Late Woodland and Mississippianized cultures of the southern portion of Ohio (Carskadden and Morton, 1977:76-82; Brown, 1981:46-48; Prufer and Shane, I 1970:79, 91) than the knife forms found on Monongahela sites in northern West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania and western Maryland. Sites in the latter area, which may or may not have humpbacked and larger triangular and lanceolate- shaped knives, have stemmed and shoul­ dered, notched and leaf-shaped, and V other forms of knives (George, 1978:26, 29; Buker, 1968:29, 3132; Eisert, 1981:31- 33; Herbstritt, 1981:27), which do not ap­ f pear at Brokaw Village.

Sidescrapers on Unifacial Primary Flakes A total of eight scrapers comprise this classification (Fig. 7, A-G)- Four of the specimens are from excavated plow zone units, two from the general site surface and two from level 2 of refuse pits. Four scrapers are manufactured from Flint F r T.M f Ridge flint, three from river pebble chert and one from Upper Mercer chert. All ap­ pear to have been manufactured by the same technique: (I) a single core surface was percussion chipped to the desired form, (2) the prepared surface was then detached from the core, and (3) retouch chipping was finally undertaken on one or more of the lateral edges. Indeed, this contention is supported by the observa­ tion that four of the seven specimens had been heat treated after step one, so that M ? when steps two and three were executed, the newly created surfaces were much more lustrous and the colors brighter. Although no two scrapers look alike, and the quality of the workmanship is rather poor, their measurements are not dissimi­ lar. The mean length is 31.0 mm, the range is 25.3 to 36.4 mm; the mean width is 22.1 mm, the range is 13.3 to 33.9 mm; the mean thickness is 6.8 mm, and the range is 5.0 to 9.1 mm.

01 23456785 6 7 8 9 9 10 Sidescraper on Angular Core Chunk Figure 5 (Pickenpaugh) Drills. Straight (A-D); Bi-Pointed (E); Trianguloid (F-l); Expanded Base (J-N); Only one sidescraper on an angular Rectangular Base (O-S); Archaic Drills? (T-X). core chunk has been found (Fig. 7, H). This object was recovered from the plow in general, is poor, which is in striking ceive further consideration. The remain­ zone of an excavation unit. And the manu­ contrast to the good workmanship found ing knife, is an elongated, thick triangle facturing raw material is a striped form of in the projectile points. The mean metric with an upcurving tip (Fig.6, P ). In cross- Flint Ridge flint (Converse, 1974:10). The data are: length (N=7): 31.5 mm, the section, one side is convex and the other following metric data are reported: length: range is 23.8 to 44.2 mm; the mean triangular. The material is Upper Mercer 41 mm; width: 29 mm; and thickness: 15 width (N=9) is 18.4 mm, the range is 12.6 chert. The metric data are: length: 50.0 mm. This scraper, like several of the to 27.6 mm; the mean thickness (N=10) mm; width: 17.7 mm; thickness: 10.1 sidescrapers on a unifacial primary flake, is 7.7 mm, and the range is 4.5 to 13.1 mm. This artifact, and the three larger is also thermally altered, for highly lustrous mm. As only one unifacial knife of black Upper Mercer knives, are believed to be wavy flake scars may be observed over river pebble chert appears, and the tip of associated with an earlier occupation of the entire pressure flaked piano surface it is missing, this specimen will not re­ the site. and the adjacent retouched working edge.

45 The manufacturing technique for this specimen appears to be nearly identical to the three steps outlined above. The quality of the workmanship may be characterized as quite good. The question may be asked, of course, B why over half the sidescrapers have been • W thermally altered when no other artifact class has been similarly treated, and, sec­ ondly, why was Flint Ridge flint the pre­ ferred chert type over all others employed by the Brokaw Villagers in the manufactur­ ing of this tool type? Perhaps it may be suggested that the answer to the first question lies in the possibility that the heat treating process may have imparted a durability property to the material, in addi­ tion to potentially improving its chippabil- ity and esthetic appearance, as reported by Collins in his experimental heating of chert from Brokaw Village and the Flint Ridge Park environs in an earlier manuscript (see Pickenpaugh and Collins, 1978:10). In answer to the second ques­ tion, it is presumably the quality of the Flint Ridge material that made it so desir­ able, in addition, its naturally tabular form would have imposed no limitations on the size of the artifacts produced, as would have, for example, the relatively small river pebble chert nodules from the adjacent Ohio River Valley.

Endscraper on Unifacial Primary Flake One endscraper on a unifacial primary flake is the only specimen of this category recovered from Brokaw Village (Fig. 7, I). This object was found within the general plow zone of an excavation unit. The man­ ufacturing material is a black river pebble chert; cortex material covers all of one surface except where the distal flakes were removed by pressure flaking. The metric data are as follows: length: 28.9 mm; width: 22.0 mm; thickness: 4.8 mm. Not only the end flake scars forming this Figure 6 (Pickenpaugh) Knives. Large Ovate-, Convex- and Straight-Based (A-E); Mid-Section (F); artifact, but all other surfaces as well dis­ Small Triangular (G-O); Elongated Triangular (P). play evidence of considerable wear, thus attesting to the fact that this artifact re­ heavily used. This specimen, like the care­ found at Brokaw, while producing variants ceived considerable usage. fully pressure flaked working edge, but ex­ and types of their own (Prufer and Shane, tensively pot lidded Upper Mercer unifa­ 1970:91, 94, 97-98, 101-102; Carskadden Bifacially Chipped Endscrapers cial flake sidescraper reported above, is and Morton, 1977:77-78, 84; Prufer, A single specimen of a bifacially believed to be associated with an earlier 1981:31-32). Still, comparison of tool chipped endscraper composes the only occupation of the site. types such as scrapers with other sites is example of this type found at Brokaw (Fig. The very limited number of scrapers re­ hampered by the view of site reporters 7, J). This artifact, like many others, unfor­ covered, in conjunction with the fact that that this undiagnostic tool type should not tunately, was recovered from the general two of these are presumed to be vestiges be given greater consideration. site surface and additional provenience in­ of an earlier component of the site, makes formation is unavailable. The manufactur­ comparative conclusions with relevant Flake Blade ing raw material is Upper Mercer chert. contemporary late sites and cultures only A single Flint Ridge flint flake blade, The metric data are: length: 32.7 mm; suggestive in nature. These eight speci­ collected from the general site surface, is width: 16.8 mm; thickness: 8.4 mm. With mens, nevertheless, in contrast to the the only specimen of this type to have the exception of the unmodified base, this knife and drill forms previously discussed, been recovered (Fig. 7, K). The ventral sur­ artifact is characterized by rather carefully appear to exhibit greater similarities with face detached from the core is concave executed pressure flaking on both convex the Monongahela sites of southwestern and the dorsal surface is triangular much surfaces, producing a relatively well de­ Pennsylvania (for example, George, of its length, as a curved Y-shaped ridge fined continuous edge around the lower 1983:44, 46-47; Herbstritt, 1981:24; runs nearly end to end. The two lateral three-quarters of the tool. The wear on the Eisert, 1981:33-34) than the edges exhibit numerous small nicks, at­ flake scar ridges over a major portion of Mississippianized cultures of Ohio, which testing to a moderate amount of use. The the specimen indicate it was probably may entirely lack any of the scraper forms colors of this artifact - red, yellow and blue

46 as follows. The chert material from each level of each excavation unit was analyzed to type (Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer, river pebble (with cortex and no cortex) and un­ known or local); (2) each type of chert re­ covered from each level was sorted by size from smallest specimen to largest; (3) the maximum metric length, width and thickness of each specimen was deter­ mined using dial calipers, and recorded to the nearest tenth of a millimeter; (4) eight size intervals of chert depicting ranges of length, width and thickness were created to classify the measured material into table form; and (5) a sample size of thir­ teen hundred and fifteen specimens was selected in order to adequately represent the site (Table 3). f • As indicated, the purpose of the analy­ ses is to compare the debitage of the sev­ eral chert types found at Brokaw and to undertake an interpretation of the various similarities and differences noted. To this end, several observations may be made, they are as follows. The river pebble chert waste flakes displaying cortex are, in the main, larger than the river pebble cherts lacking cortex; the Upper Mercer debitage waste flakes are smaller than any other chert type waste flake material recovered from the Brokaw site; many of the un­ known/local specimens are "blocky" in form and frequently appear to lack the requisite quality necessary for the Manufacture of tools; the 11-15 mm range Figure 7 (Pickenpaugh) Scrapers. Sidescrapers on Unifacial Primary Flakes (A-G); Sidescraper on is the highest frequency category of all the Angular Core Chunk (H); Endscraper on Unifacial Primary Flake (I); Bifacially Chipped Endscraper (J); chert types; and, finally, as a corollary, the Flake Blade (K). study indicates the absence of debitage waste material smaller than 5 mm in size. - are faded and muted, making it clear this scraper. The remaining objects are too A brief interpretation of the preceding ob­ object has been heat treated. The maxi­ fragmentary to classify to type but are no servations appears below. mum metric data are as follows: length: 31 doubt tips, mid-sections and basal pieces As regards the nodular cherts, the ob­ mm, width: 15 mm and thickness: 5.0 mm. of projectile points, drills, knives, scrapers servation to the effect that the river pebble In comparison to blades reported from and other tool types. The chert types are: specimens displaying cortical material are other Ohio and Pennsylvania late prehis­ Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer, river pebble larger than the river pebble debitage lack­ toric sites the Brokaw specimen does not and unknown or local (Table 2). ing cortex may be explained by the core pass muster as a "true" blade (see Prufer, reduction process. Thus, after first re­ 1967:28-29, 55; Carskadden and Morton, Some Statistical and Analytical moval by percussion of a small to 1977:80, 85; Prufer and Shane, 1970:91, Interpretations medium-sized waste flake from one end of 96; Buker, 1970:36-37, 39; Herbstritt, A sample of thirteen hundred and fifteen the nodules in order to create a striking 1981:26). Still, the specimen is assumed debitage chert waste flakes, core frag­ platform, the Brokaw knappers detached to belong to the Monongahela component ments and cores was selected for statisti­ large primary flakes by striking the pre­ of Brokaw Village. cal and analytical analyses from the previ­ pared platform at a point parallel to the Three additional specimens of Flint ously described sample appearing in the long axis. This process accordingly pro­ Ridge material appear to be the distal and lithic material types and sources section of duced the largest pieces of waste deb­ proximal ends of blades. The damaged this chapter (see also Table 1). Briefly itage prior to working the remaining core condition of the artifacts, however, pre­ stated, the purpose of the analyses is to material into tool form. cludes their classification with certainty. compare the several chert type waste The second observation, that the Upper These objects were recovered from the flakes found at Brokaw Village and to un­ Mercer debitage waste flakes are smaller plow zone. dertake an interpretation of the various than any other chert type waste flakes similarities and differences noted. In order found at Brokaw, is statistically demon­ Varia to adequately represent the identifiable strable by the fact that the two largest Four one-of-a-kind tool forms that are chert types recovered from the Brokaw Upper Mercer specimens recovered are too crude to properly identify, sixty-one bi- site, the study sample utilized in these only 23.8 mm in length, while the other face fragments and one heat damaged analyses was in large part selected from chert types range from 42.1 mm (river unifacial object comprise the category the K-series of excavation units. pebble with cortex) to 63.9 mm (Flint "varia". Regarding the first four artifacts, Ridge). This observation becomes all the two appear to be crude knives of different Methodology more interesting when one considers that manufacturing styles, one a drill or perfo­ The methodology employed in the the Upper Mercer material naturally oc­ rator and the last a crude unifacial flake statistical analysis of the chert debitage is curs in tabular form, while the local river

47 Subsequent to the analysis of the pro­ TABLE 2 jectile points, an analysis of the various chert and chert tool types was under­ taken. During the course of the former en­ deavor, it became apparent that the Upper Brokaw Village Chert Types and Their Relative Percentages. Mercer material had already been reduced to the preform and artifact stages of man­ Sample comprised of all chert artifacts recovered during excava­ ufacture prior to arrival at Brokaw, since tions at Brokaw Village. only small to medium-sized waste flakes of this type have been found at the site - the maximum length is 23.8 mm (Table 3). In addition, the analysis of the drills, Chert Type Number Percentage knives and scrapers each produced a sub-type, larger in size and consistently of good workmanship, which were manufac­ tured solely from black Upper Mercer 31. 275 River Pebble 76 chert. On the basis of these independent, but combined facts, it has been con­ Flint Ridge 31 275 76 cluded that a culture predating the Upper Mercer 52 21 399 Monongahela, which may have exclusively utilized Upper Mercer chert in the manu­ Unknown/Local 37 15 226 facture of its stone tools, used a relatively restricted area of the Brokaw site at an un­ Bisher 1 00 411 known period in time. By way of exten­ sion, of course, it is possible to identify the Quartzite 1 00 411 projectile points which were correspond­ ingly associated with the lithic tool types of this culture. The four specimens con­ 243 100 00 cerned of Upper Mercer manufacture, al­ though displaying varying degrees of damage as previously noted, unfortu­ Table 2 (Pickenpaugh) nately, lack the attributes of the estab­ lished projectile point typologies appear­ pebble cherts found at the Brokaw site process. In short, the debitage smaller than 5 mm in size - retouch flakes and ing in the archaeological literature and it is rarely exceed 40 mm in maximum length therefore not possible to identify these batter material - fell through the " hard­ prior to the removal of cortical material points to type. On a more general level, ware cloth screens. The extent to which from their surfaces. In addition, Flint Ridge though, their attributes suggest a Late and this is true is confirmed by the examina­ chert, which also occurs naturally in tabu­ Transitional Archaic and Early Woodland lar form, and is even more distant from tion of the unpicked below-the-plow-zone cultural affiliation. Brokaw Village than the Upper Mercer de­ water screened material in which a screen posits, has produced both the greatest with an orifice size of only 1.8 mm was uti­ In view of the recovery of only a single number and the largest cores. This situa­ lized. All of the specimens examined were Adena Plain-like Early Woodland sherd tion can only be explained by the fact that less than 5 to 6 mm in their maximum di­ from the site, however, and the absence of the Upper Mercer material had already mension. site stratigraphy and a well worked out been reduced to artifacts and preform size area projectile point sequence, the mate­ prior to arrival at Brokaw. DISCUSSION rial is provisionally assigned to the Late A third observation, that many of the As the evidence for the presence of and Transitional Archaic (Fig. 4, O-R). It is unknown/local specimens are "blocky" or Archaic activity at Brokaw has already accordingly suggested that the upper angular in form and often appear to lack been discussed, it will not be addressed northeastern slope of the Brokaw site was the requisite quality for the manufacture of again. However, prior to discussing the intermittently utilized by members of hunt­ tools, indicates these specimens were fre­ lithic evidence for the Late Prehistoric ing parties or, more likely, members of one quently rejected prior to commencing the Monongahela, it is necessary to give brief or more small hunting family units, as the knapping process because the material consideration to the lithic materials which apparent differential clustering of projectile was coarse grained, heavily weathered, appear to postdate the Archaic but pre­ points and knives from the drills, suggests laminated with other stone types and, date the Monongahela. Thus, as indicated the initial processing of game killed and generally, was unsatisfactory as a raw ma­ near the outset of this chapter, the the repair of hunting implements by men terial for the making of usable stone tools. quintessential problem in the analysis of (primarily excavation units l-IO-P-Q) was a The fourth observation, that the 11-15 the projectile points recovered from different activity area from the skin work­ mm length range is the highest frequency Brokaw Village is the lack of stratigraphy ing and other activities by the women (pri­ category of all the chert types present at over much of the site and the attendant marily 2-K-K-1-6 and nearby K103 and K- Brokaw, indicates the early finishing necessity of relying on the established 107). The presence of only small to stages of artifact manufacture at the site, projectile point types defined in the re­ medium-sized waste flakes and the ab­ as the waste flakes are a combination of gional archaeological literature. Accord­ sence of larger primary flakes and cores of pressure and percussion, although the for­ ingly, with the exception of only a dozen or Upper Mercer chert is to be explained by mer appear to predominate. so specimens, it has been possible to the fact tool manufacturing was probably identify the cultural origins of all the pro­ done at workshop and base camp sites, Finally, the corollary observation that an whereas the Brokaw site was only a tem­ absence of debitage waste material jectile points. The remaining specimens, of course, were thought to represent the later porary seasonal (summer and early fall) smaller than 5 mm in size characterizes hunting camp. The proposed dates for the the Brokaw Village chert industry may be manifestations of the Archaic (Late and Transitional) and the following Woodland occupation of the site are between 2000 explained by the size of the hardware B.C. and 700 B.C. cloth mesh employed in the screening cultures.

48 The lithic industry at Brokaw Village is Indeed, analysis of the lithic material A facsimile of this scenario, however, is the second largest industry associated from Brokaw Village indicates a multiplicity not applicable to the provisionally identi­ with the site. The vast bulk of the material of sources. Excluding the non-chert mate­ fied Late and Transitional Archaic period is debitage, with the projectile points, rial and the rather minimal local and un­ hunters who briefly occupied the Brokaw drills, knives, scrapers, biface fragments known cherts that may well be from any site on an intermittent basis. The latter's and other minor artifact types comprising number of locations, three identifiable decided preference for Upper Mercer the artifact assemblage. Minus a relatively chert sources have been clearly estab­ chert, perhaps some utilization of Flint small percentage of the material affiliated lished for the site. Two of the quarry Ridge flint and no utilization whatsoever of with the Archaic and a later unidentified sources are major and one is minor. The river pebble cherts, represents a clear shift Woodland occupation at Brokaw, the re­ most important source to the Late in preference for lithic resources from the mainder of the lithics is presumed to be Woodland Monongahela at Brokaw within late Archaic to the Late Prehistoric period. associated with the Late Prehistoric their territory was the nodular river pebble In addition, the difference in the political, Monongahela components of the site. cherts from the Ohio River, located 18 km economic and social organization, and the Projectile point types which may be cited (11 mi) to the east of the site, while an­ larger size of the territory occupied by the as evidence for the presence of the other major source, Flint Ridge, is located less numerous hunting and gathering Monongahela are Convex-based, some 115 km (70 mi) to the west. The Archaic peoples, may have required them Straight-based and Concave-based Upper Mercer deposits, lying west-north­ to journey to and quarry the necessary Triangles. The Chesser Notched, Jack's west of the site area, although closer to chert material, further reduce the lithics to Reef Pentagonals, Small Corner-Notched, Brokaw than the Flint Ridge materials, a portable size or form, and then continue Small Side-Notched and Small Stemmed represent only a small proportion of the on their seasonal round. points are also believed to be part and identifiable chert types. As the latter two A comparison of the Brokaw Village parcel to this culture. The poor to moder­ sources lie fully outside the territory of the lithic artifact assemblage with other ate quality of the workmanship of the last Monongahela culture, the Brokaw inhabi­ Monongahela, Late Woodland and Fort three types typifies this culture, as does tants may very well have not journeyed di­ Ancient sites indicates both similarities the quality of the workmanship of the rectly to the quarries and extracted the and differences. A brief comparison of the drills, knives, scrapers and other minor ar­ chert themselves, but may have relied on four major artifact categories from Brokaw tifact types. The utilization of local river the acquisition of the material through an - projectile points, drills, knives and scrap­ pebble cherts as the most frequently uti­ exchange system such as barter from, as­ ers - will illustrate. Triangular projectile lized type in the manufacture of tools is suming contemporaneity, Fort Ancient points, for example, with quite similar also in keeping with the Late Woodland traders of the Late Philo Phase, or other forms appear in all three cultures, but to Monongahela, followed, at Brokaw by peoples controlling, quarrying, reducing in be sure, the Brokaw specimens are most Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer and other local size and trading these important lithic re­ similar in metric measurements to those or unknown chert types. sources. from other Monongahela sites. Yet, the TABLE 3

Length (mm) = 5-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51--63 Width 2-10 3-14 3-18 6-22 8-27 9-39 27-43 31--40 Thickness = .6-6 .9-10 1-13 2-14 3-22 5-23 6-31 19--32 Total

Upper Mercer 22 26 24 13 0 0 0 0 85

Flint Ridge 77 82 65 29 10 13 3 2 281

River Pebble 174 205 92 25 7 0 0 0 503 (no cortex)

River Pebble 22 148 97 63 31 20 1 0 382 (with cortex)

Unknown/Local 18 17 11 64

Total 299 479 295 141 55 38 1315

Brokaw Village Chert Types and Size Intervals and Their Statistical Frequencies.

Sample composed of waste flakes, core fragments/ cores and discarded chunks. Table 3 (Pickenpaugh)

49 most frequent basal configuration at Finally, although it is apparent from the Blank, John E. Brokaw and numerous other Ohio sites is high percentage of nodular river pebble 1970 The Archaic Component of the Welling convex, which is in direct contrast to cherts displaying cortex and the range of Site, 33 C0-3 Coshocton County, Ohio. many Monongahela sites in southwestern Flint Ridge flint from small pressure flakes Ohio Archaeologist, 20 (4). Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia, to cores that the Monongahela Brokaw in­ Boyce, Hettie L. where concave bases are the most com­ habitants were manufacturing most of 1985 The Novak Site: A Late Woodland Upland mon and the long, narrow Scarem Triangle, their tools within the village, it is equally Monongahela Village. Pennsylvania absent at Brokaw, makes its appearance apparent from the disproportionate num­ Archaeologist, 55 (3). (Mayer-Oakes, 1954:57), thus suggesting ber of bases to tips of projectile points, Boyce-Ballweber, Hettie geographical, if not temporal differences. drills and knives from Brokaw that these 1987 Cultural Manifestations at the Friendsville Of the remaining projectile point types - artifact types were frequently employed in Site in Garrett County, Maryland. Small Corner-Notched, Small Side- off-site activities. No doubt many of the Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 57 (2). Notched, Small Stemmed, Chesser tipless arrow points can be explained by Brown, Jeffrey D. Notched and Jack's Reef Pentagonals -, impact fracture, the recovery of the arrow, 1976 A Late Prehistoric Hilltop Site, Muskingum the first three, until more recently, were fre­ and the subsequent removal and discard­ County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 26 (2). quently attributed to the Archaic or Early ing of the damaged points within the con­ 1981 The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela. and Middle Woodland cultures, but like the text of the village. The knives and drills, Kent State Research Papers in Chesser Notched, are now beginning to be though, are less obvious. The damaged Archaeology. No. 3. Kent. acknowledged as part of the projectile condition of the larger late Archaic knives, Broyles, Bettye J. point assemblage of the Fort Ancient and however, may afford a clue to this artifact 1971 Second Preliminary Report: The St. Monongahela cultures. Nevertheless, the class, since the fractures may have oc­ Albans Site, Kanawha County, West frequency of these point types on Ohio curred during the initial butchering stage, Virginia. West Virginia Geological, and sites appears to be greater than on which may well have taken place quite Economic Survey, Report of Monongahela sites in Pennsylvania and some distance away from the site. Thus, Investigations No. 3. Morgantown. West Virginia, thus, again, suggesting geo­ the tips were simply discarded at the lo­ Buker, William E. graphical differences. cus of activity. 1968 The Archaeology of McKees Rocks Late A comparison of the drills, knives and As an addendum, a comparison of the Prehistoric Village Site. Pennsylvania scrapers from the Brokaw site with other percentages of the debitage of the various Archaeologist, 38 (1 -4). Ohio River Valley late prehistoric sites and chert types present at Brokaw Village 1970 The Drew Site (36-AL-62). Pennsylvania cultures is more difficult. The limited num­ (Table I) with the percentages of the same Archaeologist, 40 (3-4) ber of knives and scrapers recovered from chert types of artifacts present (Table 2) at Carskadden, Jeff Brokaw, in conjunction with the fact that Brokaw illustrates differences that may 1977 The Lithic Industries of the Philo II and site reporters typically do not give these only be explained by the history of the use Richards Sites, Report No. 5. In: tool types as much attention as projectile of the site. Briefly stated, the members of Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton, edi­ points, requires any comparative conclu­ the hunting parties and/or the small hunt­ tors. The Richards Site and the Philo sions to be regarded as tentative. Thus, ing family units who utilized this upland Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. the limited data suggest that drills and site as a temporary hunting camp over the Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley knives from Brokaw Village are more simi­ millennia did not manufacture their chert Archaeology, Nos. 1-9. lar to the Mississippianized cultures of tools at the site, but brought them ready Coe, Joffre L. southern Ohio than the Monongahela of made for use. In contrast, the late cultures 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Pennsylvania and West Virginia, while the who intermittently occupied the site as a Piedmont. Transactions of the American reverse appears to be true of the scrapers. village on a semi-permanent or permanent Philosophical Society, 54. Philadelphia. The cultural activity associated with the basis manufactured their tools on the site, Converse, Robert N. Late Prehistoric projectile points and other in addition to utilizing river pebble cherts 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological tool types present at Brokaw Village is pri­ and a different ratio of the traditional lithic Society of Ohio. marily subsistence economics, that is, types employed. 1974 Flint Ridge Striped. Ohio Archaeologist, hunting, butchering, skin processing, and 24 (2). probably the manufacture of skin clothing ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dunnell, Robert C. and other utilitarian objects. Some of the The author would like to take this 1980 Duvall: A Monongahela Settlement in mammal and bird types hunted, based on opportunity to thank Dr. George Stuart, ar­ Central Ohio County, West Virginia. West only a partial analysis of the animal bone chaeologist, National Geographic Society, Virginia Archaeologist, 29. recovered, - in order of frequency - are for acting as a reader of this manuscript, Eisert, Ronald W. white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Dr. James Krakker, archaeologist, 1981 The Wylie Site (36WH274). Pennsylvania elk (Cervus elaphus), gray fox (Urocyon Smithsonian Institution, who, in addition to Archaeologist, 51 (1 -2). cinereargenteus), black bear (Ursus ameri- functioning as a reader of this work, can Fowke, Gerard canus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), always be counted on as a source for 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio: the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and pas­ stimulating archaeological discussions. Mound Builders and Later Indians. Ohio senger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). State Archaeological and Historical Examination of the bird bone beads, elk REFERENCES CITED Society. Columbus. and deer teeth pendants and other ob­ Baker, Stanley W. Funk, Robert E. jects indicates sharp chert tools were also 1981 The Henderson Rocks Site (46-TA-1) 1988 The Laurentian Concept: A Review. used in the manufacture of these items as Preliminary Look at Cultural Perseverance Archaeology of Eastern North America, 16. well. In addition, as to whether or not the in the Rugged Uplands Region of George, Richard L. Brokaw inhabitants were active partici­ Northern West Virginia. West Virginia 1978 Monongahela Artifacts from the Ryan pants in warfare, as is frequently alleged Archaeologist, 32. Site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 48 (3). of the Monongahela, is not known. Bell, Robert E. 1983 The Gnagey Site and the Monongahela Certainly the failure to recover any human 1958 Guide to the Identification of Certain Occupation of the Somerset Plateau. skeletal material with the exception of a American Indian Projectile Points. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 53 (4). few dentition would not strongly support Oklahoma Anthropological Society, such a contention, were it proffered. Special Bulletin, 1.

50 George, Richard L. and Christine Davis Omerod, Dana E. Prufer, Olaf H. and Dana A. Long 1986 A Dated Brewerton Component in 1983 White Rocks A Woodland Rockshelter in 1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. Kent Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. Monroe County, Ohio. Kent State State Research Papers in Archaeology, 6. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 56 (1-2). Research Papers in Archaeology, 4. Prufer, Olaf H., Dana A. Long and Donald J. Griffin, James B. Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. Metzger 1978 Late Prehistory of the Ohio Valley. In: 1974 A Chronology of the North-Central Ohio 1989 Krill Cave: A Stratified Rockshelter in Trigger, Bruce, editor. Handbook of North Archaic. Ohio Archaeologist, 24 (4). Summit County, Ohio. Kent State American Indians, 15. 1974 The Brokaw Site (33BL-6) - A Preliminary Research Papers in Archaeology, 8. Grubb, Tom and A. J. Allen Report. Ohio Archaeologist, 24 (4). Prufer, Olaf H. and Douglas H. McKenzie 1979 The Hunt Site (33BL16): Part 1, Location 1976 Stone Artifacts from the Brokaw Site. 1966 Peters Cave: Two Woodland Occupations and Flint Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist, 29 Ohio Archaeologist, 26 (3). in Ross County Ohio. The Ohio Journal of (2). 1979a Postmolds on the Brokaw Site - An Science, 66 (3). Herbstritt, James T. Interpretation. Ohio Archaeologist, 29 (2). Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin C. Shane 1981 Bonnie Brook: A Multicomponent 1979b An Early Nineteenth Century English 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradition Aboriginal Locus in West-Central Button from the Brokaw Site. Ohio in Ohio. The Kent State University Press. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 29 (4). Kent. Archaeologist, 51 (3) 1980 Projectile Points from the Brokaw Site Prufer, Olaf H. and Charles Sofsky Hill, Robert (33BL-6): Some Evidence for Archaic and 1965 The McKibben Site (33TR-57), Trumbull 1986 The Distribution of Ashtabula Points in the Late Woodland Occupations. Ohio County, Ohio A Contribution to the Late Lake and Till Plains of Sandusky and Archaeologist, 30(1). Paleo-lndian and Archaic Phases of Ohio. Northern Seneca Counties. Ohio 1981a Ceramics from the Brokaw Site (33BL-6): Michigan Archaeologist, 11 (1). Archaeologist, 36 (3). Some Evidence for a Late Woodland Ritchie, William A. Kneberg, Madeline Occupation (Part I). Ohio Archaeologist, 1969 The Archaeology of New York State. 1956 Some Important Projectile Point Types 31 (2). Revised Edition. The Natural History Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee 1981b Ceramics from the Brokaw Site (33BL-6): Press. Garden City. Archaeologist, 12 (1). Some Evidence for a Late Woodland 1971 A Typology and Nomenclature for New LaBar, Robert J. Occupation (Part II). Ohio Archaeologist, York Projectile Points. New York State 1987 Report on Archaeological Excavations of 31 (3). Museum and Science Service. Bulletin Prehistoric Kane and Russell City 1981c Radiocarbon Dates from the Brokaw Site No. 384. Albany. Earthworks. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, (Part I). Ohio Archaeologist, 31 (4). Ritchie, William A. and Robert Funk 57(1). 1982 Radiocarbon Dates from the Brokaw Site 1973 Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley McKenzie, Douglas H. (Part II). Ohio Archaeologist, 32 (1). Prehistory. New York State Museum. 1967 The Graham Village Site: A Fort Ancient 1983 Problems in Archaeology: Excavations at Memoir No. 22. Albany. Settlement in the Hocking Valley, Ohio. In: the Brokaw Village Site, Belmont County, Shane, Orrin C. Prufer, 0. H. and D. H. McKenzie, editors. Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 33 (1). 1967 The Mixter Site: A Multicomponent Studies in Ohio Archaeology. The Press of 1987 Some Features from the Brokaw Site Locality in Erie County, Ohio. In: Prufer, 0. Western Reserve University. Cleveland. (33BL-6): Evidence for a Late Prehistoric H. and D. H. McKenzie, editors. Studies in Marwitt, John P., Kathleen Sauser and Rebecca Monongahela Village in East-Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeology. The Press of Western Sterling Ohio Archaeologist, 37 (3). Reserve University. Cleveland. 1986 1980 Excavations at the Childers Site 1989 Ceramics from Brokaw Village (33BL-6): A Wilkins, Gary R. (46MS121) Mason County, West Virginia. Late Prehistoric Site in East-Central Ohio. 1978 Prehistoric Mountaintop Occupations of West Virginia Archaeologist, 38 (1 ). Ohio Archaeologist, 39 (2). Southern West Virginia. Archaeology of Mayer-Oakes, William J. Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. and Michael Collins Eastern North America, 6. 1954 The Scarem Site, Washington County, 1978 Heat Treated Materials from the Brokaw 1985 The Hansford Site: An Archaic Site in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Site; With Notes on Experimental Heating Kanawha County, West Virginia. West Archaeologist, 24 (2). of Chert. Ohio Archaeologist, Virginia Archaeologist, 37 (1). Moxley, Ronald W. and James D. Bloemker Pousson, John F. Willey, Gordon R. 1985 The Man Site: A Preliminary Report on a 1983 Archeological Excavations at the Moore 1966 An Introduction to American Archaeology. Late Prehistoric Village Site in Logan Village Site Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Volume 1. North and Middle America. County, West Virginia. West Virginia National Historical Park Allegany County, Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. Archaeologist, 37 (2). Maryland. U.S. Department of Interior, Munson, Patrick J. and Cheryl A. Munson National Park Service. 1972 Unfinished Triangular Projectile Points or Prufer, Olaf H. 'Humpbacked' Knives? Pennsylvania 1967 Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland Phase in Archaeologist, 42 (3). Southeastern Ohio. In: Prufer, 0. H. and D. Murphy, James L. H. McKenzie, Studies in Ohio 1975 An Archaeological History of the Hocking Archaeology. The Press of Western Valley. Ohio University Press. Athens. Reserve University. Cleveland. Nance, Jack D. 1981 Raven Rocks A Specialized Late 1986 The Morrisroe Site: Projectile Point Types Woodland Rockshelter in Belmont and Radiocarbon Dates from the Lower County, Ohio. Kent State Research Tennessee River Valley. Midcontinental Papers in Archaeology, 1. Journal of Archaeology, 11 (1).

51 BLUNT EDGE KNIVES by Bob Sterling 4330 Doney Street Columbus, Ohio 43213

The subject of this article is a group of edge shows evidence of hard wear. of two knives of this category, but no 32 unusual knives, each having an identi­ All of the nine (9) knives shown and mention is made of the blunted edge. cal feature, a blunt edge that enables the twenty-three (23) not pictured are made The tag on the third knife from the left, user to apply pressure with the forefinger of Flint Ridge or other fine quality flints, a Figure 3, is the provenance of the piece without discomfort. An examination of necessity for accurate blade making. and is on each of the 3,000 pieces in the modern knives shows them still being The map shown in Figure 2 shows the collection. A look at the original map, made this way. location of my entire collection, 88 sites, Figure 5, enables one to quickly deter­ The origin of these knives is a matter of in a small area (approximately 19X8 mine the location of the site the artifact conjecture, however, literature on blade miles). Thornville, Glenford and Gratiot belongs to. making ("Cro-Magnon Man, Tom quadrangles (standard U.S. survey topo­ One can only speculate if these knives Prideaux, Time Life Books, page 56) graphical maps). had a particular use or were multi-pur­ mentions the necessity of dulling one The other map, Figure 5, shows the lo­ pose. edge of a blade struck from a core before cation of the 88 sites my collection is Thanks to Jim Morton for the pho­ it was usable as a knife. Considerable re­ from. The fact that this many sites exist tographs used in this article. search on Paleo collections reaches the in this small area, and one of every 3 same conclusion. Evidently Archaic man sites contains at least one of this type References in North America was the first to come knife, tells me that these knives were a Prideau, Tom - "Cro-Magnon Man", Time Life up with a method of core preparation and pretty common tool. Very little informa­ Books, pages 83-91 blade striking that produced a blade with tion is available regarding these tools and Hicks, Kelly - Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 22, the edge needed for use as a hand-held no pictures. Ohio Archaeologist, Volume Number 2, page 27 knife. Another feature in the removal of a 22, Number 2, page 27 shows a drawing flake or flakes from both sides to give the thumb and fingers a better grip. The sec­ ond knife from the left in Figure 3 clearly shows this indentation and Figure 1 shows the same knife ready to use. Some of these knives have one or both ends sharpened, enabling them to be used in recessed areas or possibly as scrapers. The blunt edge may be convex or concave, as seen in Figure 3, however, most are straight (see Figure 4). The lack of photos or descriptions of this type of tool make me hesitate to suggest possi­ ble uses. The only thing I am certain of is they were hand-held. There is no indica­ tion of possible chatting and the cutting

Figure 3 (Sterling) Four blunt edge knives showing variety of shapes. Provenance tag is clearly shown on the third knife from left.

Figure 1 (Sterling) Hand holding knife ready to use. Note position of Figure 4 (Sterling) Five knives showing average size and shape. Blunt forefinger and thumb. straight edge clearly visible on right side of each.

52 Figure 2 (Sterling) Map of Ohio showing location of my collection. The numerals are used to determine which quadrangle a site is in and becomes the first letter and numeral on the provenance tag on each artifact.

Figure 5 (Sterling) Map of three connecting quadrangles. (Shown in Figure 2) Dark spots are site locations.

53 FIELD FIND JUDGING CRITERIA FOR REGULAR A.S.O. MEETINGS

1. Exhibitor must be a member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2. Only surface found artifacts may be entered. No excavated material. 3. Only one entry per category. No groups of artifacts. 4. Artifact must have been found in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, W. Virginia, Pennsylvania or Michigan. 5. Complete documentation such as county and township, date found, and who found must accompany artifact. 6. Entries will be judged for the following: Rarity Symmetry Workmanship Material Size Documentation 7. No restored artifacts may be entered. 8. Categories for judging are as follows: Best Flint Projectile Point Notched - lanceolate - triangular - etc. Best Flint Tool Knife - drill - scraper - blade - etc. Best Stone Tool Axe - celt - pestle - mortar - chisel - etc. Best Slate Pendant or Gorget One holed or multiple holed flat slate pieces or those pieces with small perforations, of all mate­ rials including hardstone and shell. Best Bannerstone Pieces drilled with large central hole for use as an atlatl weight or those with grooves or notches for same purpose including undrilled examples or partially finished ones. Best Miscellaneous Slate Piece Birdstone - plummet - cone - bar amulet - trophy axe - pipe - etc. or any piece not included in the above categories. 9. Pieces entered must have been found within the time period indicated - usually those dated after the prior meeting unless otherwise stated.

DOS AND DON'TS TO CONTRIBUTORS TO THE OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST

Please use the format suggested by articles in the Ohio Archaeologist. Articles should be types and double spaced - do not send material in long hand. Do not write captions on back of photos - type a caption and attach to bottom of photo with scotch tape. Do not send negatives or color slides for black and white stories - only finished photos can be used.

List references at end of article.

Picture flint artifacts with base at top, tip at bottom.

Do not ask for photographic credits.

Check your spelling. Photographs cannot be returned so make extra copies for your files. Remember, the better prepared an article is, the sooner it can be printed. Also, good photographs make for bet­ ter articles - try to get good clear pictures. Color pages are prepared from color slides only. Color slides presented for color pages should be crisp and clear. Please do not send slides of material which does not lend itself to color presentation.

54 BOOK REVIEW CHINAS - Hand-painted Marbles of the Late 19th Century by Jeff Carskadden and Richard Gartley 118 pages - numerous color plates. Price $20.00 plus $1.00 postage The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey 24 South Sixth St., Zanesville, Ohio 43701 This 118 page book will not only prove valuable as a reference manual to those doing historic archaeology, but the reader will also find a wealth of entertaining reading. There are a great many full color plates defining and dating the numerous varieties of marbles which might be found on 19th century sites or found in antique collections. If the reader, like the reviewer, has found marbles while surface hunting, CHINAS will be useful as a reference background on dating. Others who have interest in antiques — marbles in particular — will find the book to be an excellent guide to the rarity and origin of old marbles. CHINAS is exceptionally well written and has been thoroughly researched. The authors — Jeff Carskadden and Richard Gartley — are familiar to readers of the Ohio Archaeologist from the many outstanding archaeological re­ ports seen in our publication. Robert N. Converse

THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM (UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO)

Dear Friends, Benefactors and Research diocarbon dating), which give interpretive The Toledo Community Foundation, Collaborators: meaning to the recovered 'jig-saw puzzle' Inc. In recent years our co-operative en­ pieces, a research fund has been estab­ C/O Director, Pamela Howell-Beach deavors have made significant advance­ lished within the Toledo Community 1540 National Bank Building ments in the understanding of the prehis­ Foundation, a non-profit organization. Toledo, Ohio 43604-1108 tory and early history of the inter-state Only interest income from funds invested Be sure to indicate on an accompany­ and international region surrounding the will be utilized to help underwrite the ing note that the contribution is for de­ western end of Lake Erie. Northern Ohio necessary and needed technical analyses posit in The Northwest Ohio Archa­ and the western Lake Erie region are ex­ which will give meaning to excavated eological Fund. traordinarily rich in archaeological re­ materials. Without such needed technical Your contribution to preserving the sources which constitute impartial testi­ analyses, our co-operative efforts to save past, and understanding the important mony to the events and record of times and preserve a rapidly diminishing legacy contribution that aboriginal and Euro- and populations which long since have will be of limited consequence when, in American societies and populations have vanished. fact, the potential is of great magnitude! contributed to the ensuing course of time Marina, condominium, highway and ur­ Your assistance in building a financial and history, is your legacy and testimo­ ban development have significantly in­ endowment fund, which will promote and nial to the future generations. Remember, creased during recent years. Such events underwrite the preservation and deci­ whether your contribution be large or are rapidly destroying the only testimony pherment of the unknown past is desper­ small, every bit counts in our race against to events and populations of an area ately needed. Your donations are tax- time, to save the past for the future. which has been strategic throughout time deductible and constitute a badly Your aid and consideration in this mat­ - acting as a cultural 'cross-roads', inter­ needed base to protect and preserve our ter are greatly appreciated. Thank you for connecting societies to the north, south, rapidly vanishing heritage. your support. east and west. If you are interested in joining this co­ Dr. David M. Strothers In an attempt to better facilitate the re­ operative cause to promote the decipher­ Professor and Director, covery and interpretation of these non­ ment and understanding of the past The Western Lake Erie Archaeological renewable cultural resources your assist­ through archaeology, please send a Research Program ance is requested. In order to undertake check for the amount which you wish to increased excavation research and the contribute, payable to: attendant technical analyses (such as ra­

BACK COVER Three historic effigy pipes from the collection of Jim Ritchie, Toledo, Ohio. Top steatite effigy pipe is Cherokee and was found in Tennessee. Center is made ofcatlinite - it has a double howl and was found in Wyoming. Bottom is made of steatite and has a human face on the howl and a hear on the stem. It is probably Ojibway from the Great Lakes area.

55 ^^ -... - •

jfis t

yJfMmi*