Ume 10, -U Ser

Volume 10, -u ser . - 1968

Editors EDWARD S. DEEVEY a-- RICHARD FOSTER FLINT J. GORDON OGDEN, III _ IRVINg ROUSE Managing Editor RENEE S. KRA

YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECT.IC U l"ii)fl h d IiV

r E AT\As g'LyyEi.. R C N, / r..? i.NA .3

8. ComIlient, usually corn ; fOg the date with other relevant dates, for each

,Ttdterial, silil"iiliari ing t e signitic.ance ant Sillpllilt 3't(i"r ing t., t t e radiocarbon t was i' itl ii73kinz 'P;.5 lit;re, i'; till teelmital :i"it.' i°_i , e.g. the iral

lthout subscribers at $50.0( * Suggestions to authors of the reprints o the United Suites Geological Survey, 5th ed., Vashington, D. C., 1958 jc.=oscrxwxcn.t Panting ()ihce, $1.75). Volume 10, Number 1 - 1968

RADIOCARBON

Published by

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editors EDWARD S. DEEVEY- RICHARD FOSTER FLINT J. GORDON OGDEN, III - IRVING ROUSE Managing Editor RENEE S. KRA

YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT VOL. 1 10, No. Radiocarbon 1965

CONTENTS

Il1I Barker and John lackey British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V 1 BONN H. IV. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tawcrs Bonn Radiocarbon Measurements I ...... IRPA Anne Nicole Schreurs Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistirlue Radiocarbon Dates I ...... 9 Lu Soren Hkkansson University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I Lv F. Gilot Louvain Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VI ...... 55 1I H. R. Crane and J. B. Griffin University of Michigan. Radiocarbon Dates NII 61 N PL IV. J. Callow and G. I. Hassall National Physical Laboratory Radiocarbon Measurements V ...... Ny R. Coppens, G. L. A. Durand, and B. Guillet Nancy Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I ...... A J. M. Punning, F. Jives, and A. Liiva Tartu Radiocarbon Dates II ...... Ti D. P. Agrawal and Sheela kusurnga° Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V ......

1 K Jun Sato, Tomoko Sato, and Hisashi Suzuki University of Toyko Radiocarbon Measurements I ...... 144 UCLA Raiser Berger and W. F. Libby UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VII ......

WIS Al. M. Bender, R. A. Bryson, and t). A. Baerreis University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates IV ......

List of Laboratories ...... 169 EDITORIAL STATEMENT C14. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radio- Half life of in carbon Dating Conference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published volumes) are based on the Libby value, this volume ( as in previous H for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed at the 5570 ± 30 Yr, of various and C14 Conference, Pullman, Washington, 1965. Because dates in years B.P. uncertainties, when C14 measurements are expressed as take some but not all the dates are arbitrary, and refinements that account may be misleading. As stated in Professor uncertainties into 8, letter to Nature (v. 195, no. 4845, p. 984, September Harry Godwin's 40 i new determinations of the half life, 5130 ± 1J 6,2) , the mean of three now obtainable. Published dates can yr, is regarded as the best value be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. Conference in 1962, A.D. A.D. B.C. dates. As agreed at the Cambridge for all dates, whether 1950 is accepted as the standard year of reference B.P. or in the A.D./B.C. system. notation 0 (La 6014. In Volume 3, 1961, we indorsed the Meaning of of C34 mont VIII, 1961).for geochemically interesting measurements fractionation in samples and in the NBS activity , corrected for isotopic The value of SC11 that entered the calculation of oxalic-acid standard. for by reference to Lamont VI, 1959, and was corrected was defined authors, fact has been lost sight of, by the editors as well as by age. This from the and recent papers have used 6014 as the observed deviation standard. This is of course the more logical and self-explanatory confusion; moreover, meaning, and cannot be abandoned now without to make an age except in tree-ring-dated material, it is rarely possible C14 instances where correction that is independent of the age. In the rare appreciable and known, p or 6014 are used for samples whose age is both to make their meaning we assume that authors will take special care Olson (Lamont VIII) clear; reference to "p as defined by Broecker and is not sufficient to do this. Measurements: Comprehensive Index, 1950.1965. Radiocarbon C14 through Volume This index, covering all published measurements revisions made by all labora- 7 of RADIOCARBON, and incorporating published. It is available at ten dollars U.S. per copy. tories, has been together Index will be sent to all subscribers to RADIOCARBON, The does not wish with the bill, unless our office is informed that a subscriber to purchase it. publication. Volume 10 and subsequent volumes will be Expanded in July, with published in two semi-annual issues, in February and 1 January. deadlines for manuscripts on 1 September and Professor Gordon Ogden III, Ohio Wesleyan Uni- New member. J. the has joined the editorial staff. For Volume 10, he has assumed versity, National Science duties of Professor Deevey, who is on leave with the Foundation. [RAD1O(..ARI )N, Voc. 10, 1908, P. 1-7

Radiocarbon 1968

BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS V HAROLD BARKER and JOHN MACKEY* Research Laboratory, British Museum, London W.C. 1

INTRODUCTION The dates detailed below are based on measurements made from September 1962 to August 1964. Work was often seriously interrupted due to difficulties with electronic equipment and also, from the late summer of 1963, high levels old tritium in the local water supplies used in the synthesis of acetylene (from nuclear weapons tests) made it difficult to obtain accurate measurements with acetylene as a filling gas for the proportional counter. The gas preparation equipment was therefore modified for the preparation of high purity CO2, and from Sample BM- 165 onwards, the proportional counter was operated with CO2 as the filling gas at a pressure of 210 cm Hg at 22°C, instead of 140 cm Hg pressure of acetylene at 22°C. as reported previously (British Museum I). Background and net modern count rates under these conditions are 3.59 c.p.m. and 8.35 c.p.m., respectively. (In practice these values are taken as the rolling mean of the past 20 weeks' measurements and are very constant.) The calculations of age are based on the half-life of 5570 yr and error terms are widened to include contributions of ± 80 yr for possible isotopic fractionation effects and ± 100 yr for de Vries-effects. Safeguards against inaccuracies are as described previously (British Museum I). SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Egypt and Sudan 4400 ± 150 BM-139. Buhen 2450 B.C. Charcoal from the fortress of Buhen situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Wadi Halfa, N Sudan (21° 54' N Lat, 31 ° 17' E Long). Sample was found in Building Block l in association with sealings bearing the names of Kings of 4th and 5th Dynasties (ca. 2600-2350 B.C.). Coll. 1962 and subm. by Prof. W. B. Emery, Egypt Exploration Society. Com- ment: sample agrees with expected age and UCLA-248, 4420 ± 80 (UCLA II * Now at the Ryerson Polytechnic Institute, Toronto.

1 2 Harold Barker and Joh1z Mackey BM-156. Egyptian pot and figure Modern Twigs from Egyptian pot also containing ceramic human figure supposed by W. R. Dawson to have represented "... a mummy in course of immersion in the salt bath" (Dawson, 1927). Subm. by J. R. Harris, Christ Church College, Oxford Univ. Comment: result tends to under- mine association between pot and figure and authenticity of figure, since pot shows evidence that the twigs may have been packed into it when the clay was "leather hard." B. Great Britain 5180 ± 150 BM-134. Fussell's Lodge 3230 B.C. Charcoal found with burnt stone and cracked flints covering primaiv burials in Fussell's Lodge Long Barrow, Wiltshire, England (51 ° 5' 26" ° N Lat, 1 43' 32" W Long). Coll. 1957 and subm. by P. Ashbee, Inspec- torate of Ancient Monuments, Ministry of Public Buildings and Works. Comment: date compares satisfactorily with BM-49, Nutbane, 4680 150 (British Museum II) and BM-73, Windmill Hill, 4910 + 150 (British Museum III) (P. Ashbee, 1958, 1964). Hembury series Two charcoal samples from Neolithic occupation at Hembury, Horn- ton, Devon, England (50° 49' 13" N Lat, 30 15' 38" W Long). Excavated in 1931 by the late Dorothy Liddell; now in the reserve collection of the Royal Albert Mus., Exeter (Liddell, 1931). Subm. by Lady Aileen Fox, Exeter Univ. Comment: c.f. BM-73, Windmill Hill, 4910 ± 150 (British Museum III) and BM-130, Hembury, 5100 ± 150 (British Museum IV). 5190 ± 150 BM-136. Cutting XI A 3240 B.C. From Neolithic occupation at S end of fort. 5280 ± 150 BM-138. Cutting X A 3330 B.C. Layers 4-6, burnt layer with Neolithic pottery in ditch. Hazard Hill series Two samples of charcoal from a Windmill Hill-type Neolithic camp at Hazard Hill, Totnes, Devon, England (50° 20' N Lat, 30 40' W Long) (Houlder, 1953). Coll. 1953 by C. H. Houlder and subm. by G. de G. Sieveking, Sub. Dept. of Prehistory and Roman Britain, British Mus. Dates should be compared with Hembury series. 4920 ± 150 BM-149. Hazard Hill (ref CHB4) 2970 B.C. Charcoal from a pit, 1 to 2 ft below surface of ploughed field. 4700 ± 150 BM-150. Hazard Hill (ref B112) 2970 B.C.. Charcoal from occupation level 8 in. to 1 ft below present surface. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon MeasuremanIs I' 3 3800 ± 150 BM-152. Chippenham 1850 B.C. Charcoal found in association with a Beaker assemblage in Barrow 5, Hearth VIII, Chippenham, near Mildenhall, Cambridgeshire, England (52° 18' N Lat, 00 26' W Long). Coll. 1955 by C. S. Leaf and subm. by Mus. of Archaeol. and Anthropol. Univ. of Cambridge. Comment (I. H. Longworth, British Mus.): date is satisfactory for the associated Beaker assemblage and can be compared with BM-133, 3800 ± 150 (British Mu- seum IV) and BM-172, 3750 ± 150, below. 4100 ± 180 BM-168. Hailing skeleton 2150 B.C. Portion of femur from deposits at Halling, Kent, England (51 ° 21' N Lat, 00 27' E Long), Halling skeleton, ref. EM-47, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Coil. 1914 by W. H. Cook (Cook, 1914) and subm. by Dr. K. P. Oakley, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) The skeleton was assumed to be Early Mesolithic on the basis of associated artifacts, stratigraphic evidence, and relative dating by the fluorine and uranium methods (Oakley, 1963). The date is thus much younger than expected. Sample was carefully hand picked and treated for removal of organic preservatives (glue and cellu- lose nitrate) by repeated washing with acetone and hot distilled water. 3750 ± 150 BM-172. Lion Point 1800 B.C. Charcoal (ref. site 114, area 2) from Lion Point, Clacton, Essex, Eng- ° ° land (51 46' N Lat, 1 06' E Long). Coll. 1936 by S. Hazzledine Warren (Warren at al., 1936; Smith, 1955) and subm. by Sub. Dept. of Prehistory and Roman Britain, British Mus. Comment (I. H. Longworth, British Mus.): date is satisfactory for associated Beaker assemblage and can be compared with BM-133, 3800 ± 150 (British Mus. IV) and with BM-152, 3800 ± 150 (above). C. India 2010 ± 150 BM-155. Bedsa 60 B.C. Wood from ornamental roof beams of the Chaitya cave at Bedsa, NW Deccan, India (18° 46' N Lat, 730 28' E Long). Coll. 1960 and subm. by the late D. D. Kosambi, Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research, Bombay. Date is archaeologically acceptable. Ref. BM-92, 2240 ± 150 (British Mus. III) for a date on ceiling beams from nearby Chaitya cave at Karle. D. Iran 5050 ± 150 BM-171. Tell-i-Nokodi 3100 B.C. Charcoal (ref. Trench B, Level 4C) from prehistoric settlement beneath Achaemenid capital of Pasargadae (30° 20' N Lat, 53° 10' E Long). Coll. 1961 by D. B. Stronach, British Inst, of Persian Studies, and subm. by M. E. L. Mallowan, All Souls College, Oxford. Archaeological associ- 4 Harold Barker and John Mackey ation is Late Chalcolithic, corresponding to Late Ubaid or Early Uruk of Mesopotamia. Comment (M.E.L.M.): date is later than expected age of ca. 3500 B.C. E. Ireland 4580 ± 150 BM-135. Kilgreany Man 2630 B.C. Post-cranial material (ribs and humerus) from Kilgreany `A' skeleton. From a cave situated in Kilgreany T.L. 5 mi. WNW of Dungarvan, Co. Waterford (52° 5' 5" N Lat, 7° 44' 30" W Long). Bones were excavated from cave deposits of travertine or stalagmite of possible Late Pleistocene or Post-Glacial age. Coll. 1928 by a joint committee of 3 members of the Royal Irish Acad. and 2 members of the Univ. of Bristol Speleological Soc, under the leadership of E. K. Tratman. Subm. by the Dir, of the Nat. Mus. of Ireland (Tratman, et al. 1929, Movius, 1935). Comment: date is older than that suggested by Movius but younger than that argued by Tratman. Sample was given standard acid pre-treatment. 4680 ± 150 BM-170. Townley Hall II 2730 B.C. Charcoal from Neolithic occupation site sealed beneath barrow of megalithic tomb of passage grave type at Townley Hall, Co. Louth (53° 43' N Lat, 6° 27' W Long). Coll. 1962 and subm. by Mr. G. Eogan, Dept. of Archaeol., Trinity College, Dublin (Eogan, 1963). Associated archaeological material included passage grave-ware not previously found on a habitation site. Townley Hall may be contemporaneous with nearby Brugh-na-Boinne group of megaliths which includes site of New Grange.

F. Israel 5390 ± 150 BM-140. Nahal Mishmar 3440 B.C.

Reed mat from the Chalcolithic level in Cave No. 1 at Nahal Mish- mar, Judean desert (31 ° 20' N Lat, 35° 20' E Long). Found in association with hoard of copper objects (Bar-Acton, 1962). Coll. 1961 and subm. by P. Bar-Acton, Dept. of Antiquities, Jerusalem. Comment: date agrees with archaeological evidence: pottery and other objects dating to end of Chalcolithic period. G. Jordan 8790 ± 200 BM-111. Beidha 6840 B.C. Charcoal (ref. E2 P24) from burnt beam in debris on floor of building of 4th main period from uppermost level at Beidha, approx. 4 mi. N of Petra, Jordan (30° 03' N Lat, 35° 25' E Long). This building and others of Level IV, partly destroyed by fire, differ architecturally from those of 3 later main periods (Kirkbride, 1960-1.963). Coll. 1959 by D. V. W. Kirkbride, and subm. by Kathleen Kenyon, British School of Ar- chael., Jerusalem. Comment: From archaeological evidence Level IV at British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V S Beidha may be compared with early pre-pottery Neolithic B levels at Jericho (P-380, 8610 ± 75; P-381, 8658 ± 101, Pennsylvania VI) and with the aceramic level V at Hacilar (BM-127, 8700 ± 180, British Mus. IV).

H. Malta 3880 ± 150 BM-141. Tarxien 1930 B.C. Carbonized seeds (Vicia faba), ref. Sample 10, from jar accompanying cremation burials in Early Bronze age level old Tarxien cemetery overlying temple ruins. Site is 2 mi. S of Valletta (35° 52' N Lat, 14° 30' 30" E Long). Coll. 1915.by Sir Temi Zammit and subm. by I). H. Trump, Nat. Mus., Valletta. Comment: sample intended as check on BM-10i, 4485 ± 150 (British plus. IV) which gave unexpectedly high result. The date of 3880 ± 150, although consistent with MB-143 below, is still higher than expected age of ca. 1500 r.c. Skorha series Charcoal samples from temple site of Li Skorba, NW Malta (35° 55' N Lat, 14° 22' 30" E Long). Coll. 1961, 1962 and subm. by D. H. Trump, to provide chronological basis for Maltese sequence (Trump, 1961-1963). 5240 ± 150 BM-142. Skorba, Sample 7 3290 B.C. Sample from burnt floor of outbuilding to temple. Associated archaeological material Ggantija (Phase 6). Comment (D.H.T.): stratigraphically later than BM-145 and BM-147; probably oltl Wood from roof timbers. Expected age was ca. 2900-2000 B.C. 4380 ± 150 BM-143. Skorba, Sample 9 2430 B.C. Associated archaeological material, pure Tarxien (Phase 8). Coia- mellt: consistent with BM-141 above. See also B1\I-10i (British Mus. IV, 4185 ± 150). Expected age was ca. 1750-1550 p.c. (Evans, 1960, Brea, 1960). 5140 ± 150 BM-145. Skorba, Sample 4 3190 B.C. Sample from stratified deposit behind temple. Associated archaeological material Zebbug (Phase 4). Comment: agrees closely with BM-147 though less with BM-100, 4660 ± 150 (British Mus. IV) (Trump, 1961c). This phase is very close to Copper age Sicily, San Cono-Piano Notaro, and the expected age was ca. 2700 B.C. 5000 ± 150 BM-147. Skorha, Sample 3 3050 B.C. Samples from stratified deposit behind temple. Associated archaeological material Zebbug (Phase 4) see BM-145 above. Comment: agrees closely with BM-145. Expected age was ca. 2700 B.C. 6 Harold Barker and John Mackey 5175 ± 150 BM-148. Skorba, Samples 1 and 12 3225 B.C. Samples from a stratified deposit behind temple. Associated archaeological material Red Skorba-ware (Phase 3), local variant of Late N eo Diana culture of E Sicily and S Italy. Cormmnent: stratigraphically, sample is dated immediately prior to Zebbug level (BM-145, BM-147) with which date agrees, securely bracketing Neolithic/Copper age division. Expected age was 3000-2800 B.C. I. Turkey Can Hasan Two samples of charcoal from Chalcolithic mound of Can Hasan, Anatolia (37° 30' N Lat, 33° 30' E Long). Coll. 1961 and subm. by D. French, British Inst. of Archaeol., Ankara. Samples are from Level JIB, a major destruction level which clearly marks end of transitional phase between Early and Middle Chalcolithic. The expected age based on comparison with Hacilar was 4750 B.C. 6880 ± 150 BM-151. Can Hasan ref. R23B(1) 4930 B.C. 7190 ± 150 BM-153. Can Hasan ref. R23B(2) 5240 B.C.

Rrrru:NcI s Date lists: British Museum I Barker and Mackey, 1959 British Museum II Barker and Mackey, 1960 British Museum III Barker and Mackey, 1961 British Museum IV Barker and Mackev, 1963 Pennsylvania VI Stuckenrath, Jr., 1963 UCLA II Fcrgusson and Libby, 1963 Ashbee, P., 1958, The Fussells Lodge Long Barrow: Antiquity, v. 32, P 106-111. 1964, The radiocarbon dating of the Fussells Lodge Long Barrow: An- tigtiity, v. 38, p. 139-140. Barker, Harold and Mackey, C. J., 1959, British Musetun Natural Radiocarbon Meas- urements I: Am. Jour. Sci. Radioc. Supp. v. 1, p. 81-86. 1960, British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II: Am. Jour. Sci. Radioc. Supp. v. 2, p. 26-30. 1961, British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements III: Radio carbon v. 3, p. 39-45. 1963, British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV: Radio- carbon, v. 5, p. 104-108. Bar-Acton, P., 1962, Israel Elplor. Jour., prelim. rept. v. 12, no. 3-4. Brea, L. Bernabo, 1960, Malta and the Mediterranean: Antiquity, v. 34, p. 132-137. Cook, W. H., 1914, Jour. Roy. Anthropol. Inst., v. 44, p. 212-247. Dawson, W. R., 1927, Making a Mummy: Jour. Egyptian Archaeol., v. 13, p. 40-49. Eogan, G., 1963, Ireland: Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq., V. 93, p. 37-81. Evans, J. 1)., 1960, Malta and the Mediterranean: Antiquity, v. 34, p. 218-220. 1961, C14 date for the Aialtese Early Neolithic: Antiquity, v. 35, p. 143-144. Fergusson, G. J. and Libby, W. F., 1963, University of California, Los Angeles, radio. carbon dates II: Radiocarbon, v. 5, p. 1-22. Houlder, C. H., 1953, Devon Archaeol. Explor. Soc. Trans., v. 5, pt. 1, p. 6. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V 7

Kirkbride, D. V., 1960, Palestine Explor. Quart., July-Dec. 1960. 1961, illus. London News, Sept. 16, 1961. 1962a, Revue Biblique, v. 69, P. 88-91. 1962b, Discovery, July 1962. 1963, Illus. London News, Jan 19, 1963. Liddell, D. M., 1931, Report on the excavations at Hembury Fort, Devon, Second season 1931: Devon Archaeol. Explor. Soc, v. 1, p. 105. 11lovius, H. V., 1935, Kilgreany Cave, Co. Waterford: Ireland, Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq. v. 65, p. 254-296. Oakley, K. P., 1963, Note on the antiquity of Hailing man: App. II in Kerney, M.P., 1963, Late Glacial Deposits on the Chalk of S.E. England: Phil. Trans. B., v. 246 no. 730, p. 250-251. Smith, I. F., 1955, London, Inst. of Archaeol., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 29. Stuckenratli, R., Jr., 1963, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates VI: Radio- carbon, v. 5, p. 82-103. Tratman, E. K., Fawcett, E., and Jackson, J. W., 1929, Univ, of Bristol, Proc. of Spel. Soc. for 1928, v. 3, p. 109-152. Trump, D. H., 1961 a, Illus. London News, Aug. 12, 1961. 1961b, Illus. London News, Dec. 30, 1961. 196lc, Skorba, Malta and the Mediterranean: Antiquity, v. 35, p. 300-303. 1962, Illus. London News, Aug. 11, 1962. 1963, Carbon, Malta and the Mediterranean: Antiquity, v. 37, p. 302-303. Warren, S. H. ct al., 1936, Archaeology of the Submerged Land Surface of the Essex Coast: Proc. Prehist. Soc., v. 2, no. 9, p. 178-210. Archaeology of the Submerged Land Surface of the Essex Coast: Proc Prehist. Soc., v. 2, no. 9, p. 178-210. Zammit, Sir T., 1930, Prehistoric Malta, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, p. 55. [RAniocAIu oN, Vor.. 10, 1968, P. 8-28]

BONN RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS I H. W. SCHARPENSEEL, F. PIETIG, and M. A. TAMERS Institut fir Bodenkunde, Universitat Bonn Bonn, Bundesrepublik Deutschland The laboratory started dating in 1966 using liquid scintillation techniques. Considerable effort has been expended on improvements in both sample preparation and detection (Pietig and Scharpenseel, 1964 and 1966). Yields now approach 100% and 4 to 6 samples are completed each week. A solution of 3 cc synthesized benzene and 1 cc "dead" commercial toluene is employed for ordinary measurements. Toluene contains PPO and POPOP scintillators that give final concentrations of 0.4% and 0.01%, respectively, when diluted with sample benzene. The counting arrangement with normal shielding gives a net modern count rate of 25.6 cpm (78% efficiency) with a background of 9.7 cpm. A special counter equipped with 5 cm mercury and 10 cm lead shielding as well as an anti-coincidence "umbrella" of polystilbeneplastic scintillator has considerably better characteristics. In addition to reduced background, samples as large as 100 cc can be accommodated. The exceptional perform- ance obtained here is presently reserved for natural radioactivity measurements, such as T-3 and CI-36. Periodic checks are made to verify constant efficiency of the counter and the scintillation liquid. The instrument is monitored every time a sample is changed by a sealed standard and the scintillation characteristic is observed, using the channels ratio method. Both of these factors are sufficiently reproducible so as not to introduce a significant error in measurements. Routine procedures used for radiocarbon dating with benzene have been described previously (Tamers, 1965). Radiocarbon dates in this list are based on 95% activity of NBS oxalic acid as modern standard and were calculated using 5568 yr as the half-life of CI4. Errors quoted arc standard deviations originating from the statistical nature of the radioactive disintegration process, including modern and background counting errors. AcKNOwLFDGMENTS Miss E. hruse, our laboratory technician, carried out most of the preliminary sample treatments and comhustions as well as other routine chemical procedures. This work was supported by grants from the Federal Department of Scientific Research. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GROUND WATER SAMPLFS Radiocarbon concentrations of dissolved carbonate in subsurface waters in deposits w and N of Cologne are being investigated. Samples *Guest Professor, 1966-67. Present address: Instituto V'enezolano de Investigaciones Cientiliicas, Dept. of Chemistry, Caracas, A'enezilela. 8 H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers 9 sere obtained from observation wells in the Sand 07 deposit and pumped wells from the shallower Sand 2 aquifier. Study of these ground waters is not complete and, therefore, only unadjusted (for limestone dilution) data is presented here. Carbonate species extraction method and the pro- cedure we prefer for estimating ages from radiocarbon measurements has been described previously (Tamers, 1967). Samples coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Sand 07 Wells C14 (% of modern) BONN-201. Widdersdorf 69.8 ± 0.5 (50° 58' N Lat, 6° 50' E Long), 100 m deep. BONN-202. Ingendorf 85.1 ± 0.7 (51° 1' N Lat, 6° 44' E Long), 50 m deep. BONN-203. Sinthern 78.9 ± 0.6 (50° 58' N Lat, 6° 47' E Long), 89 m deep. BONN-204. Dansweiler 34.8 ± 0.5 (50° 57' N Lat, 6° 46' E Long), ill m deep. --± BONN-205. Glessen 102.8 -- 0.7 (50° 58' N Lat, 6° 45' E Long), 81 m deep. BONN-206. Buschhell 62.8 ± 0.6 (50° 56' N Lat, 6° 48' E Long), 144 m deep. BONN-207. Konigsdorf 6.76 ± 0.35 (50° 56' N Lat, 6° 46' E Long), 137 m deep. BONN-208. Bottenhroich 7.46 ± 0.43 (50° 55' N Lat, 6° 44' E Long), 233 m deep. BONN-209. Herhertskarl 5.63 ± 0.76 500 54' N Lat, 6° 48' E Long), 256 m deep. BONN-211. Marsdorf 3.87 ± 0.29 (50° 55' N Lat, 6° 52' E Long), 198 m deep. Sand 2 Wells BONN-210. Efferen 16.7 ±0.4 (50° 54' N Lat, 6° 56' E Long), 72 m deep. BONN-212. ROW, Brunnen 2 61.6 ± 0.6 (50° 48' N La t, 70 1' E Long), 74 m deep. BONN-213. Wasserwerk Bersdorf 68.1 ± 0.6 (50° 49' N Lat, 6° 56' E Long), 76 m deep. 10 H. H. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers BONN-214. Degussa, Kalscheuren, Brunnen 2 71.0 ± 0.6 (500 50' N Lat, 6° 56' E Long), 110 m deep. General Comment: Sand 07 and Sand 2 are main aquifiers in Basin of Cologne and highly depleted by drainage pumping of brown coal industry. From dates speed of water movement (Kf-value) and time of ex- haustion of water reserves are calculated. Work is repeated in 1968 and supplemented by T-3 measurements.

II. SOIL SAMPLES Radiocarbon measurements of buried relic soils as well as dating on the basis of charcoal inclusions or other organic relics found adjacent to the test solum are applicable to chronologic problems of soil genetics. Age determinations of surface epipedons, whose organic matter is possibly subjected to translocation and rejuvenation are still infrequent with the exception of bog soils (humists, fibrists, lenists) and subhydric formations such as Gyttja, Dy, and Sapropel (limnists) (Muckenhausen, 1962, German Soil Classification, Smith, 1960, 1967, US Soil Classifica- tion). The few terrestric soils so far dated belong almost exclusively to the types of chernozem-like and other steppe soils: udolls, ustolls, xerolls, to the plaggen soils: plaggepts, and to podzols: orthods, humods, ferrods. In these cases humic matter containing A horizons or pronounced humus acclunulation horizons possess the required carbon contents. I-o principal difFIculties of soil dating are: 1) presence of roots, unhumified organic debris; and 2) turnover and rejuvenation of humic matter in different strata of the A horizon due to translocation by earth living animals and percolating water. Removal of roots and other organic debris from soil samples is achieved by special preliminary treatments. The soil is suspended in

water and homogenized by a propeller-stirrer for 1 hr. Sand and silt are removed by settling and decanting the remaining clay suspension through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve. Most of the humified organic material of the soil exists in organo-mineralic complexes with clay minerals. The clay suspension, free from roots and organic debris, separated by cen- trifugation, and dried at 110°C, yields lumps of clay with black crusts of hltmic substance. This technique provides carbon enrichments of 2 to 10 times compared to the original soil material. Acid treatment of this smaller quantity of material for the removal of carbonates poses no problem. Humic matter turnover rates and rejuvenation of organic matter in the different strata of A horizons are not exactly determinable. Esti- mates given by pedologists arc usually based on the belief that within mollic and umbric A horizons the organic substance of different depth layers is nearly equal in age due to mixing action of soil animals and leaching. The following radiocarbon measurements indicate that the effect of mixing is less dramatic than anticipated. Dating of 10- or 15-cm thick subhorizons shows age heterogeneity within the A horizon. Since it is reasonable to assume that the principal Bonn Radiocarbon Measuicinents I 11 contamination of any one layer comes from the layer directly above, it can be shown that the net errors in the deepest organic matter containing subhorizon are not very large. A model situation is illustrated in Table 1. TABLE 1 Examples of corrections that might be applied to ra(llocal'bon-dated soil profiles for organic matter turnover as a result of rejuvenation. Ex- treme turnover assumes that the carbon in a particular layer represents contamination of 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, and 2% from the succeeding upper layers; carbon in the 75 to 90 cm layer, for example, would be only 23% original material. The average turnover assumes 20%, 10%, %, 2%, and 1%.

Layer Ci4 Date Extreme Turnover Turnover (cm) (yr B.P.) Error (yr) (yr) 0-15 1000 -- 15-30 2000 400 30-45 3000 830 45-60 4000 1200 60-75 3000 1400 75-90 6000 1500

A. Cherrtozcros (Pcrinud oils, Hn pl udolls) These are soils of high fertility developed chiefly during post-glacial warm period on calcareous loess under steppe vegetation (Artemisia, Stipa). Black A horizons with 2 to organic matter have developed in the loess. The most important subtypes are degraded (brunified) chernozem due to extensive agriculture utilization, pseudogley chernozem, with AC and C horizons mottled and under inhibited drainage conditions, grayish prairie soil like chernozem with disturbed drainage, and low humic chernozem transitional to brown earth. In 'V. Germany there are 4 notable regions of occurrence: S of Brunswick (Sollingen, Jerxheim), N of Hildesheim (Adlum, Asel), Pfalz/Rheinhessen (Wallertheim, Frank- enthal), F Holstein (Grossenbrode, Ile of Fehmarn). Also relic chernozems occur as scattered buried patches under loess parabrown earth, also under trachyt tuff near Ochtendung, Michelsberg (Rheinland- Pfalz). Origin of chernozem soils is generally assumed to be 5000-8000 B.h., in Boreal and Atlantikum, with a maximum during warm Atlantikum (Laatsch, 1934, 1957; Scheffer and Schachtschabel, 1956; Mfickenhausen, 1962; Hohnvehlmann, 1963; and Zakosek, 1962). However, other soil scientists believe in an earlier, extended pararendzina stage or an origin during Late Glacial time (Wilhelmy, 1950). Some dates of Smonica as well as brown and gray steppe soils have been pbulished (Zakosek and Cow, 1962a, 1962b). Kohl and Ouitta (1966) obtained 6045 ± 120 n.P. (Bln-250) for extracted humic acid from chernozem of Kottichau/Hohen- molseu in E. Germany. Similarly, Geyh (pers. common.) determined 12 H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers from a chernozem at 60- to 70-cm depth, near Lehrte an age of 6050 ± 80 B.P. (Hv-254) and from a buried chernozem "Oingelbe" in 100- to 120-cm depth an age of 7260 ± 120 B.P. (Hv-570). Two degraded chernozems from Mooringen proved to be younger at 3615 ± 80 B.P. and 3270 + 60 B.P. (Hv-422 and Hv-424). Ostlund and Engstrand (1963) dated a degraded chernozem between Harsum and Clausen, near Hildesheim at 3170 ± 65 B.P. (St-682). 1210 ± 70 BONN-26. Sollingen A, 10 to 20 cm A.D. 740 2070 ± 80 BONN-27. Sollingen A, 20 to 30 cm 120B.C. 2560 ± 90 BONN-28. Sollingen A, 30 to 40 cm 610 B.C. 2310 ± 90 BONN-29. Sollingen A, 40 to 50 cm 360 B.C. 2830 ± 80 BONN-30. Sollingen A, 50 to 60 em 880 B.C. 3020 ± 80 BONN-31. Sollingen A, 60 to 70 cm 1070 B.C. 4800 ± 100 BONN-32. Sollingen A, 70 to 80 cm 2850 B.C. Samples of chernozem soil in \A/firm loess from town of Sollingen, S of Brunswick, W. Germany (52° 5' N Lat, 10° 59' E Long). From uncul- tivated area adjacent to "Old Windmill". Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. This profile and Sollingen C situated in slightly elevated position. Comment: no indication of water logging within A and AC horizons and age increase with depth is continuous. Slow development from pararendzina stage is suggested. 1340 ± 80 BONN-98. Sollingen C, 10 to 20 cm A.D. 610 1920 ± 80 BONN-99. Sollingen C, 20 to 30 cm A.D. 30 1760 ± 70 BONN-100. Sollingen C, 30 to 40 ctn A.D.190 1780 ± 80 BONN-101. Sollingen C, 40 to 50 cm A.D.170 2470 ± 90 BONN-102. Sollingen C, 50 to 60 cm 520 B.C. 2680 ± 70 BONN-103. Sollingen C, 60 to 70 cm 730 B.C. Boni1 Radiocarbon Measurements 1 13 3310 ± 70 BONN-104. Sollingen C, 70 to 85 cm 1360 B.c. 5300 ± 80 BONN-105. Sollingen C, 85 to 100 cm 3350 B.C. Samples of Chernozem soil from town of Sollingen, W. Germany (52° 5' N Lat, 100 5' E Long), taken ca. 50 m from Sollingen A pit and in un- cultivated area. Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: no indication of water logging effect and dates are similar to those of Sollingen A. 2270 ± 110 BONN-33. Sollingen B, 10 to 20 cm 320 B.C. 360 ± 50 BONN-34. Sollingen B, 20 to 30 cm A.D.1590 2450 ± 80 BONN-35. Sollingen B, 30 to 40 cm 500 B.C. 3120 ± 80 BONN-36. Sollingen B, 40 to 50 cm 1170 B.C. 3470 ± 80 BONN-37. Sollingen B, 50 to 60 cm 1520 B.C. 4060 ± 80 BONN-38. Sollingen B, 60 to 70 cm 2110 B.C. 4320 ± 80 BONN-39. Sollingen B, 70 to 80 cm 2430 B.C. 4050 ± 80 BONN-40. Sollingen B, 80 to 90 cm 2100 B.C. Samples of pseudogley chernozem soil SE of Sollingen, W. Germany, in poplar orchard on border of E. Germany (52° 5' N Lat, 100 59' E Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Coinrnent: this profile, as well as Sollingen D and Hildesheim A and B, is strongly influenced by logging water, which explains relatively small differences in ages of top 60 cm (except for BONN-34, which must be contaminated with modern material). Apparently there was rapid accumulation of organic matter in initial stages of soil formation under wet conditions. 1740 ± 70 BONN-106. Sollingen D, 20 to 30 cm A.D.210 2040 ± 70 BONN-107. Sollingen D, 30 to 40 cm 90 B.C. 3010 ± 70 BONN-108. Sollingen D, 40 to 50 cm 1060 B.C. 14 H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers 3790 ± 80 BONN-109. Sollingen D, 50 to 60 em 1840 B.C. 472P ± 80 BONN-110. Sollingen D, 60 to 70 cm 2870 B.C. 5290 ± 80 BONN-111. Sollingen D, 70 to 80 cm 3340 B.C. 5550 ± 80 BONN-112. Sollingen D, 80 to 90 cm 3600 B.C. 5470 ± 80 BONN-113. Sollingen D, 90 to 100 cm 3520 B.C. Samples of pseudogley chernozem soil near town of Sollingen, W. Germany (52° 5' N Lat, 10° 59' E Long), in open cultivated field next to old deserted railway track and station shelter on E. German border. Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Surface is plowed annually to average depth of 30 cm. Comment: rapid initial accumulation of organic matter in wet environment accounts for same age of 3 deepest humus-carrying layers. 350 ± 60 BONN-114. Hildesheim A, 20 to 30 cm A.D.1650 1590 ± 70 BONN-115. Hildesheim A, 30 to 40 cm A.D.360 1700 ± 60 BONN-116. Hildesheim A, 40 to 50 cm A.D.250 2560 ± 70 BONN-117. Hildesheim A, 50 to 60 cm 610 B.C. 2870 ± 70 BONN-118. Hildesheim A, 60 to 70 cm 920 B.C. 3130 ± 70 BONN-119. Hildesheim A, 70 to 80 cm 1180 B.C. 3090 ± 50 BONN-120. Hildesheim A, 80 to 90 cm 1140 B.C. Pseudogley chernozem soil samples from town of Adlum, near Hil- desheim, W. Germany (52° 15' N Lat, 10° 2.5' E Long), developed in Wiirm loess, superimposed on cretaceous clay. From open cultivated field (W of street, Adlum - Hildesheim). Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Age of 3090 is.. agrees with Hildesheim date of Ostlund and Engstrand (1963). Almost identical age throughout the zone from 60 to 90 cm depth indicates fast initial accumulation of organic substance in wet environment (cf. Sollingen B and D). 1040 ± 60 BONN-121. Hildesheim B, 20 to 30 cm A.D.910 Bon a Radiocarbon Measurements I 15 1690 ± 70 BONN-122. Hildesheim B, 30 to 40 cm A.D. 260 1920 ± 70 BONN-123. Hildesheim B, 40 to 50 cm A.D. 30 2260 ± 70 BONN-124. Hildesheim B, 50 to 60 cm 310 B.C. 2770 ± 70 BONN-125. Hildesheim B, 60 to 70 cm 820 B.C. 3010 ± 70 BONN-126. Hildesheim B, 70 to 85 cm 1060 B. C . 4000 ± 80 BONN-127. Hildesheim B, 85 to 100 cm 2050 B.C 2510 ± 60 BONN-128. Hildesheim B, 100 to 110 cm 560 B.C. Pseudogley chernozem soil samples from town of Adlum, near Hil- desheim, W. Germany (52° 15' N Lat, 100 3' E Long), in Wiirm loess over cretaceous clay. In cultivated field near main drainage canal. Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: lowest level, 100 to 110 cm, contained very little carbon. Date is probably on intrusive material. Clear age gradient towards greater depth coincides with only light pseudogley characteristics in this profile. 4170 ± 80 BONN-4. Soest I, 130 to 140 cm 2220 B.G. 4000±80 BONN-3. Soest II, 110 to 135 cam 2050 B.C. Buried "Fliesserde" chernozems under parabrown earth of Wi rm loess on top of upper cretaceous marl near Soest, W. Germany (51° 35' N Lat, 8° 5' F Long). Taken from excavations ca. 8 km apart, they contain only 1 to 2% organic matter. Several authors have associated them with wet Tundra soils (Wortmann, 1960) or with black soils possibly formed in Allerod or Boiling, described by Brunnacker (1957) for Bav- aria. More recent reports consider them wet chernozem deposits from postglacial warm stages, e.g., Boreal (Hohenvehlmann, 1963; Wicht- mann, 1965). Coll. 1966 and subm. by H. Wichtmann, NRW State Geo- logical Survey, Krefeld, and H. W. Scharpenseel. Comment: above dates, adjusted as described in General Comment below suggest their origin 4500 to 6000 n.h. in the Atlantikum. 2560 ± 60 BONN-22. Wallertheim an Ziegelgrube 610 B.C. Sample taken 45 to 65 cm below surface in dark brown steppe soil from Wallertheim in Rhinehessen, W. Germany (49° 53' N Lat, 8° 4' E Long). Soil was 2% organic. Calcareous Wurm loess overlays fine 16 H. 147. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers sandy alluvial loam that in turn is spread over calcareous young diluvial fine sand. Coll. 1966 and subm, by A. Beckel, Dept. of Agriculture of Rhineland-Pfalz, Mainz. Comment: this soil was already dated (Zako- sek, 1962) and reported to correspond to Adlerbergzeit, ca. 3000 B.P. Brown and gray steppe soils farther S near Pfeddersheim and Franken- thal were slightly older, 3610 ± 120 and 3780 ± 140 B.P., respectively. Wallertheim steppe soil is younger than chernozems of Brunswick and Hildesheim areas. 9130 ± 100 BONN-96. Loess-pararendzine, Michelsberg 7180 B.C. Sample from 0 to 12 cm of buried loess-pararendzine in Michelsberg, 2 km N of Ochtendung, Rhineland-Pfalz, W. Germany (50° 21' N Lat, 7° 19' E Long). Soil relic lies under Allerod time mantle of trachyt pumice. Estimated age, 10,000 to 12,000 B.P. Coll. 1967 and subm. by W. Th. Stohr, Rhineland-Pfalz, Geological Survey, Mainz. Comment: age falls 1000 yr short of estimate, which may be accounted for by leaching of young organic matter. Sample is important for explanation of chernozem origin. 630 ± 60 BONN-156. Ostholstein A, 2 to 10 cm A.D.1320 BONN-157. Ostholstein A, 10 to 20 cm Modern 910 ± 60 BONN-158. Ostholstein A, 20 to 30 cm A.D.1040 1850 ± 70 BONN-159. Ostholstein A, 30 to 40 cm A.D.100 Slightly pseudogleiey chernozem-like soil of prairie soil character near steep shore line of E Holstein, adjacent to island of Fehmarn (54° 23.5' N Lat, 11 ° 7' E Long), in Grossenbrode Fahre, Feriendorf. Soil has 40 to 50 cm deep black humus developed on clay f acies of Wirmien moraine marl. Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: this soil formation is younger than other chernozems tested. Date is older Sub-Atlantic. 520 ± 60 BONN-161. Ostholstein B, 2 to 10 cm A.D. 1430 420 ± 50 BONN-162. Ostholstein B, 10 to 20 cm A.D. 1530 1000 ± 60 BONN-163. Ostholstein B, 20 to 30 cm A.D. 950 1390 ± 70 BONN-164. Ostholstein B, 30 to 40 cm A.D. 560 1080 ± 60 BONN-165. Ostholstein B, 40 to 50 cm A.D. 870 Slightly pseudogleiey chernozem-like soil from same area as Osthol- stein A, but E of Grossenbrode. Soil has dark epipedon of 40- to 50-cm Borrir Radiocarbon Meastrrelneilts I 17 depth. Parent rock \'Viirmien marl. Coll. 19(57 and subm. by members of the Radiocarbon I)ating Lab. Comment: like Ostholstein A, dated black soil is younger than classic chernozems. General Cornrrient for Ciicuiiozerns: dates of 4000 to 5000 n.v. for chernozem representatives should be considered miniminm I)ifferences between dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dates for samples approx. 5000 yr old indicate radiocarbon dates could be 1000 yr too recent (Damon and Cow, 1966). Organic substance rejuvenation due to translocation in deeper horizons can produce an error of 1000 yr (see table 1). with these considerations, radiocarbon dates reported here do not con- tradict general correlation of chernozem formation with Boreal and Atlantikum, 4500 to 8500 B.P. Uncertainty lies rather in the fact that during Oldest, Older, and Younger Dryas time calcareous dry steppe with \rtemisia and Stipa Was common. Veils of colic loess sediments could have built up pararendzine chernozem profile, while after Allerod time during moist Boreal and Atlantikum forest covered gravel plains and prevented further transport of loess. Also black relic of Michelsberg below Allerod trachyt pumice (BONN-96) shows pararendzina chernozem development 10,000 to 12,000 yr ii.e. Thus, the younger chernozems of Sollingen and Hildesheim areas could be l)ossibly influenced by erosion and not entirely autochthonol s. Older chernozem patches in these typical chernozem areas are however still to be found. If dates of different subhorizons are plotted against depth, the resulting curves are almost asymptotic to the age axis, when the soil profile developed in dry milieu, indicating a long lasting pararendzina stage. When the soil profile developed in a wet milieu the curve is throughout the deepest 2 or 3 subhorizons almost vertical to the age axis, indicating a fast initial organic matter accumulation up to considerable thickness in wet milieu. Thus, from the shape of the depth vs. age curve one can draw information on the mode of milieu during profile development. Great age dd- ferences within subhorizons devaluate common opinion that chernozem organic matter is homogeneously mixed due to high biological activity and ample population of soil animals, as indicated by typical crotovins.

B. Plaggcn Soils (Plaggepts) These anthropogenic soils are developed on poor sandy podzols (humods, orthods) and gley podzols (aquods) from man-made deposits of heath plaggen (gray variety) or grass plaggen (brown variety). Depth of organic cover superimposed on podzol ranges up to 90 cm. Some radiocarbon dates reported by Niemeier (1959) indicated maximum plaggen soil age of 1800 to 2400 ii.Y. Fastabend and v. Raupach (1962) obtained radiocarbon dates of plaggen soils which placed them in the 6th to 8th century A.D.

BONN-9. Greven, Albachtenesch, 1300 ± 80 55 to 70 cm depth A.D. 650 18 H. TV. Schaipenscel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers BONN-10. Greven, Marktesch, ± 80 60 to 70 cm depth A.D.715 BONN-11. Greven, end of Main St. Direction 980 Schmedehausen, 60 to 70 cm depth A.D.970 BONN-12. Greven, behind Schmedehausen, direction 980 ± 80 Ladbergen, 60 to 70 cm depth A.D.970 BONN-13. Greven, Kroner Heide, 1030 90 60 to 70 cm depth A.D.920 Samples of gray plaggen soils, vicinity Greven, N of Munster, West- falen, W. Germany 52° 8' N Lat, 7° 40' E Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: results for West- falien plaggen soils agree well with dates reported by Fastabend and v. Ralipach for several Low Saxonian plaggen soils. 580 ± 50 BONN-43. Albachtenesch, 10 to 20 cm A.D.1370 990 ± 60 BONN-44. Albachtenesch, 20 to 30 cm A,D.960 710 ± 50 BONN-45. Albachtenesch, 30 to 40 cm A.D.1240 790 ± 60 BONN-46. Albachtenesch, 40 to 50 cm A.D.1160 730 ± 80 BONN-47. Albachtenesch, 50 to 60 cm A.D.1220 1220±80 BONN-48. Albachtenesch, 60 to 70 cm A.D.730 Gray plaggen soil profile near Greven, N of Munster, W. Germany (52° 8' N Lat, 7° 40' E Long). Coll, and subm. by members of Radiocar- bon Dating Lab. Comment: radiocarbon date of upper layer is recent due to contamination with modern organic material. Date of lowest luinms layer agrees with BONN-9, at 200-m distance. 660 ± 60 BONN-49. Rheine, 20 to 30 cm A.D.1290 1170 ± 60 BONN-50. Rheine, 30 to 40 cm A.D. 780 1260 ± 60 BONN-51. Rheine, 40 to 50 cm A.D. 690 1020 ± 60 BONN-52. Rheine, 50 to 60 cm A.D. 930 900 60 BONN-53. Rheine, 60 to 70 cm A.D.1050 Bona Rndlocrrrbon MeasJ( cmcizIs I 19 810 ± 60 BONN-54. Rheine, 70 to 80 cm A.D.1140 Brown plaggen soil profile, developed on sandy-gravel of Ems River, S of Rheine, W of street in direction of Greven, W. Germany (52° 16' ° N Lat, 7 26' E Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: this profile shows same maximum age of about 1250 yr observed in BONN-9, 10, and 48. Phenomenon of oldest soil material underlain by younger organic material can possibly be explained by vertical transport, or different age of plaggen at moment of deposition (the total plaggen horizon is the result of repeated deposition of plaggen throughout generations). 860 ± 60 BONN-129. Lengerich, 20 to 30 cm A.D.1090 910 ± 60 BONN-130. Lengerich, 30 to 40 cm A. D.1040 1190 ± 70 BONN-131. Lengerich, 40 to 50 cm A.D. 769

940 -!- 69 BONN-132. Lengerich, 50 to 60 cm A.D.1010 860 ± 69 BONN-133. Lengerich, 60 to 70 cm A.D.1090 860 ± 60 BONN-134. Lengerich, 70 to 80 cm A.D.1090 3960 ± 80 BONN-135. Lengerich, 80 to 90 cm 2010 B.C. Gray plaggen soil on old pleistocene sand 4 km S Lengerich, W. Ger- many (52° 14.5' N Lit, 70 56' E Long). Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: maximum age is again about 1200 yr except for BONN-135. Considerably greater age of layer 80 to 90 cm is indicative of older buried A horizon (probably of underlying po(lzol) and does not represent maximum age of sample profile.

C. Podzols (Orthods, Hiiniods) Migration of intact or degraded clay minerals, sesyuioxides, and humus matter under strongly acid conditions in preferentially sandy material leads to formation of podzol profiles. Their Bn, horizon is so far favored for racliocarbon dating of podzol development (Ldders, 1961). A number of British Podzols, dated by Goduvin and Willis (1964) vary between 500 and 3000 yr old. Lappland podzols, dated by Ostlund and Engstrand (1963) ranged from 460 to 1260 R.P. The following dates are part of a program of age determination of podzols in different parts o Germany and on various geological materials. 20 H. TV. Scltarpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers 930 ± 80 BONN-14. Sennesand A.D.1020 Podzol Bh horizon sample 60 to 70 cm below surface. In Sennesand near autobahn crossing of Teutoburger Wald Mountains (51 ° 57' N Lat, 8° 31' F Long). Coll. 1906 and subm, by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: po(lzol relatively young, expectedly (lue to narrowness of dark B11 horizon. 810 ± 50 BONN-19. Irrel A.D.1140 Podzol Bh horizon in Lias sand of Irrel bei Echternach, on top of hill and 70 to 85 cm below surface (49° 52' N Lat, 6° 20' L Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: recent date is probably Mlle to erosion of elevated area. 1220 -!--- 60 BONN-20. Ilarlaten A A.C.730

Podzol B11 horizon in (fluvial sand 80 to 95 cm below surface in Darlaten, Niedersachsen (52° 32' N Lat, 8° 51' L Long). Fully developed 1)0(1701 with thick B1i horizon. Coll. 1966 and subm. by G. Golisch, Dept. of Agriculture of State of Niedersachsen, Hannover. Comment: see BONN-21. 1165 ± 60 BONN-21. Oarlaten B A,C.785

Podzol B11 horizon from same pit as Bonn 20, but 95 to 110 cm below surface. Comment: ages of the 2 substrata are statistically indistinguish- al)le. Podzol younger than expected from large size of B1i horizon. 2960 ± 70 BONN-90. Scherpenseel A 1010 B.C. P0d701 Al, horizon from mixture of diluvial and cretaceous sand, 10 to 25 cm below surface on Maas River terrace near Dutch border Scherpenseel, close to Geilenkirchen (50° 56.5' N Lat, 6° 0.5' E Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: see BONN-91. 2570 ± 70 BONN-91. Scherpenseel B 620 B.C. Podzol Bn horizon from same pit as BONN-90, but 65 to 85 cm below surface. Comment: this well-developed 1)0(1701 is among oldest reported. Greater age of A1, horizon could be due to more soluble, younger humic substance preferentially migrating to B11 horizon. 1140 ± 60 BONN-41. Wilsede A.D.910 Podzol B1i horizon in (lluvial moraine sand and gravel 60 to 70 cm below surface in Wilsede, Lhneburger Heide heath sanctuary, 35 km S of Hamburg (53° 11' N Lat, 9° 57' E Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: see BONN-42. Bonn- Radiocarbon illeaslirernelrts I 21 940 ± 50 BONN-42. Oberhaverbeek A.D.1010 Podzol Bh horizon, 55 to 70 cm below surface, in Oberhaverbeck, 8 km SW of Wilsede (530 11' N Lat, 9° 57' E Long). Coll. 1966 and ubm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: because the Bh horizons are shallow young ages expected. 1940 ± 50 BONN-16. Flaesheim A A.D.10 Podzol Ah in sand from upper cretaceous layers, 15 to 35 cm below surface in Flaesheim bei Haltern, Westfalia (510 43' N Lat, 70 14' E Long). Sandpit with well-developed double layer Podzol. Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment: see BONN-17. 2220 ± 90 BONN-15. Flaesheim B, upper layer 70 B.C. Podzol Bh horizon from same pit as BONN-16, but 80 to 95 cm below surface. Comment: see BONN-17. 2420 ± 80 BONN-17. Flaesheim B, lower layer 470 B.C. Podzol Bh horizon from same pit as BONN-16 and 15, but 135 to 170 cm below surface. Comment: upper and lower layers of Bh are inter- connected and dates are statistically indistinguishable, as expected. General Comment for Podzols: small age difference between A,1 and Bh horizons indicates profile differentiation occurs in fairly short period of time from mutual humus pool after acidity and colloid chemical con- established. Migration of organic matter seems to continue in strongly developed podzols, indicated by close resemblance of A,, and B,, horizon ditions for enhanced sesquioxide and humus migration have been dates. In consequence radiocarbon dating of Podzol Bh horizons produces minimum ages. Age of Podzol formation could be twice as high.

D. Parabrown Earth (Hapludalf) These soils are often developed in alluvial, or Wurm-loess materials and are typical for wide areas of the Netherrhine district on nether or middle terraces. Parabrown earth is genetically related to gray-brown Podzolic (hapludalf) soils in USA, dernopodzols in USSR, and sot bran lessive in France. Beginning of main phase of development is either nearly contemporary with black chernozem steppe soils, (under foresta- tion), or later, in Sub-Boreal to older Sub-Atlantic. 1060 ± 70 BONN-92. Frimmersdorf, 5 to 25 cm A.D.890 500 ± 69 BONN-93. Frimmersdorf, 25 to 50 cm A.D.1450 900 ± 70 BONN-94. Frimmersdorf, 50 to 75 cm A.D,1050 22 H. TV. Scllaipenseel, F. Pictig, and IvI. A. Tamers 1880 ± 80 BONN-95. Frimmersdorf, 75 to 100 cm A.D.70 Parabrown earth taken at rim of brown coal pit of Frimmersdorf, E Long). 35 km WNW Cologne, W. Germany (510 2.5' N Lat, 6° 34' Deposit overlays several m of Wurm and possibly Riss loess. Coll. 1967 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. Comment. parabrown earth profile seems to stem from older Sub-Atlantic, but more samples of this widely distributed soil type must still be dated. E. Ren-dzina (Rendoll) 1600 ± 70 BONN-97. County Clare A,D.350 Rendzina relic under peaty podzol-gley with basal clay layer from County Clare, Ireland (53° 7' N Lat, 9° 14' W Long). Coll. 1967 by local associate of submitter, G. Jaritz, Institut fur Bodenkunde, Univ. Bonn. Estimated age, minimum 4000 to 5000 yr as chernozem relic. Comment (G.J.): age too recent. Sample may have been improperly taken.

F. Half Bog Soils (Fibrist, Anmoor, Flaches Niedermoor) 2460 ± 60 BONN-24. Trhove Myto 510 B.C. Buried anmoor soil under young holocene flood plain deposit along small Danube in middle part of Schi ttisland, near Bratislava, Czecho- slovakia (48° 0' N Lat, 17° 45' E Long). Sample covered by alluvial rambla soil of loamy sand. Coll. 1966 and subm. by Juraj Hrasko, Soil Survey Center of Slovakia, Bratislava. Comment (J.H.): date reasonable. 2130 ± 50 BONN-82. Kalkarer Moor I, 20 to 40 cm 180 B.C. 6740±8) BONN-83. Kalkarer Moor I, 40 to 60 cm 4790 B.C. 7240 ± 80 BONN-84. Kalkarer Moor I, 60 to 80 cm 5290 B.C. 7790 ± 110 BONN-85. Kalkarer Moor I, 80 to 100 cm 5840 B.C. Profile taken near rim of moor area. Half bog transitional to shallow low moor. Local phenomenon near Billig, S Euskirchen, W. Germany (50° 36' N Lat, 6° 46' E Long). Moor area is sanctuary of natural plant association growing on heavy loamy alluvium on tertiary clay. Date of half bog material could be pertinent to age of surrounding alluvial soils. Corn- Coll. 1966 and subm. by members of Radiocarbon Dating Lab. men t: see Kalkarer Moor II profile. 1210 ± 60 BONN-86. Kalkarer Moor II, 20 to 40 cm A.D.740 B offin Radiocarbon MCOsl(r('lilCuts I 23 1830 -x-140 BONN-87. Kalkarer Moor II, 40 to 60 cm A.U. 120 2760 ± 80 BONN-88. Kalkarer Moor II, 60 to 80 cm 810 B.C. 3160 ± 50 BONN-89. Kalkarer Moor II, 80 to 100 cm 1210 B.C. Profile taken from center of Kalkarer Moor ca. 30 m from Kalkarer Moor I profile. Coll, same time as Kalkarer Moor I. Comment: great age differences between 2 profiles indicate slow process of low moor development from periphery towards center of basin. Boreal age of moor shows that moisture regime has been quite liberal since, in these small river valleys. III. ARCHAFOLOGIC SAMPLES A. West Germany 4800 ± 80 BONN-l. Inden-Lamersdorf 2850 B.C. Buried black soil layer in parabrown earth (Hapludalf) profile, 60 cm below surface near town of Inden-Lamersdorf in W. Germany 50° 51' N Lat, 6° 20' E Long). Preliminary treatment removed intrusive rootlets (see Soil Samples section, this date list). Archaeologic excavations in Hildesheim area indicate that Rossener culture is concentrated on chernozem patches. Coll. 1965 and subm. by Gustel Strunk, Univ. Bonn. Comment: date agrees with other chernozem profiles discussed previously; however, a connection with Rossener culture is still under discussion. 1050 ± 100 BONN-18. Gellep A.D.900 Small charcoal particles in humic matter containing sand. From nether terrace of Rhine River in Sprilberg, W. Germany (51° 20' N Lat, 6° 41' E Long). Roots and other debris removed and charcoal concentrated by flotation. Charcoal is apparently culture relic estimated from Roman occupation. Coll. 1965 and subm, by Gustel Strunk. Comment: sample is younger than expected and seems to come from medieval settlement. 1900 ± 89 BONN-23. Rimberg A.D.50 Soil sample with high organic content, apparently decayed wood of ancient structure, from town of Rimberg, near Aachen, W. Germany (50° 55' N Lat, 6° 5' E Long). Archaeologic evidence suggests sample should date from Roman times. Coll. 1966 and subm. by Gustel Strunk. Comment: date in agreement with submitter's estimate. 1730 ± 90 BONN-25. Neuss A.D.220 Wood charcoal from excavations of Novaesium Roman camp near the town Neuss, W. Germany (51° 12' N Lat, 6° 41' E Long). A portion 24 H. TV. Scharpensecl, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tameis of sample previously dated at 1900 ± 120 is.. (KN-3, Koln I). Coll. 1958 by G. Muller, Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Neuss; subm. by J. Freund- lich, Univ. Koln, as check sample. Comment: agrees with Koln measurement. B. Iraq 2160 ± 50 BONN-78. Aqur Quf 210 B.C. Dried reeds from ancient Kassite city of Kurigalzu (Dur-Kurigalzu), 33 km W of Baghdad, Iraq (440 N Lat, 33° E Long). Excavations by Dept, of Antiquities of Iraq indicate habitation starting from 15th century B.C. (Baquir, 1959). Predominant structure is stepped tower of "Zig- gurat." This great mass of brick work is only denuded core, 57 m high at present, and has an approx. square base, 69 x 67 m. It is fortified by horizontal layers of reed matting which represents original material of tower. Coll. 1963 from ground level and subm. by Lothar von Erichsen, Univ. Bonn, W. Germany. Comment (L.v.E.): younger than expected.

C. Libya 1950 ± 60 BONN-145. Garamantes Grave A.D.0 Human femur bones from stone burial mound in dry sand on slope of a wadi in N high plateau of Libya (26° 30' N Lat, 13° 7' E Long). Desert region with little possibility of contamination by plant matter. Site of Garamantes people who left Libya in the 1st to 2nd century B.C. and settled in Central Africa. Coll. 1967 and subm. by Ulrich Hallier, Univ. Bonn. Bones completely dissolved in hydrochloric acid to insure complete removal of carbonates before combustion. Comment (U.H.): date points to late Garamantes period in Libya and is reasonable.

Iv. MODERN SAMPLES Radiocarbon from nuclear weapon contamination is being monitored extensively in atmospheric CO,,. To make use of variations for our studies of soil and ground water dynamics, increased activity levels and extent of fluctuations in vegetation are more pertinent. Several different types of reliably documented plant materials from Rhineland region of W. Germany have been measured. The program is being continued with some 50 samples from the Darmstadt area. Winter rye series, 1957.1967 BONN-56. Winter rye, 1957 97.0±0.7% modern Winter rye grown at Meckenheim fertilizer test site, 15 km SW of ° Bonn (50° 37.5' N Lat, 7 1' E Long). Seeds were sown in Sept., 1956, main growth from April to June of following year. Coll. end of July, 1957 by Inst. of Agricultural Chemistry, Univ. Bonn. Comment: no nuclear weapon contamination, rather 3% lowering due to fossil fuel burning (Suess effect) which should be great in this highly industrialized region. Boilil Radiocarbon Measurements I 2' BONN-57. Winter rye, 1958 234.5 ± 2.4% modern Winter rye from Meckenheim fertilizer test site coll. end of July, 1958. Comment. large amount of contamination is surprising, but there seems to be no possibility of introduction of tracer C14 either in our lab or at Meckenheim. Sample was run 3 times on separate batches of material. Results were 234.0 + 1.1, 232.4 + 1.8, and 237.1 + 1.2° modern, which are statistically indistinguishable. BONN-58. Winter rye, 1959 125.6 ± 0.8% modern Winter rye from Meckenheim fertilizer test site coll. end of July, 195, BONN-59. Winter rye, 1961 125.3±0.9% modern Winter rye, Meckenheim, coll. end of July, 1961. BONN-60. Winter rye, 1962 143.0 ± 0.9% modern Winter rye, Meckenheim, coll. end of July, 1962. BONN-61. Winter rye, 1963 166.1 ± 1.3% modern Winter rye, Meckenheim, coll, end of July, 1963. BONN-79. Winter rye, 1966 176.3±0.9% modern Winter rye, Meckenheim, coll. end of July, 1966. BONN-143. Winter rye, 1967 168.1 ±0.9% modern Winter rye from Poppelsdorf (Bonn), (50° 44' N Lat, 7° 8' E Long) Experimental Field. Seeds put into ground Sept. 1966, green plant sample taken May 20, 1967 by H. W. Scharpenseel. Winter wheat series, 1959.1966 BONN-62. Winter wheat, 1959 139.1 ±0.9% modern Winter wheat grown at Meckenheim fertilizer test site 15 km SW of Bonn (50° 37.5' N Lat, 7° 1' E Long). Seeds were sown in October 1958, but had only limited growth until April to July, 1959, when main development occurred. Coll, early Aug. 1959 by Inst. of Agricultural Chem- istry, Univ. Bonn. BONN-63. Winter wheat, 1960 125.2 ±0.6% modern Winter wheat from Meckenheim fertilizer test site coll, early Aug., 1960. BONN-64. Winter wheat, 1962 141.6±0.7% modern Winter wheat, Meckenheim, coll. early Aug., 1962. BONN-65. Winter wheat, 1963 180.2 ± 1.0% modern Winter wheat, Meckenheim, coll, early Aug., 1963. BONN-66. Winter wheat, 1964 200.6 ± 1.6% modern Winter wheat, Meckenheim, coll. early Aug., 1964. BONN-67. Winter wheat, 1965 270.5 ± 1.8% modern Winter wheat, Meckenheim, coll. early Aug., 1965. Comment: con- 26 H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, and M. A. Tamers tamination is higher than previously seen for plant materials. Sample run twice on separate batches with results 272.2 ± 1.4 and 268.8 ± 1.2% modern, which are statistically indistinguishable. There was no inclusion of tracer C14 either in Meckenheim or in lab. BONN-80. Winter wheat, 1966 173.0 ± 0.9% modern Winter wheat, Meckenheim, coll, early Aug., 1966. Grass series, 1962-1965 BONN-68. Grass, 1962 149.7 ± 0.9% modern Leaves of perennial grass plant from Meckenheim fertilizer test site. Maximum growth was from May to June. Coll. early June, 1962 by Inst. of Agricultural Chemistry, Univ. Bonn. BONN-69. Grass, 1963 195.4 ± 1.0% modern Grass from Meckenheim fertilizer site. Coll. early June, 1963. BONN-70. Grass, 1964 185.2 ± 1.0% modern Grass, Meckenheim, coll. early June, 1964. BONN-71. Grass, 1965 172.1 ± 1.0% modern Grass, Meckenheim, coll. early June, 1965. Sugar and fodder beets leaves series, 1958.1966 BONN-72. Sugar beet leaves, 1958 145.0 ± 0.8% modern Sugar beet leaves from Meckenheim fertilizer test site. Planted in April, maximum growth from June to Sept. Coll. Nov., 1958 by Inst. of Agricultural Chemistry, Univ. Bonn. BONN-73. Sugar beet leaves, 1960 136.3 ± 1.0% modern Sugar beet leaves from Meckenheim fertilizer test site. Coll. Nov., 1960. BONN-74. Sugar beet leaves, 1962 146.0±0.9% modern Sugar beet leaves, Meckenheim, coll. Nov., 1962. BONN-81. Sugar beet leaves, 1966 186.8 ± 1.0% modern Sugar beet leaves, Meckenheim, coll. Nov., 1966. BONN-75. Fodder beet leaves, 1960 162.6 ± 0.8% modern Fodder beet leaves from Meckenheim fertilizer test site. Planted in April 1960, maximum growth from June to Sept. Coll. Nov., 1960 by Inst. of Agricultural Chemistry, Univ. Bonn. BONN-76. Fodder beet leaves, 1964 190.4 ± 0.8% modern Fodder beet leaves, Meckenheim, coll. Nov., 1964. BONN-77. Fodder beet leaves, 1965 177.3 ± 1.0% modern Fodder beet leaves, Meckenheim, coll. Nov., 1965. Bonn Radiocarbon Measurements I 27 BONN-144. Winter raps, 1967 159.2±0.9% modern Winter raps from Poppelsdorf (Bonn) Experimental Field. Seeds sown Sept., 1966 and coll, green May 20, 1967 by H. W. Scharpenseel. German Wine series, 1958.1966 BONN-146. German Wine, 1958 126.2±0.8% modern Alcohol distilled from verified pure Riesling white wine grown in Mussbacher Heide vineyard of Staatsweingut in Rheinpfalz (490 23' N Lat, 8° 11:5' E Long). This is "Spatlese," where grapes were excessively ripened on the vine. Coll. Nov., 1958 by members of Staatsweingut. BONN-147. German Wine, 1959 124.2±0.8% modern Alcohol distilled from Riesling white wine grown in Haardter Herrenletten vineyard of Staatsweingut in Rheinpfalz (49° 22.5' N Lat, 8° 11' E Long). Coll. Oct. 1959 by members of Staatsweingut. BONN-148. German Wine, 1960 126.2±0.8% modern Coll. Oct., 1960. BONN-149. German Wine, 1961 119.2 ±0.8% modern Coll. Oct., 1961. BONN-150. German Wine, 1962 134.2 ± 0.8% modern Coll. Oct., 1962. BONN-151. German Wine, 1963 182.0 ± 1.0% modern Coll. Oct., 1963. BONN-152. German Wine, 1964 184.0 ± 1.0% modern Coll. Oct., 1964. BONN-153. German Wine, 1965 169.4±0.9% modern New variety of vine, same location, coll. Oct., 1965. BONN-155. German Wine, 1954 95.5±0.7% modern Coll. Oct., 1954. BONN-154. German Wine, 1966 170.8±0.9% modern Alcohol distilled from Mosel white wine grown in Mehringer Hohlensberg vineyard (49° 46' N Lat, 6° 48' E Long). Bottled by Adam Schmitt Weingut in Bonn. Coll. Oct., 1966.

REFERENCES Date lists: Berlin II Kohl and Quitta, 1966. Cambridge VI Godwin and Willis, 1964. Kolti I Schwabedissen and Freundlich, 1966. Stockholm V Ostlund and Fngstrand, 1963. Baquir, Taha, 1959, Aqur Out, Baghdad: Ar-Rabitta Press. Brunnacker, K., 1957, Die Geschichte der Boden im jiingeren Pleistozan in Bayern: Geologica Bavarica, 34, Miinchen. 28 H. W. Scharpenseel, F. Pietig, acid M. A. Tamers Damon, P. E., Long A., Gray, 1). C., 1966, Fluctuation of atmospheric C! during the last six millenia: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 71, p. 1055-1063. Fastabend, H. and v. Raupach, F., 1962, Ergebnisse der C"-Untersuchungen an cinigen Plaggnboden des Emslandes: Geol. Jh., v. 79, p. 863-866. 1961, Zur Kenntnis der Plaggenboden in Nordwestdeutschland: GeoI: jb., v. 78, P. 139-172. Godwin, H. and Willis, E. H., 1964, Cambridge University natural radiocarbon measurements VI: Radiocarbon, v. 6, p. 131-137. Hohnvehlmann, J., 1963, Vergesellschaftung. Entstehung rind Eigenschaften der Boden irn Soester Hellweggehiet: Dissertation, Univ. of Bonn. Kohl, G. and Quitta, H., 1966, Berlin radiocarbon measurements II: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 27-45. Laatsch, W., 1957, Die Dynamik der mitteleuropaischen \Iinerallho(Ien: Publ. Steinkopf Dresden and Leipzig, p. 195-270. 1934, Die Bodentypen urss Halle (Saale) and ihre postdiluviale Entwick- lung: Jahrbuch des Halleschen Verbandes zur Erforschung der mitteldeutschen Bodenschatze, p. 57-112. Liiders, R., 1964, Stark entwickelte Podsole enter Eichen-Birkenwald hei Voltlage im westlichen Niedersachsen and die Frage nach ihrem Alter: Z. Pflanzenernahr., l)Ong., Bodenkunde, v. 107, p. 215-222. Miickenhausen, E., 1962, Entstehung, Eigenschaften and Systematik der Boden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: DLG-Publish., Frankfurt/Main p. 145-147. Neugebauer, V. and Zakosek, H., 1962a, Die Smonica, Hess: Landesamt fir Boden- forschung, Wiesbaden, v. 20, p. 341-353. Niemeier, G., 1959, C14-Datierungen der Kulturlandschaftsgeschichte Nordwestdeutsch lands: Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, v. 11, p. 87. Niemeier, G. and Taschenmachen, W., 1939, Plaggenboden, Westfalische Forschung: Munster, v. 1, p. 124. Ostlund, H. G. and Engstrand, L. G., 1963, Stockholm radiocarbon measurements V: Radiocarbon, v. 5, p. 203-227. t'leug, F. and Scharpenseel, H. W., 1966, Altershestimmung mit dem Fliissigkeits-Szin tillations-Spektrometer, Ein never Katalysator zur Benzolsynthese: Atomprazis, v. 12, no. 12, p. 95-97. 1964, Altersbestimmung mit dem Fliissigkeits-Szintillations-Spektrometer, Uher die Wirksamkeit von Abschirmungsmassnahmen: Atomprazis, v. 10, no. 7, p. 1-3. Scheffer, F. and Schachtschabel, P., 1965, Bodenkunde I, Stuttgart: F. Enke Publish. p. 384-427. Schwabedissen, H. and Freundlich, J., 1966, Koln radiocarbon measurements I: Radio- carbon v. 8, p. 239-247. Smith, G. D., 1967, Suplement to Soil Classification System 7th Approximation: US Dept. of Agriculture, p. 6-7. 1960, Soil Classification, a Comprehensive System, 7th Approximation, US Dept. of Agriculture, p. 20-21. Tamers, M. A., 1967, Radiocarbon ages of ground water in an arid zone uncoiif'f.^ 1 aquifer: Am. Geophys. Union Monograph 11, p. 143-152. 1965, Routine carbon-1.4 dating using liquid scintillation tech. Acta Cientifica Venezolana, v. 16, p. 156-162. Wichtmann, H., 1965, Zur Entwicklung der Parabraunerden in der Soester Bdrde, Gottingen: Mitt. d. Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, v. 4, p. 9-15. Wilhelmy, H., 1950, Das Alter der Schwarzerde and Stppenboden Mittel and Osteuro- pas: Z. Erdkunde, Bonn, v. 4, p. 5-34. Wortmann, H., 1960, Ubersichtskarte von Nordrhein-Westfalen: Erlauterungen zur Rodenkarte Blatt Munster C 4310, Krefeld. Zakosek, H., 1962b, Zur Genese rind Gliederung der Steppenboden im nordlichen Oberrheintal: Abh. d. Hessischen Landesamts fiir Bodenforschung 37, Wiesbaden. [RAnroc.!uox, Vor.. 10, 1968, P. 29-35j

INSTITUT ROYAL DU PATRIMOINE ARTISTIQUE RADIOCARBON DATES I ANNE N. SCHREURS, lic. sc. phys. Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique, Brussels, Belgium

INTRODUCTION The development of a C14 laboratory within the physical laboratory of the "Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique" was begun by Dr. I. Elskens* and D. Gausset * (A.I.Br.). The electronic apparatus was delivered in 1963 and routine counting on gas of petrochemical origin began in 1964. By December 1965, methane gas was prepared from pure commercial CO2 and, in February 1966, the first test samples were burnt. we follow the method used in Louvain (Dossin J. M. and I)eumer j. iI\I., 1961). Samples are first examined under a binocular to pick up as many rootlets as possible and to remove foreign matters. They are then treated with 1% NaOH and 1% HC1. After being rinsed with distilled water and dried, they are burnt in a stream of oxygen. The released CO2 is purified by passage through the following chemicals and traps: plan- nixed asbestos, hot CuO, 0.1 N AgNO3 (twice), H2SO4 - CrO3 solution (twice), acetone dry-ice trap and a serial of 3 liquid air traps. The CO2 is first purified by pumping off gaseous impurities between displacement from one trap to another and final purification is realized on reduced B.T.S. (finely devised copper adsorbed on a mixture of silica and magnesium oxide, a B.A.S.F. pro(luct). The volume of CO2 is measured and mixed in a 26 L glass flask with 4 volumes of H2. Hydrogrena- tion takes place overnight on a nickel catalyst (Ni fixed on pumice: see Louvain I) with a yield of 90% at least. CH4 is purified by trapping water, eliminating H2 on B.T.S. (in the CuO form), and adsorbing CO2 on molecular sieves. Purity reached during the first preparations was checked by gas chromatography. Samples are then stored in 6 1. glass flask for at least 15 days before counting. All measurements are made in a stainless steel counter built by the d.L. E. (Manufacture Belge de Lampes et d'Electromque) after design of Houtermans and Oeschger (1958). Only the preamplifiers are transistor- ized. The threshold at both proportional counters is 0.5 mV; no upper threshold is used. The composite shield from the same firm consists of: under the counter, 10 cm of steel; on the sides, 5 cm of steel and 5 cm of "old" lead; on the top 5 cm of steel, 8 cm of paraffin, 1 cm of steel, 7.5 cm ol "old" lead, 4 cm of paraffin, 1.5 cm of boric acid and 8 cm of paraffin. Depending upon the size of the sample, the counter is filled at a pressure of 700 to 1500 mm of Hg. Atmospheric pressure and temperature

*Present address: Universite de Bruxelles, 50, avenue F.D. Roosevelt, Bruxelles 5. **Now at the Union Chimique Beige, Bruxelles.

29 90 Anne N. Sc/ireurs are measured at each filling. Plateau-curves are taken with and without source (C06°) to locate proper operating voltage. Serials of about 10 samples are prepared including at least one "living" reference (N.B.S. oxalic acid) and "dead" carbon (anthracite). Samples are counted during two nights, at one month interval and a third time if the measurements do not agree within two standard deviations. All ages were calculated using as "living" standard 0.95 of the activity measured on N.B.S. oxalic acid and 5,570 yr for the half-life of C14, 1950 being taken as reference year. As the installation operates in preset count, standard error of activity is calculated by a formula derived by Mme. E. Defrise-Gussenhoven of the "Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles":

1 N. St Standard error of the mean S _ \/n t2 + St2 tie - t ti with St = n-1 when n - number of measurements N = preset number of counts of time (in seconds) ti, t2, ... , t,..... t = measurements t= ti n Error of the age is calculated from standard errors of the measurements, using the formula of Crevecoeur, Vander Stricht, and Capron (1959). For maximum precision and speed, all calculations were made by an I.B.M. 1130 computer. From February to October 1966 anthracite was burned 8 times and 17 fillings were made at pressures from 730 to 1300 mm of Hg. Back- ground depends on filling and atmospheric pressure in the following way: A0 - 10- (8877 + 0.8525 pc - 9.4562 pa) A0 background in counts per second pa atmospheric pressure in mm Hg pc filling pressure normalized to 20°C (in mm Hg) Standard error of the distances to prevision is 136.46. Five wet combustions were performed on N.B.S. oxalic acid with a warm H2 SO4 - Cr 03 solution and 13 measurements at pressures from 760 to 1500 mm Hg were combined to yield the activity. A100 - 10 - (1205.5 + 20.14 pc) No significant dependence on atmospheric pressure was found. Stand- ard error of the distances to prevision is 481.46. These functions and errors were used to calculate the age from each measurement on unknown sample combined with matching background and "living wood" reference. Institut Royal Dii Patrimoine Artistigue Radiocarbon Dates I 31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to Prof. E. Tongiorgi of Pisa and his col- laborators for instruction in the use of Oeschger's counter. Prof. P. C. Capron and his staff helped us in the rapid preparation of a line similar to the installation operating in the C14 laboratory at Louvain. Vacuum lines for preparing samples and filling the counter werE constructed in pyrex glass by R. Klebert and J. Heylen from January 1.965 to June 1966. Now, J. Heylen operates the line alone and has also ensured continuous operation of the counter during the author's leave. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS Unless otherwise state(l, samples, mostly of known age, came from the "Service National des Fouilles." Whenever j)ossible, wood and charcoal were identified by J. Vynckier of the Institute. Descriptions and comments were based on information given by the person submitting the sample. 2558 ± 180 IRPA-1. Hamont 600 B.C. Charcoal in sandy soil from Bronze age burial mound excavated in 1962 at Hamont, prov. Limburg, Belgium (51° 16' N Lat, 50 30' 30" E Long). Comment (H. Roosens): sample comes from a secondary deposit (cremate(l bones in urn of Harpstedt type) in Mound nr I which belongs to Middle Bronze age. The chronology of Harpstedt urns is ill-defined: they are not anterior to the Hallstatt C/D (not before 650) but are still found in La Tene period (Iron age). Two samples from Mound nr III on same site have been dated as Lv-191 and Lv-192 (Louvain IV, 1966) (Roosens and Beex, 1961). 2467 ± 100 IRPA-2. Neerpelt (de Roosen) 517 B.C. Charcoal (mainly from oak) in sandy soil coll. 1960 at Neerpelt, P1". Limburg, Belgium (51° 13' N Lat, 5° 27' E Long). Comment (H.R.): sample from central deposit (cremation rests in urn) of Grave 53 which had an open peripheric ditch and belongs to recent phase of urnfields: Iron age to 3rd century B.C. (Roosens and Beex, 1961.) 4094 ± 240 IRPA-3. Mol 2144 B.C. Rather soft charcoal (mainly from oak) mixed with coarse sand coll. 1962 at Mol, prov. Antwerpen, Belgium (51° 15' N Lat, 5° 15' E Long). Comment (H.R.): sample found at base of burial mound belonging to Bell Beaker civilization of maritime type which developed at end of Neolithic (1800 to 2000 B.C.) (Beex and Roosens, 1963). 1863 ± 100 IRPA-5. Oudenburg A.D. 87 Well-preserved wood (Qlercus) from Roman well excavated in 1964 at Oudenburg, prov. West-Vlaanderen, Belgium (51° 11' N Lat, 3° 2' E Long). Comment (J .Mertens): expected date 1st or 2nd century. Now at the "Papeteries de Genval." 32 Anne N. Schreurs 1370 ± 125 IRPA-6. Brugge A.D.580 Wood (probably oak) coll. 1958 at Brugge, prov. West-Vlaanderen, Belgium (51 ° 13' N Lat, 3° 12' E Long). Part of pole used to support St. Donatien church on peaty ground. Comment (J.M.): expected date 9th to 10th century. Older date may be due to choice of old tree or contamination by humic acid. 2710 ± 150 IRPA-7. Neerpelt (Achelse dijk) 760 B.C. Charcoal (mainly from oak) in sandy soil coll. 1964 at Neerpelt, prov. Limburg, Belgium (51° 13' N Lat, 5° 27' E Long). Comment (H.R.): sample found with cremated bones in urn belonging to older phase of urnfields (end of Bronze age, 7th or 8th century is.c.). 1686 ± 180 IRPA-8. Beerlegem A.D.264 Beam (Quercus) found in Merovingian grave under 2 m of glau- coniferous sand in 1958 at Beerlegem, prov. West-Vlaanderen, Belgium (50° 54' N Lat, 3° 45' E Long). Sample was part of funeral chamber. Comment (H.R.): expected date ca. A.D. 600; older date may be due to use of old tree. Sample of same grave has been dated as Lv-26 (Louvain V. 1967). 1336 ± 240 IRPA-9. Oplinter A.D. 614 Vood (Quercus) chipped from center of triumphal cross treated at thr institute during 1964 and conserved at Oplinter, prov. Brabant, Belgium (50° 49' N Lat, 4° 59' E Long). Comment; expected date 13th century. (de Borchgrave d'Altena, 1933). Unprecise result due to small- ness of sample and lack of second counting as gas was polluted by air. 93±170 IRPA-10. Lillo Modern Wood (probably Quercus) excavated in 1965 at Lillo, prov. Antwer- pen, Belgium (51° 18' N Lat, 4° 18' E Long). Taken at 2-m depth from a pole supporting tower of the church. Comment (J.M.) : village was destroyed by water in 1585 and rebuilt in 1651. The same event occurred in 1832. Date shows that pole is probably not from 17th century construction (95% chance). 132 ± 180 IRPA-11. Easter Island Modern Wet charcoal (50% water) coll. 1955 by F. Mazieres at Rano Ravaku on Easter Island, Republic of Ecuador (27° 08' S Lat, 109° 23' W Long); subm. by Institut des Sciences naturelles, Brussels. Found at depth 50 cm in very porous soil and kept in polyethylene vial. Comment (A. Capart): not 15th' century as suggested by nearby statues. Samples from same site were dated as K-507, K-521, and K-508 (Copenhagen V, 1962). lnstitut Royal 1)u Pat rimoine Artistique Radiocarbon I)ates I 33 1980 ± 170 IRPA-12. Tongres 30 B.C. Divided charcoal in sand coll. 1966 at Tongres, prow. Limburg, Belgium (50° 48' N Lat, 5° 28' E Long) on site of temple. Urnfield series Six samples from excavations in 1960 at Neerpelt (de Roosen), prov. Limburg, Belgium (510 13' N Eat, 5° 20' E Long) and nearby locality of Acllel (Pastoorbos) (15° 16' N Eat, 5° 29' E Long). Dates should range from 1000 to 400 b.c. All samples consisted of charcoal mixed with sand, humus, and rootlets. Those from Neerpelt belong to recent phase of urnfields (Iron age). IRPA-1 and 2 also are of this period (Roosens and Beex, 1961, 1962, and 1967). 2336 ± 100 IRPA-13. Neerpelt 386 B.C. From ditch of Grave 44 (open ditch type). 2646 ± 239 IRPA-14. Neerpelt 696 B.C. From ditch of Grave 49 open ditch type). Comment (H.R.): date seems a little too oltl. 2434 ± 125 IRPA-15. Neerpelt 484 B.C. From central deposit of Grave 57 (cremation rests in Harpstedt urn). 2657 ± 190 IRPA-16. Neerpelt 707 B.C. From ditch of Grave 71 (open ditch ty)e). At center were found some sherds of Harpstedt urn. Comment (H.R.): date seems a little too old. 2775 ± 130 IRPA-17. Neerpelt 825 B.C. Only sample of coniferous wood charcoal, from Grave 124 surrounded not only by ditch but also by an earth bank. Barrow type ditch is seldom seen in urnfields but is mostly found in Early and Middle Bronze age. Comment (H.R.): no remains of funerary deposit were found; sample was coll. under mound in rubbish pit which yielded also some pieces of flint. Thus, it is probably anterior to general chronology of urnfield. 2761 ± 340 IRPA-18. Ache! 311 B.C. Charcoal coll. 1964 in funerary Deposit 58 with cremated bones and sherds of urn. Comment (H.R.): belongs to older phase of urnfields (Final Bronze age). 1959 ± 180 IRPA-19. Ordona 9 B.C. Well-preserved charcoal excavated at end of 1965 at Ordona, prov. Foggia, Italy (41° 18' N Eat, 15° 37' E Long). Found at 3-m depth much 34 Anne N. Schreurs above ground-water level in fills of cryptoportic on forum. Comment (J.M.): most probably 1st century A.D. (Trajan). 1103 ± 125 IRPA-20. Chevremont A.D.847 Charcoal found at 2.10-m depth in orchard during excavations in 1966. Belongs to burned horizon on site of feudal castle. Two independent experiments were made: Fraction A normally pretreated: 1086 ± 180 A.D. 864 Fraction B acidic wash only: 1120 ± 180 A.D. 830 Comment: sample from same site at 1.15-m depth dated as LV-228 (Lou- vain IV, 1966). Agreement of both measurements shows absence of important contamination by humic acids although earth seemed very rich in organic matter; many rootlets had to be handpicked. Age given is mean of two determinations. 2150 ± 190 IRPA-21. Tongres 200 B.C. Clay containing charcoal from burned beam in Roman layer at depth 3.02 m excavated in May 1966 at Tongres, prov. Limburg, Bel- gium (50° 48' N Lat, 51° 28' E Long). Comment: expected date 1st or 2nd century A.D. 1259 ± 180 IRPA-23. Zele A.D.691 Wood (Quercus) from head of Viking boat treated at the Institute in 1956. Subm. by J. Douillez, Antwerpen, Oudheidkundige Musea, probably found at Zele, prov. Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium (51 ° 03' N Lat, 4° 02' E Long) during dredging of Schelde. Comment: before usual washes, resinous coating was removed by refluxing in chloroform. Two incursions of Vikings in direction of Ghent took place in 850 and 879 (De Laet, 1956). 892 ± 165 IRPA-24. Zillis A.D.1058 Resinous wood from painted ceiling in medieval construction at Zillis, cant. Ticino, Switzerland (46° 38' N Lat, 9° 26' E Long). Sent to Dr. Coremans in 1952 by H. Boissonnas from Zurich probably as check sample dated 1130. 5093 ± 105 IRPA-25. Suse 3143 B.C. Charcoal (Salix or Populus) found during excavations in 1965 on Acropolis of Suse, prov. Khuzistan, Iran (31 ° 1.1' N Lat, 48° 17' E Long); subm. by H. Gasche. From fire in archaeological layer at 35 cm depth on floor of room. A firestone and wall of unbaked bricks stood nearby. Com- ment: most probably 2700 B.C. (Limits, 2300 to 2850 s.C.). Instil itt Royal Du Pattnoine Artistigite Radiocarbon Dates I 35 3136 ± 150 IBPA-26. Suse 1189 B.C. Charcoal (Salix or Populus) from oven found in archaeological layer at 75 cm depth on same site as Sample IRPA-25. Comment: most probably 2750 n.c. (limits, 2300 to 2850 B.c.). 1196 ± 316 IBPA-27. Suse (Bard-e-Nechandeh) A.D. 754 Wood (Ced rus) found in 1965.on site of Royal Town, now a corn- field. Coll, at 50=cm depth on floor of room. Comment: most probable age 1st or 2nd century B.C. IBPA-28. Feluy Carbonized coniferous wood from Chateau Scaron at Feluy, prov. Hainaltt, Belgium (50° 33' N Lat, 4° 17' E Long). Experiment A: 121 ± 300 Experiment B: 87 ± 94 Continent: as this pLrt of castle was built in 1830 and burned in 1964, sun pie was tried as secondary recent standard.

REFFRENCFS Date lists: Copenhagen V H. Tauber, 1962 Louvain I J. M. Dossin, J. C. Deumer, P. C. Capron, 1962 Louvain IV E. Gilot, N. Ancion, P. C. Capron, 1966 Louvain V E. Gilot, 1967 Bccx, G. and Roosens, H., 1963, Drieperiodenheuvel met klokhekers to Mol, .lrchaco logica Belgica, v. 72, 23p., ill. Borchgrave d'Altena, Comte J. de, 1933, La Croix triomphale d'Oplinter: Bull, de la Soc. Roy. d'Archeologie de Bruxelles, no. 2, p. 73-77, 6 figs. Crcvecoeur, E. H., Vander Stricht, A., and Capron, P. C., 1959, Precision of the dating method. Standardization of the calculation of the errors and the maximum age in the C14 method: Acad. Roy. Belgique Bull, cl. sci., v. 45, p. 876-890. I)e Laet, S. J., 1956, Wooden animal heads of carolingian times found in the River Scheldt (Belgium) : Acta Archaeol., v. 27. Copenhagen, pp. 127-137. Dossin, J. M. et Deumer, J. M., 1961, Notes sur la determination ties ages par le radio- carhone, Univ. Louvain, 106 p. Houtermans, F. G. and Oeschger, H., 1958, Proportional zahlrohr zur Messung schwa- diet Aktivitaten weicher B. Strahlung: Acta Phys. Helvetica, v. 31, p. 117-126. Mertens, J., Ordonna I, 1965 and Ordonna II, 1967, Institut historique Beige de Rome. Roosens, H., 1959, Houten VIIe eeuwse graf kamer met vrouwensieraden to Beerlegem: Archaeologia Belgica, v. 44, 19 p., ill. Roosens, H. and Beex G., 1961, De opgravingcn in het urnenveld "de Roosen" to Neerpelt in 1960: Archaeologia Belgica, v. 58, 56 p., ill. 1962, Het onderzoek van het urnenveld "de Roosen" to Neerpelt in 1961: Archaeologia Belgica, v. 65, 15 p., ill. 165, Bronstijdgrafheuvels op de Haarterheide to Hamont: Arch aeologia Belgica, v. 31, 30 p., ill. 1967, Een urnenveld tc Achel - Pastoorhos: Archaeologia Belgica, v. 96, 38 p., ill. [R,wtocARIioN, VOI.. 10, 1968, P. 3G 51

UNIVERSITY OF LUND RADIOCARBON DATES I SOREN HAKANSSON Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Department of Quaternary Geology University of Lund, Sweden

INTRODUCTION Plans for a radiocarbon dating laboratory at the University of Lund were initiated by Tage Nilsson* and Holger Arbman* * in 1962. Work was begun in 1964 and at the end of 1965 most of the dating equipment was installed. Dating began in 1966 after careful testing of counting electronics and counters. The dating system has two 1-L copper-walled proportional counters of Ostlund-Engstrand construction (for details see Stockholm V. p. 204, Fig. 1) surrounded by 2.5 cm of selected lead, followed by a ring of 23 cosmic-ray Geiger counters (model HZ-100, Zentralwerkstatt Gottingen). On all sides are at least 20 cm of iron. Above and on both long sides of the counters are 10 cm of paraffin wax with about 12% boric acid between the iron layers. The counter gas is CO2 filled to 2280 mm Hg at a detector temperature of 20°C. The net contemporary value (95.0% of NBS oxalic acid) is about 18.4 cpm. The background is 1.96 cpm for one counter and 2.24 cpm for the other at a barometric pressure of 760 mm Hg. The barometric effect is -0.045 cpm per cm Hg. Working voltage is 6.6 kv, with a plateau length of more than 700 v and a plateau slope of ca. 1% per 100 v for C'. The reproducibility of the gas amplification (the purity of the gas) is checked before and after each counting period by counting with an outer radiation source of Co6° on two certain points of the y-characteristics. For small impurities in the counting gas, standard working conditions are obtained by correction of the working voltage. Most of the samples are pretreated with hot dilute (ca. 2%) hydrochloric acid to remove carbonates. In some cases a humic-acid extraction is performed with hot dilute (ca. 2%) sodium hydroxide. The pretreatment is adjusted according to kind and amount of material and estimated age. Combustion of the sample and purification of the carbon dioxide are performed essentially by the method used at the Stockholm laboratory for many years (Ostlund, 1957b). After combustion and purification in a tube filled with lead chromate (450°C), the carbon dioxide is ab- sorbed in aqueous ammonia. Then it is precipitated as calcium carbonate after calcium chloride solution is added. Following intensive Department of Quaternary Geology, University of Lund. **Historical Museum, University of Lund. 36 Soren Hakanssorl 37 %vashing, the carbon dioxide is liberated with phosphoric acid, frozen out by liquid oxygen, pumped in a solid state with a Hg-diffusion pump, and finally evaporated and passed through a tube containing silver wool and copper net (450°C). There is no special radon-removing step in the system, so the purified gas is kept in a storage vessel for about two weeks before the first counting. Remaining radon can easily be detected in our a-channel. Every sample is counted at least twice for 20 hours with about a 2-week interval. For very old or very small diluted samples there may be athirl counting The NBS oxalic-acid standard is counted once a week in each counter, and the background is measured from Saturday to Monday. I he error in the background is calculated for a counting time of 20 hours. Every hundred counts in the net -channe1 is registered by a printer as a control of the statistical regularity of the C14 and background counts. Age calculations are based on a contemporary value equal to 0.950 of the activity of the NBS oxalic-acid standard, and on a half-life for G14 of 5568 yr. Results are reported in years before 1950 (years 11.1.), and in the A.D,/B.c. scale. Errors quoted (± i f) include the standard deviations of the count rates for the unknown sample, the contemporary standard, and the background. Calculated errors smaller than 100 yr have been increased by rounding to that figure to take some account of the de Vries effect and the possible error in 8013. Corrections for deviations from the normal C13/C12 ratio (8C13 - -25.0% in the P.D.B. scale) are applied for most of the samples. 8C1 values quoted are relative to the P.D.B. standard. The description of each sample is based on information provided by the person submitting the sample to the laboratory.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The laboratory was made possible by a donation from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation for the dating equipment. Statens Natur- vetenskapliga Forskningsrad and Statens Humanistiska Forskningsrad also gave the laboratory financial support. The author wishes to express his gratitude to H. Gote Ostlund and Lars Engstrand for invaluable help in planning the laboratory. Special thanks are due Alf Lundberg for glass work and to Christian Cavallin for assistance with electronic units. Special thanks are also due Mrs. 1lariet Kishonti who is responsible for sample preparations and routine operation of the dating equipment, and to Dr. R. Ryhage and his staff at the mass-spectrometric laboratory of Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, for making the C13 analyses. I am also indebted to Lars Engstrand, Henrik Tauber, and J. C. Vogel for supplying previously dated samples as a check on our dating system. 38 ,Soreli FIakansson SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. CROSS-CHECK SAMPLES 6310 ± 75 Lu-1. Baktjenjaure 4360 B.C. C13 = -25.1 2co Wood from stump of Pin us or Picca at Lake Baktjenjaure, Jamtland, Sweden (63° 58' N Lat, 13° 40' E Long), alt. 700 m. Coll, by Jan Lund- gvist, Geol. Survey of Sweden, Stockholm; supplied by L. Engstrand, Radioactive Dating Lab., Stockholm. Comment: another part of th:s sample was dated by the Stockholm lab.: St-1929, 6310 ± 90 's.P. (L. Engstrand, pers. common.) No pretreatment. 2510 ± 60 Lu-2. Angelsta, Smaland 560 B.C. 8C13 = -22.3%( Wood from stump of fir, at depth 3.5 m in Rya Moor, Angelsta, Sm5land, Sweden (59° 49' N Lat, 13° 43' E Long). Tree rings Nos. 101 to 150 from the center. Supplied by L. Engstrand. Comment: the same tree rings were dated by others: C)stlund (1957a), St-156, 2415 ± 65; Broecker and Kulp (1957), L-296, 2600 ± 80; Nydal (1959), T-55, 2560 ± 70; average 2510 ± 40. (St-156 corrected for Suess-effect). No pretreatment. 1.0,840 ± 120 Lu-3. Ruds Vedby 8890 B.C. 8C13 = Wood from a thin, dark layer representing pollen-zone border Allerod/Younger Dryas. Isolated Irom peaty lake mud in a profile at ° Ruds Vedby, Zealand, Denmark (55° 32' r Lat, 11 22' E Long). Com- ment: distributed by H. Tauber, Copenhagen Radiocarbon Lab., Copen- hagen, as cross-check sample and dated by many laboratories: Suess (1954), W-82, 10,190 ± 200; W-84, 10,440 ± 180; Ostlund (1957a), St-18, 10,150 ± 370; Munnich (1957), H-105-87, 11,500 ± 300; de Vries, Barend- sen and Waterbolk (1958), Gro-454, 10,995 ± 250; Olsson (1959), U-20, 10,965 ± 135: U-75, 10,815 ± 135; Barker and Mackey (1959), BM-19, 11,333 ± 200; Tauber (1960), K-101 bis, 11,090 ± 240: Tauber (1964), K-101 (remeasured), 10,970 ± 120; Alessio, Bella, and Cortesi (1964), R-64, 11,900 ± 170; Alessio, Bella, Bechechi, and Cortesi (1965), R-64 (remeasured), 11,200 ± 145; weighted average 10,995 ± 55. (St-18, U-20, U-75, W-82, and W-84 corrected for Suess-effect). No pretreatment. 1190 ± 40 Lu-4. Walburg Kerk A.D.760 8013 =-25.0¢0 Wood from under former Walburg church at Groningen, Nether- lands (53° 12' N Lat, 6° 36' E Long). Supplied by J. C. Vogel, Univ. of Groningen. Comment: wood of same origin was dated by others: de Vries and Barendsen (1954), 980 ± 50 (average of 10 determinations ranging from 820 to 1200 yr); Nydal and Sigmond (1957), T-29, 1050 ± 100; University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates 1 39 Mi nnich (1957), H-8-7, 1245 ± 130; Olsson (1959), U-69, 1.230 ± 80; Olson and Broecker (1959), L-292, 1250 ± 1.50; Tauber (1960), K-143, 1380 ± 120; Damon and Long (1962), A-81 his, 1080 ± 140; Vogel (hers. comm.), new determination on same wood material, 1300 ± 40; weighted average 1185 ± 26. (U-69 corrected for Suess-effect).

IL (;EoI oGIc SAl'TPLFS A. Sweden 3880 ± 210 Lu-8. Mammarp, Halland 1930 B.C. 3013 - -22.8fo Small charcoal particles from fossil ice wedge at Mammarp, Halland (56° 32' N Lat, 13° 00' E Long). Ref. H. Svensson (1964a). Coll. 1965 and subm. by Harald Svensson, Dept. Physical Geography, Univ. of Lund. Contnlent: HCl pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO2 from anthracite coal. 9420 ± 100 Lu-16. Southern Baltic 7470 B.C. 3013 - -25.0/ Wood from stump of Pin us found by fishermen at water depth 80 in NE of Bornholm, southern Baltic (ca. 55° 25' N Lat, ca. 15° 10' E Long). Ref. K. A. Gronwall (1928), T. Nilsson (1935, p. 540); subm. by Tage Nilsson, Dept. Quaternary Geol., Univ. of Lund. Continent (TN.): other submerged pine stumps From bottom of Baltic have given similar ages: St-120, 9100 ± 120 BP.; St-179, 9330 ± 120 B.P. (Stockholm I). How- ever, depth of find is not certainly original, in-situ depth, as stumps could have been dragged to present find spots by fishermen, in order to clean the fishing grounds. HCl and NaOH pretreatment. 8100 ± 100 Lu-19. Landskrona Harbour 6150 B.C. 801,3 = -24.0/ \1Tood from stem of Pin us found below marine sediments ca. 5 m below sea level in Landskrona Harbour (55° 52' N Lat, 12° 49' E Long). Coll. 1939 by E. 1lohren; subm, by Tage Nilsson. Comment (TN.): C14 datings of submerged peat and wood from other parts of western Scania have given similar ages: Sjlunda, St-1196, 8075 ± 100 B.P. (Stockholm VI): Limhamn. St-720, 7895 ± 115 n.P.; St-732, 7900 ± 160 B.P. (Stock- holm IV); Falsterbo, St-1215, 7645 ± 110 BP.; St-1216, 7545 ± 100 L'.P. St-1233. 7730 ± 100 B.P. (Stockholm VI). Sample taken from outer part of stem. HC1 pretreatment. Brackemotet series, Gothenburg Peat, wood, and marine gyttja from Brackemotet, Hisingen, Gothen- burg (57° 42' N Lat, 11 ° 54' E Long). Stratigraphic sequence from bottom to top: Sand and gravel, 3 cm clay gyttja, 15 cm peat with pieces of 40 Sofen H«/?ansso)t wood, 27 cm marine gyttja, 100 cm sand and gravel. Coll. 1965 by Gert Knutsson; subm. by Gosta Persson, Dept. Quaternary Geol., Univ. of Lund. 8860 ± 100 Lu-22. Brackemotet 6538 B 6910 B.C. 6C 13 = -27.8; a Peat from 14 cm above sand and gravel. Coin inent: HC1 pretreat- men t. 9060 ± 105 Lu-21. Brackemotet 6538 CD 7110 B.C. 8C13 = -28.1 co wood from peat layer, ca. 17 cm above sand and gravel. Comment: HCl pretreatment. 8530 ± 100 Lu-20. Brackemotet 6538 A 6580 B.C. 8013=-19.32o Marine gyttja from 30 cm above sand and gravel. Conimellt: HC1 pretreatment. General Comment (G.P.): in the interval between deposition of Lu-22 and Lu-20 a Post-Glacial marine transgression reached 19 m above recent sea level in this region. In corresponding pollen diagram the rational Ainns limit lies about 25 cm above sand and gravel. Djuringsholm series Peat from layers below and above sand-filled watercourse at Djur- ingsholm, Vittskovle parish, Scania (55° 50' N Lat, 14° 10' E Long). Sand filling about 35 cm thick, overlying peat and overlain by 35 cm of peat. Coll. 1966 and subm. by Harald Svensson, Scientific Research Council, Stockholm. 2790 ± 100 Lu-39. Djuringsholm I 840 B.C. 8013 = --2).2r0 Highly humified peat from immediately below sand filling. Sample thickness ca 2 cm. Corn in en t: HC1 pretreatment. 1250 ± 100 Lu-40. Djuringsholm II A.D. 700

6C_ -28.2 © Highly humified peat from immediately above sand filling. Com- ment: HCI pretreatment. General Comment (H.S.): investigation was made to date a fossil stream pattern (H. Svensson, 1967). Trummen series Sediment samples from Lake Trummen, near the city of Vaxjo, cen- trals S Sweden (56° 52' N Lat, 14° 50' E Long). Alt. 161 m; area 1.2 sq km; max. depth 1.5 to 2.0 m. Coll. 1966 and subm. by G. Digerfeldt, Dept. Quaternary Geol., Univ. of Lund. Datings from Lake Trummen were University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I 41 carried out with an investigation of Post-Glacial and Late-Glacial development of the lake and the vegetational history of the surrounding region (Bjork and Digerfeldt, 1965). Samples come from profile taken in the central and deepest part of the lake (Livingstone sampler, (ham. 60 mm). Dated samples represent pollen-zone boundaries and characteristic horizons in the pollen sequence. Water depth 150 cm at the sampling point. Depths given are below sea level. 9690 ± 105 Lu-87. Trummen 1966, 679-684 cm 7740 B.C. 8013 _ -25.7%a Detritus gyttja. Just above Late-Glacial/Post-Glacial boundary. First sampling. 9690 ± 110 Lu-88. Trummen 1966, 679.684 cm 7740 B.C. 8013 = -29.9 Detritus gyttja. Same stratigraphic position as Lu-87. Second sampling. 9650 ± 105 Lu-45. Trummen 1966, 645.650 cm 7700 B.C. 6C 13 = -27.0% Detritus gyttja. Distinct increase of Pinus, distinct decrease of Betula. 9310 ± 110 Lu-46. Trummen 1966, 607.5.612.5 cm 7360 B.C. 8013 = -30.1% Detritus gyttja. At empirical Gory/us limit. 9320 ± 130 Lu-47. Trummen 1966, 602.5-607.5 em 7370 B.C. 8C1 _ -28.0%0 Detritus gyttja. Just above empirical Gory/us limit. Comment: sample undersized, diluted with "dead" GO.) from anthracite coal. 9360 ± 100 Lu-48. Trummen 1966, 580.585 cm 7410 B.C. 801.3 - -28.5%0 Detritus gyttja. Just below rational Gory/us limit. 9360 ± 100 Lu-49. Trummen 1966, 570.575 em 7410 B.C. 8Cr3: -27.9%Q Detritus gyttja. At rational Gory/us limit. 8490 ± 100 Lu-50. Trummen 1966, 497.5.502.5 cm 6540 B.C. 801,3 = -3O.2 Detritus gyttja. Just below rational Alnus limit. 8530 ± 100 Lu-51. Trummen 1966, 492.5.497.5 cm 6580 B.C. 8G13 _ -30.2%a Detritus gyttja. Just above rational Alnus limit. 42 Sores Hakanssort 7480 ± 100 Lu-52. Trummen 1966, 430.435 cm 5530 B.C. 8C13 = -31.6%0 Detritus gyttja. Just below empirical Tilia limit. 7190 ± 100 Lu-53. Trummen 1966, 420.425 cm 5240 B.C. 8013 = Detritus gyttja. Just above empirical Tilia- limit. 5450 ± 100 Lu-57. Trummen 1966, 367.5.372.5 cm 3500 B.C. 8013=-28.71 Detritus gyttja. Distinct increase of Quercus. 5320 ± 100 Lu-89. Trummen 1966, 355.360 cm 3370 B.C. 8013=-3O.5/ Detritus gyttja. Rather distinct decrease of Ulrnus. 4530 ± 100 Lu-58. Trummen 1966, 327.5.332.5 cm 2580 B.C. 8013 27.8 Detritus gyttja. At a maximum of Ouercus and slight decrease of Ul rn 'us. 4210 ± 100 Lu-59. Trummen 1966, 312.5.317.5 cm 2260 B.C. SCt3 = -27.42i( Detritus gyttja. At a maximum of Quercris and slight decrease of Ul rn us. 4100 ± 100 Lu-83. Trummen 1966, 302.5.307.5 cm 2150 B.C. 8013 = Detritus gyttja. Distinct decrease of 0 treicus and slight decrease of Ulan zrs and T it ia. 3800 ± 100 Lu-101. Trummen 1966, 287.5.292.5 cm 1850 B.C. 8013 = -29.4% Detritus gyttja. At empirical Fagus limit. 2600 ± 100 Lu-84. Trummen 1966, 227.5.232.5 cm 650 B.C. 8013 = -27.0% Detritus gyttja. Slight increase of Fagus. 2080 ± 100 Lu-54. Trummen 1966, 207.5.212.5 cm 130 B.C. 6C13 = -29.2%e Detritus gyttja. At rational Fagus limit. 1130 ± 100 Lu-55. Trummen 1966, 192.5.197.5 cm A.D. 820 8013 = -28.2% Detritus gyttja. At rational Picea limit. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I 43 1150 ± 100 Lu-56. Trummen 1966, 187.5.192.5 cm A.D. 800 sC1.3 = -28.2%0 Detritus gyttja. Just above rational Picea limit. 8030 ± 100 Lu-29. Trummen 1964 6080 B.C. 8C13 =-24.1% Charcoal found in sandy detritus gyttja ca. 5 cm above Late-Glacial clay gyttja. Sample is from another point closer to the shore. Comment (G.D.): the charcoal was washed out from a dwelling near the shore. General Comment: HC1 pretreatment for all samples. Store Mosse series Peat samples from raised bog Store Mosse, 15 km NW of Varnamo, southern Sweden (57° 15' N Lat, 13° 56' E Long). Dated as part of investigation of bog development, recurrence surfaces, and vegetational history (G. Svensson, 1965). Samples were taken with a Hiller sampler at 2 different points (St I and B.P. A4) ca. 20 m apart. Depths given are below surface of the bog. Coll. 1966 and subm. by Goran Svensson, Dept. Ecological Botany, Univ. of Lund. 1090 ± 100 Lu-62. Store Mosse, Sample I, St I A.D. 860 6C1' _ -27.3% Slightly humified (H3) Sphagnum- peat, ca. 5 cm above highly humified layer. Depth 190 cm. 1510 ± 100 Lu-63. Store Mosse, Sample II, St I A.D. 440 8C, 1. _ -27.6 Highly humified (H8) Sphagnum peat, ca. 15 cm below upper limit of highly humified layer. Depth 210 cm. 2410 ± 100 Lu-64. Store Mosse, Sample III, St I 460 B.C. C1.3 = -28.5 Moderately humified (H5) Sphagnum peat, ca. 1 cm above highly humified layer. Depth 280 cm. 3100 --±-- 100 Lu-65. Store Mosse, Sample IV, St I 1150 B.C. 6C1' _ -28.8! Highly humified (H8) Sphagnum peat, ca. 20 cm below upper limit of highly humified layer. Depth 300 cm. Lu-65B. Store Mosse, Sample IV, St I, 3000 ± 100 pretreated 1050 B.C. 8013 = -27.3; Part of sample IV was pretreated with HC1 and NaOH to determine whether younger or older humic acid was present in quantities sufficient to change the age. 44 Soren H ikansson 4690 ± 100 Lu-66. Store Mosse, Sample V, St I 2740 B.C. 8C1 _ -26.6% Moderately humified (H5) Sphagnum peat, ca. 6 cm above boundary between ombrogenous Sphagnum peat and underlying fen peat. Depth 450 cm. 970 ± 100 Lu-79. Store Mosse, Sample VI, B.P. A4 A.D. 980 601.3 = -26.0% Slightly humified (H3) Sphagnum peat, ca. 2 cm above highly humified layer. Depth 195 cm. 1500 ± 100 Lu-80. Store Mosse, Sample VII, B.P. A4 A.D. 450 8C13 =_27.3% Highly humified (H8) Sphagnum peat, ca. 15 cm below upper limit of highly humified layer. Depth 210 cm. 2310 ± 100 Lu-81. Store Mosse, Sample VIII, B.P. A4 360 B.C. 6C13 - -26.O% Moderately humified (H5) Sphagnum peat, ca. 3 cm above highly humified layer. Depth 290 cm. 2780 ± 100 Lu-82. Store Mosse, Sample IX, B. P. A4 830 B.C. 8013 26.3e/ Highly humified (H8) Sphagnum peat, ca. 15 cm below upper limit of highly humified layer. Depth 305 cm. General Comment: all samples except Lu-65 B were charred in nitrogen atmosphere prior to burning. No other pretreatment. B. Norway Finnmark series, permafrost forms Peat samples from bottom of polygon furrows and frost mound (Lu- 26) from sites in Finnmark, northern Norway. Ref. H. Svensson (1963). Coll. 1965 (Lu-5 through Lu-7) and 1966 (Lu-23 through Lu-26) and subm. by Harald Svensson, Dept. Physical Geography, Univ. of Lund, and Scientific Research Council, Stockholm, 4350 ± 100 Lu-5. Bussesund, Finnmark 2400 B.C. 8C13=-26.8%0 Peat from bottom of polygon furrow at Bussesund, Finnmark (70° 20' N Lat, 31° 00' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 2180 ± 100 Lu-6. Veines I, Finnmark 230 B.C. 8013 = -27.3% Peat from bottom of polygon furrow at Veines, Finnmark (70° 05' N Lat, 28° 45' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I 45 2320 ± 100 Lu-7. Kongsof jorden, Finnmark 370 B.C. 6013 = -26.1 0 Peat from bottom of polygon furrow at Kongsofjorden, Finnmark (70° 40' N Lat, 29° 10' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. Lu-23. Barvikvand, Finnmark < 320 Peat from bottom of polygon furrow W of Lake Barvikvand, Finn- mark (70° 25' N Lat, 30° 50' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 3150 ± 100 Lu-24. Veines II, Finnmark 1200 B.C. 8013 = -25.40 Peat from bottom of polygon furrow at Veines, Finnmark (70° 05' N Lat, 28° 45' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 1270 ± 100 Lu-25. Veines III, Finnmark A.D. 680 8013 = _25.4 Peat from bottom of polygon furrow at Veines, Finnmark (70° 05' Lat, 28° 45' E Long). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 1320 ± 100 Lu-26. Karlehotn, Finnmark A.D. 630 8013 = -25.7%0 Peat from collapsed frost mound at Karlebotn, Finnmark (70° 07' ° N La t, 28 35' E Long). Ref. H. Svensson (1964b). Comment: HC1 pretreatment. Karlehotn series Peat samples from palsy situated 600 m ENE of Karlebotn school, Karlebotn, Finnmark (70° 08' N Lat, 28° 35' E Long). Investigated for beginning date of peat formation, growth rate, and age of pals. Coil. 1966 and subm. by R. Ahman, Dept. Physical Geography, Univ. of Lund. 7520 ± 100 Lu-30. Karlehotn 1, 0 em 5570 B.C. 801.3 - -21.7%0 Peat from bottom of pals. Comment: no pretreatment. 6110 ± 100 Lu-31. Karlehotn 2, 30 cm 4160 B.C. 8C13 = -25.9 Peat from 30 cm above bottom of pals. Comment: no pretreatment. 5140 ± 100 Lu-32. Karlebotn 3, 60 cm 3190 B.C. 8013 = -26.5%o Peat from 60 cm above bottom of pals. Comment: no pretreatment. *pals - permaf ost mound 46 Soreri Hikanssoli 3520 ± 100 Lu-33. Karlebotn 4, 90 cm 1570 B.C. 8013 = -25.5 Peat from 90 cm above bottom and about 20 cm from top of pals. Comment: no pretreatment.

III. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Sweden Stadshallen Lund series Samples collected in the city of Lund (5 5° 42' N Lat, 13° 11' E Long) during extensive excavation for new town hall. Coll. 1965 and subm. by A. W. Martensson, Medieval Dept., Culture-Historical Museum, Lund. Preliminary report is given by submitter (Martensson, 1966). 990 ± 100 Lu-9. Stadshallen Lund I A.D. 960 Charcoal from black-ware cooking pot found in a hearth. KM 57382, Sample 1. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 1180 ± 100 Lu-18. Stadshallen Lund II A.D. 770 8013 = -24.8 n Charcoal from Square 1552, +36.82 - +36.72, KM 57382, Sample 2. Comment: HC1 pretreatment, 4820 ± 100 Lu-10. Varby 65 2870 B.C. 801.3 _ -25.2 Charcoal from refuse pit at Varby No. 44, Bara parish, Scania (55 35' N Lat, 13° 11' E Long). Worked flints, animal bones, and Early Neo- lithic C pottery of megalithic group found in pit. Coll. 1965 and subm. (B.S.): by B. Salomonsson, Historical Museum, Univ. of Lund. Cumin ent date seems too old but acceptable, supported by Svenstorp O 51 (Lu-12). HCl and NaOH pretreatment. Manasken series Samples from settlement (Funnel-Beaker culture and Early Iron age) at Manasken, V. Karrstorp No. 7, Karrstorp parish, Scania (55° 29' N Lat, 13° 09' E Long). Coll. 1965 and subm. by B. Salomonsson. 8850 ± 100 Lu-11. Manasken, Structure No. 80 6900 B.C. 801:3 = -22.6f o Charcoal from pit with Early Neolithic Funnel-Beaker pottery. Com- ment (B.S.): unexpectedly early date. One reason may be that a Meso- lithic hearth was destroyed during Early Neolithic times, another that old bog trees may have been used as fire material during Early Neolithic times. HCl pretreatment. University of Lrnd Radiocarbon Dates 1 47 1890 ± 100 Lu-78. Manasken, Structure No. 88 A.D. 60 8C1 = -24.5% Charcoal from pit with pottery of Early Neolithic Funnel-Beaker type. Pottery has more cereal grain impressions than usual. Comment (B.S.): date too young. Pottery was evidently in secondary position in an Early Iron Age pit. HCl pretreatment. Svenstorp series Samples from settlement at Svenstorp, Skabersjo parish, Scania (550 31' N Lat, 13° 09' E Long). Another part of site was investigated iii 1962 (Salomonsson, 1.963). Coll. 1963 and subm. by B. Salomonsson. 4780 ± 100 Lu-12. Svenstorp, O 51 2830 B.C. 8013 = -26.4%C Charcoal from pit with Early Neolithic C-pottery belonging to non- Megalithic Funnel-Beaker group. Comment (B.S.): cf. comment on Lu-10. HC1 pretreatment. 1700 ± 100 Lu-17. Svenstorp, O 71 A.D. 250 6C1a Charcoal from fragmentary clay oven. Comment (B.S.): sample was dated to test if structure was contemporaneous with settlement. Date indicates it was used by later inhabitants. HC1 and NaOH pretreatment. 4690 ± 100 Lu-35. Linnebjar 2740 B.C. Charcoal from hearth, position x = -1, y = -8, in Mesolithic site at Linnebjar, S. Sandby parish, Scania (55° 14' N Lat, 13° 18' E Long). Coll. 1964 and subm. by B. Salomonsson. Site is described by submitter (Salomonsson, 1965). Comment (B.S.): hearth is evidently not from Meso- lithic times, but may be contemporaneous with the Neolithic artifacts found within settlement area (cf. Salomonsson, 1965, pp. 8-10). No pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO r from anthracite coal. 6960 ± 205 Lu-43. Obacken, Structure x-40 5010 B.C. Charcoal from pit within settlement area at (backen, Torreberga farm, Hyby parish, Scania (55° 36' N Lat, 13° 11' E Long). In the pit were microliths, burins, and core axes of Maglemosian types. Coll. 1962 and subm. by B. Salomonsson. Comment (B.S.): date seems unexpectedly young. HCl pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO0 from anthracite coal. St. Kopinge series Samples found by excavation of deposits close to dolmen "Trol- lasten" at St. Kopinge No. 3617, St. Kopinge parish, Scania (550 28' N 48 Soren Hakansson Lat, 13° 50' E Long). Coll. 1965 and subm. by M. Stromberg, Historical Museum, Univ. of Lund. Site is described by submitter (Stromberg, 1966). 3460 ± 100 Lu-13. St. Kopinge No. 3617, Deposit No. 10 1510 B.C. 6013 = -24.1; o Charcoal found with Deposit No. 10, below and beside an approx. 2 m-long slab of stone. Comment: no pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO2 from anthracite coal. 2950 ± 100 Lu-14. St. Kopinge No. 3617, Deposit No. 3 1000 B.C. 8C13 = -22.O Charcoal found with Deposit No. 3 in cairn outside dolmen. Com- ment: no pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO2 from anthracite coal. General Comment (M.S.): dates have no bearing on finds in deposits. The charcoal was probably brought there for ritual ceremonies on later occasions. Hagestad series Samples from excavations at Hagestad, Loderup parish, Scania. Coll. 1961 to 1966 and subm. by M. Stromberg. Since 1960 extensive investigations are being made in this area to clarify cultural development and different milieu-influencing factors from Early Stone age to Early Middle ages. Area is ca. 30 sq km. During excavations many dwelling sites, graves, and other structures were found and investigated (Stromberg, 1961a, 1961b, 1963, 1965). 4010 ± 100 Lu-15. Hagestad No. 73B 2060 B.C. 8C13 =-31.2 co Charcoal from hearth, Trench 2, x = -{-3, y at Hagestad No. 73B (55° 24' N Lat, 14° 11' E Long). Coll. 1963. Comment: HCI and NaOH pretreatment. 2430 ± 100 Lu-67. Hagestad No. 401, Grave 5 480 B.C. 8C13 = -26.6 Charcoal from Grave 5 (cremation pit) on grave field at Hagestad No. 401 (55° 24' N Lat, 14° 09' E Long). Coll. 1966. Comment: HCl and NaOH pretreatment. 2480 ± 100 Lu-68. Hagestad No. 401, Grave 6 530 B.C. 8C13 =-23.4 Charcoal from Grave 6 (cremation pit) on same grave field as Lu-67. Coll. 1966. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates 1 49 2480 ± 100 Lu-69. Hagestad No. 401, Grave 16 530 B.C. 1., 8C =-27.O7 a Charcoal from Grave 16 (cremation pit) on same grave field as Lu- 67. Coll. 1966. Comment: no pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO from anthracite coal. 2460 = 100 Lu-70. Hagestad No. 401, Grave 18 510 B.C. 8013 -2-/.6' Charcoal from Grave 18 (cremation pit) on same grave field as Lu- 67. Coll. 1966. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO from anthracite coal. 2400 ± 100 Lu-71. Hagestad No. 401, Grave 24 450 B, C. 6C" = _23? o Charcoal from Grave 24 (cremation pit) on same grave field as Lu- 67. Coll. 1966. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 2910 ± 100 Lu-72. Hagestad No. 386 960 B.C. SC13 = -26.2 0 Charcoal from hearth at Hagestad No. 386 (550 24' N Lat, 140 ii' E Long). Sample taken ca. 40 cm below present surface. Coll. 1966. Com- ment: HC1 pretreatment. 2420 ± 100 Lu-73. Hagestad No. 4416 470 B.C. 6C13 _ _28.3(, Charcoal from hearth, ca. 30 cm below present surface, in Bronze

Age settlement area at Hagestad No. 4416 (55° 23' N Lat, 14° 08' E Long). Coll. 1966. Comment: HC1 pretreatment.

2600 ± 100 Lu-74. Hagestad No. 61 650 B.C. rCharcoal " -25.8i0rCharcoal from hearth at Hagestad No. 61, N of "Rytterskulle" (55° 23' N Lat, 14° 09' E Long). Sample taken ca. 35 cm below present surface. Coll. 1962. Comment (MS.): site was complex with material from Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages. HC1 pretreatment. 2990 ± 100 Lu-75. Hagestad No. 2610 1040 B.C. 8Ct3 = -25.-/ Charcoal from Hearth No. 1, found below dwelling place from 1st c. A.D. at Hagestad No. 2610, N of the coast road (55° 23' N Lat, 14° 09' E Long). Coll. 1961. Comment (M.S.): date younger than expected. Char- coal from Hearth No. 1 probably contaminated by material from dwelling place above it. HC1 pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO2 from anthracite coal. 50 Soren Hnlzanssoii 3300 ± 100 Lu-76. Hagestacl No. 502 1350 B.C. 6013 =-24.i% Charcoal from burial mound at Hagestad No. 502 (55° 25' N Lat, 14° 09' E Long). Sample taken from partly charred wooden object. In the same mound were also double stone circles. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 2850 ± 100 Lu-77. Hagestacl No. 22B 900 B.C. 6C13 =-23.5% Charcoal from Hearth No. 1, close to the megalithic grave at Hage- stacl No. 22B (55° 25' N Lat, 14° 08' E Long). Coll. 1964. Comment (MS.): date later than expected. HC1 pretreatment. General Comment (MS.): all dates, except those already mentioned, correspond well with archaeologic results. Bussevik-Senoren series, submarine blockings Wood samples from artificial blockings found in a natural channel between the Torhamn Peninsula and the island of Senoren, eastern Blekinge (56° 07' N Lat, 15° 47' E Long). Blockings were built of piles driven into the bottom. Water depth is presently ca. 4 m. Coll. 1966 and subm. by B. E. Berglund, Dept. Quaternary Geol., Univ. of Lund. 870 ± 100 Lu-27. Busseviw-Senoren 1 A.n. 1080 8013 = -27.p0/0 Wood from birch pile. Comment: no pretreatment. 840 ± 100 Lu-41. Bussevik-Senoren 2 A.D. 1110 8C'3 = )w Wood from oak pile. Sample taken from outer annual rings of 50- year old trunk. Comment: HC1 pretreatment. 940 100 Lu-42. Bussevik-Senoren 3 A.B. 1010 6C1' = -25.6% Wood from oak bar in pile blocking. Comment: HCI pretreatment. Giieial Comment (B.E.B.): impossible to date these finds archaeologically, but radiocarbon dates indicate that blockings are about the same age as corresponding blockings in the Roskilde Fjord of Denmark (Co- ptnhagen VII).

B jorkarr series, Pitted Ware culture Charcoal samples from a dwelling place at Bjorkarr, Torhamn parish, Blekinge (56° 06' N Lat, 15° 49' E Long). On a Littorina beach ridge covered with aeolic sand are 2 culture layers of Pitted Ware culture. Coll. 1964 and subm. by B. Salomonsson and B. E. Bergluncl. Un/Versit'' of Lilnd Radiocarbon Dates I 51 4160 ± 100 Lu-28. B jrkarr 1 2210 B.C. 8Cr.' _ _25.Q/( Charcoal from upper culture layer. Squares 516, 17. Comineiit: HC1 and NaOH pretreatment. 4250 --t-- 140 Lu-36. Bjorkarr 2 2300 B.C. 6C'3 = -25.5 Charcoal from upper culture layer. Square S11. Corlline/it: HC1 and NaOH pretreatment. 4440 ± 100 Lu-38. Bjorkarr 4 2490 B.C. -24.6 Charcoal from lower culture layer. Conlnteitt: HCl pretreatment. Sample undersized, diluted with "dead" CO2 from anthracite coal. General Comment (B.E.B.): dates indicate age difference between lower and upper culture layers; samples also date regression between 2 Sub- Boreal transgressions of the Baltic (Berglund, 1964). 1388 ± 100 Lu-34. Drottninghall, V. Karup A.D. 570 Crs -?5.S = %r n Charcoal from H--14, hearth, position x = y = +8, at Drottninghall, V. Karup parish, Scania (56° 25' N Lat, 12° 46' E Long). Hearth situated ca. 10 m NE of Drottninghall, a rock with rock-carvings, e.g., cup-marks and furrows. Finds associated with hearth are from Bronze and iron ages. Coll. 1966 and subm. by H. Arbman, Historical Museum, Univ. of Lund. Comment (HA.): date does not agree with expected age of rock- carvings but corresponds to age of some potsherds found near hearth. HC1 and NaOH pretreatment. 750 ± 100 Lu-44. Skanor, Ky. Lagmanshejdan A.D. 1200 Cr.3 = -2O.4 Human brain substance from skull found in Grave No. 173 during excavation of medieval cemetery on outskirts of the town Skanor (55° 25' N Lat, 12° 51' E Long). Whole skeleton was found in undisturbed position in sand, ca. 1.5 m below ground surface, just below present sea level and covered by ground water. Sample examined by A. Brun, Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Lund. Coll. 1966 by I. Lindskog and subnl. by M. Weidhagen, Skanes Hembygdsforbund, Lund. Comment: sample was freeze-dried and thoroughly de-gassed (it had been in contact with form- aldehyde gas for a short time). To extract humic acid, sample was treated twice with 1 NaOH solution at 80°C for 3 hours. General Comment (MW.): Grave No. 173 had deepest position within cemetery, in which the oldest grave-layer is considered archaeologically not younger than ca. A.D. 1200. Investigation is not yet completed. 52 Soieit I-I/ kanssoil Bare Mosse series Peat, wood, and bark from Stone age settlement at Bare Mosse, Svalov parish, Scania (55° 57' N Lat, 13° 05' E Long). Lowest part of culture layer ca. 95 cm and highest part ca. 80 cm below present surface. Site is described by Forslid (1953) and Althin (1954). Coll. 1966 and subm. by Stig Welinder, Dept. Quaternary Geol., Univ. of Lund. 8880 ± 100 Lu-60A, Bare Mosse I:1, Peat 6850 B.C. 6C1 = -27,3,0 Cadiunz peat from 92.5 to 97.5 cm below surface. Comment: HCI and NaOH pretreatment. 8410 ± 100 Lu-60B. Bare Mosse I:1, Humic acid 6460 B.C. 6C13 = -27.6% Humic-acid fraction from Lu-60 A. 8570 ± 100 Lu-61A. Bare Mosse I:2, Peat 6620 B.C. 8C13 =-27.3% Magnocaricetum peat from 77.5 to 82.5 cm below surface. Comment: HCl and NaOH pretreatment. 8660 ± 100 Lu-61B. Bare Mosse I:2, Wood and Bark 6710 B.C. C1.3 =-24.5/ \Voocl and bark of Pints from same stratigraphic position as Lu-61 A. Comment: Sample was charred in nitrogen atmosphere prior to normal burning. General Comment (SW.): pollen-analytical age of the settlement Bare Mosse I is BO lc-BO 2d (cf. Nilsson, 1964). Dates for the 2 samples limiting the settlement-stratum agree quite well with that result.

RvFLReNGvs Date lists: :Irirona III and long. 1962 British 1luseum I Barker and i\Iackev, 1959 Copenhagen III 1 auher, 1960 Copenhagen VI Tauher, 1964 Copenhagen VII l auher, 1966 Groningen II de Fries, Barendsen, and Waterholk, 1958 Heidelberg I ll':mnich, 1957 Lamont IV Broecker and Kulp, 1957 Lamont V Olson and Broecker, 1959 Rome II Alessio, Bella, and Cortesi, 1964 Rome 111 Alessio, Bella, Bachechi, and Cortesi, Stockholm I 1957 Stockholm IV Fngstrand and Ostlnrid, 1962 Stockholm VI Fnrstrand, 1965 Trondheim I N}dal, 1959 I)ppsala I Olsson, 1959 USGS I Suess, 1954 Alessio, M., Bella, F., Bachechi, F., and Cortesi, C., 1965, University of Rome carbon-14 dates III: Radiocarbon, v. 7, p. 213-222. U1iiz/C)sity of Lund Radiocarboiz Dates I 53

Alessio, ll., Bella, F., and Cortesi, C., 1964, University of Rome carbon-14 dates 11: Radiocarbon, v. 6, p. 77-90.

Althin, C.-A., 1954, chronology The of the Stone Age Settlement of Scania, Sweden, 1. hhe Mesolithic Settlement: Acta arclhaeologica measurements lunidensia, ser. in measurements Barker, 4°, no. 1. H. and Mackey, C. J., 1959, British Museum natural radiocarbon I: Radiocarbon, v. 1, p. 81-86. Berglund, B. E., 1964, 7he Post-Glacial shore displacement in eastern eastern Blekinge, south- Sweden: Sveriges Geol. Unders., ser. C., no. 599, p. 1-47. Bjork, S. and I)igerfeldt, G., 1965, Notes on the limnology and Post-Glacial of development Lake Trummen: Bot. Notiser, v. 118, fasc. 3, p. 305-325. Broecker, W. S., Kulp, J. L., and Tucek, C. S., Lamont natural radiocarbon measurements f: Science, v. 126, p. 1324-1334. l)amon, P. L. quid Long, A., 1962, Arizona radiocarbon dates III: Radiocarbon, v. -1, P 204-238. Engstran(1, L. G., 1965, Stockholm natural radiocarbon measurements VI: Radio- carbon, v. 7, p. 257-290. Lngstrand, L. G. and Ostlund, H. G., 1962, Stockholm natural radiocarbon ments measure- IV: Radiocarbon, v. 4, p I15-136. Forslid, E., 1953, Svalovs historia, I)el I: Skrifter utgivua av Svalovs gille, no. 2, singhorg. Hal- Groiiwall, K. A., 1928, 1)e forsta manuiskornas v3g till Sverige tackcs vatteu: nu av Ostersjons Sydsv. 1)agll. Snallpostcn, Malmo, Jan. 8, 1928. 1lartensson, A. 11'., 19t6, VSrfrugatau i I,und:Ale, Hist. 'lidskrift for Skaneland, no. 3, p. 1-12. Munnich, K. 0., 1957, Heidelberg natural radiocarbon meas[u'ements I: Science, v. 126, P 194-199. Nilssorn, T., 1935, Die pollenanalyIisclhe loner-gliederung dcr spat- and Bildungen postglazialcu Schonens: Geol. For. Stockholm Forh., v. 57, p. 385-562, 1964, Standardpollendiagraimne and C14-daticrungen aus deco Agerods Mosse im mittleren Schonen: Lunds Univ. Arsskr. N.F. Avd. 2., v. 59, no. 7, Lund. Nydal, R., 1959, '1`rondhcim natural radiocarbon measurements I: Radiocarbon, v. I, p. 76-80. Nydal, R. and Sigmoud, R. S., 1957, Radiocarbon dating in l rondheim: Appl. Sci. Res., ser. B, v. 6, p. 393-400. Olson, E. A. and Broecker, '\V. S., 1959, Laniont natural radiocarbon measurements V: Radiocarbon, v. 1, p. 1-28. Olsson, L, 1959, Uppsala natural radiocarbon measurements I: Radiocarbon, v. 1, p. 87-102. Ostlund, G., 1957a, Stockholm natural radiocarbon measurements I: Science, sr. 126, p. 493-497. 1957b, Carbon dioxide proportional counting for natural radiocarbon measurements: Arkiv f. Kemi, v. 12, no. 6, p. 69-78. Salomonsson, B., 1963, An Early Neolithic settlement site from S.W. Scania: Meddelan- den fr5n Lunds Univ. Hist. Museum 1962-1963, p. 65-122. 1965, A Mesolithic site in South-West Scania: Meddelanden fran Lunds Univ. Hist. Museum 1964-1965, p. 5-31. Stromberg, M., 1961a, Eine siedlungsgesch.ichtliclie Untersuchung in Hagestad, Siidost- Schonen: Meddelanden fran Lunds Univ. Hist. Museumn 1961, 123-154. 1.96lb, p _ Osterlensk fornbygd: Ale, Hist. Tidskrift for Skaneland, no. 1, 1961, p. 20-25. 1963, Handelsstrak och vikingabygd i sydostra SkSne: Ale, Hist. Tidskrift fair Skaneland, no. 3, 1963, p. 1-25. _ 1965, Stenaldersnytt i Hagestad: Ale, Hist. Tidskrift for Skaneland, no. 2, 1965, p. 1-11. _ 1966, "Trollasten"; Dosen vid KOpingebro: Ale, Hist. Tidskrift for Skane- land, no. 2, 1966, p. 24-40. Suess, H. E., 1954, U.S. Geological Survey radiocarbon dates I: Science, v. 120, p. 467- 473. 54 Soien Hakanssorr 118. Svcnsscn, G., 1965, A'egetationsundcrsdkningar poi Store Mosse: Bot. Notiser, v. fast. 1, p. 49-86. studies in Svensson, H., 1963, `hundra polygons; photographic interp'etation and field North-Norwegian polygon areas: Norges Geol. Unders., no. 223, p. 298-327. 1964a, Fossil tundrannark pit Laholmsslatten: Sveriges Geol. Unders., ser. C, no. 598, p. 1-29. 1964b, Traces of pingo-like frost mounds: Svensk Geogr. Arsbok, v. 40, p. 93-106. 1967, Studies of a ground pattern. Field observations and aerial-photograph analysis: Geogr. Ann., ser. A., v. 49A, no. 2-4, p. 344-350. Radiocarbon, Tauber, H., 1960, Copenhagen natural radiocarbon measurements III: v. 2, p. 5-11. 6, 215-225. 1964, Copenhagen radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v. p. 8, 1966, Copenhagen radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v. p. 213-234. carbon-14 tech- de Vries, Hl. and Barendsen, G.W., 1954, Measurements of age by the nique: Nature, v. 174, p. 1138-1141. radiocarbon de Vries, H1, Barendsen, G.W., and Waterbolk, H. T., 1958, Groningen Dates II: Science, v. 127, p. 129-137. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 10, 1968, P. 55-60]

LOUVAIN NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VI E. GILOT Department of Nuclear Chemistry, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium The following list comprises a selected number of measurements made during 1966-67 with CH4 at 3 atm pressure in a 0.6 L proportional gas-counter as previously described. The B.P. ages are based upon A.D. 1950 and are calculated with a half-life of 5570 yr. The quoted error consists of experimental standard deviation including the counting variations of the unknown sample, the modern standard, and the background. Sample descriptions have been prepared in collaboration with the submitter. Sincere thanks are due Prof. P. Capron for his constant guidance. Thanks are also due F. Frix for his help in laboratory work, and to G. Michotte for maintenance of electronics. Financial support has been provided by the Institut Interunlversitaire des Sciences Nucleaires, Brus- sels. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS The following series from the Bas-Luxembourg are described in the monograph of palynology (Couteaux, 1967), establishing vegetational phases of Tardiglacial and Holocene periods, and studying geomorpho- logical evolution of the country, particularly development of peat-bogs, travertine layers, and the "mardels." All samples were coll., subm., and pollen-analyzed by M. Couteaux, Univ. of Louvain, Lab, of Palynology. The monograph also discusses other C14 dates previously published, namely Lv-56 (Louvain I), Lv-20-23 (Louvain II), Lv-30 (Louvain III), Lv-188 (Louvain V), Gr N-2868-2886 (Groningen V), Lv-72 (Mertens, 1960). Stockem IV series Samples from a bog at Stockem (49° 41' 00" N Lat, 5° 46' 20" E Long), Prov. of Luxemburg, Belgium, alt 370 m. Coll. 1964. 4060 ± 140 Lv-215. Stockem IV/3 2110 B.C. Peat from 95 to 104 cm below ground surface, immediately above peat layer bottom. Pollen-dated to end of Atlantic period; higher values of Almrs, frequency of Fagus pollen lower than 1%. Date agrees with Palynology. 2030 ± 100 Lv-214. Stockem IV/2 80 B.C. Sandy peat from 87 to 94 cm. Same vegetation as in Lv-215, but with a small increase of Fagus up to 2.5%. Palynologically, Sub-Boreal age is C14 expected; date gives Sub-Atlantic age. Scarcity of Fagus is explained by acid substratum.

55 56 E. (Blot 1480 ± 110 Lv-213. Stoekena IV! 1 A.D. 470 Peat from 50 to 60 cm. Vegetation still similar. Carpinus pollen occurs sporadically. Date confirms Sub-Atlantic age of this phase. Breidfeld I series Samples from bog at Breidfeld (50° 07' 22" N Lit, 8° 05' 04" E Long), Luxemburg, alt. 440 m. Coll. 1964. 2560 ± 120 Lv-212. Breidfeld 1/3 610 B.C. Peat from 28 to 35 cm. Pollen diagram shows, in curve of Fagus, maximum (45;x) followed by steep decrease to 10%, while Betula rises. At the same time, corn pollen and signs of land occupation appear. Com- parison with pollen diagrams of Wideumont and Namoussart (Bonen- is not fant, 1965; Couteaux, 1962a; Guebel, 1962), indicate that this level the 1st beech maximum (Fagus silvatica -F I), but corresponds to an artificial regression of beech curve because of human activity, probably during La Tene I time. C14 date confirms the conjecture. 2680 ± 110 Lv-211. Breidfeld 1/2 730 B.C. Peat from 35 to 39 cm, immediately below preceding sample. Pollen diagram shows beginning of Fags-increase. Both dates are consistent with each other and with palynological age. 2350 ± 100 Lv-210. Breidfeld I / 1 400 B.C. Peat from 39 to 46 cm, near base of peat. Pollen analysis: beginning of Sub-Atlantic period, immediately after time when Fagus definitively surpasses Quercetum mixtum, estimated age, 800 B.C. (Mullenders et al., 1967). According to palynology, C14 date seems a little late. 9670 ± 290 Lv-240. Berdorf-Aesbaach IV 7720 B.C. Peat from Berdorf (49° 49' 10" N Lat, 8° 27' 12" E Long), Luxem- burg, alt 190 m. From an 8-cm-thick peat lens in basis of travertine layer 1965. more than 5 m thick. Sample position: 4 to 8 cm in peat. Coll. Pollen analysis shows pine forest, first scattered then more and more dense, attributed to beginning of Pre-Boreal age. Date agrees with results of pollen analysis. Calcareous sediment at Berdorf has been accumulating since Pre-Boreal period; it proves holocene warming. Comment: sample not leached with NaOH because of calcareous protection in situ. 4790 ± 110 Lv-244. Muno-Amerois I 2840 B.C. Peat with small amounts of wood and rootlets from a bog, 146 cm thick, at Muno-Amerois (49° 44' 38" N Lat, 5° 07' 13" E Long), Prov. of Luxemburg, Belgium, alt 415 m. Sample from 116 to 130 cm depth. Coll. 1962. Pollen analysis shows end of an Atlantic phase rich in Ulmus. Sam- Louvain Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VI 57 pie taken just above elm fall, during small increase of Goiylus attributed to CX of Dricot (1960). Nearby, in forest of Anlier, Mullenders and Knop point out a true maximum CX, the end of which is dated to 3170 B.C. (Lv-63, Louvain IV) and 2900 B.C. (Lv-51, Louvain III). Date indicates that in S Ardenne, elm fall date agrees with classical date of 3000 B.C. in NW Europe. Sainte Marie sur Semois-Mauvais Ruisseau I series Sample from bog of Mauvais Ruisseau (49° 40' 06" N Lat, 5° 33' 14" E Long) at Sainte Marie sur Semois, Prov. of Luxemburg, Belgium, alt 345 m. The 50-cm-thick peat layer is covered by 35 cm of clay. It is situated at 300 m from Roman road from Reims to Treves, archaeol. dated to 1st c. A.D. (Mertens, 1956), and at 700 m from important Roman villa. Coll. 1965.

Lv-261. Sainte Marie sur Semois 2000 ± 100 Mauvais Ruisseau I/a 50 B.C. Peat from 55 to 6o cm below ground surface. Pollen diagram shows forest clearance phase just when Fagus tends to dominate. At same level, peat contains a piece of presumably Roman brick. C14 date confirms beech maximum F I is masked in pollen curve by Gallo-Roman forest clearance. Lv-262. Sainte Marie sur Semois 2670 ± 100 Mauvais Ruisseau I/h 720 B.C. Peat with many rootlets from 64 to 71 cm below ground surface. Pollen curve indicates 5th hazel maximum (Gory/us avellana-C IV). At Rouge Ponceau, the same is dated to 1030 B.C. ± 170 (Lv-153, Louvain IV). In addition, Lv-211 (this list) shows that in 730 B.C. Fagus was in- creasing after decrease of Gory/us. C14 date seems late presumably due to contamination by younger rootlets. Sainte Marie Chevigny series Wood samples (Quercus, id, by A. Munaut and J. Heim) from Sainte Marie Chevigny (49° 55' 39" N Lat, 5° 27' 21" E Long), Prov. of Luxem- burg, Belgium, alt 470 m. From a beam with 116 tree-rings embedded in ballast of ancient road hidden in 84-cm-thick peat layer. Coll. 1964. C14 date confirms Roman origin of road, as found in Lv-30 (Louvain III). Pollen profile taken near beam. As at Sainte Marie sur Semois-Mauvais Ruisseau (Lv-261, this list), Gallo-Roman forest clearance partly masks beech maximum F I. 1990 ± 120 Lv-238. Sainte Marie Chevigny a 40 B.C. From 20 outer year-rings. 1800 ± 85 Lv-239. Sainte Marie Chevigny h A.D. 150 From 20 inner year-rings. )8 E. G1lot 2080 ± 80 Lv-220. Beaufort-Birkenbach I 130 B.C. 18' Peat from bog, 100 cm thick, at Beaufort (49° 50' 51" N Lat, 8° to 69 cm 50" E Long), Luxemburg, alt 360 m. Sample taken from 58 of depth. Coll. 1964. Dates 1st characteristic maximum F I in curve beech. Rodenbourg-Bretzboesch I series 29'" E Samples from bog of Bretzboesch (49° 41' 30" N Lit, 8° 17' Long) at Rodenbourg, Luxemburg, alt 285 m. Coll. 1965. 1620 ± 100 Lv-243. Rodenbourg-Bretzboesch I/ c A.D. 330 maxi- Peat from 166 to 175 cm, at base of peat layer. End of beech At F I and beginning of Carpinus increase is reached at this level. mum this Beaufort, beech maximum F I is dated to 130 B.C. ± 80 (Lv-220, Both samples yield dates consistent with each other and with results list). thus of pollen analysis. Filling-up of this "mardel" by peat formation began in Sub-Atlantic period, as at Bonnert, shown palynologically by Couteaux (1962 b). 1440 ± 90 Lv-242. Rodenbourg-Bretzboesch I / b A.D. 510 of Peat from 128 to 136 cm. Pollen diagram shows new increase of 2nd Fagus; Carpinus also rises. Radiocarbon age confirms beginning beech maximum F II. 1330 ± 90 Lv-243. Rodenbourg-Bretzboesch I / a A.D. 620 de- Peat from 108 to 116 cm. Fagus alone dominates and Carpin us F II. creases. C14 date indicates continuation of 2nd beech maximum Lv-183, Same level is dated at Rulles to A.D. 740 and A.D. 970 (Lv-182 and I). this list) and A.D. 860 at Tontelange-Faascht (Lv-56, Louvain

Rulles I series in Wood samples (Fagus, id. by A Munaut and J. Heim) embedded bog at Rulles (49° 42' 31" N Lat, 5° 33' 07" E Long), Pro. of Luxem- burg, Belgium, alt 375 m. Coll. 1963. 1210 ± 75 Lv-182. Rulles I / 1 A.D. 740 Large pieces of wood lying in peat layer from 39 to 47 cm below which ap- surface. At this level, pollen diagram shows increase of Faglrs, C14 pears to be 2nd beech maximum F II. age agrees with palynologic interpretation. 980 ± 120 Lv-183. Rulles 1/2 A.D. 970 Sample from another large piece of wood from same level as in Lv- 182. Both pieces were entangled. L ouvairr Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VI 59 1730 ± 120 Lv-196. Rulles 1/3 A.D. 220 Twigs of beech from 72 cm in peat layer. In pollen curves, Tagus dominates, but seems partly attenuated by partial forest clearance, probably Gallo-Roman during 1st beech maximum F L Date confirms interpretation. As at Rodenbourg (Lv-243, this list), peat formation in the "mardel" began during Atlantic period. Archaeologically, (late proves that bottom of peat layer is not contemporary with two large pieces of beech thought by archaeologists (Loess, 1913) to be frame of prehistoric hut.

Orval series Wood samples from Orval abbey (49° 38' 31" N Lat, 5° 20' 18" E Long) near Villers devant Orval, Prov, of Luxemburg, Belgium, alt 215 m. Coll. 1963. 980 ± 110 Lv-83. Orval 1963 b A.D. 970 Wood (Fagus, id. by A. Munaut) from floor of but which appears to be (Gregoire, 1964) out-house of 1st Benedictine settlement at Orval in AD. 1070. Date is consistent with interpretation. 1040 ± 80 Lv-84. Orval 1963 a A.D. 910 Pine stub (Pines silvestris, id. by A. Munaut) in situ from peat layer between 2 travertine layers, 123 cm below ground surface. Pollen curve, in addition to discovery of stomata of Pinus, indicates that Pin us grew at Orval during Atlantic period. Ci4 date confirms palynologic interpretation. REFERENCES Date lists: (roningen V Vogel and Waterbolk, 1964 Louvain I I)ossin, 1)eunner, Capron, 1962 Louvain II I)ctuner, Gilot, Capron, 1964 Louvain III Gilot, Ancion, Capron, 1965 Louvain IV Gilot, :Ancion, Capron, 1966 Louvain V Gilot, 1967 Bonenfant, P., 1965, Sept torn belles de La Tcne I en Ardenne:Ardenne et Famenne, v. 8, p. 1-51. Couteaux, M., 1962a, :lnalyse pollinique dune tombelle de La Tene I a Namoussart: rr(lenne belge:Archaeologia Belgica, no. 61, p. 51-63. 1962b. Etude palvnologique de la tourbicre du Buchelbusch a Bonnert et de la toubicre du Heidelknapp S Tontelange: Soc. Royale Bot. Belgique Bull., v. 94, P 261-278. 1967, Evolution du paysage vegetal du Bas-Luxembourg depuis le Pleni- Wiirm; thesis, Bot. Inst. Univ. Louvain, 413 p. Deumer, J. M., Gilot, E., and Capron, P. C., 1964, Louvain Natural Radiocarlxm Measurements II: Radiocarbon, v. 6, p. 160-166. Dossin, J. M., Deunler, J. M., and Capron, P. C., 1962, Louvain Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I: Radiocarbon, v. 4, p. 95-99. Dricot, E. M., 1960, Recherches palynologiques stir le Plateau des Hautes Fagnes: Soc. Royale Bot. Belgique Bull., v. 92, p. 157-196. 60 E. Gilot do La Toile en Geubel, A., 1962, Chroniquc des fouilles Bans les necropoles a tombelles Ardenne beige: Archaeologia Belgica, no. 61, p. 51-63. Radiocarbon, v. 9, Gilot E., 1967, Louvain Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V: 295-300. p. Radiocarbon Measurc- Gilot, E., Ancion, N., and Capron, P.C., 1965, Louvain Natural III: Radiocarbon, v. 7, p. 118-122. ments v. 8, 1966, Louvain Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV: Radiocarbon, 248-255. p. Ancien cloitre. His Gregoire, C., 1964, Contributions a l'histoire de l'abbaye d'Orval. torique de son evolution: Lc Pays Gaumais, v. 24-25, p. 259-276. de grande dimension Loess, F., 1913, La mardelle de Rulles. Fouilles dune mardeile 48, 424-438. a Rulles: Inst. Archaeol. du Luxembourg Annales, v. p. Le Pays Gaumais, v. 17, Mertens, j., 1956, La chaus, e romaine de Reims a Troves: p. 91-115. an- 1960, Le Kaarlsbierg a Clairefontaine et quelques autres fortifications

Artistique Bull., ciennes du Luxembourg Meridional: Soc. Roy ale du Patrimoine

v. 3, p. 63-89. Belgium and W. et al., 1967, The evolution of the vegetation in High 11lullenders, Eds., Ouarternary Paleo- dating, in: Cushing, T. J. and Wright, H. E., Jr., isotope Radiocarbon, ecology, New Haven, p. 333-339. Groningen Radiocarbon Dates V: Vogel, J. C. and Waterbolk, H. T., 1964, v. 6, p. 349-369. [Ru)Ioc!RBo1, Vol.. 10, 1968, P. 61-114]

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN RADIOCARBON DATES XII H. R. CRANE and JAMES B. GRIFFIN The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

The following is a list of dates obtained since the compilation of List XI in December 1965. The method is essentially the same as described in that list. Two C02-CS2 Geiger counter systems were used. Equipment and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Crane, 1961). Dates and estimates of error in this list follow the practice recommended by the International Radiocarbon Dating Conferences of 1962 and 1965, in that (a) dates are computed on the basis of the Libby half-life, 5570 yr, (b) A.D. 1950 is used as the zero of the age scale, and (c) the errors quoted are the standard deviations obtained from the numbers of counts only. In previous Michigan date lists up to and including VII, we have quoted errors at least twice as great as the statistical errors of counting, to take account of other errors in the over-all process. If the reader wishes to obtain a standard deviation figure which will allow ample room for the many sources of error in the dating process, we suggest doubling the figures that are given in this list. We wish to acknowledge the help of Patricia Dahlstrom in preparing chemical samples and David M. Griffin and Linda B. Halsey in preparing the descriptions.

I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 9240 ± 1000 M-1291. Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania 7290 B.C. Charcoal from Hosterman's Pit (40° 53' 34" N Lat, 77° 26' 22" W Long), Centre Co., Pennsylvania. Sample found in cave mixed in rocky talus with assorted mammal bones, including elk (Cervus canadensis), that apparently fell in at a former entrance. Species are characteristic of area today except elk, which was exterminated ca. 1860 to 1870. Flow- stone had formed over several bones. Coll. 1961 by A.D. McCrady; subm. by J. E. Guilday, Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh, Pa. Comment (JEG): earli- C14 est date yet run on an assemblage of Recent vertebrates in NE U.S.

2300 ± 140 M-1724. Waldron Ranch Bone Locality, Alberta 350 B.C. Bison bone from Waldron Ranch bone locality (49° 45' 30" N Lat, 114° 05' 30" W Long), Alberta, Canada. Sample from bone bed (Wagner, 1966) In east bank of dry coulee 1 mi. above junction of Callum Creek and Oldman River, 30 yds upstream from Callum Creek. Coll. 1964 by K. E. Campbell and W. P. Wagner; subm, by W. P. Wagner, Univ. of Vermont. Comment (WPW): date is youngest known age for alluvial unit; younger than Mount Mazama ash.

61 62 H. R. ('Mane (111(1 James B. Gii[Jin 7550 ± 350 M-1736. Lake Chippewa Low Stage, Michigan 5630 B.C. Shell from Lake Chippewa Low Stage (430 08.4' N Lat, 86° 48.7' W Long), Michigan. Sample consisted of shallow water pelecypod (and other species) from layer of shells and sand believed to represent Lake Chippewa Low Water Stage of Lake Michigan. Taken from depth of 315 ft. Previous date obtained on smaller weight of shells from another similar locality at 335 ft. was 7100 ± 500 1s.P. (M-1571, Michigan X) the right order of magnitude for event. Coll. 1964 and subm. by J. L. Hough, Great Lakes Research Division, Univ, of Michigan. Comment (JLH): date is in reasonable conformity with sample at slightly lower lake level.

M-1739. Gratiot County Mastodon, Michigan 9910 ± 350 Thaller Mastodon 7960 B.C. Bone from L. M. Thaller farm (43° 26' 30" N Lat, 84° 50' W Long), SE 1 NE l/ NE 1/ Sec. 18, Serville Twp., Gratiot Co., Michigan. Parts of hind leg, ulna, and tusk found by drag-line operator. Coll. 1965 by H. P. Mouller; subm. by C. W. Hibbard, Univ, of Michigan. Com- ment (CWH): as will be noted from dates at Rappuhn Mastodon site, C14 date on bone may be significantly younger than associated wood or peat. This suggests age of Thaller Mastodon may be closer to 11,000 h.1. than 1.0,0001s.P. Pollen study on this location will be published by R. 0. Kapp, Alma College, Mich., and on the diatoms by Matt Holm of Cen- tral Mich. Univ. Comment (ROK): pollen from sediments of peat and clay, in which bones were deposited, belongs to late-glacial spruce pollen zone, so that date is slightly younger than expected.

Thaller Mastodon series, Michigan Wood, peat, and gyttja from Louis Thaller farm (43° 26' 30" N Lat, 84° 50' W Long), NE of Riverdale, Gratiot Co., Michigan. Samples from bog that contained mastodon bones, overlying sand covered with green- ish gyttja and peat. Coll. 1965 by R. 0. Kapp and S. Bushouse; subm. by R. 0. Kapp and C. W. Hibbard, Univ. of Michigan.

M-1740. Thaller Mastodon site, wood 7120 ± 250 sample A 5170 B.C. Wood from depth of 30 cm below present land surface. 7220 ± 250 M-1741. Thaller Mastodon site, wood 5270 B.C. Wood from depth of 60 cm below present land surface in peat. 7390 ± 250 M-1742. Thaller Mastodon site, peat 5440 B.C. Peat from depth of 80 to 90 cm below present land surface. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 63 11,200 ± 400 M-1743. Thaller Mastodon site, gyttja 9250 B.C. Gyttja from depth of 130 to 140 cm below present land surface. General Comment (ROK): dates of peat and wood seem accurate, but date of gyttja appears too early. Rappuhn Mastodon site series I, Michigan Peat from Rappuhn Mastodon site (43° 17' N Lat, 83° 11' 30" W Long), Lapeer Co., Michigan. From 3 horizons immediately above Amer. Mastodon skeleton and "wooden" platform. Bones lie on clay base at same level with wooden sticks that may indicate human activity, and are overlain by peat. Pollen in sediments associated with skull indicates spruce-fir forest. Remains appear to antedate climatic amelioration of early post-Glacial. Coll. 1965 and subm. by R. 0. Kapp. M-1744. Rappuhn Mastodon, 12 to 9640 ± 350 13% in. depth 7690 B.C. Peat from 12 to 131/2 in. below present surface, just below- plow layer. M-1745. Rappuhn Mastodon, 15 to 10,450 ± 400 16½ in. depth 8500 B.C. Peat from 15 to 161/2 in. below present surface. M-1746. Rappuhn Mastodon, 20 to 10,730 ± 400 22 in. depth 8780 B.C. Peat from 20 to 22 in. below present soil surface at base of deepest pocket of peat, immediately upon and beneath "platform timbers.'' General Comment (ROK): dates coincide with uppermost portion of late Glacial spruce pollen zone. Most dated Pollen diagrams from S Great Lakes region indicate major climatic amelioration occurred around 10,000 B.P. Tlappuhn Mastodon series II, Michigan Bone and wood from the Rappuhn mastodon (43° 15' N Lat, 83° 15' Long), w T10N, R11E, NE 1/4 SW 1/ Sec. 21, Clifford Twp., Lapeer Co., Michigan. Coll. 1965 and s«bm, l)y W. L. Wittry, Cranbrook Inst. of Sci., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 9900 ± 400 M-1778. Rappuhn Mastodon, Mandibles 7950 B.C. Mandibular fragment of 13% lb in SE quadrant, disturbed by plow. J\landibular fragment of s lb in SE quadrant, disturbed by plow. 10,750 ± 400 M-1780. Rappuhn Mastodon, Square 1408100 8809 B.C. \tirooul stick from Square I40R100. 10,750 ± 400 M-1781. Rappuhn Mastodon, Square 140R100 8800 B.C. Wood stick from Square 140R100. 64 H. IL. Crane and James B. Griffin 10,400 ± 400 M-1782. Rappuhn Mastodon, Square 1408100 8450 B.C. Wood stick from Square 140R100. 9250 ± 350 M-1783. Rappuhn Mastodon, Left Tusk 7300 B.C. Section of left tusk cut from portion immediately outside skull. Inner and outer "rims" are present. Diameter of cavity is 2.5 x 2.2 in. Possible contamination from rootlets in cavity and on outer surface. Also bacterial growth on outer surface of outer ring. Cut section 6.5 to 6.3 in. diameter and 3.1 to 3.9 in. thick. Geireral Coniimrent (WL\V): mastodon bones were cut, partially charred, and scattered, which is interpreted as results of butchering (Wittry, 1965). Bones and platform of wood poles, believed laid down by man at time of mastodon's death, directly overlie till and are overlain by peat (M-1744 to M-1746, Michigan XII). Dates of wood poles are considered more reliable than those of bone and ivory. M-1753. Munro Buried Bryophyte Community, 9960 ± 350 Michigan 8010 B.C. Several species of moss (id. by Howard Crumm, Univ. of Michigan) from Munro Twp. (45° 38' N Lat, 84° 41' W Long), center of Sec. 4, T37N, R3VV, Cheboygan Co., Michigan. Alt. 740 ft. Moss bed overlies pre-Valders outwash with a soil profile and underlies Valders till; and sediments of Lake Algonquin. Coll. 1965 and subm, by Robert Zahner, Univ, of Michigan. Com ments (RZ): date does not conform to stratigraphic position of moss. (JBG): 2nd and 3rd runs on same material were each 10,700 ± 350. 10,890 ± 350 M-1807. Fitchburg Park, Michigan 8940 B.C. Wood from Fitchburg Park (42° 26' N Lat, 84° 17' W Long), NE 1 of Sec. 35, Bunkerhill Twp., Ingham Co., Michigan. Gnawed wood found 6 ft below topsoil, peat, and muck. Coll. 1966 by J. J. Huffine; subm. by R. H. Baker, Michigan State Univ. Comment (RHB): wood might have been chewed by lame extinct beaver (Castoroides) which formerly roamed Michigan. M-1831. Upton Creek Mouth (46 KA 60), 9000 ± 350 West Virginia 7050 B.C. Wood from Upton Creek at W edge of city of So. Charleston, between U.S. Route 60 and Kanawha River, West Virginia (38° 21' N Lat, 81 ° 45' W Long). Fragment in lake sediments at 27.5 ft brought up in coring. Coll. 1965 and subm. by E. V. McMichael, West Virginia Univ. Comment (EVM): date is within expected age. M-1833. Lake Monongahela Terrace Deposit, 22,000 ± 1000 West Virginia 20,050 B.C. Wood fragments and head of fruit (ball) of Plantaus occzdentalis from sediments of ancient Lake Monogahela (39° 37' 30" N Lat, 80° 0' University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 65 \V Long), Morgantown, West Virginia, 980() ft N of N Lat, and 8000 ft E of W Long. Comment: geologists assumed sediments are of Kansan age, but recent pollen studies suggest a Wisconsin date (Clendening. Renton, and Parsons, in press). Coll. 1966 by William Gwilliam; subm. by E. V. McMichael.

1080 ± 120 M-1886. Taku Glacier, Alaska A,n, 870 Log Of Alaska yellow cedar (Clla»tacryparis ilootkateiteas) from ice and rock debris at l aku Glacier terminus (58° 26' N Lat, 134° 2' W Long), Juneau Burrough, Alaska. May be several thousand yr old, incorporated into glacier (luring advance; or, may be recent, floated to terminus by tidal action and trapped in highly unstable debris pushed lip by the advancing glacier. Coll. 1966 and subm. by M. M. fuller and J. H. Anderson, Michigan State Univ. Conrmeilt (MMM): tree apparently grew curing glacial recession, and became incorporated during a re- advance. 3900 ± 170 M-1926. Taku B glacier, Alaska 1950 B.C. Soil sample from NW arm of Taku B glacier (58° 21' N Lat, 134° 10' W Long), Alaska (Lietzke and 1Vhiteside, 1967; Miller, 1966). Coll. 1966 by D. A. Lletzke and M. M. Miller; subm. by M. Miller.

M-1888, St. James Coast Guard Station. 6788 ± 250 Michigan 4838 B.C. Conifer stump from bottom of Lake Michigan (450 42' 02" N ° Lat, 85 25' 10" W Long), 4.5 mi. ESE of St. James Coast Guard Station, Beaver Island, Michigan. Found in 32 ft of water, in growth position, partly covered by sediment. Stump is prol)ably Pin us resinosa (F. Brunett, Mus. of Anthropol., Univ. of Mich.). Should date shoreline during rise of Lake Michigan From Chippewa low-water stage to Nipissing stage. Coll. 1966 by L. H. Somers; subm. by J. L. Hough, Univ. of Michigan. Corrlin en! (JI,fl): date seems correct. Taylor valley series, Antarctica Mummified skin and flippers of seals (Lohodon carcinophaga and Leptonychotes weddelli) from Taylor Valley (77° 40-43' S Lat, 162° 30-45' E Long), at foot of Seuss glacier, Lake Bonney, and Nussbaum Riegel, Antarctica. Expedition supported by NSF grant No. GB 2647. Coll. 1966 by T. Blair; subm. by M. A. Mann, M. F. Orr, and E. L. Coe, Northwestern Univ. 845 ± 100 M.1912, Sample 1 A.D, 1105 Desiccated Crabeater seal flipper, taken from side next to ground; carcass well preserve(l. 66 H. R. Crane a11d Jairnes B. Griff iii 870 ± 100 M-1913. Sample 2 A.D. 1080 Desiccated Crabeater seal flipper, also in contact with ground; carcass weathered. 1200 ± 120 M-1914. Sample 3 A.D. 750 Desiccated Cabeater seal flipper, taken from side axvay from ground; carcass weathered. 1045 ± 120 M-1915. Sample 4 A.D.905 Desiccated Cabeater seal flipper, on side away from ground; carcass weathered. 2150 ± 200 M-1916. Sample 5 200 B.C. Desiccated Cabeater seal flipper, taken from side away from ground. Carcass lay in small valley or depression and was fairly well preserved. 1155± 120 M-1917. Sample 6 A.D. 795 Desiccated seal skin and connective tissue; a few scattered remnants of carcass exposed to wind erosion on side of hill. 1845 ±140 M-1918. Sample 7 A.D.105 Desiccated Cabeater seal skin, taken from side away from ground; carcass weathered. 2045 ± 140 M-1919. Sample 8 95 B.C. Desiccated Weddell seal skin, taken from side away from ;round; carcass weathered. 615 ± 100 M-1920. Sample 9 A.D.1335 Crabeater seal skin, from side away from ground; animal had been (lead no longer than one year; frozen carcass was in excellent state of preservation. General Comment (ELC): dates are satisfactory and indicate that seals wandered in at random and that degree of preservation is not closely related to age. Possibly seepage of ground water containing carbonate could have contaminated parts in contact with ground and have lowered their apparent age. The 615 B.P. date (M-1920) clearly suggests seals are obtaining part of their carbon from old sources. 230 ± 100 A.D.1720 M-1921. Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska A.D.1650 N Wood from Site ha (58° 24' N Lat, 134° 35' W Long), Mendenhall glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska. Sample imbedded in glacial-fluvial gravel and overridden (Miller, Anderson, and Egan, 1967; Miller, 1966) . Coll. 1964 and subm. by M. M. Miller. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates X11 67 Davidson Glacier series, Alaska WTood and root close to Davidson. Glacier terminus (58° 55' N Lat, 135° 25' W Long), W side of N Lynn Canal, SE Alaska. Samples are from ancient forest destroyed by glacier (Miller, Anderson, and Egan, 1967; Miller, 1966). Coll. 1965 and 1966 and snbm. by C. P. Egan and M. M. Miller. 760 ± 100 M-1922. Davidson Glacier, buried forest A.D.1190 horizon A.D.1225 N Section of trunk of young tree (probably Tsuga h('terophylla or Picea sitcherisis) from main buried forest horizon. Sample Was overlain by 1 m of gravel. 560 ± 100 A.D.1390 M-1923. Davidson Glacier, depth 3 m A.D.1410 N Flattened root (probably T. hetero pliylla or P. sitclr('»sis) from (lel)th ca. 3 in. 880 ± 100 A.D.1070 M-1924. Davidson Glacier, surface A.D.1210 N Wood (probably T. lr('teropliylla or P. sitchensis) near base of ice- sheared tree trunk. Sample was exposed at surface at collection, but prior to being exhumed by stream action, it had been buried by ca. 5 m of till and glacial outwash.

M-1925. Gilkey and Vaughan Lewis glaciers, 2100 ± 140 Alaska 150 B.C. Soil from spur above conjunction of Gilkey and Vaughan Lewis glaciers (58° 47' N Lat, 134° 30' W Long), about 500 to 860 ft below Camp 18 on Juneau Icefield, Alaska (Lietzke and Whiteside, 1967; Miller, 1966). Coll. 1966 by D. A. Lietzke and M. M. Miller; snbm. l)y M. M. Miller.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Upper Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes 850 ± 100 A.D.1100 M-982. Monk's Mound, Cahokia, Illinois A.D.1235 N Charcoal from Monk's Mound (38° 39' 37" N Lat, 90° 3' 50" W Long), SW 1/ of SE 1/4, Sec. 35, T3N, R9W, Cahokia, Madison Co., Illinois. Sample from layer of charcoal 8 to 10 in. above a burnt sand floor, 1/2 in. thick, overlying ca. 1.5 in. of burnt area. Floor is about 6 ft below surface of mound terrace on \'V side of Monk's Mound. Floor and charcoal are eroding. One sherd (St. Clair Plain?) was associated; should date Middle Mississippi. Coll. 1958 and snbm. l)y I). F. Morse, 68 H. R. Crane and James B. Gii ff in Jonesville, Arkansas. Coinn'ient (JBG): date is comparable to those from top of Monk's Mound (M-1636 and M-1637, Crane and Griffin, 1966). M-1084. West Twin Lake mound group, 1000 ±100 Michigan A.!). 950 Human femur probably from West Lake Mottuid 8 (440 47' N Lat, 84° 20' W Long) SW i/4 SE 14 Sec. 20, Albert Twp., Montmorency Co., Michigan (Hinsdale, 1930). Mound 8 contained disarticulated multiple burial associated with Late Point Peninsula-like material, unidentified pottery vessel, Port Maitland-like projectile points, and bone harpoons. Site is group of 8 mounds with burials at various times, alternating with layers of charcoal which. occur as lenses over large surface of mounds at various levels. Sample was drawn from 2 femurs catalogued as "119 parts of skeletons, Catalog No. 2322." Coll. 1927 and 1928 by W. B. Hinsdale: subm. by M. L. Papworth, Oberlin College. Comment (JBG): date is satisfactory for this Late Woodland occupation in N central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. 720 ± 100 M-1399. Steed-Kisker site, Missouri A.!). 1230 Charcoal from floor of House 3, Steed-Kisker site (39° 17' 15" N Lat, 94° 49' 30" W Long) center of W edge Sec. 47, T 52N, R35W, Platte Co., Missouri. Coll. 1962 and subm. by J. M. Shippee, Univ. old [issouri. Cam merit (JBG): date agrees with earlier assays for this 1lississippian site. See Mich. XI. 940 ± 100 M-1483. Aring Pearl site, Missouri A.!). 1010 Charcoal from Aring Pearl site (23 P1 43), (39° 15' N Eat, 940 18' 15" W Long) NE corner Sec. 10, T51N, R35W, Platte Co., Missouri. Sample recovered from small deposit of gray ash at bottom of refuse- filled pit exposed by deep plowing of Mr. Pearl. Pit depth was 63 in. from present surface or 12 in. of silt over 15 in, of deep midden deposit over 36 in.-deep pit. In association was restorable Hopewell pot, fragments of another, flint scraper, bone scrap, and burned limestone fragments covering site. Site large, extending along old Platte River channel for 1 mi. Not excavated, but probably one component, comparable to Trowbridge and Renner (Wedel, 1943). Babcock mounds (Wedel, 1943) on bluff l mi. to east. Pearl and Nolan mounds on ridges 3/ to 1 mi. to SE. According to R. B. Aker, layers of sediment cover consecutive layers of cultural debris to depth of 5 ft. Pottery seems to be same from top to bottom. Coll. 1963 and subm. by J. M. Shippee. Comment (JMS): date is not applicable to cultural material for reasons which have not been satisfactorily determined. 1220± 129 M-1602. Aring Pearl site, Missouri A.!). 730 Charred wood and grass from Aring Pearl site (23 P1 43), (39° 15' N Lat, 940 48' 15" W Long) NE corner Sec. 10, T51 N, R35W, Platte Co., Missouri. From bottom of deep pit about 5 ft below present surface. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 69 Overburden o1 river-borne silt 18 in. deep. Sides of pit burned from internal fire. Associated material: vertical compound vessel, antler tool probably for making rocker stamp, bowl of stone platform pipe. Sample may date Stone Vault mounds excavated by Wedel in 1938 (Wedel, 1943) on bluffs 1 to 1 mi. E., thought to be Hopewell. Coll. 1964 by R. B. Aker; subm. by J. M. Shippee. Comment (JMS): date is not applicable to cultural material for reasons which have not been satisfactorily determined. 2110 ± 130 M-1485. Montezuma Mound 9, Illinois 160 B.C. Charred wood 1rom Montezuma Mound 9 (39° 32' 58" N Lat, 90° 34' 52" W Long), Pike Co., Ill. Charcoal fragments from oak log, 12 to 14 in. diameter, from crib tomb. Only scattered human remains such as finger and toe bones were recovered. Most skeletal material was removed after exposure in crib. No artifacts were in tomb, which is of Hopewell construction. Coll. 1956 and subm. by Gregory Perino, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Colil1)2clit (GP): date seems slightly early for this mound group but sample may be from inner section of log. 1610 ± 1.30 1I-1494. Young site, Missouri A.D. 340 Charred stick Irom Young site (23 P1 4) (39° 13' N Lat, 91° 18' W Long), SW Sec. 30, T51 N, R34\1T, Platte Co., Missouri. Found in burned rock zone, below 12 to 18 in. of humus with Late Hopewell pottery (Wedel, 1943). Coll. 1938 by W. R. <mica. Coll. 1963 by Vernon Carpenter; subm. by Gregory Perino. Cmmmneltt (GP): (late seems early but J. B. Griffin thinks it may have been from center of large log since charred remains were less than 6 in. in diameter and logs used in tomb construction were never less than 16 in. in diameter; most were 24 in. or more. 1720 ± 140 M-1558. McGraw village site, Ohio A.1). 230 Charcoal from the McGraw village site (39° 19' N Lit, 82° 56' WT Long), on A1va McGraw farm on Route 35 and 50, 11/2 mi. SE of Chilli- cothe in Ross Co., Ohio. Site on river bottom of WV bank of Scioto River. From dense homogeneous midden deposit sealed off from surface by 2 layers of sterile flood deposit. First known and excavated Ohio Hopewell settlement site. Site also yielded corn, establishing agricultural basis of Hopewell. 1)ates on site are discussed in publication on site (Pritfer, 1965). Coll. 1963 and subm. by 0. H. Prufer, Case Inst. of Technol., Cleveland. Coin item (OHP): date is satisfactory and within range of earlier assays. Peisker site series, Illinois Wood charcoal from the Peisker site (39° 5' 26" N Lat, 90° 35' 16" W Long), Calhoun Co., Illinois. Single component habitation site he- neath Mound 3 is believed to represent early expression of Hopewellian phase of Havana tradition. Associated pottery is Havana and grit- tempered Hopewell series. Coll. 1963 by Gregory Perino; subm. by Stuart Struever, Northwestern Univ. 1700 120 M-1569. Peisker site, Feature 1 A.D.250 Charcoal representing in, situ remnant of hearth (Feature 1) occur- ring as part of pre-molted habitation site beneath Moun(1 3. 1880 ±-120 M-1570. Peisker site, Feature 2 A.D.70 Charcoal representing in sitar remnant of hearth (Feature 2) occur- ring as part of pre-mound habitation site beneath Mound 3. General Comment (SS): dates fall within well-documented time span of later Hopewellian phase of Pike tradition. Hopewell-Pike occupation area was excavated immediately adjacent to Mound 3 at Peisker, and these dates appear to be associated with that area. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xl1 71 Salts Cave site series I, Kentucky Human feces from Salts Cave (370 11' N Lat, 86° 3' W Long), Hart and Edmondson Co., Kentucky (Watson and Yarnell, 1966). Cultural material recovered so far not diagnostic. Dating will help determine time of use of cave for mining gypsum and other salts, and will check dates already obtained for Salts and Mammoth caves (I3enington, Melton, and Watson, 1962). Coll. 1963 by P. J. Watson, R. A. Yarnell, and R. L. Hall; sub. by P. J. Watson, 756 Harvard, University City, Missouri. 2240 ± 200 M-1573. Salts Cave, Upper 290 B.C. Human feces, containing Iva, sunflower, hickory nutshell, grape seeds, squash seeds, and Chenopod; found near survey point P-58, on dirt bet'xeen breakdown blocks in sheltered location, covered with gypsum needles in Upper Salts (SCU-38). 2570 ±140 M-1574. Salts Cave, Upper 620 B.C. Human feces, containing sunflower, Phalaris, Chcitopod, ma, sumac (?) berries, hickory nutshell, and fish scales; found near survey points P-63-64, under breakdown on right side of passage in. Upper Salts (SCT T-39). 2270 _-t-140 M-1777. Salts Cave, Upper 320 B.C. Human feces, containing Clrenopod, marshelder and sunflower seeds, and hickory nutshell, panic grass seeds, fish scales, and feather; found near P-38 in Upper Salts (SCU-105). 2350 --±--140 M-1577. Salts Cave, Middle 400 B.C. Human feces, containing sllnfloxver, ma, grape seeds, Phalaris, grass (?) stem base, fish scales, and beetle pupa fragments; found at A-60 in Middle Salts (SCM-5). 2660 ± 140 M-1770. Salts Cave, Middle 710 B.C. Human feces found at survey point A-42 in Middle Salts Cave (SCM-1). General Comment (PJW): determinations indicate an early Woodland period for Salts Cave variant of interesting dietary complex noted 30 yr ago by Volney Tones (1936). Included in prehistoric feces from Salts Cave are wild seeds and nuts plus series of cultivated species (squash, sunflower, possibly Cheno pod and Iva, and, in comparable but undated fecal specimens, gourd). M-1573 date is one of earliest dated occurrences in eastern U.S. of member (squash) of important horticultural complex which spread to No. America from Mexico. Salts Cave site series II, Kentucky Cane and wood from Salts Cave (37° 11' N Lat, 86° 3' W Long), Hart and Edmondson Co., Kentucky. Cultural material recovered so far not diagnostic. Dating will help determine time span of mining gypsum 72 H. R. Crane and James B. Griffin and other salts, and will check dates already obtained for Salts and Mam- moth Caves (Benington, Melton, and Watson, 1962). Present series of dates on cane and wood will also check first determinations of dried prehistoric feces. Coll. 1963 by R. L. Hall and P. J. Watson; subm, by P. J. Watson. 2510± 140 M-1584. Salts Cave, Upper 560 B.C. Cane (SCU-55) from upper Salts, Test A, 0 to 10 cm. 2430 ± 130 M-1585. Salts Cave, Upper 480 B.C. Cane (SCU-80) from Upper Salts, Test A, 30 to 40 cm. 2840 ± 150 M-1586. Salts Cave, Upper 890 B.C. Cane (SCU-148) from Upper Salts, Test A, 70 to 80 cm. 2520 ± 140 M-1587. Salts Cave, Upper 579 B.C. Wood from Test A, Square 1, 140 cm. beneath surface (SCU-157). 2720 ± 140 M-1588. Salts Cave, Lower 770 B.C. Wood from small log survey point I-76 plus 2 m in Lower Salts (SCL-8). 3140± 150 M-1589. Salts Cave, Lower 1190 B.C. \Vood and bark Fragments From survey point I-67 in Lower Salts (SCL-9). General Co111111elit (PJ\!V): these determinations agree with prevlolls dates for Salts and Mammoth Caves, and with those for Newt Kash Hollow shelter ( Benington, Melton, and Watson, 1962; Michigan I). They substantiate Schvvartz's suggestion that most activity in caves took place during Early Woodland period (Schwartz, 1960). Series II cane and wood determinations agree with Series I of prehistoric fecal material. Spencer Lake Mound series, Wisconsin Charred wood from Spencer Lake Mound (46° 0' N Lat, 92° 30' \V Long), N shore Spencer Lake, S 1 sec. 26, T38N, R15W, La Follette Twp., Burnett Co., Wisconsin. Mound had 4 strata or mounds. Clam River focus, Late Woodland, possibly proto-historic (McKern, 1963). Coll. 1936 by W. C. McKern; subm. by Robert Ritzenthaler, Milwaukee Public Mus. 1370 ± 110 M-1581. Spencer Lake Mound, Mound 1 A.D.580 Charred wood from Mound 1, Feature 10 on floor of mound. 1420 ±150 M-1582. Spencer Lake Mound, Mound 1 A.D.530 Charred wood from floor of Mound 1. University of Michigan Radiocarbon 1)atcs XII 73 1460± 120 M-1583. Spencer Lake Mound, Mound 1 A.D.490 Charred wood from Mound 1, Burial 7. General Comment (RR): dates are earlier than expected, but very acceptable and not in conflict with archaeological probability. Closeness of dates adds to credibility. 840 ± 100 M-1596. Spencer Lake Mound, Wisconsin A.D.1100 Charred bone from Spencer Lake Mound (46° 0' N Lat, 92° 30' W Long), N shore Spencer Lake, S 1 (near line dividing SW 1 and SE 1) Sec. 26, T38N, R15W, La Follette Twp., Burnett Co., Wisconsin. From Burial 18, Stratum 3, stratified mound of Clam River focus, Late Woodland and possibly proto-historic (McKern, 1963). Coll. 1936 by W. C. McKern; subm. by Robert Ritzenthaler. Comments (RR): in light of 3 charcoal samples run by Michigan (M-1581, A.D. 580; M-1582, A.D. 530; M-1583, A.D. 490) and 2 charcoal samples run by Wisconsin (AD. 750 to 930), A.D. 1100 obtained on charred bone appears to be deviant on late side. (JBG): Stratum 3 includes Burial 18 and Burial 7 (M-1583); these were deposited in mound after wood specimens (M-1581 and M-1582). Hannah site series, Illinois Wood, bark, and shell from Hannah site (41 ° 50' N Lat, 89° 34' W Long), SW ¼ Sec. 22, TION, R8E, Medina Twp., Peoria Co., Illinois. Site is late Early or early Middle Hopewell. Coil. 1964 and subm. by D. F. Morse, Idaho State Univ. 1860 ± 130 M-1627. Hannah site, Tomb I A.D.90 Bark from Tomb 1, Burial 4 beneath copper adz. 1790 ± 200 M-1628. Hannah site, Tomb 2 A.D.160 Bark from Tomb 2, N side; should be earlier than Tomb 1. 1820 ± 120 M-1630. Hannah site, Tomb 2 A.D.130 Wood from Tomb 2, 2nd N-S log from W. Dates 2nd roof of tomb; and therefore probably construction of primary mound, ii it is not earlier. 1720 ± 130 M-1631. Hannah site, Tomb 2 A.D. 230 Wood from Tomb 2, 4th N-S log from W. Dates 2nd roof. 2300 ± 130 M-1632. Hannah site, Tomb 2 350 B.C. Shell of fresh water mussels from Tomb 2, S side. Earliest sample, from beginning of use of Tomb 2. General Comment (DFM): dates are from 2 tombs in single mound sal- vager in 1964 (Morse and Morse, 1965). Four of five dates cluster around 74 H. R. Cane and James B. Griffin first two centuries A.D. which is 1 to 2 centuries later than dates obtained from similar complexes in nearby Dickison mound group (Bluhm and Beeson, 1960). Dating expected on basis of tomb construction and artifact interment. Schultz site (20 Sa 2) series, Michigan Charcoal and charred nutshells from the Schultz site (43° 23' N Lat, 3, 83° 59' \AT Long), S 1/ NE 1,4 Sec. T11 N, R4E, Saginaw Co., Michigan. Coll. 1964 by field party; subm, by J. E. Fitting, Mus. of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. M-1644. Schultz site, Unit 510E570, 1570 ± 120 4 ft depth A.D. 380 Charred nutshells, primarily black walnut with sonic butternut, from Unit 510E570, Feature 64-74, 4 ft below surface near bottom of filled river channel. Distinct hearth at lowest level of culture-bearing deposits. Though no quantity of cultural material was found in this feature, thick, plain, and broad line-incised sherds were found at same level in several nearby features (64-50 and 64-72). M-1646. Schultz site, Unit 510E570, 1640 ± 120 2.0 ft depth A.n.310 Charcoal from Unit 510E370, Feature 64-21, 2 ft below surface in area of filled river channel. Well-defined feature containing Hopewell rim with rocker stamping, crude side-notched points, and dense concentration of fish bone. Should date Hopewell phase of site sequence. M-1647. Schultz site, Unit 510E570, 1500 ± 200 1.6 ft depth A.D.450 Charcoal from Unit 510E570, Feature 64-17, at 1.6 ft below surface in area of filled river channel and overlying M-1646. Feature had plain rocker-stamped body sherds, the base of corner notched point, and large quantities of fish bone. Should date last phase of Middle woodland occupation. M-1648. Schultz site, Unit 540E585, 770 ± 100 1.8 ft depth A.D.1180 Charcoal from Unit 540E585, Feature 64-75, 1.8 ft below surface on old river bank. Feature at base of plow zone, partially plowed away. Re- storable castellated Wayne \ Tare vessel and several rim fragments of collared (but not castellated) Macomb Linear Corded vessel were found. Material is considerably younger than most material at site and should furnish most recent date. General Comment (JEF): with execption of M-1644, dates are well within expected ranges. M-1644 is perplexing. It is from a level 2 ft below M-1647 and associated with ceramics consistently stratified between Early Woodland (Marion Thick) and Middle Woodland types. It seems both relatively and absolutely out of place. University of lllicltigait Radiocarbon Dates XII /a 930 {-100 M-1682. Kane site, Illinois A.D. 1020 Charred wood post from Kane site (Ms 194), (38° 45' 20" N Lat, 90° 0' 10" W/ Long) Madison Co., Illinois. From floor of House 5, structure about 6 ft sq. with excavated floor and small single-post construction. Sample should date Late Woodland ("Bluff") complex in No. American Bottom area, existing just prior to Mississippian development at Cahokia or contemporary with early phase of this development, at 1000 to 1200 is i . Coll. 1963 by P. J. Munson; subm. by R. L. Hall, Illinois State Mus. Comment (RLH): House 5 was believed to be earlier than this, but date is consistent with another of A.D. 1130 ± 95 (I-2011, unpub.) for House 1, which was believed, on typological grounds, to be slightly later; these 2 dates are within correct ranges. Kane village is probably contemporary with 01(1 Village occupation at Cahokia site, though showing little evidence of acculturation.

Stolle Quarry site series, Illinois Charred wood and nut shell from Stolle Quarry site (S 130), (38° 32' 35" N Lat, 90° 9' 40" W Long), St. Clair Co., Illinois. Samples should date Late \\Toodland horizon predating Mississippian developments in American Bottom at 1200 to 1400 is.i. Coll. 1963 quid subm. by R. L. Hall.

1050 ± 110 M-1683. Stolle Quarry, Composite sample A.D.900 Charred wood and hickory nut shells from Features 2-3, 7, and 10. All features produced similar cordmarked, grog-tempered pottery with frequent inner lip decoration. 1230 -110 M-1684. Stolle Quarry, Feature 9 A.D.720 Charred wood and pecan from Feature 9, pit intrusive into basin fill and through floor of House 1. Associated pottery is essentially identical to M-1683. General Comment (RLH): average of dates (A.n. 810) is slightly later than expected but agrees with average (late of A.D. 833 for 3 samples from Hilltop site in St. Charles Co., Missouri (M-61.9, Mich. V; M-620, M-621, Mich. IX); which, typologically, should cross-date with Stolle Ouarry. 1500 -120 M-1685. Scovill site, Illinois A.D. 450 Charred wood from the Scovill site (F 106), (40° 23' 45" N Lat, 90° 12' 55" \'V Long) Fulton Co., Illinois. From Feature 33, refuse-filled pit. Should date Woodland ceramic complex consisting almost entirely of Weaver ware (Wray and MacNeish, 1961). Coll. 1963 by P. f. Munson; subm. by R. L. Hall. Comment (RLH): about as expected. 76 H. R. Crane and James B. Griffin Riverside Cemetery series, Michigan Charcoal, charred wood, and bark from Riverside Cemetery (450 15 N Lat, 87° 44' W Long), Menominee Co., Michigan. Coll. 1961 and 1962 and subm. by R. J. Hruska, Oshkosh Public Mus. 1950 ± 130 M-1715. Riverside Cemetery, Feature 37 A.D.1 Charcoal is remains of 16 charred poles standing upright within burial pit. Large (luantities of cremated bone were beneath flexed burial of adolescent. Beads, blades, and a copper Celt were closely associated. Expected date: 100 to 500 B.C. 2050 ± 140 M-1716. Riverside Cemetery, Feature 46 100 B.C. Charcoal from 2 charred vertical poles directly within pit fill at depth of 65 in. Burial pit was ocher-stained with 6 stemmed projectile points; no human remains were found. 2190± 140 M-1717. Riverside Cemetery, above Feature 27 240 B.C. Charred bark fragments of burial crypt containing flexed adult female, directly above Feature 27. Red ocher, a large copper awl, a sharp- en ing stone, 2 salt-water shell beads, 8 large and 1 small blade were associated. 2180 ± 140 M-1718. Riverside Cemetery, above Feature 30 130 B.C. Charred fragments of logs which were part of burial crypt above Feature 3O at depth of 55 in. Red ocher and 13 blades were associated with flexed adult with all but lower limbs destroyed. 2460 ± 140 M-1719. Riverside Cemetery, above Feature 30 510 B.C. Charred wood fragments from burial crypt above Feature 31 at depth of over 60 in. Burned birch bark was found above wood fragments, with awl holes and trace of lashing. Thirteen stone artifacts and enamel of adolescent teeth were in upper level. In lower level were fragments of adult male and female, beads, and 2 large animal teeth. Gei,eral Cm»rnerit (JBG): see earlier date from this site (M-658) of 3040 ± 300 r.p, or 1090 l;.c. (Crane and Griffin, 1958). 1490 ± 130 M-1721. Apple Creek site, Illinois A.D.460 Charcoal from Apple Creek site (39° 22' 15" N Lat, 90° 32' 22" W Long), Green County, Illinois. Sample came from Feature 367b, in situ remnant of last fire burned in hearth associated with Pike House, which belongs to Hopewellian phase of Pike tradition, in Middle Woodland period. Coll. 1963 and subm. by S. Struever, Northwestern Univ. Corn- rnent (SS): date slightly later than expected, but identical to that of same charcoal specimen (OWU-105B, Ogden and Hay, 1967). Un versity of i1%Iiclzigaii Radiocarbon Dates X II 77 Schmidt site series (20 SA 192), Michigan Charcoal from Schmidt site (20 SA 192), (43° 21' N Lat, 84° 55' W Long), Ti iN, R4E, NE 1 Sec. 19, Bridgeport i wp., Saginaw Co., Michigan. Probable association with preceramic Dustin archaeological assemblage at site. Dustin-type projectile points found at or above each sample level (Harrison, 1966). Coll. 1964 by Sidney Harrison and subm. for Mus, of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. 6550 ± 250 M-1731. Schmidt site, Feature 7 4600 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 7, 560E515, basin-shaped hearth stratigraphi- ca11y associated with earliest preceramic occupation at site. Hearth extended from 2.15 to 3.0 It below surface; most charcoal came from lower portion. 6650 ± 250 M-1732. Schmidt site, Feature 8 4700 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 8, 560E5 15, basin-shaped hearth stratigraphically associated with earliest preceramic occupation at site. 5400 ± 200 M-1733. Schmidt site, Unit 535E500 3450 B.C. Charcoal from upper part of tan sand of earliest occupation at 4 to 5 It below present surface. 8100 ± 500 M-1734. Schmidt site, Feature 3 6150 B.C. Charcoal from pedestal of Feature 3, small hearth in unit 560E505. GeIlerrtl Coin»teitt (JBC;): dates are substantially earlier than presumed occupation in post-Nipissing time. Source and nature of samples not clearly understood at this time. Bussinger site series, Michigan Charcoal from Bussinger site (20 SA 194) (l3° 22' 42" N Eat, 84° 02' 51" W Long), Saginaw Co., Michigan. This is a multiple component site. Coll. 1965 by A. H. Graves of Saginaw and C. Pomranky of Midland; subm. by J. E. Fitting. 660 ± 100 M-1755. Bussinger site, Michigan A.D.1290 Charcoal of white oak group found beneath a small Late \Voodland vessel. 1460 ± 120 M-1756. Bussinger site, Michigan A.D. 490 Charcoal of red oak group found in Feature A, a large unstratified pit with Saginaw-area late-Hopewell-style pottery in bottom. 730 ± 100 M-1796. Bussinger site, Michigan A.D.1220 Charcoal from layer covering Burial 47 in pit ON, 60\V. Associated with Burial 47 were 3 pots and 2 bone harpoons which have affinities with Intrusive hound culture of Ohio. 78 H. R. Ciaiic a/7d James B. Griffin General Coinmeilt (JBG): date on \I-1796 is too late by 700 to 400 yr for Intrusive NIound culture but cultural association of burial may be with a later complex. NI-I755 and sI-1756 dates are satisfactory. 630 ± 140 M-1757. McCune village site, Ohio A.D.1320 \Vood charcoal from i1IcCune village site (39° 19' N Lat, 82° 6' W Long), Athens, Ohio. Sample found 1 ft 2 in. beneath surface and plow zone on 1%\T Union Street in Athens, Ohio. Found above zone containing only Late \Voodland sherds. Site represents Feurt phase component with fexver remains of earlier Baum phase and still earlier Middle or Late \Voodland please. Coll. 1964 and subm, by J. L. Niurphy, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio. Coinnient (JLNI): first C1' date from a Feurt phase component, agrees with date of nearby Graham site, a Baum component, and strongly supports contention that Griffin's (1943) original Feurt focus is best considered a Feint phase temporally intermediate between earlier Baum and Later hladisonville Phases. M-1758. Whorley Earthwork (20 BR 6), 870 ± 100 Michigan A.D.1080 Charcoal from \Vhorley Earthwork (41 ° 47' N Lat, 85 ° 9' \V Long), Sec. 7, T8S, R7W, E shore of Gilead Lake, Branch Co., Michigan. From portion of burned post fragment No. 15 located in Trench E 3 (designated TE5) of NE extension of earthwork. In Stratigraphic Unit 3 (yellowish-red sandy loam) immediately below surface. Depth was 0.6 ft below Datum I, 2 ft W and 0.5 ft S of Datum I. Sample should date construction of earthwork. Coll. 1965 by J. I). Speth; subm. by J. E. Fitting. Comment (JEF): date is acceptable; earliest for an earthwork in Michigan. 1270± 120 M-1759. Carrigan Mound, Michigan A.D.680 Charred wood (nirerclrs) from Carrigan Mound (430 27' N Lat, 85° 38' W Long), NE 1,4 NE 1, Sec. 8, TI2N, RI 1W, Croton Twp., Newaygo Co., Michigan. From bottom of burial pit, 8 ft below Datum A and in direct association with burial. Coll. 1965 and subm. by Earl J. Prahl for Mus. of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. Conlnlent (EJP): dates early Late Woodland burial complex of Muskegon drainage (Prahl, 1966). 2540 ± 1.50 M-1849. Carrigan Mound B, Michigan 590 B.C. Charcoal from Carrigan Mound B (20 NE 111) (43° 27' N Lat, 830 38' W Long), T12E, R1 1N, NW 1% NW 14 Sec. 9, Newaygo Co., Michi- gan. From top of burial pit, Square F-2.3N x 5-1.3E and 3.55 to 3.85 ft below line level. A cremated human burial in mound (Prahl, 1966). Coll. for- 1966 and subm. by E. J. Prahl. Comment (EJP): date contradicts mally held idea that 5 mounds at confluence of Big and Little Muskegon are of same cultural period. Carrigan A Mound, 130 ft away has 7th century r\.D. date. University of Michigan Radiocarbon vates XII 79 Morrison site series, Ohio Charred matting and vegetable remains from the Morrison site 37 12' 03" N Lat, 82° 51' 04" W Long), Franklin Twp., Ross Co., Ohio. Coll. 1965 and subm. by 0. H. Prufer. 290 ± 100 M-1760. Morrison site, Pit C A.D.1660 Charred matting from Pit C. 260 ± 100 M-1761. Morrison site, Pit H A.D.1690 Charred vegetable remains from Pit H at 5 to 6 ft depth. Corn, Late \1'ood1and pottery, and one sherd of l\Iadisonville Cordmarked found in pit. Loner levels had only Late Woodland cordmarked ware. Geilcrrrl Coaaineitt (OHP): the first impression that this site represents Late \Voodland assemblage including a few Fort Ancient elements seas not substantiate(l. These radiocarbon dates and 3 further dates indicate late temporal position of site. Additional dates yielded following values: 0VU-181, 472 -±_ 17 (A.D. 1478); GXO-669a, 50 ± 120 (A.1. 1900); GXO- 669b, 30 ± 160 (An. 1920). Geochron samples came from same unit and charcoal material as NT-1761. Clearly, site is very late, probably historic. 011 E vans 11La1) of 1755, precise location of site id. as Indian settlement named Huu;icarle Tonz's Town; in 1751 Christopher Gist referred to this place as a small Delaware village, giving precise geographic data. Tenta- tively, we identify l'iorrison site with Hurricane Tom's Town. M-1768. Boven Earthworks (20 MA 7), 480 ± 100 Michigan A.D.1470 Charcoal from Boven Earthworks (44° 15' N Lat, 85° 5' W Long), SE SW l/ Sec. 26, T22N, R7W, Reider Twp., Missaukee Co., Michi- gan. From post molds of NW side of stockade. Should date late prehis- tone occupation edge area, between A.D. 1300 and A.n. 1100 (Greenman, 1927). Coll. 1965 and subm. by C. E. Cleland, Mus., Michigan State Univ. Coiiivien! (CEC): (late is reasonable for this occupation. 665 ± 100 M-1772r. Loyd site, Illinois (revised) A.D.1285 Charred corn kernels from Loyd site (38° 41' 35" N Lat, 90° 0' 15" W Long), Madison Co., Illinois. Sample from Feature 48, a Mississippian storage/refuse pit. Sample previously reported as A.D. 1520, which was "substantially later than expected," (Mich XI). Subsequently a sample (charred corn cob fragments) from Feature 2 was submitted by Ill. State \1us. to Isotopes, Inc., for determination of C12/C13 ratio to check possibility that isotopic fractionation in corn had contributed to the anomalous findings obtained. When suspicion confirmed (Hall, 1967), a sample of corn kernels from Feature 48 was also submitted for C12/C13 analysis. Revised (late A.D. 1285 was obtained by adding 235 yr to previously determined 13.v. age to offset anomalous enrichment of Cl in the corn during its life. Degree of enrichment from fractionation cannot be cal- 80 H. R. Crane and James B. Griffin culated directly in laboratory when age of sample is variable, so it was C1.1 closely approximated by doubling degree of enrichment of in sample of as determined by means of isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results the C12/C'' analysis of Feature 48 corn kernels were reported by Isotopes, C13 to Pee Dee belemni to Inc., as a S value of -10.3 per mil relative (P.D.B.) standard established by Harmon Craig for carbon isotope ratio C13 from oak measurements. From this a $ of +14.7 per mil (+1.47%) was calculated and then doubled to provide figure of 2.94% for standard C14 estimated C14 enrichment of sample in life. Because each 1% of enrichment reduces apparent age by about 80 yr, the originally calculated in date was corrected by adding 2.94 x 80 yr to age of sample expressed radiocarbon years B.P. L. Hall, Ill. State illus. Coll. 1963 by P. J. Munson; subm. by Robert Comment (RLH): resulting date of A.D. 1285 ± 100 satisfactorily close to A.D. 1150-1250 range originally estimated for sample. 620 ± 100 M-1775. Hayes Arboretum Mound, Indiana A.D.1330 Charred wood from Hayes Arboretum Mound (39° 50' N Lat, 84° 25 in 51' W Long), Wayne Co., Indiana. From one post hole of about 40 ft sq. outline was crema- SE 1/ of Square 50W5. In center of approx. torium. Coll. 1965 by M. Heilman; subm. by J. B. Cope, Joseph Moore J. no Mus., Richmond, Indiana. Corn »nent (JMH): although there were diagnostic artifacts in mound, it should be about same age as adjacent waterworks mound which had biconcave gorgets, copper beads, mica, and thin, fine cordmarked pottery. Mound was probably of Hopewell origin; date is too late. 1280 ± 140 M.1776. Calumet Ancient Pit, Michigan A.D.670 Charcoal from Calumet Ancient Pit (47° 14' 30" N Lat, 88° 26' 30" Hough- W Long), 1200 ft SW of SE cornerpost of Sec. 14. T56N, R33W, ton Co., Michigan. Sample from 10 ft depth. Coll. 1865 by E. J. Hulbeit; subm. by B. Griffin (1966), Mus, of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. J. Indians were ac- Comment (JBG): date indicates that Late Woodland tively collecting native copper. Jasper Newman site series, Illinois Charcoal from Jasper Newman site (39° 32' 30" N Lat, 88° 42' 15" Coll. W Long), T12N, R4E, NW 1 SW 1 Sec. 25, Moultrie Co., Illinois. 1964 and 1965 and subm, by W. M. Gardner, Dept of Anthropol., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. 620 ± 110 M-1786. Jasper Newman site, Feature 1 A.D. 1330 Charcoal (R23) from Feature 1, S30W25, 1.4 ft below surface, associated with Middle Mississippian wall trench house and Cahokia Cord- t\Iarked pottery with grit-tempered component. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates X II 81

M-1787. 520 ± 100 Jasper Newman site, Feature 6 AD. 1430 Charcoal (R24) from Feature 6, N5w5, 1.4 ft below surface, ated with associ- Middle Mississippian refuse hit and same Cahokia Cord- Marked pottery. 570 ± 110 M-1788. Jasper Newman site, Feature 1 A.D.1380 Charcoal (R25) from Feature 1, S20W25-S20W30, associated Middle with Mississippian wall trench house and with same Cahokia Cord- Marked pottery. 2000 ± 140 M-1789. Jasper Newman site, Feature 2 50 B.C. Charcoal (R26) from Feature 2, S16\'Vl, 2.45 ft below surface in a Middle \\k)odland pit, associated with Havana ceramics. 2030 ± 140 M-1790. Jasper Newman site, Feature 33 80 B.C. Charcoal (R29) from Feature 33, 537E25-S37E26.5, 2.56 to 2.7 ft below surface, in \iiddie Woodland pit, associated only with Havana (eramics. More than a dozen charred corn cobs from same level subm. to 1)r. Hugh Cutler for study. CieneraI Coin a1aeaat (WMG): both liississippian and Hopewellian dates seem satisfactory. 1575 ± 130 M-1795. Burnt Bluff, Michigan A.D.375 Wood from Burnt Bluff (450 41' N Eat, 86° 44' W Long), T38N, R20VV, SW NE 1 Sec. 1/ 24, Delta Co., Michigan. From Feature 1, N 1 E1, 2.7 It below datum. Sample from 3 wooden poles supporting birch- bark mat, upon which was an infant burial. Coll. 1965 and subm. by' D. E. Janzen for Mus. of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. Conannent (DE J): date is much earlier than anticipated; material falls within range of North Bay II as defined by Mason (1966). 1880 ± 140 M-1808. Spring Creek site, Michigan A.D.70 Charcoal from Spring Creek site (20 Mu 3), (130 16' N Lat, 86° 07' W Long), Muskegon Co., Michigan. From firepit in Square 55N 30E, at 20 in. below surface. Site very homogeneous and yielded Early Late Woodland culture (Fitting, 1965; Michigan III). Coll. 1956 by George Davis; subm. by J. E. Fitting. Comment (JEF): date is much earlier than expected and ca. 900 yr too early to fit cultural material from site. Shannon site series, Wisconsin Charcoal from Shannon site (45° 50' 55" N Lat, 89° 33' 24" W Long), Wisconsin. From a charred log found in Test Pit 4. Log dates base of relatively long sequence of fossil pollen. Artifactual materials alone are inadequate in placing cultural phase within Late woodland period 82 H. R. Crane and James B. Griffin in area. Coll. 1965 by E. Benchley and D. Knight; subm. by R. J. Salzer, Logan Mus., Beloit, Wisconsin. 740 ± 100 M-1810. Shannon site log, outer layer A.D.1210 Charcoal from charred log from Test Pit 4, at bottom of Mound fill I at depth of 2.45 to 2.85 ft. 850 ± 120 M-1811. Shannon site log, outer layer A.D.1100 Charcoal from same charred log from Test Pit 4, at bottom of Mound fill I at depth of 2.75 ft at center of E wall. General Comment (RJS): samples were submitted with hope of provid- ing foundation for pollen sequence. Palynologist and assays agree with each other and with my estimate based on associated cultural material that an Effigy mound occupation was responsible for mound construction. Juntunen site series, Michigan Charcoal from Jun tunen site (20 Mk 1) (45° 49' N Lat, 84° 35' W Long), Mackinac Co., Michigan. Site is described by McPherron (1967). Present series may serve as check on previous series (M-1140 - M-1142, i Iichigan VI; Crane and Griffin, 1961). Coll. 1961 and subm. by Alan I\IcPherron, Univ. of Pittsburgh. 870 ± 120 M-1815. Juntunen site, Occupation A A.D.1080 Sample from Square 700-120, lowest level (below Feature 23), about 6 ft below surface. Connrent (AMcP): although some distance from M-1142, both were from lowest occupation zone with similar artifacts, and were expected to be about the same age, yet M-1815 appars to be 200 yr too young. Neither sample received pretreatment. 890 ± 120 M-1816. Juntunen site, Occupation B A.D.1060 Sample from Square 870-140, between square sheets 8 and 9. Coin- ni en I (AMP): sample came from levels firmly placed stratigraphically between levels of Samples M-1142 and M-11.41; it was hoped estimate would fall between dates for those samples, but appears slightly too young. 820 ± 120 M-1817. Juntunen site, Occupation D A.D. 1130 Sample from Square 870-140, between square sheets 4 and 5. Com- rrrerrt (A11TcP): as a check on M-1140, the only previous date for Occupa- tion I) or Bois Blanc phase, this estimate is reasonable. 1200 ± 120 M-1843. Fort Wayne Mound, Michigan A.D.750 Fragments of human bone from Fort Wayne Mound (20 WN 1) (42° 17' 40" N Lat, 83° 7' 20" W Long), Wayne Co., Michigan. From Burial 14 and associated Wayne Cross-hatched vessel. Should date earliest burial group in mound (Fitting, 1965; Halsey, n.d.) Coll. 1945 by Carl Lniversity of Michigali Radiocarbon hatcs XII 83 Holrngiiist; subm. by J. E. Fitting. Corrunerl,t (JEF): date is acceptable and coincides with other SE Michigan dates for early Late Woodland. Samel's Woods, Skegemog Point series, Michigan Wood charcoal from Samel's Woods, Skegemog Point (11° 48' 21" N Lat, 8 5° 20' 54" W Long), T27N, R8W, NE 1/ SW Sec. 21, White- water ¼. Tvvp., Grarld Traverse Co., Michigan. Coll. 1966 and subm. by C. E. Cleland. 865 ± 120 M-1863. Sainel's Woods, Skegemog Point, A.D.1C85 N130, E10 A.D.1.210 ±120 N \hood charcoal from Feature 3, small hearth in E wall below surface oi' Level 3, Square N 130-E 10. 630 ± 110 M.1864. Samel's Woods, Skegemog Point, A.D.1320 N200, W100 A.D.1310 ± 110 N Wood charcoal from N200, WI 00, Level 1 (0 to 0.3 ft depth). 1100 ± 120 A.D. 850 M.1865. Samel's Woods, Skegemog Point, A.D. 950 ± 120 N N120, W10 A.D.900± 120 N Wood charcoal from Feature 2, hearth in Square N 120, W10. Gr'ilerrl Cor»»rcnt (CEC): this series of dates indicate occupation between about A.D. 900 and 1.u. 1300. Dates agree with those of similar Late \Voodland occupations in NW Michigan. M-1868. Samet's Field, Skegemog Point, 1440 -x-120 Michigan A.D. 510 Wood charcoal from Samel's Field, Skegemog Point (440 49' 24" i La t, 85° 21' 5" W Long), T28N, R9W, NW 1,4 SW 1/ , Sec. 13, White- water Twp., Grand Traverse Co., Michigan. From Feature 5-66, in Square N280-W681. Coll. 1966 and subm. by C. E. Cleland. Collllirr'ft (CEC): site is on post-Algonquin pre-Nipissing beach probably formed ca. 8000 tic. Lancelate projectile points excavated from beach indicate approximately same age for human occupation. 340 ± 100 A.D.1.610 Ad). 1495 ± 100 N M-1866. Fauver site, Michigan Ad). 1600 ± 100 N Charcoal from Fauver site (44° 56' 18" N Lat, 85° 16' 54" W Long), T29N, R8W, NW 1 SE 1 Sec. 4, Helena Twp., Antrim Co., Michigan. Sample from hearth in W wall of Square N50-W50, Level 3 (0.6 to 0.9 ft (lepth). Coll. 1966 and subm. by C. E. Cleland. Coniinent (CEC): typological similarities to ceramics and projectile point styles from Skegemog Point site, dated as late as ,.1. 1310 ± 110. Fauver site indicates la.n. 1495 ± 100 is probably most accurate date of occupation. 84 H. R. Cranc C111Cl J(inncs B. GrtfJui 970 ± 120 A.D. 980 M-1867. Schuler site, Michigan A.D.1040 ± 120 N (charcoal 1roun the Schuler site (44° 50' 12" N Lat, 85° 21' 46" W Long), T28N, RBW, NE 1 SW 1/i, Sec. 12, AVhitewater Twp., Antrim Co., illichigan. Sample from hearth in N wa11 of Square 4, Level 3 (0.6 to 0.9 ft depth). Coll. 1966 and subm. by C. E. Cleland. Coin in cizt (CEC): normalized date of A.D. 1040 ± 120 for Schuler site agrees with 2 earliest dates from Skegemog Point site (1t-1863 and 1'I-1865). Similarities be- t-veen artifacts from the 2 sites also indicate contemporary occupation. 1680 ± 130 M-1869. Miami Fort site (33 Ha 62), Ohio A.D.270 Charred wood fragments from Miami Fort site (33 Ha 62) (39° 7' 15" N Lat, 84° 48' 50" \V Long), Hamilton Co., Ohio. At base of de- fensive earthwork (Unit E) N side of site, 3.0 to 5.2 ft below irregular surface of Unit E. Coll. from thin (about 0.1 ft) stratum of charred material below zone of red burned wall fi11 (1.2 to 3.0 1't thick). Charred material was resting on original sub-embankment surface. Should be contemporary 1with construction of similar earthwork fortifications in central Ohio Valley, such as Fort Ancient and Fort Hill. Coll. 1966 1)5/ D. E. Kidd and F. W. Fischer; subm. by F. W. Fischer, Univ. of Michi- gan. Coinrncut (FWF): somewhat earlier than expected but reasonable. 9290 ± 300 M-1889. Graham Cave, Missouri 7340 B.C. Charcoal from Graham Cave (23 MT 2) (380 54' N Lat, 91 ° 34' w Long), Montgomery Co., Missouri. Sample from natural level (ash lens ranging from 21/2 to 31/i in, thick) on original floor of cave, 661/2 to 69 in. below present surface deposit in Square 135 N, 85 W. Associated with fragments of modified fluted blades, modified fluted blades reworked into drills, scrapers, blades, utilized flakes, rubbed hematite, small eyed- needles of bone, and an antler tang (Chapman, 1957; Logan, 1952). Coll. 1966 by W. E. Klippel; subm. by W. R. Wood, Univ. of Missouri. Coin- unent (WEK): date perfectly respectable and compares favorably with other sites in SE with Dalton zones. 560 ± 100 M-1899. Flycatcher site, Missouri A.D.1390 Charcoal from Flycatcher site (23 CE 153) (37° 35' 48" N Lat, 93° 46' 28" W Long), Cedar Co., Missouri. Site is a single component. Sample from fill of Feature 61, a pit in Square 640NW530, originating at depth of occupational level. Coll. 1966 and subm. by W. R. Wood. Comyn.eiit (WRV): seems eminently reasonable. 8030 ± 300 M-1900. Rodgers Shelter, Missouri 6080 B.C. Charcoal from Rodgers Shelter (23 BE 125) (38° 5' 30" N Lat, 93° 20' 40" W Long), Benton Co., Missouri. Sample found in shallow, basin- University of Michigan Radiocarbon 1)ates XII 85 shaped, charcoal-filled pit 12 ft below surface in Stratum 1. No artifacts were associated with it, but it can be placed beween a Dalton component (below) and a level containing principally Rice-Lobed projectile points (above). Coll. 1966 by R. B. McMillan; subm. by W. R. Wood. Con- rnent (RBM and WRW): date is satisfactory since it falls in the expected period of post-Dalton/pre-Rice-Lobed interval and corroborates earlier date from same stratum and approximately same depth. 950 ± 120 M-1902. Umber Point Mound, Missouri A.D.1000 Charcoal from Umber Point Mound (23 CE 148) (37° 37' 12" N Lat, 93° 46' 10" W Long), Cedar Co., Missouri. Found among bones of cremated Burial 4, in Square 50NW60, on approx. level of former ground level. Apparently tumulus is Late Woodland or Early Mississippi period burial mound (Wood, 1966). Coll. 1966 by R. E. Pangborn; subm. by W. R. Wood. C01111/ent (WRW): seems reasonable. Blain Village site series, Ohio Charcoal and portion of burned log from pits in Blain Village site (39° 18' 49" N Lat, 82° 56' 16" W Long), Ross Co., Ohio. Site is affili- ated with Baum focus of Fort Ancient aspect and samples should (late from this time. Coll. 1966 by 0. H. Prufer and J. E. Blank; subm, by 0. H. Prufer, Univ, of Massachusetts. Con/me/It (OHP): date of M-1910 too late for cultural complex, but M-1911 seems correct. 490 ± 100 A.D.1460 M-1910. Blain Village site, Pit 6 A.D.1440 N Portion of burned log from Pit 6, -}-6" -12". 760 ± 100 A.D.1190 M-1911. Blain Village site, Pit 1 A.D.1225 N Charcoal from Pit 1, Unit II; sample from 36" level. 9470 ± 400 M-1928. Graham Cave, Missouri 7520 B.C. Charcoal from Graham Cave (23 MT 2) (38° 54' N Lat, 91 ° 34' W Long), Montgomery Co., Missouri. Found on natural level on original floor (661/2 to 69 in. below present surface of deposit in Square 130 N, 85 W). Cultural materials within natural level include fragments of modified fluted blades, modified fluted blades reworked into drills, scrapers, blades, utilized flakes, rubbed hematite, small eyed-needles of bone, and antler tangs (Chapman, 1957; Logan, 1952). Coll. 1966 and subm. by W. R. A'Vood. Comment (WRW): date seems reliable. Blackwell Cave series, Missouri Charcoal from Blackwell Cave (23 HI 172) (37° 58' 2" N Lat, 93° 19' 5" W Long), E bank of Pomme de Terre River, Hickory Co., Missouri. Coll. 1966 by C. R. Falk; subm. by W. R. Wood. Comment 86 H. R. CI«rlc (1n(1 j(rin cs B. Gii fJiii (WR\V): both dates seem consistent with stratigraphic position and associated material. 2680 ± 150 M-1929. Blackwell Cave, Feature 10 730 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 10, small hearth-charcoal-filled pit. Asso- ciated were small mammal bone, shell fragments, and lithic waste. Should date a Late Archaic or Early Woodland context (Wood, 1961). 720 ± 110 Ad). 1230 M-1930. Blaekwell Cave, Feature 1 AM. 1240 N Charcoal from Feature 1, large basin-shaped hearth. Many animal bones and shells were in pit along with variety of lithic waste and tool fragments. Small arrowpoints and grit-tempered sherds closely associated (Wood, 1961). 910 ± 120 AM. 1040 A.D.1110 N, or A.D.1180 N, or M-1931. Loftin site, Missouri AM. 1210 N Charcoal from Loftin site (23 SN 42) (36° 38' N Eat, 93° 28' W Long), Stone Co., Missouri, from floor level of House 1, Square 30NE35. Shell-tempered pottery (plain) found on floor of this 4-post house, probably built in a pit, with postlined entryway. This is a Mississippian site with strong Caddoan overtones (Wood and Marshall, 1958). Coll. 1957 and subm. by W. R. Wood. Comment (WRW); normalized dates are within range of variation for 1lississippian site in area. 869 ± 100 A.D. 1090 M-1932. Sorter Mound, Missouri AD. 1210 N Seeds, largely carbonized maize kernels, from Sorter Mound (23 CE 156) (37° 36' 2" N Eat, 93° 45' 43" W Long), Cedar Co., Missouri. Sample taken from SW corner of Square 60NW50, at depth of 18 in., near (lime- bedrock, just S of Burials 3 and 6. Associated cultural materials stone tempered pottery, "Cahokia points") suggest Late Woodland-Early Mississippian period. Coll. 1965 and subm. by W. R. Wood. Comment (\//VRW): since sample consisted of charred maize kernels almost exclu- sivelv, A.D. 1210 N probably too late.

Lower Mississippi Valley and Southeast U. S. M-1486. Cherry Valley mound group, Mound 2, 850 ± 110 Arkansas A.n.1100 ° Charred wood from Cherry Valley Mound 2 (11 N 17) (35 26' N Cross Co., Eat, 90° 45' W Long), NE 1/ Sec. 2, T9N, R3E, Mitchell Twp., Arkansas. From entrance of burned house under Mound 2. Site yielded new culture complex for NE Arkansas and is important because of re- University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates X11 87 markable resemblance of pottery vessels to those of Cahokia in Illinois. Cherry Valley may represent splinter group created by population increase at Cahokia (Michigan V). Coll. 1958 and subm. by Gregory Perino. Comment (GP): date better than first runs (M-917, 1250 ± 120; M-9I8, 1030 ± 150; Michigan V and VI), which made this earliest Mississippi site known. Charcoal from same source used in both samples. 520 ± 100 M-1501. Warner Smith Place, Arkansas A.D.1430 Charred wood from the Warner Smith Place (35° 21' 20" N Lat, 90° 9' 28" W Long), Crittenden Co., Arkansas. From excavation of portion of house in uppermost of 2 levels. Small Walls-Pecan Point site over- laying smaller Early Mississippi site on small ridge near Slough and levee, probably on Mississippi River when occupied. Coll. 1958 and subm. by Gregory Perino. Comment (GP): seems close to actual date for site. Conforms to dates of similar sites such as Banks and Barton Ranch. Spiro site series, Oklahoma Charcoal, shell, and wood from the Spiro site (35 ° 18' 45" N La t, 94° 34' W Long), Le Flore Co., Oklahoma. (Campbell, 1961; Orr, 1956, 1952; Brown, 1966). Coll. 1937 by F. E. Clements; subm. by J. A. Brown, Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman. 630 ± 100 M-1661. Spiro site, Craig Mound B-10 A.D.1320 Charcoal from Craig Mound B-10, main mound unit containing group burial. Grave contains numerous artifacts including Bird-on-man effigy pipe, 2 wooden face masks, 11 long flint blades, and copper discs. 550 ± 100 M-1662. Spiro site, Craig Mound B-62 A.D.1400 Conch shell from Craig Mound B-62, part of large collection of material heaped on a litter burial (B-62) illustrated by Orr (1946). Burial is one of many deposited on floor of Great Mortuary beneath main mound unit designated Stage B. Part of mortuary described as famous hollow '`central chamber" (Hamilton, 1952). Conch shell from same provenience was dated as M-815 at 580 ± 150 (Michigan VIII). 680 ± 1 00 M-1663. Spiro site, Craig Mound 11-62 A.D.1270 Cedar pole section (Junierus virginiana) from Craig 1Vlound B-62, part of litter containing burial and grave goods of B-62, including sample M-1662. Should provide check on conch shell from this grave and contemporary graves (M-1665). 11-1664. Spiro site, Craig Mound 400 ± 100 B-108.16 A.n.1550 Organic material, probably comprised of cedar bark cordage, and fabric of animal and vegetal fibers. Sample poorly preserved mass of similar fabrics found in. "central chamber." From deposit placed on 88 H. R. Cranc 0/id Jarrics B. GriIjin Stage B2 of Great Mortuary. Material contemporary and stratigraphically equivalent to samples M-1662 and M-1.663. Should provide internal check upon dates from B-62 and M-1665. M-1665. Spiro site, Craig Mound 490 ± 120 B-155.1 A.D.1460 Conch shell from large deposit of decorated and undecorated conch shell from Stage B2 (Great Mortuary). Date should be same as M-1662. 940 ± 100 M-1667. Spiro site, Brown Mound A.D.1010 Cedar fragments (jirni peius verguliana) from Brown Mound. Part of wood deposited on flank of Stage D of Mound. Sample not only dates this stage, but also provides lower limit on age of 2 graves sunk into flank of mound and intrusive through last recognizable stage (E). One grave contains wooden bird effigy, group of conch shells arranged in square, brushed surface bottle, and other items. 1250 ± 100 M-1668. Spiro site, Craig Mound A6-19 A.D.700 Charcoal from Craig Mound A6-19. From grave located at N edge of main mound unit that produced conch shell containers, jar, and 7 copper repousse "eagle" plates. 1230 ± 110 M-1670. Spiro site, Craig Mound A-24.1 AD. 720 Charcoal from deposit in S edge of main mound unit directly below M-816 (Michigan V). These 2 samples are not tied in stratigraphically with central floor area (Stage B) and could easily belong to earlier part of sequence. M-1671. Spiro site, Craig Mound 1225 ± 110 B-162.11 A.D. 725 Charcoal from Craig Mound B-162-11 in grave overlying Great Mortuary and belonging to period later than main mound Stage B. Ten vessels associated (Bell, 1953), a copper plate, small "Caddoan" pipes, earspools, and other items. General Comment (JAB): dates from Great Mortuary made on cedar wood, cloth, and marine shell consistent with each other and previous determinations (Campbell, 1961). Reruns on same or neighboring materials by Michigan are also consistent; compare M-1662 with M-815 (Michigan VIII) on shell from same grave, and M-1670 with M-816 (Michigan V) on charcoal from stratigraphically superimposed beds. Dates M-1667 and M-1661 acceptable, but others from Craig mound are not. M-1668 and M-1671 dates are inconsistent with stratigraphy and cultural context; probably represent charcoal from early occupation (Brown, 1966). Breckenridge Shelter series, Arkansas Vegetal material and charcoal from Breckenridge Shelter (3 CR 2) (36° 24' 40" N Lat, 93° 50' 30" W Long), Carroll Co., Arkansas. Site is University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dues XII 89 large bluff shelter on upper White River in W-central Ozarks, excavated in 1922 by Mus. of the Amer. Indian (Harrington, 1960), and in 1932, 1960-62 by Univ. of Arkansas Mus. (Thomas, 1962; Wood, 1963). Deposits containing cultural materials extend 3.5 m. deep; these range from Early Archaic projectile points near bottom to late prehistoric materials, including perishable remains, at top. No datable organic remains recovered from lower levels. Site formerly named "Pine Hollow" shelter. M-1687. Breckenriclge Shelter, 820 ± 110 Burial P11-276 A.D. 1130 Portion of cradle found with infant burial, 35 cm. below surface. Cradle and associated materials described in detail (Dellinger, 1936); no projectile points or pottery directly associated. Coil. 1932 for S. C. Dellinger; subm, by C. R. McGimsey, III, Univ. of Arkansas Mus. M-1688. Breckenridge Shelter, hearth 0 ± 100 Charcoal from hearth found 40 to 60 cm. below surface. Nearby material included shell-tempered pottery, contracting-stem dart points, and arrowpoints. Coll. 1961 by W. R. Wood; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. M-1689. Breckenriclge Shelter, shelter 140 ± 100 deposits A.D.1810 Charcoal from 20 to 40 cm. below ground surface, found with contracting-stem dart points, arrowpoints, and shell-tempered pottery. Coil. 1961 by W. R. Wood; subm, by C. R. McGimsey, III. M-1690. Breckenridge Shelter, shelter 520 ± 100 deposits A.D.1430 Charcoal from 40 to 60 cm, below ground surface, found with contracting-stem and corner-notched dart points, arrowpoints, and shell- tempered pottery. Coll. 1961 by W. R. Wood; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. 1590 ± 130 M-1691. Breckenridge Shelter, hearth A.D.360 Charcoal from hearth found at depth 68 to 83 cm. below surface. Dart points in same level included corner-notched and contracting-stem specimens. Coll. 1962 by R. A. Thomas; subm, by C. R. McGimsey, III. General Comment (CRMcG): NI-1688 was apparently contaminated, as it was expected to provide assay comparable to M-1690. M-1689-M-1691 are stratigraphically consistent and provide acceptable ages for Late Archaic and Mississippian-related components at site, although earlier portion of one-sigma range for M-1689 is probably closer to true age. 1990 ± 140 M-1694. Red Rock Shelter, Arkansas 40 B.C. Charcoal from Red Rock Shelter (3 CR 70) (36° 22' 40" N Lat, 93° 49' 45" W Long), Carroll Co., Arkansas. Site is bluff shelter on tributary 90 H. R. Ciane and James B. Griffin of White River in \V-central Ozarks of NW Arkansas. Deposits in shelter were quite shallow, and charcoal was recovered from firepit 15 to 22 cm. below ground surface in Trench 7. Most of stone tool assemblage comparable to that found in lower levels of Breckenridge Shelter (3 CR 2) (Thomas 1962; Wood 1963), and includes lanceolate and side-notched dart points regarded typologically as Early Archaic (McGimsey, 1963). Several corner-notched and contracting-stem dart points and an arrow- point also were recovered and represent later brief occupations. Coll. 1963 and subm, by C. R. McGimsey, III. Comment (CRMcG): sample apparently relates to Late Archaic occupation represented by corner- notched and contracting-stem dart points. 560 ± 110 M-1697. Brady site, Arkansas A.D.1390 Charcoal from Brady site (3 WA 22) (36° 8' N Lat, 94" 3' 30° W Long), Washington Co., Arkansas, one of very few pottery-bearing open sites (as contrasted with bluff shelters) on upper White River in NW Arkansas. Charred wood and nut hulls taken from 40 to 50 cm. level of Pit 15, in association with heavy accumulation of cobbles and rock fragments, flaked ovate choppers of soft ferruginous rock, corner-notched and contracting-stem dart points, ovate and corner-notched arrowpoints, and other stone artifacts and a few clay-tempered sherds. Sherds closely fit description of pottery types Williams Plain and Williams Incised, found at late components of Archaic Fourche Maline focus. Coll. 1962 (CRMcG): by J. A. Scholtz; subm, by C. R. McGimsey, III. Comment site seems to have been occupied by group or groups of single cultural complex with very late Archaic affiliation. Age of sample seems too recent even for terminal Archaic date unless, as is strongly suspected, this cultural stage persisted in VV Ozarks until relatively late in prehistoric period. 1580 ± 130 M-1701. Red Bluff Shelter, Arkansas A.D. 370 Human bone from Red Bluff Shelter (3 BE 11) (36° 21' 40" N Lat, 93° 54' 30" W Long), Benton Co., Ark. Site is large bluff shelter on upper White River, NW Ark., excavated in 1922 by Mus. of the Amer. Indian (Harrington, 1960) and in 1932 by Univ, of Ark. Mus. Skeletal material was from Burial RB-65, recorded as flexed showing evidence of burning, found 75 cm. below surface. Associated were a barbed corner-notched dart point, a scraper, shell beads, and a mussel shell. No pottery found, but shelter did contain basketry, cordage, and a kernel of corn, as well as corner-notched and contracting-stem dart points and other chipped stone tools. Coll. 1932 for S. C. Deilinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, IH. Comment (CRMcG): date of sample and associated materials suggests Late Archaic occupation. Corn kernel probably reflects later occupation. Eden Bluff series, Arkansas Grass, other vegetal material, and human bone from Eden Bluff (3 BE 6) (36° 16' 20" N Lat, 94° 4' 15" W Long), Benton Co., Ark. Site is University' of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 91 very large bluff shelter on upper White River in NW Ark. Field note- books for site list nearly 1800 artifacts and at least 16 burials, 9 showing evidence g of burning. In addition to materials mentioned belotir artifacts include both grit- and shell-tempered pottery, corner-notched dart points, objects of wood and cane, bone tools, and remains of corn, sunflower, and beans. Site easily accessible and thoroughly vandalized. Coll. 1932 for S. C. Dellinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. 870 ± 110 M-1702. Eden Bluff, Burial E-19 A.D. 1080 Grass associated with flexed burial found 76 cm. (2'6") below surface, in Tr. 261 and 262. Associated material included shell tools and ornaments, contracting-stem dart points, chipped stone knives, a fragment of basketry, hazelnuts, gourd and squash fragments, hackberry seeds, fish scales, plum seeds, grape stems, and a robe made of hide, string, and feathers. 1320 ± 120 M-1703A. Eden Bluff, Burial E-19 A.D.630 Same as M-1702; textile and plant remains. 1750 ± 130 M-1703. Eden Bluff, Burial E-315 A.D.200 Portion of flexed, somewhat charred skeleton found 84 cm. below surface, associated with side-notched, straight-stem, and contracting- stem dart points, chipped stone knives, mussel shells, and 2 hammer- stones. Comment (CRMcG): range of dates entirely reasonable. Ricart Shelter series, Arkansas Human bone from Ricart Shelter (3 WA 5) (36° 4' 36" N Lat, 94° 2040 W Long), Washington Co., Arkansas. A bluff shelter in W Ozarks on Illinois River, which drains SW to Arkansas River. Other materials include basketry, corn cobs, clay-tempered potsherds, contracting-stem and corner-notched dart points, and other stone tools. Coll. 1933 for S. C. Dellinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. 280 ± 100 M-1704. Ricart Shelter, Burial RI-43 A.D.1670 Skeletal material from flexed burial 79 cm. below surface; skull was absent. Associated artifacts included shell-tempered potsherds, bone awls, a grooved stone, and mussel shells. 720 ± 110 M-1705. Ricart Shelter, Burial RI-73 A.D.1230 Left tibia from flexed burial 90 cm. below surface; skull was absent. Associated material included bone and shell artifacts and a shell-tempered potsherd, General Comment (CRMcG): associated shell-tempered pottery and similar burial pattern suggest long period of occupation at site by groups of Mississippian-related complex. Assay for Sample M-1705 tends to cor- 92 H. R. Crane and James B. Gii]in roborate seemingly early date for shell-tempered pottery at Brown Bluff site (3 WA 10) (Sample M-1711). Pine Creek Shelter series, Arkansas Human bone from Pine Greek Shelter (3 MA 2) (36° 12' N Lat, 93° 40' W Long), Madison Co., Arkansas, a bluff shelter on small tributary of the Kings River, a major tributary of White River in NW Arkansas. Additional materials found at site include both shell- and clay-tempered potsherds. Coll. 1932 for S. C. Dellinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. 1015 ± 120 M-1706. Pine Creek Shelter, Burial PC-1 A.D.935 Skeletal material from flexed burial 45 cm. below surface. Associated artifacts included a contracting-stem and a barbed straight-stem dart point, a basket, and bone tools. 630 ± 110 M-1707. Pine Creek Shelter, Burial PC-19 A.D.1320 Skeletal material from burial 15 cm. below ground surface; burial position uncertain. Associated artifacts included 2 contracting-stem and a milling 2 corner-notched (dart points, worked mussel shell, a mano, and stone. General Comment (CRMcG): absence of associated pottery makes interpretation difficult. Sample M-1706 could relate to either Late Archaic or early ceramic complex occupation, while Sample M-1707 almost certainly relates to ceramic occupation. Ages of samples are stratigraphically consistent, although there is no way of knowing at what level Burial PC-1 originated. Burial PC-19 suggests shelter burials in this area and period may have been extremely shallow. 600± 110 M-170$. Rock House Shelter, Arkansas A.D.1350 Plant remains from Rock House Shelter (3 MR 35) (36° 6' N Lat, 92° 34' 15" W Long), Marion Co., Arkansas. Site is bluff shelter on Panther Creek, tributary of Buffalo River in central Ozarks. Sample was taken from cache of charred plant material (RP-127) including corncobs, acorns, and hickory nuts, 42 cm. below surface. A limestone slab milling stone was over cache. Other artifacts included corner-notched, basal- notche(1, straight-stem, and contracting-stem dart points, other chipped stone tools, mussel shells, bone tools, animal bone and hide, cordage and basketry, and shell-tempered potsherds; flexed burials also were present. Coll. 1934 for S. C. Dellinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. Comment (CRMcG): only dated sample from NW Arkansas found in direct association with corn, although a number of other sites represented by this general series of C14 assays also contained corncobs or corn kernels. Brown Bluff series, Arkansas Plant material from Brown Bluff (3 WA 10) (35° 52' N Lat, 94° 10' 30" W Long), Washington Co., Arkansas. Site is bluff shelter on small University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 93 tributary of W Fork of White River in SW Ozarks. In addition to material listed below, cultural remains found at site included 3 flexed burials, clay-tempered potsherds, mummified Clog remains, corncobs, basketry, a moccasin, and shell, bode, and stone artifacts, including a corner-notched dart point. Coll. 1932 for S. C. Dellinger; subm. by C. R. McGimsey, III. 840 ± 110 M-1711. Brown Bluff, Cache BR-78 A.D. 1110 Portions of cache of sunflower seeds, acorns, walnuts, hickory nuts, and leaves covered with fragment of basketry. Top of cache found 45 cni. helov sun ace. Nearby material included shell-tempered potsherds. 790 ± 110 M-1711A. Brown Bluff, Burial BR-123a A.D.1160 Portion of burned gourd rattle; fragments of ''fabric,'' and deer antler tine associated with cremated, flexed burial, 32 cm. below surface. (icileral Coin in en t (CRMcG): somewhat surprising to find shell-tempered pottery in this area as early as M-1711 seems to suggest. Assays are stratigraphlcally inconsistent, but difference in depth of samples was slight and there is wide overlap in 1 6 ranges of the 2 assays. 280 ± 100 M-1713. Key Marco, Florida A.D.1670 Fiber from Key Marco (25° 58' 15" N Lat, 81 ° 43' 43" W Long), Collier Co., Florida. From bundle of finished cordage (Gushing, 1896). Coll. 1896 and 1897 during Pepper-Hearst Expedition by F. H. Cushing; sttbm. by J. A. }ord, Florida State plus., Gainesville. Comment (JAF): Gushing collection from Key Marco does not contain ceramics which are usual basis for precise dating in SE. Decorative motifs in preserved wood specimens suggest relationships to Middle Mississippi and imply ''South- ern Cult.'' No European trade goods were found. Date in 16th or 17th t century is not unlikely. Robinson site series, Tennessee Charcoal and human bone from the Robinson site (36° 15' N Lat, 85° 33' W Long), Smith Co., Tennessee. Samples from Archaic ''shell- motnnd.'' Coll. 1963 and subm. by I). F. Morse, Idaho State Univ. 3200 ± 160 M-1797. Robinson site, Burial 5 1250 8.c. (1harcoal from fill of Burial 5 which was placed in refuse or storage pit. 2970 ± 150 M-1798. Robinson site, Features 31 and 32 1020 B.C. Charcoal from both features 31 and 32, storage pits. 2970 ± 159 M-1799. Robinson site, Feature 35 1020 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 35, postmold belonging to house located midway in stratlgraphy. 94 H. R. Ciarre acrd James B. Griffin 3230 ± 160 M-1800. Robinson site, Feature 43 1280 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 43, refuse pit. 2530 ± 150 M-1801. Robinson site, Feature 46 580 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 46, cooking pit. 2830 ± 130 M-1802. Robinson site, Feature 69 880 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 69, cooking pit. 2450 ± 140 M-1803. Robinson site, Feature 69 500 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 69, cooking pit. 2630 ± 130 M-1805. Robinson site, Burial 56 680 B.C. Human bone from Burial 56, skeleton sitting in circular pit associated with 15 cm, long partially decomposed sandal sole (?), conch shell gorget, 2 mussel shell spoons, and 20 conch shell disc beads. Right femur, female, 20 yrs. 2410 ± 200 M-1806. Robinson site, Burial 58 460 B.C. Human bone from Burial 58, skeleton sitting in circular pit associated with 31 artifacts including 7 Motley-type projectile points. Right femur, female, 22 yrs. General Comment (DFM): dates are acceptable although later than expected. Specimens M-1802 and 1803 are from hearth and might have been closer in age. Skeletal material probably younger than true age.

[7. S. Great Plains Arp Village site series, South Dakota Charcoal from Arp site (39 Br 101), (43° 35' N Lat, 99° 20' W Long), Brule Co., So. Dakota, with both late WToodland and Over focus occupations. Corn cobs and cache pits were present, but no house remains (Hurt, 1961). Coll. by students 1961; subm. by W. R. Hurt, In- diana Univ., Bloomington, Indiana. 790 ± 100 M-1411. Arp site, Extension 3 A.D.1160 Charcoal from Extension 3, 70 in, depth. 930 ± 110 M-1413. Arp site, Test 7, Feature 1 A.D.1020 Charcoal from Test 7, Feature 1, 37 in. depth. 1200 ± 110 M-1414. Arp site, Extension 5 A.D.750 Charcoal from Extension 5, Feature 9, 42 in. depth. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates X11 95 1530± 120 M-1415. Arp site, Extension 31, Unit I A.D.420 Charcoal from Extension 31, Unit T, cache hit, Feature 10, from pit base. 1290 ± 120 M-1417. Arp site, Extension 7 A.D.760 Charcoal from Extension 7, cache pit 3. General Comment (WRH): dates for Late Woodland tradition at Arp site range from A.1). 420 to A.D. 810. However, 210 yr separate M-1414, 1415, and 1417, assigned to Late Woodland, from M-1411 and M-1413, assigned to Over locus, yet no discernible stratigraphic separation was visible. 1170 ± 200 M-1421. Arp site mound, South Dakota A.D.780 Wood from mound (43° 35' N Lat, 90° 20' W Long), Bride Co., So. Dakota. Found 200 m. N of Arp site in mound partially destroyed by wave action. Several secondary burials were removed from wood-covered central burial pit at depth 4.75 ft. Coll. 1960 by J. W. Ralph; subm. by VV. R. Hurt. Comment (WRH): corresponds to range of dates for Wood- land component at Arp site. However, no diagnostic artifacts found to draw close associations. Date fits into Plains Woodland tradition for area. M-1422. Wolf Creek site, South Dakota 75 ± 100 Wood from Wolf Creek site (39 HT-201), (43° 28' N Lat, 97 ° 30` V Long), Hutchinson Co., So. Dakota. Found in Mound 2, Feature 3 above 12 secondary and primary burials with Woodland sherds. Should be roughly contemporary with Sherman Park mounds, C14 date: A.D. 375 (Hurt, 1963) (Isotopes Inc., I-744 not pub.). Coll. 1962 by Robert Cant; subm. by W. R. Hurt. Comment (WRH): modern.

\lotlaea,ste7n U. S., Canada M-1712. Sandwich West Ossuary, Ontario, 100 ± 100 Canada A.n.1850 Charred human hone from Sandwich W Ossuary (42° 14' N Lat, 83° 6' W Long), Sandwich W Z'wp., Essex Co., Ontario, Canada, recovered with cremation and flesh burials. Ossuary contains burials with perfor- ated crania, Macomb Linear and Springwells Net Impressed vessels (Fit- ting, 1965). Coll. 1954 by J. DeVisscher; subm. by J. E. Fitting. Corn- ment (JEF): date is at least 500 yr later than expected. Doubtful that Younge tradition survived this late, some 150 yr after founding of Detroit across the river. St. Albans site series (46 KA 27), West Virginia Charcoal from St. Albans site (38° 23' N Lat, 81° 48' W Long), West Virginia, in town of St. Albans between U.S. Route 60 and Kanawha River next to West Virginia State Road Commission Substation (Price 96 H. R. Crane (111(1 J(7111('s B. Griffin et al., 1964; Broyles, 1966). Coll. 1964 and 1965 by B. J. Broyles; subm. by E. V. Mc.Alichael, State of W. Virginia, Creological and Economic Survey. 7700 ± 450 M-1818. 5t. Albans site, Zone 6 5750 B.C. Charcoal (cat. no. 71) from Zone 6, Feature 16, 3.5 It below surface. Le Croy type projectile points associated. Same level dated 6300 ± 100 n.e. (Yale-1539). 8820 ± 300 M-1820. Si. Albans site, Zone 11 6870 B.C. Charcoal (cat. no. 73) from Zone 11, 6 below surface. St. Albans type projectile points associated. 8830 ± 700 M-1821. St. Albans site, Zone 12 6880 B.C. Charcoal (cat. no. 74) horn Zone 12, Feature 7 It beloW surface. St. Albans jrojectile points associated. 8520 ± 300 M-1824. Si. Albans site, Zone 20 6570 B.C.

Charcoal (cat. no. 77) From Zone 20, Feature 80, 1 O Ii below surface. Kirk cornel'-notche(l projectile points, small variety, associated. Same level dated 6965 ± 100 n.e. (Yale-15;15). 9850 ± 500 M-1827. 51. Albans site, Zone 36 7900 B.C. Charcoal (cat. no. 80) from Zone 36, Feature 110, 15 to 16 It below presellt sln'face. Two corner-notched, possibly Kirk, projectile points associated and 1 side-notched. Small sample, but run 96 instead of 48 Ins. Ge11cral Cornin cllt (E\7\ 1): satisfactory results although somewhat different from Yale's assays.

Murad Mound series, St. Albans, West Virginia Charcoal and wood from 1lurad ]\lound (380 22' N Lat, 81 ° 17' W bong), between 01(1 U. S. Route 6O and railroad on E edge of St. ;-Albans. W. Virginia (McMichael, 1963). Coll. 1963 by 0. L. Mans; subm. by E. V. llc\lichael. 2390 -F 1314 M.1829. Murad Mound, 101111) 1 440 B.C. Charcoal from under Tomb 1, shallow firepit 01' crematory basal.

2050 ± '141) M-1830. Murad Mound, Tomb 2 100 B.C. \Vood from tomb 2 log on N side. Gc11crr11 Coin iii c11t (EV11): samples earlier than expected, if they date this Hopewell mound. University of i Iichigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 97 M1832. Buffalo site (46 PU 31), 1850± 120 West Virginia A,D.100 Charcoal from Buffalo site (38° 36' N Lat, 82° W Long), between Route 35 and Kanawha River, 1.5 mi. S of Buffalo village, Putnam Co., AV. Virginia. From Feature 2, large firepit or oven in Block 50\V20, Subdivision C-i, at 42 in. depth. Well sealed-off layer of Archaic with 1.0 to 1.5 It flood deposits betlxeen Archaic aml Fort Ancient (Mc- Michael, 1966). Coll. 1965 and subnt by F. V. McMichael. Corn iiient (LVM): anything later than 109() no. is highly unlikely in view of cultural behavior during counting period. 3870 ± 250 M.1934. Buffalo site, West Virginia 1920 D.C. Charcoal from Buffalo site (16 Pt' 31) (38° 36' N Lab 82° \V Long). Putnam Co., W. Virginia, between Route 35 and Kanawha River, 1.5 mi. S of Buffalo village. Sample taken horn Feature 2, a large Late Archaic firepit or oven in Block 50W20, Subdivision C-4, at depth of 31 in. Coll. 1961 by and subm. F. V. McMichael. Coinreltt (EV1 ): pertains to sealed- off Archaic horiton covered by 4 to ) it of alluvium and (list met from inure common Fort Ancient occupations at this site. Projectile points include me(liunl-siie(l corner-notched type and contracted-stemmed type. \ppai'ently, surface was open long enough that transition is readily seen between the 2 types. I)ate seems to indicate very Late Archaic place- nient. (Sample came Irum same pit as M-1832, which pl'o(lllce(1 a date much too late, X1.n. 100 ± 120.) Mount Carbon Village series, West Virginia C=harcoal I rom _1lount Carbon Village (46 FA 7) (38° 8' N Lat, 81 17' 1V Long), between Route 61 and kanawha River jlist upstream from mouth of Armstrong Creek, AV. Virginia (McMichael, 1962). Coil. 1962 and stibm. by F. V. 1IcMichael. 1!'1.1834. Mount Carbon Village, 880 ± 100 Feature 131 A.!.1070 (:harcoal Itom Feat tire 131, Square 210 S, 180 F, shallow ovate pit containing typical Armstrong Hopewell clay-tempered pottery. M-1835. Mount Carbon Village, 1130 ± 120 Feature 90 A.!). 820 Charcoal from Feature 90, Square 180 F, I9() S. Circular cooking pit with very late Armstrong pottery, transitional to Buck Garden pottery. l±iieral Coin iii eiit (F\7\l): date somewhat later than expected for 1I-1831 and will be rerun: perhaps satisfactory for i'sI-1835. 1070 ± 241) M.1834. Mount Carbon Village, We, t Virginia A,D. 881) Charcoal from Mount Carbon Village (46 FA 7) (38° 8' \ Lat, 81 17' 1V Long), Fayette Co., Al-. Virginia. Sample from Feat tire 1 31 (Square 21 O S. 180 E,) a shallow ovate pit containing typical Armstrong Hopewell 98 H. K. Ciaire (rid 1(1/lies B. GrifJin clay-tempered pottery (McMichael, 1962). Coll. 1962 and subm. by E. V. McMichael. Comment (JB(;): rerun of small sample; first run published above. 1830± 140 M-1933. Mount Carbon Village, West Virginia A.D.120 Charcoal from Mount Carbon Village (46 FA 7) (38° 8' N Lat, 81 ° 17' W Long), Fayette Co., W. Virginia, between Route 61 and Kanawha River just upstream from mouth of Armstrong Creek. Sample taken from Feature 136, an Armstrong culture pit, Square 180 E, 170 S, at depth of 30 in. Coll. 1962.and subm, by E. V. McMichael. Comineirt (EVM): this dates Armstrong Hopewell pit, containing typical Armstrong series pottery sherds. Dating more satisfactory than previous runs on M-1834 above in that it is regarded as local equivalent of Hopewellian climax stage. 170 ± 100 M-1898. Mohr site, Bainbridge, Pennsylvania A.D. 1780 Charcoal fromn Mohr site (40° 6' N Lat, 76° 40' W Long), Bain- bridge, Pennsylvania. Sample from base of midden pit; should date associated Shenk's Ferry pottery and burial complex. Since this seems to be single component late prehistoric site (apart from Archaic materials in topsoil) it will provide date for Shenk's Ferry component. Co/n1//C/it (JBG): too recent for even late prehistoric Shenk's Ferry occupation. Sheep Rock Shelter series, Pennsylvania Charcoal and organic material from Sheep Rock Shelter (36 HU 1) (78° N Lat, 40° 15' V Long), Huntingdon Co., Pennsylvania. Coil. 1959 and 1960 by J. Witthoit and F. Kinsey; subm. by J. W. Michels, Penn- sylvania State Univ. 260 ± 100 M-1903. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 2c A.D. 1690 Charcoal from Level 2c on stratigraphic profile for pit; 42 to 45 in. b.d. Level B on. S10 master profile. Comment (JWM): date probably closer to earlier part of S.D. range (1590-1640); probably dates Susque- hannock occupation. 490 ± 100 M-1904. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 3 A.D.1460 Charcoal from Zone 4b on stratigraphic profile for pit; 6() to 64 in. b.d. Level C on S10 master profile; Level C on W5 master profile; Level 3 on profile key. Comment (JWhI): date can probably be attributed to Owasco or Shenk's Ferry occupation. 350 ± 100 M-1905. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 2 A.D.1600 Charcoal from Level F on stratigraphic profile for the pit; 74.5 in. b.d. Level B on S5 master profile; Level 2 on profile key. Comment (JWM): date probably closer to earlier part of S.D. range (1500-1600), may possibly date Shenk's Ferry or Susquehannock occupation. Uiiivcrsity of i iicirip1rii R(idiocrr1 port Dates XII 99 4300 ± 180 M-1906. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 5 2350 B.C. Charcoal from Level B oil stratigraphic profile for pit; 88.5 to 96 in. b.d. Level E on S5 master profile; Level D on W 10 master profile; Level 5 on profile key. Corrinrerit (JWM): dates Late Archaic component. 3800 ± 180 M-1907. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 6 1850 B.C. Charcoal from 98.5 to 105 in. b.d. Level H on S 15 master profile; Level F on W10 master profile; Level 6 on profile key. Coll. from well- defined fire pit. Cornrcrd (JWM): date is anomalous in terms of stratigraphic provenience. Further analysis of specific stratigraphic setting of sample is scheduled for summer 196 7. 7050 ± 250 M-1908. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 9 5100 B.C. Organic material in sample from Level Ki on stratigraphic profile for pit: 134 to 138 in. 1).d. Level 12 on S10 master profile; Level 9 on profile key. Conrnent (JWM): probably terminal Early Archaic date, based on stratigraphlc relation to diagnostic Early Archaic artifacts. 8870 ± 320 M-1909. Sheep Rock Shelter, Level 10 6920 B.C. Organic material in sample from Feature 3; 155 to 167.5 in. b.d. Levels J and K. on master profile; Level M on S 10 master profile. Con7- iiiciit (JWM): Sample has feature association and underlies Kirk Corner- Notched points. It is in stratigraphic association with a blfacially-ground cel t (ragmen t. 1Vcstcni United St(rtCS 14,300 ± 650 M-1434. Lucy site, New Mexico 12,750 B.C. Caliche from Lucy site (34° 32' 41.5" N Lat, 1050 51' 30" W Long), New Mexico, Trench 1, from silt and clay pond bottoms which overlay Sandia material found in situ. Caliche formed after deposit of layers on pond bottom. Origins of carbon in Caliche is not clearly understood. Coll. 1958 and subm. by William Roosa, Univ, of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Corn ntent (WR): date of clay formation on pond bottom should be close to that of Valders advance. 470 ± 100 M-1754. Jemez Cave, New Mexico A.D.1480 Pieces of tanned deerskin robes and fiber and feather cordage from feather robe from Jemez Cave (35° 48' N Lat, 106° 36' W Long), 2 mi. N of Jemez Springs, Sandoval Co., New Mexico. Sample associated with. dessicated infant burial as wrappings in Section IX, Square F-5, at 4 to 5 ft depth, only burial in large cave. Date will apply to body, burial wrappings, 3 associated ears of "Chapalote" corn, and ceremonial water jar with skin cover. Coll. 1934 by local resident and acquired by the Univ. of New Mexico (Alexander and Reiter, 1935; subm. by V. H. Jones, loo H. R. Ciane (iii (I Jmri('s B. (iiifJin illus. of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan. Coinaltcnt (\7H]): (late biter than anticipated, judging by associated corn type, apparent depth within site, etc. No serious obstacles to acceptance, but a little uncomfortable. Ma- terials may have been treated with organic preservative; possibly a factor in lateness. 840 ± 100 A.D.1110 740± 100 N M.1643. Two Kiva site, Arizona A.!). 1210 N Wood from the Two Kiva site, (35° 14' 15" N Eat, 111 ° 22' lo" 1' Long), about 25 mi. NE of Flagstaff, Arizona, from 121, N, R1 OE, Section 6. From roof beam of small Sinagua Pueblo. Coll. 1964 and silbm. by J. C. McGregor, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. Coirn in (JBG): sample oh- tamed by J. B. Griffin because of tree ring date, ..n. 1161 to 1183. Radio- carbon date comparable to more accurate tree ring age assessment. 1180 ± 110 M.1672. Marble Canyon, Arizona A.!). 770 Wood (Pupaala(s) from Marble Canyon (360 23' N Lat, 111° 51' W Long), elev. 3125 It on Colorado River at Mile 43.1 below U.S.G.S. gang- ing station at Lees Ferry, Arizona. Wood has many characteristics of P. raragtasti f OIira. Fibril angles clearly visible in S2 layer of cell wall, produced undoubtedly by long weathering cycles (written comm., Glenn Voohries, Northern Arizona Univ.). Sample from man-made wooden structure (Arizona site 0:9:27) spanning crevice on possible cliff-side trail 300 It above river. No cultural association. Coll. 1963 and subm. by R. C. Euler, Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona. Cmiinlr'lit (RCE): tentative thesis is that structure was constructed by prehistoric Pueblo Indians as part of: cross-canyon trail, but other archaeological sites in vicinity date from A.u. 1000 to 1150. 1260 ± 110 M.1720. Drag Strip site, Arizona A.!). 690 Wood charcoal (Sample 1) from Drag Strip site (33° 30' N Lat, 111 15' W Long), Arizona, from Mound 1, Square M18 in ash pit, 51 to 51 in. deep. Sealed with pure Snaketown style pottery. Only Snaketown and (;ila Butte styles found in mound. An early Hohokam site, should date Snaketown style pottery in Salt River Valley (Gladwin rat of., 1937). Coll. 1964 by I)an Optenring; subm. by J. C. Ives, Ft. Lewis College, Durango, Colorado. Comment (JCI): date seems to agree with archaeological facts. 1410 ± 120 M-1836. U-10.2 (ASU), Arizona A.!). 540 ° Wood charcoal from U-10-2 (ASt1) (33° 28' N Eat, l 1 l 46' W Long), T2N, R6W, SE 14 NW ¼ Sec. 27. Maricopa Co., Arizona. From Square 5, 32 in. helmv daturn, 20 in. below surface. A pure Vahki phase site of the Hohokam sequence (Gladwin ('t of., 1937). Coll. 1965 by I). J. Opfen- ring; siibm. by J. C. Ives. Corn ment (ICI): date seems to agree with :archaeological evidence. University of Michigan Radiocaibon Dates XII 101 T-16.19 (ASU) series, Arizona Wood charcoal front 7'-16-19 (ASU) (33° 12' 45" N Lit, 112° 5' W Long), T25, R3W, SE 1 NW 1 Sec. 32, Maricopa Co., Arizona on lands of Gila River Indian Community. With exception of M-1840, samples from Houses of Vahki phase of Hohokam sequence (Gladwin et oh., 1937). (coll. 1966 by 1). J. Opfenring; sub. 1)y J. C. Ives. 1500 ± 120 M-1837. 1'-16.19 (ASU), House 1 A.D.450 Wood charcoal from House 1, Square 11, 18 in. below datum, 36 in. below surface. From burned post in sitar. Sample should date very early prototype Hohokam house. May date late in Vahki phase. 1520 ± 120 M-1838. T-16.19 (ASU), House 2 A.D.430 \1'0o(1 charcoal from House 2, Square 21, 34 in. below datum, 22 in. below surface. From roofs fall of house which is atypical rind appears to be shaman's hut. Vahki phase. 1180 ± 120 M-1839. T-16-19 (ASU), House 3 A.D.770 Wood charcoal Irom House 3, Line A, 33 to 44 in. below datum. Fire pit associated in nearly square house with wall trench. 1180 -x--110 M-1840. T-16.19 (ASU), Line 2 A.D.770 Wood charcoal from IAne 2, Square 11, 33 to 45 in. below datum, 21 to 33 in. below surface. From cooking area in 5 it dram. pit. Estrella- Sweetwater phase association; should date beginning of Sweetwater phase of Hohokam sequence. 1300± 120 M-1842. T-16.19 (ASU), Line 1 A.D.650 Wood charcoal from Line 1, Squares 1 and 2, 30 to 42 in. below datum in pit. Sherds of \Vahki phase of Hohokam sequence in association (Gladwin et al., 1937). Gelierel Goniiile»t (JCI): dates for M-18 37 and i\[-1838 agree with archaeological evidence and with M-1830 also from Vahki phase. M-1839 cannot be Vahki please; field notes and pottery find spots are being re-examined. Post-Vahki Sherds were in wall trench but only Vahki pottery came from floor itself. tiI-1840 is from stratified locality and wood sample is definitely older than Sweetwater phase. M-1842 is from poor find spot. Some later material could have been mixed with Vahki phase rubbish; sample was not taken from a definite feature. 1180 ± 120 M-1841. U-9.25 (ASU), Arizona A.D.770 \Vood charcoal from U-9-25 (ASU) (33° 29' N Lat, 111° 49' W Long), T2N, R6W, Sec. 19, Maricopa Co., Arizona. From Line 40, Sec. ccc-aaa, 15 in. below surface, fire pit cut into caliche with fire-cracked rocks. Vahki phase of Hohokam sequence (Gladwin et c1., 1937). Coll. 102 H. R. C1(111C (111(1 JarnCs B. Cii fjin

1966 by Thomas Caperton; subm. by J. C. Ives. Comment (JCI): date does not seem to apply to Vahki phase but site is very shallow and single Snaketown-style sherd was found near hearth. Lamb Spring site series, Colorado Bone from Lamb Spring site (39° 30' 6" N Lilt, 105° 3' 52" W Long), near Littleton, Colorado. This bone bed yielded mammoth, camel, and bison bones. Coil. 1962 and sul)m. l)y W. R. A'Vedel, Smithsonian Inst. 8870 ± 350 M-1463. Lamb Spring site, Sample 1 6920 B.C. Bison bone (probably B. occiden1(11is) from bed of disarticulate(l bones on N side old spring. I)epth 40 to 42 in. Similar deposit on S side of spring believed contemporaneous, associated with Eden midsection and possibly with variant Scottsbluff. 13,140-1000 M-1464. Lamb Spring site, Sample 2 11,190 B.C. Mammoth bone from spring sand N of spring vent and stratigraphically below bison bone bed yield Sample 1. Depth 96 to 108 in. Only possible human association was worked camel toe bone found below pile of mammoth bone about 11 It underground. Ccininent (\1TR\V): 1i-1163 date is 1000 yr earlier than date of bison bone from same level by Smith- sonian lab. Bone bed is very likely on Eden-Scottsbluff level from archaeological evidence. Mammoth bone was associated with worked camel toe bone, the only evidence of human occupation. 970 ± 100 M-1542. Mount Albion site, Colorado A.D.980

Charcoal from Pit 1 at Nit. Albion site (10° 2' 30" N Lat, 105° 36' 30" W Long), Boulder Co., Colorado. Sample (i(l. as spruce by U.S. For- est Products Lab.) from surface of charcoal layer beneath 11/2 ft of loose debris in center of rock-walled pit at 12,000 ft alt. on crest of ridge extending E from summit of Mt. Albion. Site is complex of low rock walls and circular, rock-walled pits above timberline in Colorado Front Range that suggests either a game drive or fortified position. Projectile points coll. from charcoal layer are small and corner-notched; most have ser- rated edges. Site younger than most recent period of patterned-ground activity on this ridgetop. Coll. 1963 and subm. by J. B. Benedict, Inst. Arctic and Alpine Research, Nederland, Colorado. Comment (JBB): date falls within expected limits of 1250 to 950 yr n.i. Charcoal from another pit in same complex dated at 670 ± 150 n.v. (SI-301). Piney Creek series, Wyoming Charcoal from Piney Creek (48 JO 311-312), (44° 31' N La t, 106 ° 17' \'V Long), Wyoming. Expected to give chronological position of Late Prehistoric or Early Historic buffalo hunting group using ceramics sug- gestive of Mandan-Hidatsa tradition. Coll. 1964-6 5, and subm. by George Frison, 612 Obie Sue, Worland, Wyoming. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xli 103 340 ± 100 M-1747. Piney Creek, Stone Circle 9 A.D.1610 Charcoal from stone circle No. 9, shallow hearth 0.2 ft below surface in mat of buffalo grass roots. 370 ± 100 M-1748. Piney Creek, Stone Circle 12 A.D.1580 Charcoal from stone circle No. 12, small pit containing potsherds and 2 small side-notched projectile points, 0.2 to 0.7 ft below surface with some grass root intrusion. 100 ± 100 M-1749. Piney Creek A.D.1850 Charred bone (Bison bison) from concentration 0.7 to 1.0 ft beloW surface. 120 ± 100 M-1750. Piney Creek, Firepit 1 A.D.1830 Charcoal from Firepit 1, 2.2 it below present surface in stone-filled pit with side-notched projectile point and unburned bone (Bison bison). 75± 100 M-1751. Piney Creek, Firepit 2 A.D.1875 Charcoal From Firehit 2, 2.5 ft below surface in stone-filled hit with grooved maul, side-notched projectile point, and considerable tree root intrusion. 50± 100 M-1752. Piney Creek, Firepit 3 A.D.1900 Charcoal from Firepit 3, shallow stone-filled pit with intense tree root intrusion. General Con2nenI ((;F): A.D. 1610 (M-1747) and A.D. 1580 (M-1748) from stone circles in 48 JO 311 seem to date closely first appearance of buffalo hunters in area with ceramics suggesting affiliation with Mandan-Hidatsa tradition. A.D. 1850 (M-1749), A.D. 1830 (M-1750), A.D. 1875 (M-1751), and Al)..1900 (1t-1752) are much too late for 48 JO 312 since archaeological evidence suggests the 2 sites are closely related and represent pre-horse occupation. Possible contamination of samples as result of proximity to surface and penetration of carbonized roots.

Big Goose Creek series, Wyoming Charcoal from Big Goose Creek (48 SH 313) (44° 44' N Lat, 107° 9' \V Long), near Sheridan, Wyoming. Site is about 5 it above Big Goose Creek. Soil is heavy gumbo and continuously damp. Irrigation water from upper stream terrace has flooded site for 80 yr, but good drainage prevents swamp. Dates should give chronological position of late prehistoric or early historic buffalo-hunting group using ceramics that suggest affiliation with Mandan-Hidatsa tradition. Coll. 1966 and subm. by George Frison. 104 H. R. Crane and Tomes B. Griffin 450 ± 110 M-1859. Big Goose Creek, 1.25 ft depth A.D.1500 Charcoal from shallow, stone-filled hearth 1.25 ft below surface and .25 It below level 01occupation. Considerable live root penetration from trees and perennial weeds. 530± 110 M-1860. Big Goose Creek, 3.35 ft depth A.D.1420 Charcoal from stone-filled hearth 3.35 ft below surface and 1.25 ft below level of occupation. Some root penetration from weeds. General Comment (GF): dates seem early but may be correct. Saw Mill Canyon series, Idaho Soil from Saw T\ [ill Canyon (10 BT 62), (11° 12' 30" N Lat, 113° 2' 30" W Long), Idaho. Coll. 1962 by David Rice; subm. by F. H. Swanson, Idaho State Univ. Mus., Pocatello. 1540 ±130 M-1447. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 4B A.D.410 Compact dark brown humus with some angular rubble and pea gravel intermixed, from lest Pit IB, Level I, W face, SW corner N, 10 to 21 cm depth. 2230 ± 140 M-1450. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 280 B.C. Dark brown soil from Test Pit 8, F Face Corner, 10 to 15 cm depth. 2640 ± 140 M-1451. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 690 B.C. Dark brown soil from Test Pit 8, E Face Center, 25 to 30 cm depth. 4380 ± 200 M-1452. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 2430 B.C. Dark brown soil prom Test Pit 8, F Face Center, 40 to 17 cm depth. 4780 ± 200 M-1453. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 2830 B.c. Dark brown soil from Test Pit 8, F Face Center, 64 to 71 cm depth. 6540 ± 230 M-1454. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 4590 B.C. Dark brown soil from Test Pit 8, E Face Center, 80 to 100 cm depth. 7650 ± 400 M-1455. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 8 5700 B.C. Dark brown clay, some gravel, from Test Pit 8, E Face Center, 95 to 105 cm depth. 1980 ± 130 M-1456. Saw Mill Canyon, Test Pit 9 30 B.C. Compact dark brown humus with some iea gravel and angular rubble intermixed from Test Pit 9, Level 1, 5 Face, 10 to 20 cm below datum. University of A7ichigan Radiocarbon Dates X II 105 (;erlera1 Conimcnt (El-IS): artifacts at site include almost all types known in Birch Creek Valley of E Idaho and are distributed in soil as function of weight. All points occur in top 15 to 20 cm. Scrapers tend to occtu' farther down in A horizon; heavier objects, like pestles and milling stones of late vintage, occur at base of humus horizon. Distribution and dates suggest long-term soil stability without marked erosional interval; probably constitutes relic of early post-Pinedale time. Dates also indicate that carbon accumulation relative to time may be measured by vertical soil samples, even though artifacts are redistributed as function of weight. Since site is at 7450 It alt., lack of marked erosion and even spacing of dates in Test Pit S indicate that effective erosional limits of Altithermal in N Rocky Mats. was about 7000 ft. Wind erosion and (lenudation during Iltithermal is indicated in same valley below 5100 It. Finally, horizontal distribution of dates indicates present extent of soil since at least A.i). 410; spring source has not moved in last 1500 yr. Uncertain if soils once had greater extent because they were formed on sloping fan surlace where sheet erosion could have removed evidence of greater distribution. Pres- ent annual precipitation of 10 to 12 in. does not su1)1)ort soil, and preservation depends solely on spring source around which soil has formed. Earliest date suggests either spring formed then or climatic conditions at end of Pinedale III glaciation were sufficiently moist on NE slope old Iemhi Range to permit formation of chernozein in number of Birch Creek localities. In either case, there eras a period of ground vater supply, and soil moisture sufficient to create several such localities in Birch Creek Valley, or to support more soils of this type than today. l .chest date is thus 1(')`)11?1?IS frost gile111 for genesis of relic chernozem-like soil assoclate(l with early history of man in E. Idaho. 7100 ± 350 M-1853. Wasden site (10 BV 30), Idaho 5150 B.C. Unbin'ned bone fragments from Wasden site (43° 36' 12" N Tat, 112° 23' 22" W Long), Bonneville Co., Idaho. From bison bone bed at base of layer 16, Block El Z. Majority of bone cores are of Bison bisoir. One unusually large horn core may be that of Bison (lntiqens (id. by M. L. Hopkins, Idaho State Mus.). Bed is enclosed between thick accumu- lations of finely laminated wind-blown sediments. Sediments below bone bed have been deeply involuted, apparently by perma-frost action. Sam- ple should provide terminal date for period of perma-frost affecting sediments below bed and beginning date for accumulation of sediments overlying bed. Coll. 196(1 by K. T. Faler; subm. by Ruth Peereboom, 1247 S. Emerson, Idaho Falls. Comment (B. R. Butler, supervisory archaeologist, Idaho State Mus.); site is on Snake River Plain S of Birch Creek Valley; probably dates end of Pinedale Glaciation in N Rocky Mts. immediately N of site in valley and end of periglacial conditions on Snake River Plain. Date agrees with one from Bison rockshelter (I-453) in Birch Creek Valley. Only 2 projectile points from bison bone bed at \'Vasden site, which appear to be resharpened butts of edge-ground Piano-type points suggesting persistence of Early Big-Game Hunting tra- I Oh H. R. CIane and James B. Gi iff in dition on Snake River Plain when Desert Culture tradition was already established in Great Basin.

Mexico, Central and South America 1250 ± 120 A.D. 700 1300 ± 120 M.1484. Yayaguala, Teotihuacan, Mexico A.D.650 Charcoal from Yayaguala (19° 41' 24" N Lat, 96° 51' 6" W Long), Teotihuacan, Mexico. Two separate runs made on same material. Sample found below wall which formed part of E tablero (wall section) of temple S of central patio of Yayaguala. While removing outermost, badly destroyed wall section to expose inner wall structure, 30 cm layer of ca1- cined earth and carbon fragments was found. Should date when inner- most wall was covered by outer wall. Coll. 1961 and subm. by Laurette Sejourne, Apartado Postall 27-506, Mexico D.T. Comment (LS): date seems satisfactory for end of building period at complex. 2380 ± 140 M-1597. El Tepalcate, Chimalhuacan, Mexico 430 B.C. Charred wood, oak and pine, from E1 Tepalcate (19° 27' N Lat, 98° 52' W Long), Chimalhuacan, Mexico. From single spot 156 cm. below surface in 1 by 2 in trench. Site directly linked with origin of urban center of Teotihuacan. Date may aid precise dating of emergence of city a (l culture. El Tepalcate precedes Teotihuacan, but span is unknown (No- guera, 1943; Millon and Bennyhoff, 1961). Coll. 1963 by Michael West; subm. by William Sanders, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pennsylvania. Comment (WS): sample is from basal levels of stratigraphic trench. Site was previously excavated by Eduardo Noguera. Anal- ysis from his and our excavations indicates late or terminal pre-classic date; 430 p.c. seems somewhat early but is within probable range. If c r- rect, date suggests some temporal overlap between Chimalhuacan and Tn oman. Valle del Quijos series, Ecuador Charcoal from Valle del Quijos (0° 15' S Lat, 78° W Long), Alto Napo, Oriente Ecuador. Samples provide only dates for area. Coll. 1960 and subm. by P. I. Porras Garces (1961), Sucursal de Correos No. 5, Quito, Ecuador. 440 ± 100 M-1425. Sitio Minda A.D.1510

Charcoal from Sitio Minda, Platform A, Pozo 2 at 1 m depth. 640± 150 M-1426. Sitio Borja A.D.1610 Charcoal from Sitio Borja, Platform A, Pozo 1 at 2 m depth. General Comment (PIPE): samples may have been contaminated by outside water and possibly by moss and ferns that covered walls of well. University of Michigan Radiocarbon 1)ates X11 I07 Africa, Litrope, Siberia, and Asia Tenerife Island series, Canary Islands

Human skin, goatskin, and woo(l l rom Tenerife Island (28° 30' N ILat, 16° 15' \'V Long), Canary Islands. Coil. 19 5O an(1 19 55 by Diego Cuscoy, Museo Arqueologico de Tenerife. 780 ± 100 M-1054. Hoya Brunco A.D.1170 Human skin from La Guancha, from mummy in burial cave. Rem- narnts of several bodies were loun(l. Date will give information of occll- pation prior to conquest of island. 910 ± 110 A. D.1040 930 -!---11.0 M-1055. Hoya Brunco A.D.1020 Goatskin from La. Guaincha, from burial cave containing several bodies with remnants of skins in which they were wrapped. 1040 ±-110 M-1057. La Palmeta A.D.910 \Voo(1 (Pisans (anaJierlslts) from La Laguna. Associated with exposed bodies on cave floor with no covering earth. C0111 nT e11 t: No comment from Cuscoy has been obtained. Odry site series, Poland

Charcoal from the Udry Site 1 (53° 24' 33" N Lit, 1 8° L Long), Chojnice district, Poland. Coll. 1963 and 1961 by J. Kmiecinski, Univ. of Lodz, Poland; subm. by S. Milisauskas, for Univ. of Michigan 1f us. of Anthropol. 1850 ±140 M-1857. Odry Site 1, Burial 20 A.D.100 Charcoal from Burial 20 in center of cemetery, 3O cm below surface, associated with glass beads, a. piece of bone comb, burned human bones, a cremate(l fibula, and a pottery sherd. From Roman period; should (late 2nd or 3rd century A.D. 1790 ±140 M-1858. Odry Site 1, Burial 101 A.D.160 Charcoal from Burial 101 located in pit in S (younger) part of cemetery, foun(1 35 cm below surface and associated with burned human bones and buckle of a belt. General Coin n1(11t (S\ 1): dates fall within general period.

Bylany series, Czechoslovakia Charcoal from Bylany (49° 58' N Lit, 15° 15' L Long), Cechoslo- vakia, near Kutna Hora about 40 mi. E of Prague. Site is Linearkeramik (formerly Danubian I) site. Coll. 1966 and subm. by J. W. Gruber, 1 emple Univ. 108 H. R. Crane rntd James B. Giifjin 6250 ± 230 M-1896. Bylany, Features 2717 and 2718 4300 B.C. Charcoal frond Features 2717-27 18, from floor of firing chamber of oven. Sample dates this 2-chambered oven of early phase of Linearkera- mik style and associated pottery. 6320 ± 230 M-1897. Bylany, Feature 2218 4370 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 2218, hit-fill of borrow pit h of oven mouth. It dates borrow pit into which oven was built, and ceramic bowl in oven, a Fragment old which lay at same level as sample. Monatery of St. Catherine series, Egypt Wood from the Church of the Transfiguration in the Monastery of St. Catherine (28° 44' N Lat, 34° E Long), Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Coll. 1965 and subm. i)y G. W. Forsyth, Kelsey Mus., Univ. of Michigan. M-1812. Church of the Transfiguration gable Modern Sample is from a withe which formed armature around circular window with plaster panel decorated with glass fragments. Window was supported in an oculus over altar of 6th c. church at St. Catherine's by a wooded chassis which, tested in 1965 as ill-1676, was dated as 1500 ± 120 (Mich. XI). M.1813. Church of the Transfiguration 1280 ± 140 ceiling beam over nave .4.B.670 Beams are the chords of wood trusses. Sample subm. to check results in ]Mich. XI. M.1814. Church of the Transfiguration 200 ± 100 window A.D.1750 Archaeologically and architecturally, window appears to be of 6th c. cOnstructlon. Gr>>l'a1 Cmiiin ett (GWF): test on 1I-1813 agrees with those on M-1673, 1675 (llich. XI) indicating modern ceiling beamM-1677 (Mich. XI) was inserted in 6th c. roof. Such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult, but I see no other solution. M-1814, like M-1812 piece of withe, comes from actual fabric of window, which must have been part of church restoration in early 18th c., when window renewal is mentioned in a document. Cayonii Series, Turkey Charcoal from Cayiinii (38° 14'N Lat, 39° 3' E Long), about 5 kms SW of Ergani. Diyarbakir prov., Turkey. Coll. 1964 by A. j. Jelinek; subm. by R. J. Braidwood for the Joint Prehistoric Project, Istanbul Univ. and the Oriental Inst., Univ. of Chicago. 8790 ± 250 M-1609. Cayonu, Unit K9 6840 B.C. Charcoal from Unit K9, Level 4 to 5. Uiiversit' of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 109 8570 ± 250 M-1610. Cayoni , Unit K6 6620 B.C. Charcoal from Unit KG, Level 4 to 5. General Continent (RJB): samples taken from 2 contiguouos 25-sq. in units, at depths well below any trace of surface instrusion. Cayni as- seml)lage has same general complexion as Jarmo, but differs in detail. NC) pottery (save for several dozen sherds in turf line to plow depth) in total 150 sq. ni of (i-Unit exposure, but artifacts of hot hammered copper were present. Determinations tend to substantiate our confidence in cluster of Jarmo determinations at ca. 675() u.c. Two Groningen runs were slightly earlier. Hagia Sophia series, Turkey \Vood samples from church of St. Sophia, Istanbul (410 l ii" N Lat, 2S 59' 4" F Long), Turkey. Church was completed between Al). 532 and 537, has undergone repairs at intervals thereafter, beginning A.u. 5(ii3. Coll. 19(i5 and subm. by R. L. Van Nice, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. 1160 ± 120 M.1942. Sample T-7 A.D. 790 \Vood sample, sawed-off end of timber projecting from brick masonry al)OVe a ('olunin cal) in S gallery, It central bay. From structural stand- point it is important to know whether timber was embedded during re- p:lir in A.!). 5(33, or at a much later (late. 1640 ± 1.30 M-1943. Sample T-8 A.D.310 Wood sample from rough timber connecting masonry above column cap to S wall, at E side of SE buttress, in S gallery, E bay. Would 1)e useful to determine whether timber belongs to initial construction. 160 ± 100 AM. 1790 M-1944. Sample T-9 AM. 1670 N 'Wood sample from thin box with carved ornament surrounding rougb, inner tlmbei' connecting masonry above column to S Wall at E side of SE buttress, S gallery, E bay. Esseniial to know whether this thin, ornamented box surround big a rough limber is contemporary with it. 450 ± 100 A.D.1500 M-1945. Sample T-10 A.D.1450 N Wood sample from beam spanning arch inserted between original walls of enclosed room below roof of SE buttress. Timber unquestionably belongs to a late repair, but not clear from factual evidence whether beam and arch were added in 15th c. or as late as 19th . General Comment (RLVN): no comment received from Van Nice. 10 H. R. Crane and James B. Giiff rn 220± 100 M-1686. Igho, Obameri, Ife, Nigeria A.D.1730 Sample came from immediately below earthen bank, probably collapsed wall of inner hart of Obameri grove (7° 28' N Lat, 4° 32' E Long). Finds included many fragments from different terra cotta sculptures, as if pieces were found during farming and building, and brought together in grove. There is also a megalith, standing upside down, with unworked base. A number of shrines housing random assemblages of sculpture fragments are known in Tie. All must be later than Classical peuiod of Ife art, when naturalistic sculpture was being made. Classical period still not certain but seems earlier than 14th c. Coll. and subm. 1964 by 0. H. flyers, Ibadan, Nigeria. Comment (Frank Willett, Northwestern Univ.): date fits well with knowledge of Ife history, but is isolated; other assays needed to support it.

Engaruka series, Tanzania Charcoal from Engaruka (2° 59' S Lat, 35° 58' E Long), rift valley, NE of Ngorongoro, Tanzania (Leakey, 1936; Sassoon, 1966). Coll. 1966 by E. Isai and A. Shonvi; subm. by H. Sassoon, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

470± 110 M-1892. Engaruka, Sample 117 A.D.1480 Charcoal from terrace of Hillside 2; Hillside-terrace A.10, Square C, Level 7 (1 in, 5 cm). Carbonized sorghum found in lowest levels of deposit (1 m, 20 cm), which also contained 9 lbs potsherds, 11 lbs animal bone, some shell beads and pendants, 1 glass bead, and several small stone balls.

300 ± 100 M-1893. Engaruka, Sample 140 A.D. 1650 Charcoal from Hillside-terrace A.19 on Hillside 1, Square B, Level 6 (90 cm). I otal (lepth of deposit 1 in, 35 cm. Carbonized sorghum found in Level 6. Trench also yielded 4 lbs potsherds, 5 lbs animal bone, some shell beads and pendants, a glass bead, and a stone pipe bowl.

200 ± 100 M-1894. Engaruka, Sample 151 A.D.1750 Charcoal from stone but Enclosure A.21 on Hillside 1, coll. from central hearth of fireplace near doorway. Maximum internal dimensions of hut, 4 m by 3 in surrounded by substantial dry stone wall. Doorway at N end, and floor paved with large stones at doorway end. Inside doorway, flat stones arranged around small central hearth. Deposit above paving .15 cm. No cultural remains found. General Comment (HS): Engoruka dates seem to be settling into period 1400 to 1800 Al). Late date, M-1894, fits in with facts. University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates XII 111 720± 100 A.D.1230 880 ± 100 M-1491. Yongjong-do Island, Korea A.D.1070 Charcoal from Unnam-ri, Yongjong-myon, Puch'on-gun, Kyonggi-do (370 30' N Lat, 126° 30" F Long), W of Seoul at elevation of 127.3 ft on hill overlooking seashore. Wood sample probably young latifoliate tree fast grown under good climatic conditions. Dolmens in Korea are divided into 2 types geographically and stylistically, northern and southern. In excavating this northern-type dolmen, 3 layers of stratification were noticed. Foot of wall stones of dolmen rest in middle of lowest layer. Top layer: dark brownish humus, 8 in, in depth. Middle layer: brownish soil containing tiny pieces of charcoal, 8 in, in depth. Base: yellowish clay rich in large pieces of charcoal, 161/2 in. in depth. Below layers is schist pan. Charcoal bed must have been laid down as foundation, and is first reported. Northern dolmen is dominant and older type, roughly dated to 3rd or 4th c. B.c., which is end of Korean Stone age. No carbon dating has been attempted for Korean dolmens. Coll. 1963 by Sukkyong Choi; subm, by Neon-tong Kim, Seoul Natl. Univ. Comment (\NK): dates are at least one millenium younger than expected; thus, impossible. Basal layer from which samples were coll. was not disturbed. Samples must have been contaminated. REFERENCES 1)ate lists: 1Gchigan I Crane, 1956 Michigan III Crane and Griffin, Michigan V (;cane and Griffin, 1960 Michigan VI (:cane and Griffin, 1961 Michigan VIII (:cane and Griffin, 1.963 Michigan X Crane and Griffin, 1965 Michigan XI (:cane and Griffin, 1966 Ohio \Vesleyan III Ogden and Hay, 1967 Alexander, R. G. and Reiter, P., 1935, Report on the excavations of Jemez Cave, New Mexico: Monographs of the School of Am. Res., no. 4. Bell, R. E., 1953, Pottery vessels from the Spiro Mounds: Oklahoma .-lnthro. Soc. Bull. no. 1, p. 25-38. Benington, F., Melton, C., and 1\'atson, P. J., 1962, Carhon dating prehistoric soot from Salts Cave, Kentucky: Am. antiquity, v. 28, p. 238-241. Bluhm, E. and Beeson, AV. J., 1960, the excavation of three HopewelI mounds at the Caterpillar 'Tractor Company: in Indian Mounds and Villages of Illinois, Illinois Archaeol. Sni . Bull., no. 2, p. 1-24. Brown, .1. A., I9(i6, Spiro studies volume 2, 'the graves and their contents: Second part of the Second Annual Rep. of Caddoan Archaeol.-Spiro Focus Res. Brovles, B. J., 1966, Excavations at the St. Alhans Archaic site, 1964-1965: Eastern States :lrchaeol. Fed. BtilI., no. 25, p. 11. Camphell, T. E., 1961, Caddoan radiocarbon dates: Bull. t exas :lrchaeol. Soc. no. 31 P. 1.45-151. Chapman, C. H., 1957, Graham Cave: in a Report of Progress, Archaeological Research by the Lrniversity of Missouri, 1955-1956. Clendening, J. A., Renton, J. J., and Parsons, B. M., in press. Preliminary palyuological and mineralogical analyses of a Lake Monongahela terrace deposit at Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia Geol. Stir. 112 H. R. Crane n»cl Jrllncs B. Griffin

Crane, H. R., 1956, University of Michigan radiocarhon dates I: Sci., v. 124, p. 664-672. Crane, H. R. and Griffin, J. B., 1958, University of :Michigan radiocarbon dates III: Sci., v. 128, no. 3332, P. 1117-1123. _ 1960, University of Michigan radiocarhon dates V: Anrer. Jour. Sci. Radioc. - v. 2, 31-48. Supp., p. ------1961, 'hhc C02-CS- Geiger counter: Rev. Sci. Instruments, v. 32, p. 953. _ 1961, University of Michigan radiocarhon dates VI, Radiocarhon, v. 3, p. 105-125. - 1963, University of Michigan radiocarhon dates VIII: Radiocarbon, y. 5, 228 -253. ------1965, University of Michigan radiocarhon dates N: Radiocarhon, v. 7, p. 123-152. 1966, tniversity of \Iiclhigan radiocarhon dates XI: Radiocarhon, v. S, p. 256-285. Cushing, F. H., 1896, Exploration of ancient Key-(lwellel' remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida: Pro..Anr. Philosoph. Soc., v. 55, no. I53, p. 329-432. Dellinger, S. (:., 1936, Bahy cradles of the Ozark Bluff Dwellers:\nr. antiquity, y. I, no. 3, l. 197-214. Fitting, J. h.., ii (1., 'I 'lie Spring Creel: site: Anthropol. Papers, \[us. of :Ailthiopol., Univ. of Michigan, no. 32, in press. - 1965, Radiocarhon dating the V"ournge tradition: Anr. Anti(luity, v. 31, n). 5, 1). 138. -196 5, late Woodland cultures in southeastern llicliigan:.Anthrol)01. Papers, 1\Ius. of Anthropol., Univ. of Michigan, no. 24. Gladwin, H. S. et al., 1937, Excavations at Snaketown: i\Iedallion Papers, v. xxv. (;reenrnran, F. F., 1927, 'I lie earthwork inclosures of 's Iiclrigan: P0.I). dissertation, Univ. of Michigan. Griffin, J. B., I943, 'Ihe Fort Ancient Aspect: Univ. of Michigan Press. 1966, i lie Calumet ancient pit: Michigan Archaeol., v. 12, no. 3, p. 130-133. Hall, Robert L., Septernrher 1967, Those late corn dates: isotopic fractionation as a source of error in carbon-I4 dates: Michigan .Archaeol., v. 13, no. 3. Halsey, J. R., n.d., The Springwells Mound Group of 1Vavne County, .Michigan: to be published in Anthropol. Papers, 11ns. of Anthropol., 1 niv. of Michigan. Hamilton, H. AV., 19 52, I lie Spiro Moun(: llissornri Archaeol., v. 14. Harrington, AI. R., 1960, 'hhe Ozark Bluff-1)wellers: AIiis. of the .in. Indian, Hevc Foundation, Indian Notes and \Eonographs, v. XII. Harrison, S., 1966, '1 lie Schr»idt site (20 S.A 192) , Saginaw County, Michigan: Michigan Arehaeol., v. 12, no. 2, p. 49-70. Hinsdale, W. B., 1930, Reports of archaeological field work in the summer of 1928 in Montmorency, Newaygo and Lake Counties, Michigan: Papers of the Michigan Acad. of Sri., Arts and Letters, v. 12, 1929, p. 127-13 5. Hough, J. I,., 1958, Geology of the Great Lakes: Univ. of Illinois Press. -_-_1963, I he prehistoric Great Lakes of North America: Am. Scientist, v. 51, no. 1, p. 84-109. Hurt, AT. B., 1961, Archaeological work at the labor and Arp sites: Mus. News, V.H. Over Mus., State Univ. of South Dakota, v. 22, no. 1. _ 1963, i he 1962 excavations of the Sherman Park mound site, 39 Mn 8; a newly radiocarbon dated site in South Dakota: if us. News, AV. H. Over Mus., State Univ. of South Dakota, v. 24, no. 1. Jones, V. H., 1936, The vegetal remains of Newt Kash Hollow shelter: iii Rockshelters in Menifee County, Kentucky, by Wehh, W. S. and Funkhouser, W. D.: Univ. of Kentucky Rep. in Archaeol. and Anthropol., v. III, no. 4, p. 146-167. Leakey, I. S. B., 1936, Prelinrinarv report on examination of the Engaruka ruins: Tanganyika Notes and Records, no. 1. Lietzke, D. A. and Whiteside, F. P., 1967, Comparison of podsol soils in northern Mich. with Nunatak soils in a sub-Arctic maritime climate: Paper presented at annual meeting of the Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, March 1967, Ann Arbor. Logan, W. D., 1952, Graham Cave, an archaic site in Montgomery County, Missouri: Missouri :lrchaeol. Soc. A1em, no. 2. University of Il7iclligan Radiocaibo11 Dates X11 113 MiSOn, R.., 1966, "I \V() st1atiGe(1 sites on the 1)oor Peninsula of \V'isconsin::lnthropol. Papers, illus. of ,lnthropol., Univ. of s'Iichigan, no. 26. slcGimsey, C. R., III, 1963, FW() open sites and a shelter in Beaver Reservoir: Arkan- sas :Archaeol., v. 1\', no. 10, p. 9-11. \!(Kern, AV. C., 1963, The (:lam River f)cus: AEillvaukee Pub. slits., Puhl. in \nthro- p()1., 11(). 9. Mc\Iichael, 1... A'., 1962, 19reliminarv report on excavations at the \I(. (;:u'l)on village, -1(i F.A 7: A\est Virginia .Archaeol., no. 14, p 36-50. 1963, diddle 1V'OOdland Hopen'ellian discoyerics in the I'an;t lha Valley, \V'est sirginia: lst( I11 States archaeol. Fed. Bull. 22, o I3-14. 1966, `IIi ice SeaSOtlS work at the Buffalo site, Putrnam COufty, West V'ir- -1 gitlia: astern. States :lrchaeol. Fed. Bull. 25, p. 11-12. \1(P1le1'ro1l, A. 1.., 1967, 'l he Jurnttinen site and the Late \\'oodland prehistory of the tipper Great Lakes area: Anthropol. Papers, slus. of lnttmpol., t"niy. of Michigan, no. 30. slillon, R. and Bennyholl', J., 1961, A long architectural sequence at 'Fertihuacan:.Aiii. \ntiquity, 1'. 26, no. 4, p. 516-523. s1lllcl', AI. A1., 1906, Progress report On National Geographic Society .Alaskan Glacier Connncmoratiye Project - Sununer Phase, 1966. \Liller, i\I. 1\i., .Anderson, J. H., and Egan, C. P., 1967, Neoglacial climatic chronology front radiocarbon evidence: Paper 1_)resente(l at the annual meeting () f the Michigan .Aca(l. Sci., ,Arts, and letters, March 1967, 11111 .irhor. Morse, 1). F. and Morse, 0. :\., 1965, the Hannah site, Peoria County, Illinois: in lii(l(lle 1Voodland sites in Illinois, Illinois :Arclhaeol. Stir. Bull., n). 5 p. 129-146. Noguera, E., 1943, h:xcayations en I epalcate, (:himalhuacan, Alexico: :Ain.:Antiquity, y. 9, no. I , P 35-43. Ogdcn, J. G., I I I and Hay, R. J., 1967, Ohio \Veslcyan I'niy. natural ra(liocarhon nleasu1 emellts III: Radiocarbon, v. 9, p. 316-332 Orr, K. G., 194(i, 'l he archaeological situation at Spiro, Oklahoma: :A preliminary report:ntigttity, V. 1l, no. 4, p. 228-255. ---- 1952, Stiryey of C:addoan area archaeology; iii Archaeol. of Eastern U.S., ed. by (;ri(Iin, J. B., p. 239-256. Prahl, E. J., 1966, 'I he Muskegon River survey: 1965 and 1966: Michigan .-lrchaeol., v. 12, no. 4, p. 183-209. Price, J. C., Hunter R. G., and McMichael, 11. V., 1961, Core drilling in an archaeological site: :Iin ..Antiquily, v. 30, no. 2, p. 219-222. Prufer, 0., 1965, '1 lie \IcGraw site: a study in Hopewellian (lyu;unics: Sci. Pill) of the Cleveland Mus. of Nat. Hist., n.s., v. 4, no. 1. Porras Canes, P. I., 1961, Contrihucion al Estudio do la .Argueologia e Historia de los Valles Qnijos ti \lisagualli (.Alto Napo) en la Region Oriental del. Ecuador, S. A.: Fenix, Ouito. Sassoon, H., I96(i, 1',ngaiii ka: a 1'epOrt Oll excavations carried ottt in 1964: :\tai a, v. 1. 1967, New Views on Engaruka: Jour. of African Historv, v. VIII, pt. 2. Schnartz, 1). AV., 1960, Prehistoric man in \Iarium)th (.aye: ,Sci, 1il., v. 203, no. 1, P 130-1-10. 1lionias, R. A., 1962, Projectile point sequence at. Breckenridge Shelter: \rkansas :Archacol., v. Ill, no. 10, p. 1-2. Van Nice, R. 1.., 1963, The structure of Hagia Sophii: .Architectitr;d Forum, v. 118, no. 5, p. 131-138. Wagner, W. P., 1966, Correlation of Rocky Mountain and .Laurentide glacial chroll- ologies in southwestern Alherta, Canada: Uuiy. of Mich., Uniy. siicrofilnls, Ph.1). dissertation. \'atson, P. J. and VarnelI, R. A., 1966, Archaeological and paleoethnohotanical inses tigations iii Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky: Am. Antiquity, v. 31, no. 6, p. 842-849. Wedel, W. R., 1943, Archaeological investigations in Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri: Smithsonian Inst., U.S. Natl. Bull., no. 183. 114 H. R. Crane and James B. Giiffin

\l'ittrv, 1V. L., 1965, '1 he Institute digs a mastodon: Cranhrook Inst. of Sci. Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 14-19. Wood, A1'. R., 1961, I he Porn me de 1'erre Reservoir in western Missouri prehistory: Missouri Archaeol., v. 23, p. 52-62, 70-71, 87-118. 1963, Breckenridge shelter - 3CR2: an archaeological chronicle in the Beaver Reservoir area: in Arkansas :lrchaeol. 1962, ed. by C. R. McGimsey, III, P 67-96. 1966, .lrchacological investigations in the Stockton Reservoir area, western Missouri: the 1965 field season: Report to the Nat'1 Park Service, on file at the Univ. of Missouri. Wood, W. R. and Marshall, R. A., 1958, The Loftin component, 23SN42: Ms. submitted to the Nat'l. Park Service, on file at the Univ. of Missouri. Wray, P. E. and MacNeish, R. S., 1961, The Hop; wellian and Weaver occupation of the Weaver site, Tulton Cotnnty, Illinois: Illinois State Mils. Sci. Papers, v. 7, no. 2, p. 1-76. [RDIOCARBUN, Voi. 10, 1968, P. 115-118

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS V

\1r. J. CALLC)\'V and (iERALDINE L. HASSALL \ational Physical Laboratory, Te(ldington, England "hlle following list comprises measurements made since those ie ported in NPL IV. No changes have been made in measurement technique or in the method of calculating results. Ages are given relative to A.ll. I950 and half-life of 5568 yr has been assumed. Measurements, corrected for fractionation relative to the P.D.B. standard, are referred to 0.950 times the activity of the NBS oxalic acid as contemporary reference standard. The quoted uncertainty is one standard deviation and includes an additional uncertainty equivalent to a standard deviation of 80 yr for the de Vries effect. Should a net Sample count rate he less than 'l times the standard error of the difference between the sample and background rates, a lower limit to the age would be reported corresponding to a net sample count rate of -f times the standard error of this difference. The description of each sample is based on information supplie(1 to the laboratory by the person submitting the sample.

ARCHAI:oLOGIC AND GI:OLOGIC SAMPLES A. Eugla11d Cow Down series, Wiltshire \'Vood charcoal samples from Cow Down (510 10' N Lat, 02° I0' W Long), I.ongbrl(lge Deverlll, nr. Warminster, Wiltshire. Coll. 19 58-6O by S. Hawkes; subm. by L. Biek, Ministry of Public Bldg. and Works. (;ow 1)own 1, NPL-101, previously dated to 2180 ± 90 (\NPL IV). 2580 ± 155 NPL-105. Cow Down 2 630 B.C. 6CH - -?5.O/( \Vood charcoal ((). roh iii) from post hole of main structural posts (Enclosure II, House I). Associated pottery has remarkable affinities to French Bronze age types of 8th-7th century is.c. 2450 ± 90 NPL-106. Cow Down 3 500 B.C. SC1:? - -25.O( Wood charcoal (0. rob or) from post holes of main structural post ring, and from bottom of clear post socket which shows post circular in section, diam. 10 in. Probably a small tree trunk (Enclosure II, House 2). 2370 ± 95 NPL-107. Cow Down 4 420 B.C. 6C' _ -27.Oj, Wood charcoal (`Hazel' Gor'lirs avellnna). Loom post hole (Enclo- sure IT, House 2).

115 (; 116 11 J. r1 ll o7v (111(1 G e 1'(11 d i 11 e I. Hassa l l 2410 ± 140 NPL-108. Cow Down 5 460 B.C.

Wood charcoal (Q. robio) from well down in filling of deep storage hit (Enclosure II, Pit 7). 2440 ± 90 NPL-109. Cow Down 6 490 B.C. - -25.O% \Voo(1 charcoal (`Hovel' (01)l as arc/lava), horn well down in filling of (feel) storage hit (Enclosure II, Pit 37, layer 3). General Coiii iii e11f (S. FL.): dates obtained Ironl 2 houses confirm suggestion [tom archaeological evidence, that beginnings of British Iron age in \Vessex should he taken at least a century earlier than previously. NPL-108 and NPL-109 came From rubbish pits and results are older than expected from pottery and other finds viz., 3rd to 1st century B.C. Bridgewater Bay series, Somerset

Two samples old peat and 1 of wood Icon 3 horeholes through submerged Iorest at Stol lord, Somerset. Coll. 1965 and sribm. by Prof. C. Kidsou, Univ. College of \Vales, ;llrer'ystwyth. 3460 ± 90 NPL-146. Borehole 1 1510 B.C. SCr. _ -?5.0%x, Peat from 11 It 2 in. below surface in Borehole 1, sample at -}-3 It 4 in. O.D. (51° 12' N Lat, O30 (16' \V Long). Peat coll. lronr middle of layer of mixed clay and peat 3 It thick, underlying marsh clay, and above woody peat 3 It thick. Coi11meiii (C.K.) : pollen analysis indicates [orma- tron from reed s amp community, supporting date rn upper part of lone VIII). 5380 ± 95 NPL-147. Borehole 2 3430 B.C. SCI.? _ -25.O%(, Peat from 10 It 5 irr. below surface in Borehole 2, sample at -1 It 9 in. O.D. (51 ° 12' N Lat, 03° 06' \V Long). Sample containing much wood was taken [tom 3 It l)elow top of heat layer 7 It 6 in. thick, overlying clay with has falrna, and underlying clay with marsh fauna. Co111- n1ei1t (C.K.) : pollen analysis indicates formation born Alder earn supporting date in Zone Vila just before 'elm decline,'' cf. Tealham ls1001 (n-126, 5620 ± 120 Cambridge III). 6230 ± 95 NPL-148. Borehole 3 4280 B.C. 6C1J - -25.0/ \Vood sample (probably 111111x) from peat 3 It 10 in. below surface in Borehole 3, sample at --S It 10 in. 0.1). (51 ° 13' N Eat, 03° 06' W Long). Wood is from upper eroded srnrface of peat layer 3 It thick underlying modern mud and overlying clay with marsh fauna. Gout uncut (C.K): pollen analysis of peat surrounding sample indicates Alder carr origin supporting date in lower part of Zone VIIa. (de Beer, 1964). National Physical Laboratory Radiocarbon 11le(rs11)ciilciltS C 117 B. Scotland Scottish Highland series (cont'd. ) Previously dated NPL-94 -96, 111, 112 (N P1 IV). 5080 ± 90 NPL-110. Hill Fare, Kincardineshire 3130 B.C. -25.o;( Organic-mineral transition of peat profile (depth 222 cm) froni beat covered ridge at approx. 1400 It 0.1). (57 ° 06' 12" N I,at, 02° 32' ((0" \1' Long), N.L. Scotland. Coll. 1961 and subm. by J. 1I. Stewart, 1lacaulav Inst. for Soil Res. Coiiilneirt (J. \l .S.): supports palynological data that initiation of hill-peat development on L boundary of Grampian \IOtin- tanis started in mid-Atlantic period. (Pollen Zone ti'IIa).

C. 1 Pales

5000 _t_- 95 NPL-132. Coygan Camp, Carmarthenshire 3050 B.C. 6C1 Hazelnut shells, partly charred from Pit C XIX at (aoygaii Ca nip ° (51 45' N I at, 040 30' W Long), Carmarthenshire. Col 1. 1964 by C. J. \Vainwright; slum. L. Biek. This is 1st radiocarbon measurement of Neolithic sample from Wales. Co»tiii cat (G. J.AV.): early Mate brings Coygan settlement into line with others in Ireland, AV England, and S\V Scotland and re-emphasizes early colonization of \V seaboard. 5970 ± 90 NPL-113. Clarach Beach, Cardiganshire 4020 B.C. _25.O Sample from tree root in situ of submerged forest-bed on (;larach ° Beach (51 25' 57" N Lat, 040 04' 47" W Long), Cardiganshire. Call. by 1965 and subm. J. A. 'I aylor, tlniv. College of Wales, Abervstwv th. \Vood id, as Pinus sylcestrts by P. D. Moore. Goiiimeat (J.A.'I.): dating of this sample at 5970 ± 90 is.i. is first evidence suggesting correlation vVith sliblTlerged forest at Borth previously dated by Godwin: Q-38(), 6026 ± 135 up., 0-382, 5898 ± 135 u P. (Godwin, 1938; Cambridge III).

I). I t rr l ' 965 ±95 NPL-89. Canne S.M.1 A.D.985 = -23.Y( Human bones from skeleton in grave (41 ° l 7' 40" N Lat, 160 08' 38" L Long) about 1 m.-deep covered by light stratum of earth. found at (mine (Ban), Italy. (oll. 1964 by Gcn. I). L idovico and Dr. A. Martini, State Archaeologist 1)ept. Of Taranto, and sttbm. by (lei. Lndovico. It was hoped that distinction could be drawn between skeletons from battle of Canne (216 i3.e.) and those of Middle Ages also found in same lo- (ality. Coliiiticilt (Gen. 1).L.): sample must be from one of Middle Age skeletons known to east in locality, (ewer than those of battle of Canne. 118 TV. J. Callow (grid Geraldinc I. Hassall 1. 1I' Africa Senegal Delta series Shells (Aica Sell/its) from marine terrace (15° 54' N Lat, 16° 28' W Long), Senegal delta, W. Africa. Coll. (1964) P. Michel, Univ. of Dakar. Subrn. by A. T. Grove, tlniv. of Cambridge. Dating required to resolve age of terrace which Tricart (1961) considered to be Ouljienne. 1905 ± 125 NPL-102. Sample 915 A.D.45 sCl - -O.5 Sample coll. from edge old lagoon betWeCn 2 marine bars at alt. 1.3 m. 1650 ± 125 NPL-152. Sample 921 A.D. 300 6Cli Sample coll. from kitchen midden (?) at alt. 2 rn. Gcrrcrrll Coral/TCrrl (A.1.G.): ages correspond with those recently determined by C.E.A. and Isotopes, Inc., confirming that there have not been 2 marine transgressions in area, Ouljienne and Flandrian, but only one, now called Nouakchottien. Dubois, 1954; Elouard, 1966; Michel, 1957, 1959; Tricart, 1961). Ri-:rr:RF:NCl-a NPL IV Callow, Baker, and Hassel 1, 1966 Cambridge III (odwin and \1'ilu s, 1961 1)e Beer, A. E., 1964, 'Ihe Phvsiographic Evolution of the Severn Estuary. Papers of the 4th International Harbours Conference. Antwerp, June 1964. Section III. Soil Mechanics and Geology in connection with Harbour Construction. Pt. I, p. 10-15. Royal. Flenuning Eng. Inst. Callo,\1'. J., Baker, lI. J., and HaSSall, G. I., 1966, National Physical laboratory radiocarbon measurements IV: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 340-347. Dubois. J., Tricart, J., 1954, Outline of the Stratigraphy of the Quaternary of Senegal and South Mauritania: Computes Rendus De L'Academie Des Sciences, v. 238, p. 2183-2185. 11ouard, P., 1966, Plage S area senilis, Ogolien, Inchirien. Bulletin A.E.S.Q.U.A. no. 9. P 6-20. 1966, Reunion de la commission du lexique stratigraphiqtie: (lehnition du Nonakchottien.- Bulletin :A.S.l.Q.U.A. no. 10-11, p. 9. Godwin, H., Newton, I.., 1938, 7'he submerged forest-bed at Borth and V'nyslas: New Phytologist, v. 37, p. 333-344. Godivin, H. and Willis, F. H., Cambridge t'niyersity natural radiocarbon measurements III: Radiocarbon, . 3, P. 60-76. Hawkes, S., Proc. Preh. Soc. In preparation. Kidson, C., 1960, The Shingle Complexes of Bridgewater Bay: Trans. Inst. Brit. (;eogrs., v. 28, p. 75-87. Ludovico, D., 1959..La Battaglia di Canne, Ali Editrice Roma. 1ltichel, P., 1959, L'evolution Geomorphologique des bassins du Senegal et de la Haute Gainbie: Revue et Geomorphologie Dynamique, mai-decemhre, p. 117-143. 1957, Note on the geomorphology and the shell deposits of the district of St. Luis: Rapport I)actvlographie De La Mission D'Amenagement Du Senegal, St. Luis, Bulletin no. 108. report: Taylor, J. A., The submerged forest bed at Clarach, Cardiganshire; preliminary Nature, in preparation. Tricart, J., 1961 (1954) Notice de la carte geomorphologique du Delta du Senegal. Rapp. fined. Arch. Mines, Senegal, 1951. Mem. But. Reclh. geol. min., no. 8, Paris, 118 p., 9 pl. 3 cartes au 1/100.000. [RD.oCA1thON, Voi. 10, 1968, P. 119-123]

NANCY NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS 1 R. COPPENS, G. L. A. DURAND, and B. GUILLET Centre de Recherches Radiogeologiques, Nancy-Vandoeuvre, 54 F This paper is a list of the first results of age determinations made at the Centre de Recherches Radiogeologiques de Nancy (CRR). The Center is the result of a convention between the Commissariat a 1'Ener- gie Atomique (CEA) and the University of Nancy. It is part of a group of research laboratories of Earth Sciences headed by Prof. M. Roubault. 1NTRODUCTION The creation of a Natural Radiocarbon Laboratory was decide(l in 1960. The installation was completed in the new laboratories of the C.R.R. in 1961 . A modification of the system for gas preparation and for counter filling was made in 1962 after calibrations had shown the boor quality of CO2 obtained with the first equipment. In 1963 we spelt the year in calibrations and checking measurement reproducibility. The first useful results were obtained in 1964 after improvement of the electronic system. In 1965 B. Guillet was able to present his "these de 3eme Cycle" on the "1)atation of the Beillard peatbog." All measurements were made in a cylindrical proportional counter, 70 mm in diameter and 310 mm long, the stainless steel wall of which makes the ground cathode. The nickel central wire of .05 mm set in the axis of the counter is the anode brought to a positive potential of 5400 v. The counter has a capacity of 1,16 1. and is normally filled with CO2 under a pressure old 736 mm of mercury. The counter, permanently set inside a lead shield, is connected by copper tubing, 20 mm in diameter, to a pumping system (rotary and mercury diffusion pumps with liquid nitrogen traps). The vacuum level inside the counter is directly determined as follows: the anodic tension is maintained during the pumping, the change of the discharge between the anode and the cathode is examined as the vacuum becomes better. For this purpose an oscilloscope is connected to the out- put of the counter. Previous calibration determines the exact vacuum level. At discharge extinguishment, the vacuum is better than 10--mm of mercury. The proportional counter is shielded by 20 cm of lead and covered by a bismuth shroud and layers of paraffin and boric acid (de Vries, 1957). Anticoincidence shielding is provided by 36 Geiger-Muller tubes surrounding the sample counter. The signal given by the counter is first amplified and then, after discrimination and anticoincidence, directed to 3 counting channels. We work with 3 discriminating thresholds corresponding to signals of lo, 15, and 25 my at the input of the amplifier. This system provides 3 different counting results, giving 3 ages for the same sample. As a rule, these ages are almost identical in the case of a good measurement but are very different in the case of a mistake in the manipulation of the sample.

119 120 K. Copperis, (;. L. A. 1)trrarid, rend B. Gullet CO: is prepared according to the method describe(1 by Ralter (1953): burning the sample in oxygen, bubbling the gas in a soda solution and transforming the obtained sodiuin carbonate into Ba CO: with it Cl2, which is then stored. Sulfuric acid is used to liberate CO2 from the Ihi CO. The CO_, is purified on alumina and by fractional crystalliza- tion. After purification, the gas is stored in flasks for more than 30 (lays to eliminate the radon that may result from impurity of the reagents. Filling of the proportional counter is made at the fixed pressure of 736 mm of mercury. Belore each measurement, the occurrence of impitri- ties in the gas is verified by measuring the activity of an external source (Pitchblende) placed at a given (listance. The working voltage is adjusted accordingly. The modern releren( e sample is a growth ring, dated from 1930, of a stein of Douglas fir (Pseudotsega 1)oiiglasii) felled in 1956, grown in Provence far from any industrial area. We expect to use standard NBS oxalic acid very soon. Average values of measures made on the modern sample are reported here; 12,88 dpm, 12,07 dpm, 10,74 dpm. The measurements of the background were made by using industrial CO2 delivered in bombs and coming from cokeovens. The average values are: 7,48 dpm, 7,11 dpm, 6,17 dpm. The values for the ''background'' and for the ''living sample'' mentioned here correspond to the average results obtained with the values of the discriminating thresholds mcii- tioned. "file quality of the industrial CO_, was tested in comparison with CO2 prepaie(1 from a calcite found in druse in an outcrop of portlandiali limestone of the ''CStes de \Ieuse.'' The background obtained with this gas is: 7,57 dpi, 7,15 dpm, 6.18 dpm. All samples were counted for 21 his an(l the period of radiocarbon used in the calculation is 3 560 ± 30 vrs.

1(,KNo\1 LIDG\I I' \ iS The apparatus was built and calibrated by Prob. G. Duraiid according to the instructions of . I.abevrle and G. l)elibrias from the Saclav Lab. to whom we express our acknowledgments. We also thank the scientists who have permitt('(l its to publish the results obtained on samples submitted to this laboratory.

5.'1IPI.1 1)I CRIPi IONS

I. (.iOL )GIc SAJII'I.1S Nor-11. Mercy le Bas, Mainbotel, 1850 S.C. Meurthe-et-Moselle 3800 ± 230 Peat: from the ''vallce de la Ciusnes'' at\lainbotel (f9° 23' 5N by l at. 3 21' 1: Long). (coll. 1927 by Gardet; stibm. 1962 G. J urain, F aculte des Sciences. Nancy. (; oiii 111(111: palynologic study of sample shows Fa us-A pies with A/it tts. Cou'/us. and Pitt tt,s of the Sub-Boreal or Sub- Atlantic period. \rrtnci, l\r(ttttrrtl Radiocarbon MC(ISttrennents I 121 Le Beillard series, Vosges Sphagnum peats at Le Beillard near Gerardmer in the Cleurie valley (48° OiV' Lit, 4 ° 28 L Long) overlying glacial deposits. Pollen analyses of these peats were made by B. Guillet (1965). Coll. 1962 and subm. 1963 by B. Guillet. Depth in cm from surface is given in each heading. 4110 ± 230 Ny-28. Le Beillartl, 30 cm 2160 B.C. Fibrous peat with pollen of Ottercus, Tilia, Cor'ltts, without Ftgtts. 7550 ± 350 Nv-29. Le Beillartl, 160 cm 5600 B.C. Fibrous yellowish brown peat with Quercus, Tilia, Ulnt its pollen. 7680 ± 370 Ny-30. Le Beillard, 180 cm 5730 B.C. Compact peat with pollen of Pitttts,Betula, and. Coiylus. 8310 ± 370 Ny-31. Le Beillard, 200 cm 6360 B, C. Compact peat; beginning of Cor'ltts indicates Boreal perio(I. 8060 ± 440 Ny-32. Le Beillard, 210 cm 6110 B.C. Sandy heat with Pin us overlying glacial sand. General Contnleril: peaty I3rmation begins in Boreal period with Pin us, Bet ti/a, and Cor'l tts. 1)uring Atlantic period, from 16O cm to the sin- lice. peat growth was very rapid. The 4110 ± 230 level (Ny-28) is contaminated by present roots. 12,450±460 Nv-42. Geological Survey of Canada 10,500 B.C. \ho0d ((SC 1) subnl. 1964 by W. I)yck for inter-laboratory calibration. Comparison of results given 1)y other laboratories; Lamoiit Geological Observatory 12,150 250 Isotopes, Inc. 12,000 + 400 G.S.C. Laboratory 12,400 ± 200 Nancy Radiocarbon Laboratory 12,450 ± 460 2890 ± 230 Nv-53. Belle-He-en-Mer, Morbihan 940 B.C. Peat from top of 'Arise de Ster wras'' peat bog; (46" 55' 20" N Lat, 5 35' 10" \V long). Coil, and subm. 1961 by Y. Coppens. Cotttntett(: dated by Radios arbon Laboratory ol Saclay at 730 B.C. (unpub.). Nv-65. Anloa, Cameroun >32,000

Lignite in argillaceous sand with vivianite 1 ron1 Anloa from valley of \Iargol river (7 28\ Lat, 13 25 12 L Long). Coll. and subnl. 1 %; by J. Sarcia. Bureau de Recll. Geol. et ylin., Paris. 122 R. Coppens, C;. L. A. Diirarid, (t/td B. Guillet Saint-Gilles series Dates of 3 Post-\'Vurmian peat layers of the Camargue sediments between Arles, Beaucaire, and Saint-Gilles. Coll. by A. Bonnet and subm. 1966 by H. Alimen, Lab. Geol. Uuat. CNRS, Paris. 1110 ± 200 Ny-71. Chemin cote, 0,9 A.D.840 Fen peat colt at -3 m in "Chemin cote 0,9" boring (43° 40' 15" N Lat, 2° 5' 50" E Long). 4550 ± 340 Ny-69. Chemin de Halage, -7 in 250 B.C. Fen peat coll, at -7 m in the "Chemin de Halage" boring (43° 40' 20" N Lat, 2° 5' 45" E Long). 5920 ± 400 Ny-70. Chemin de Halage, -9 in 3970 B.C. Fen peat coll, at -9 m in the "Chemin de Halage" boring. General Comment: by dating these 3 peat horizons, A. Bonnet, 1966, was able to make precise studies on the stratigraphy and chronology of sedimentation in the Rhone delta in Camargue.

II. ARCHAI?OLOGIC SAMPLES 4280 ± 350 Ny-4. Richardmenil, Meurthe-et-Moselle 2330 B.C. Trunk of oak in sand of the Moselle river near Richardmenil (48° 35' N Lat, 3° 50' E Long). Coll. 1960 and subm. 1962 by G. Vaucel, ENSG, Nancy. Comment: dated in 1960 by Radiocarbon Laboratory of Saclay at 4270 ± 300 (G. Vaucel, 1960). 2290 ± 270 Ny-6. Saint-Gildas de Rhuys, Morbihan 340 B.C. Charcoal found near the "four a augets" No. 16 of the 1964 inventory, on the Saint Gildas de Rhuys beach (47° 29' 20" N Lat, 5° 10' 15" w Long). Subm. 1964 by Y. Coppens, Museum Hist. Nat., Paris. Comment: "four a augets" was probably used by Celtic people of Brittany in the salt industry. 7950 ± 530 Ny-15. Pierre la Treiche, Meurthe-et-Moselle 6230 B.C. Dorsal vertebra of Ursus spelaeus found in the Sainte Reine cave at Pierre la Treiche near Tonl (48° 39' N Lat, 3° 35' E Long). Sample from the collection of the ENSG Museum. Coll. 1865 by P. Husson. Comment: a complete description of the Sainte Reine cave is given by P. Husson (1865) who identified abundant mammals. 4260 ± 360 Ny-67. Bassin du Tchad 2290 B.C. Shells presumed end of Neolithic (15° 43' N Lat, 15° 09' 15" E Long). Coll. and subm. 1966 by S. L. Schneider, Bureau Rech Geol. et NIin., Fort Lamy, Tchad. i'aiicy Natural Radiocarbon IlleasiirernenIs 1 123 5260 ± 410 Ny-68. Bassin du Tchad 3290 B.C. Shells presumed of Lacustrian Neolithic (15° 17' 30" N Lat, 19° 01' 30" E Long). Coil, and subm. 1966 by J. L. Schneider (in press). Ny-74. Bassin du Tchad Modern Fish-bones from terminal Lacustrian sediments in "Pays Bas of Tchad." (16° 41' 30" N Fat, 18° 11' 15" E Long). Coll, and subm. 1966 by J. L. Schneider. Comment: fishes presumed older than few hundred vrs. Ny-73. Jehel Irhoud, Morocco >32,000 Bones of mammals from upper layer of Jebel Irhoud cave (31 ° 53' 34" N Lat, 8° 51' 38" W Long). Coll. 1962 and subm. 1966 by Prof. E. Ennouchi, Faculte des Sciences, Rabat, Maroc. Co7nincut: remains of two Homo neanderthalensis were found in this layer with a classic Monster- ian industry and about 3000 bones of various animals (E. Ennouchi, 1962). 5120 ± 310 Ny-76. Ain Boucherit, Saint Arnaud, Algeria 3170 B.C. Charcoal in archaeological layer with many snails from Ain Bou- cherit (36° 11' 34" N Fat, 5° 15' 11" E Long). Coll. and subm. 1966 by Pron. C. Camps, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Alger. Corn- Pnent: expected age 5050 to 6050 B.C. would date a particular level of t'pper Capsian in Algeria. RErERrcrs Late lists: (;SC I Dvck and Fyles, 1962 Isotopes I \alton, `I'rautman, and Friend, 1961 Lamont V Olson and Broecker, 1959 Saclav I llelihrias, Guillier, and l,aheyrie, 1964 Bonnet, A., 1966, Structure de la Camargue entire Arles, Beaucaire, et Saint -Gilles du Card: CRsom. Soc. Geol. de France, v. 7, p. 238-259. I)elihrias, G. and Per(luis, AI. 1., 1935, I)atage par la methode du 14-C, BIST du CEA: no. 21, p. 1013. 1- nnouchi, F., 1962, Un Near.:lerthalien: I'homme dti Jehel Irhoud: I.'Anthrop Bogie, v. 66, no. 3-4, p. 279-299. Guillet, B., 1965, L,a methode de datation par le 14-C. Application a la determination de l'age de la I onrhiere du Beillard: These 3e Cycle, Nancy. Schneider, J. L., 1966, Rapport de synthese de Ia carte hvdrogeologique de recon- naissance Mao, au 1/500000, Tchad, BRGM, Fort Lvny. Vaucel, G., 1960, Contrihlltion a l'etude geologi(lue de Ia region de Bay on: DFS, Nancy, 59 p. (IC Fries, H., 1957, Further analysis of the neutron component of the background of counters used for 14-C age measurements: Nuclear Physics, v. 3, p. 63. [RAD1oc,l1u oN, Vol.. 10, 196, P. 1`x4-130]

TARTU RADIOCARBON DATES II J. M. PUNNING, E. ILVES, AND A. LHVA Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academy of Sciences, Estonian S.S.R. The following list includes samples dated between 1956 and 1961. Wood dating from Al)..1850 ± 10 yr is used as a contemporary reference standard. Background sample is synthesized from anthracite. All radiocarbon dates were calculated with the half-life of Ci' being equal to 5568 ± 30 yr. All dates are calculated from the year 1950. Sample synthesis and measurement methods are described in Tartu Radiocarbon Dates I (Liiva, ('t cl., 1966) except for TA-99, 100, and 101. For their dating, benzene was synthesized in a larger amount and a scin- 4 0.1 naphtha- tillator solution composed of PP() g/1 + POPOP g/1 ---E-- lene 100 g/1 in benzene was used. When 40 ml of this solution was used, rate of the background was 6.32 ± 0.04 counts/min, the count of the contemporary reference standard being 183.53 + counts/min ± 0.30 counts/min. The maximum determinable age is equal to 52,500 yr (= 48 hours counting 4 5 criterion) (Punning, et cl., 1966).

I. ARCIIA1 OLO(s1C SAMPLES 2 520 -_`-- 60 TA-81. Asva 570 B.C. Charcoal from lower horizon of cultural layer of fortified settlement Asva, is. Saaremaa, Kingissepp I)lstrict, Estonian SSR near present village Asva at depth of 35 to 45 cm below surface near S wall. Presumably late Bronze age (corresponding to the 5th period in Mentelins system), 8th to 6th c. is.(,. Coll. 1965 and subm. by V. Lougas (Inst. of fist., Acad. of Sci. of Estonian SSR). 1370 ± 60 TA-82. Valgjarv A.D.580

Wood from ancient dwellings on Valgjarv ("White Lake") , Valga District, Estonian SSR, 3 km S of settlement Koorkula. According to archaeol. data (Selirand, 1960), samples are remains of peculiar, fortified settlement in middle of lake. According to popular belief, monument is linked to legend of origin of lake whose waters inundated farms. (Eisen, 1958) . Presumable age of sample, 2nd half of 1st millennium ;.n. Coll. 1958 and subm. by J. Selirand (Inst. of Hist.). 1370 _± 75 TA-84. Torva A.D.580 Charcoal from lower horizon of cultural layer found in N\\T part of outer defense works in Torva township, Valga District, Estonian SSR, 112 km S of Torva. Sample coll. at depth ol: 90 to 110 cm. Layer immediately underlies grass cover and extends 60 to 130 cm below ground surface. Presumable age of sample, 6th to 7th c. A.D. Coll. 1965 and 121 J. M. Punning, E. lives, and A. Liiva 125 subm. by H. Moora jun. (Viljandi Interdistrict Mus. of Regional Studies). 670 ± 60 TA-104. Paatsa A.D. 1280 Charred wood from dwelling remains of Paatsa township village soviet Vohma, near the center of Paatsa, Kingissepp District, Estonian SSR. Sample coll. in NW part of township at depth of 30 to 40 cm below ground surface and is attributed to the latest period of township. According to A. Kustin, township existed in 12th to 13th c. AD., maybe as late as 14th century. Coll. 1963 and subm. by A. Kustin (Inst. of Hist.). 600 ± 60 TA-108. Rauasaatme maed A.D.135O Charcoal from dump of metal slag 3 km E of township Paatsa (cf. TA-104) in Kingissepp District, Estonian SSR. Dumps are remains of single melting of iron ore with charcoal. Bog-iron ore probably served as raw material (Aalose, Kustin, 1966) . Ceramics discovered near slag dump similar in form to late ceramics from Paatsa township. Presumable age of sample, 2nd half of 13th or 14th c. Coll. 1962 by A. Kustin and A. Aaloe; subm. by A. Kustin. 4570 ± 70 TA-105. Usvyata 2620 B.C. Wood from Neolithic settlement Usvyata IV on S outskirts of settlement Usvyata, Nevel' District, Pskov Region, RSFSR. Sample coll. from lower horizon of cultural layer (B) at 125 cm below surface, is fragment of pile settlement dwelling. Pollen analyses by E. A. Spiridonov refer Layer B to Atlantic period. Presumable archaeol. age, end of 3rd or beginning of 2nd millennium B.C., maybe older. Coll. 1964 and subm, by A. M. Miklyayev (State Hermitage of SSSR).

II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 3300 ± 60 TA-74. Puhajarv 1350 B.C. Plant remains near Lake Puhajarv, Valga District, Estonian SSR, at depth of 1.30 to 2.20 cm below surface. Coll. 1964 and subm. by K. Kajak (Geological Board attached to Council of Ministers of E stonian SSR, later referred to as Geol. Board). 8460 ± 180 TA-75. Altkula 6510 B.C. Silvan, dark brown peat from Haapsalu District, Estonian SSR. Underlying varved clays, protective layer-clayey aleurite with plant remains, sample was at depth of 1.25 to 135 cm. Presumable age, QIv .vev11S. Coll. 1964 and ,subm. by H. Stumbur (Geol. Board). 9100 ± 90 TA-77. Voidu 7150 B.C. Buried wood peat from Kilingi-Nomme District, Estonian SSR at depth of 520 to 527 cm. Layer of peat rests on moraine, overlain by 126 J. NI. Punning, E. lives, and A. Liiva clayey sapropelite, followed by littoral deposits of Lake Ancylus. Coll. 1965; subm. by Prof. K. Orviku; pollen-dated by H. Kessel (1963a). 8995 ± 125 TA-78. Tapu 7045 B.C. Buried wood peat from Parnu District (N of settlement Parnu- Jaagupi), Estonian SSR, at depth of 194 to 199 cm. Sequence described in TA-77. Coll, by H. Kessel and E. Jives. Pollen analysis by H. Kessel (1963b). 7000 ± 80 TA-79. Erdi 5050 B.C. Silvan low-lying peat from peat-bog Erdi, Viljandi District, Estonian SSR, from layer at depth of 775 to 800 cm. Pollen analysis by E. Liivrand attributes sample to Pollen Zone VIII (V. Post-Nilsson system). Coll. 1965 by H. Liivrand; subm, by K. Kajak. 8225 ± 80 TA-80. Kolga-Jaani 6275 B.C. Peat at depth of 100 cm, 3 km NE of Kolga-Jaani, Viljandi District, Estonian SRR. Coll. 1965 and subm. by K. Kajak. Endla series Samples coll. from high moor Teosaare, incorporated in bog system Endla (1.5 km NE of settlement Karde, Jogeva District, Estonian SSR).

Table 1. Stratigraphy of Endla Bog System Degree of decomposition Depth (cm) Sediment type (humification %) to 105 sphagnum peat 15 105 to 120 wood and reed peat 20 120 to 220 wood peat 35 to 50 220 to 250 wood and reed peat 25 to 30 250 to 390 reed peat 20 to 30 390 to 407 wood and reed peat 70 to 80 407 to 415 moraine 415 + limestone Coll. 1965 by E. Ilves. Pollen analyses (according to V. Post-Nilsson system) were carried out by A. Sarv. 1145 ± 65 TA-85. Endla A.D. 805 Sphagnum peat at depth of 55 to 60 cm. The boundary-line of Pol- len Zones Ib/Ia. 1260 ± 65 TA-86. Endla A.D. 690 Sphagnum peat at depth of 90 to 95 cm. Upper maximum of spruce. Tartu Radiocarbon Dates II 127 1670 ± 110 TA-87. Endla A.D. 280 Sphagnum peat passing over into wood and reed peat at depth of 100 to 105 cm. Border of Pollen Zones II/lb. 2855±70 TA-88. Endla 905 B.C. Wood peat at depth of 155 to 160 cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones III/II. 3125 ± 70 TA-89. Endla 1175 B.C. Wood peat at depth of 175 to 180 cm. Lower maximum of spruce. 3465 ± 70 TA-90. Endla 1515 B.C. Wood peat at depth of 190 to 195 cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones IV/III. 3935 ± 70 TA-91. Endla 1985 B.C. Wood peat at depth of 205 to 210 cm, Maximum of oak Pollen. 4265 ± 70 TA-92. Endla 2315 B.C. Wood and reed peat at depth of 220 to 225 cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones V/IV. 4735 ± 70 TA-93. Endla 2785 B.C. Wood and reed peat collected from 230 to 235 cm. Maximum of lime Pollen. 5245 ± 70 TA-94. Endla 3295 B.C. Wood and reed peat at depth of 245 to 250 cm. Possibly border of Pollen Zones VI/V. 6480 ± 70 TA-95. Endla 4530 B. r.. Reed peat at depth of 305 to 310 cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones VII/VI. 7865 ± 75 TA-96. Endla 5915 B.C. Wood and reed peat at depth of 370 to 375 cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones-VIII/VII. 8015 ± 80 TA-97. Endla 6065 B.C. Wood and reed peat at depth of 375 to 380 cm. Maximum of pine Pollen. 8495 ± 85 TA-98. Endla 6545 n.C. Wood and reed peat at depth of 394 to 400 cm. Pollen Zone VIII. 128 J. M. Punning, E. lives, and A. Liiva 6180 ± 90 TA-109. Endla 4230 B.C. Reed peat at depth of 275 to 280 cm. Maximum of elm Pollen. Karukula series Intermorainic deposits of Karukula are situated in SW of Estonian SSR, 7 km S of town Kilingi-Nomme. Samples taken from wall of pros- pecting shaft. Structure of section: humic horizon of soil; rubbly sandy loam (moraine); organogenous layer, 140 cm thick (arboreal peat with wood remains, equisetic peat, clayey sapropelite); aleurite. Pollen analyzed by R. Pirrus showed changes in climate from severe to warm and back to severe (Orviku and Pirrus, 1965). Coll. 1965 and subm. by K. Kajak (Punning, et al., 1966). 33,450 ± 800 TA-99. Karukula 31,500 B.C. Wood remains at depth of 150 to 170 cm. 48,100 ± 1700 TA-100. Karukula 46,150 B.C. Peat at depth of 150 to 170 cm. 48,100 ± 1650 TA-101. Karukula 46,150 B.C. Peat at depth of 195 to 215 cm. TA-106. Karukula 45,000 Clayey sapropelite at depth of 235 to 255 cm. 1915 ± 70 TA-102. Kivilope A.D.35 Peat from boggy plain of Lake Vortsjarv 7 km E of Mustla, Viljandi District, Estonian SSR. Sample lay on lake silt at depth of 170 to 210 cm. Pollen analysis by E. Liivrand. Sample is referred to Pollen Zone II (V. Post-Nilsson system). Coll. 1965 and subm. by K. Kajak. 9240 ± 85 TA-122. Lemmeoja 7290 B.C. Gravelly sapropelite from bottom of gravel pit 20 m from right bank of stream Lemmeoja, Parnu District, Estonian SSR. Coll. at depth of 38 to 44 cm,, sapropelite underlies bank deposits of Lake Ancylus. Pollen analyzed by N. Kessel. Coll. 1966 by j. M. Punning; subm. by K. Kajak. 9100 ± 85 TA-123. Lemmeoja 7150 B.C. Wood from bottom of gravel pit 20 m from right bank of stream Lemmeoja, Parnu District, Estonian SRR (see: TA-122). Coll. at depth of 45 to 49 cm. 11,930 ± 110 TA-124. Ula 9,980 B.C. Wood remains from valley of river Ula near village Zervinus SW of city Vilnius, Vilnius District, Lithuanian SSR. Wood remains and peat Tartu Radiocarbon Dates II 129 lie in middle of thick complex of sand. Sample coll, from layer of black- gray humified clay containing shells of mollusks. Coll. 1966 by J. M. Punning, L. Serebryanny, and R. Pirrus; subm. by K. Kajak. Comment: Lab. of V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chem- istry (MO-302) dated sample at 16,260 ± 640. 12,160 ± 120 TA-125. Ula 10,210 B.C. Mossy peat from valley of river U1a near Zervinus, taken from same layer as TA-124. 7505 ± 165 TA-126. Kolga 5555 B.C. Clayey sapropelite with remains of bulrushes on right bank of river Kolga, Parnu District, Estonian SSR. Sapropelic layer, 18 cm thick, underlies 10-cm-thick dunes of Littorina Sea. Sample depth 0 to 3 cm (with reference to dune). Coll. 1966 by J. M. Punning; subm. by K. Kajak. 5880 ± 60 TA-127. Virunurme 3930 B.C. Peat from peat bog Virunurme, Kohtla-Jarve District, Estonian SRR at depth of 630 to 680 cm. Coll. 1966 by J. Paap; subm, by K. Erisalu (Geol. Board). 10,390 ± 105 TA-128. Sarkanais mals 8,440 B.C. Wood remains of brick quarry "Sarkanais mals" on right bank of river Melune, Jelgava District, Latvian SSR at depth of 220 to 240 cm. Wood remains overlain by soil and sand, and underlain by varved clays and moraine. Pollen analyzed by V. Stelle. Sample assigned to Pollen Zone X (V. Post-Nilsson system), (V. J. Stelle, 1963) . Coll. 1965 and subm. by V. Stelle (Inst. of Geol., Latvian SSR). 11,950 ± 110 TA-129A. Progress 10,000 B.C. Plant remains from a brick quarry "Progress" on right bank of river Lielupe, Jelgava District, Latvian SSR. Sample lay in sand plain, at depth of 300 cm, overlying varved clay (V. Stelle, 1963). Coll. 1965 and subm. by V. Stelle. 11,875 ± 110 TA-129B. Progress 9,925 B.C. Control dating of the sample TA-129. 1330 ± 65 TA-131. Bolotnitsa A.D.620 Wood and plant remains from an outcrop on river Bolot:nitsa 1.2 km from village Bolotnitsa, Leningrad Region, RSFSR. Borderline horizon of peat bog. Sample taken at depth of 50 cm. Coll. 1966 and subm. by L. Serebryanny (Inst. of Geogr., Acad. Sci., USSR). 136 J. M. Punning, E. lines, and A. Liiva 11,090 ± 135 TA-132. Vitka 9,140 B.C. Submorainic peat near village Vitka, 5 km SE of town Vastseliina, Voru District, Estonian SSR at depth of 3.7 to 4.0 in. Coll. 1964 and subm. by K. Kajak. 9765 ± 130 TA-133. Oara 7815 B.C. Peat sapropelite near river Oara, Parnu District, Estonian SSR at depth of 154 to 163 cm. Sapropelic layer, 28 cm thick, underlies aleurite and overlies varved clays. Pollen analyzed by H. Kessel, sample assigned to Pollen Zone IX (V. Post-Nilsson system). Coll. 1966 by J. M. Punning; subm. by K. Kajak.

REFERENCES

Aaloe, A. and Kustin, A., 1966, Ancient metallurgy i nSaaremaa: Eesti Loodus, no. 3, p. 162-164 (in Estonian) . Eisen, M. J., 1958. Esivanemate varaudus: Tallinn, p. 9 (in Estonian) . Kessel, H., 1963a, Age of transgression of the Baltic Holocenic basins in Estonia on the basis of palynological data: Baltica I, Vilnius, v, 1, p. 104 (in Russian) . _ 1963b, Holocene coastal formations on the coast of south-west Estonia: ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi uurimused, v. 12, p. 123-144 (in Russian) . ©rviku, K., and Pirrus, R., 1965, Intermorainic organogenic deposits of Karukiila, Estonian SSR: Limnologiya i stratigrafiya tchetvertitschnykh otlozhenii Estonii, Tallinn, p. 3-21 (in Russian) . Punning, J. M., Ilves, E., and Liiva, A., 1966, Dating of ancient samples by the radiocarbon method: ENSV TA Toimetised, Bioloogiateaduste seeria, no. 4, p. 577-581 (in Russian). Selirand, J., 1960, Preliminary results of an archeological study of Valgjarv: ENSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, v. 9, Uhiskonnateaduste seeria, no. 3, p. 268-276 (in Estonian) . Stelle, V., 1963, Driasa floras augu atliekas kiegelu fabrikas "Progress" apkartne pie Jelgavas: Petera Stuckas Latvijas valsts Universitates zinantniskie raksti. 49. sej. Biologijas zinctnes, 2. Botanika 1, p. 169-175 (in Latvian) . Stelle, V. J., 1963, Late glacial plant remains near Ane in the vicinity of Jelgava: Voprosy tchetvertitchnoi geologii, II, Trudy Instituta geologii, XI, Riga, p. 125- 132 (in Russian). [RADIocARI ov, VOL. 10, 1968, P. 131-143]

TATA INSTITUTE RADIOCARBON DATE LIST V I). P. AGRAWAL AND SHEELA KUSUMGAR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay 5, India The C1 dates presented here were obtained by counting methane, using the technique described earlier (Agrawal et a1., 1965a). In accordance with the decision of the Sixth Pullman Conference (Internat. Con[., Pullman, 1965) and the editors' advice we continue to give dates based on -rl/2 = 5568 years. For converting dates to A.D./B.C. scale, 1950 has been used as reference year. Ninety-five per cent activity of N.B.S. oxalic acid has been used as modern standard. This date list comprises 3 categories of samples: archaeologic, geophysical, and geologic. Highlights of C14 dates of archaeologic samples (Ghosh, 1961-64) are given below. GENERAL COM MENT Mula Dam (TF-345 and -217) and Sankhu (TF-189) samples date Pleistocene deposits for the first time in India, thus marking beginning of late Pleistocene chronology of associated human cultures. Early microlithic phase at Adamgarh rock-shelters (TF-120) appears to be ca. 5000 B.C., but more samples are needed for verification. Neolithic sites Utnur (Tata Institute III), Tekklakota (Tata Iusd- tute IV), and now T. Narsipur, Hallur, and Sangankallu (present date list) were extensively dated. A time-spread of ca. 2300 to 1000 B.C. covers the southern Neolithic culture. More interesting arc C14 dates of late Neolithic (TF-575) and those overlapping Megalithic (TF-573 and -570) which date beginning of Megalithic culture to onset of 1st millennium B.C. Iron emerges with beginning of 1st millennium B.C. both in the South and the North. But the advent of iron in the East is much later, though definitely pre-Mauryan, as proved by Chirand (TF-336, Tata Institute IV) and Mahisdal (TF-389, present date list). These may be significant clues to understanding protohistoric migrations. Kayatha, which was extensively dated, gives fairly complete Chalco- lithic sequence. Sonegaon confirms previous chronology of Jorwe culture. Kotia series, of Doab megaliths, and Lekhahia series, of rock-shelters, give almost modern dates. This could be due either to interrupted stratification or poor sample identification.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Prof. D. Lal for his guidance and Mr. K. K. Sivasankar for executing efficiently the glass line assembly. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Adamgarh series, Madhya Pradesh Adamgarh (22° 43' N Lat, 77° 44' E Long), Dist. Hoshangabad, is microlithic site with rock-shelters, excavated by R. V. Joslu and M. D.

131 132 D. P. Agrawal and Sheela Kusumgar Khare in 1961. Samples subm. by A. Ghosh, Director General of Arch- aeol., New Delhi-11. 2765 ± 105 TF-116. Rock-shelter 815 B.C. Uncharred bones from Trench ADG2, Layer 3, depth 1.90 m, Field No. II. Comment: only inorganic fraction dated; probability of contamination high. 7240 ± 125 TF-120. Rock-shelter 5290 B.C. Shells from Trench ADG-10, Layer 2, depth 0.15 to 0.21 m, Field No. X. Comment: sample from Pre-Chalcolithic microlithic phase. General comment: dating of collagen (organic fraction) from other bones from Adamgarh can alone confirm chronology of this Mesolithic culture. 650 ± 95 TF-296. Ahichchhatra A.D. 1300 Charcoal from Ahichchhatra (28° 22' N Lat, 79° 7' E Long), Dist. Bareilly, High Mound, Locus VIII'-IX', Layer 15, depth 0.31 m, Sample No. 24, Field No. 194 (H.M.). Subm. by A. Ghosh. Comment: archaeological date not given. 1845±95 TF-195. Atranjikhera, India, Period IV A.D.105 Charcoal from Atranjikhera (270 42' N Lat, 78° 44' E Long), Dist. Etah, Trench ARJ-4, Locus Al NW, Layer 14, depth 2.15 m, Field No. ARJ 4 (Al NW). NaOH pretreatment was also given. Subm. by Nurul Hasan, Aligarh Univ., Aligarh. 2350 ± 100 TF-387. Besnagar, India, N.B.P. ware deposits 400 B.C. Charcoal from Besnagar (23° 32' N Lat, 77° 48' E Long), Dist. Vidisha, BSN-4, Locus G'l, Layer 8, depth 3.00 to 3.15 m, Field No. 1850. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Subm. by A. Ghosh. Eran series, Madhya Pradesh Eran (24° 5' 16" N Lat, 78° 10' 24" E Long), Dist Sagar. Site being excavated by U. B. Singh, directed by -- Head, Dept. of Ancient In- dian History, Culture, and Archaeol., Univ. of Sagar, Sagar, who subm. samples. 2905 ± 105 TF-326. Period ha 955 B.C. Charcoal from ERN7, Locus IV'-IX', Layer 16, depth 6.3 m, Sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/3. Comment: sample derives from Pd. ha, immediately following Chalcolithic period. 3130 ± 105 TF-324. Period ha 1180 B.C. Charcoal from ERN7, Locus O'-IV', Layer 14, depth 5.3 m, Sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/1. Comment: sample derives from Pd. ha following Chalcolithic period. Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 133 3220 ± 100 TF-330. Period I 1270 B.C. Charcoal from ERN7, Locus IV'-IX', Layer 20, depth 7.7 m, Sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/7. Comment: belongs to a middle level of Chalco- lithic period. 3280 ± 100 TF-327. Period I 1330 B.C. Charcoal from ERN 7, Locus VI'-IX', Layer 17, depth 6.8 m, sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/4. Comment: belongs to Chalcolithic period. 3300 ± 105 TF-329. Period I 1350 B.C. Charcoal from ERN7, Locus VI'-IX', Layer 19, depth 7.5 m, Sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/6. 3355 ± 90 TF-331. Period I 1405 B.C. Charcoal from ERN7, Locus IV'-IX', Layer 21, depth 8.0 m, Sample No. ERN7/C/62-63/8. Comment: compare TF-330, 3220 ± 100 from Layer 20 of same trench. General Comment: C14 dates clearly show no great time gap between Pd. ha and Pd. I. Pd. ha of Eran is evidently earlier than Navdatoli Period IV (if samples are authentic). Hallur series, Mysore Hallur (14° 20' N Lat, 75° 37' E Long), Dist. Dharwar, recently excavated by M. S. Nagaraj Rao, Curator, Karnatak Univ., Dharwar-3, who subm. samples. Hallur gives sequence from Neolithic to Megalithic phases. 3560 ± 105 TF-580. Early Neolithic period 1610 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1, Layer 14, depth 6.1 to 6.4 m, Sample No. 11, Field No. HLR/1965. Visible rootlets were handpicked. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 2895 ± 100 TF-575. Late Neolithic period 945 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1, Layer 7, depth 3.2 m, Sample No. 6, Field No. HLR/1965. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment (M.S.N.): sample derives from latest Neolithic phase just prior to the arrival of Megalithic people. 2820 ± 100 TF-573. Overlap phase 870 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1, Layer 5, depth 2.5 to 3.5 m, Sample No. 4, Field No. HLR/ 1965. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: belongs to Megalithic-Neolithic phase. 134 D. P. Agrewal and Slreela Kusumgar 2970 ± 105 TF-570. Overlap phase 1020 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1, Layer 4, depth 1.80 to 2.10 m, Sample No. 1, Field No. HLR/1965. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: belongs to Megalithic-Neolithic Overlap phase. 4070 ± 95 TF-611. Har Raipur, India 2120 B.C. Elephant tusk from Har Raipur, Field No. HRP F-1 from a river terrace. Subm. by G. C. Mohapatra, Chandigarh Univ., Chandigarh. Comment: inorganic fraction of bone alone could be dated; contamination probability is high. Organic fraction recovered was not sufficient for dating.

Kalihangan series, Rajasthan Kalibangan (29° 25' N Lat, 74° 05' E Long), Dist. Sri Ganganagar, was provincial capital of Harappa culture. Site also yields remains of pre-Harappa culture. Excavations are being jointly conducted by B. B. Lal and B. K. Thapar. Samples subm. by A. Ghosh. Earlier period is termed Kalibangan Period I and later period, Harappan, Kalibangan Period II, by the excavators. 3810 ± 105 TF-605. Harappa culture 1860 B.C. Charcoal from Trench KLB-l, Locus ZB-9, Od. 3, Layer 10, depth 1.6 m, Field No. KLB-l, ZB.9, Od.3/C/1965-66-7. NaOH pretreatineiit was also given. Comment: belongs to late phase of citadel fortification. 3930 -x--120 TF-607. Harappa culture 1980 B.C. Charred wheat and charcoal bits from Trench KLB-2, Locus A8, Qd. 2 Layer 18, depth 4.10 m, Field No. KLB-2, A-8, Qd.l/C/1965-66-9. 3910 ± HO TF-608. Harappa culture 1969 B.C. Charred wheat from Trench KLB-2, Locus A-6, Od. 2, Layer 18, depth 4.50 m, Field No. KLB-2, A-6, Qd.2 /C/1965-66-10. General Comment: to reduce risk of contamination, samples were coll. from early levels with thick soil cover. TF-607 and TF-608 are from early phase.

Kayatha series, Madhya Pradesh Kayatha (23° 30' N Lat, 76° E Long), Dist. Ullain. Site is being excavated by V. S. Wakankar, Vikram Univ., Ujjain, who subn1. samples. 2380+95 TF-394. Pre-Mauryan 430 B.C. Charcoal from Trench KTH-1, Layer 23, depth 3.80 in, Field No. 2. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 135 3575 ± 105 TF-396. Chalcolithic culture 1625 B.C. Charcoal from KTH-1, Layer 32, depth 7.80 m, Field No. 5. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3350 ± 100 TF-397. Chalcolithic culture 1400 B.C. Charcoal from KTH-1, Layer 33, depth 8 m, Field No. 7. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3525 ± 100 TF-399. Chalcolithic culture 1575 B.C. Charcoal from KTH-l, Layer 37, depth 9.1 m, Field No. 8. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3800 ± 105 TF-400. Chalcolithic culture 1850 B.C. Charcoal from KTH-1, Layer 38, depth 9.60 m, Field No. 9. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3190 ±105 TF-401. Chalcolithic culture 1240 B.C. Charcoal from KTH-l, Layer 39, depth 10 m, Field No. 10. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: date is younger than expected. 3240 ± 100 TF-402. Chalcolithic culture 1290 B.C. Charred wheat from KTH-1, Layer 35, depth not given, Field No. 11. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: date is younger than expected. TF-207. Kilayur, India, Black-and-Red ware 2200 ± 100 deposits 250 B.C. Wood from Kilayur (11° 77' N Lat, 79° 82' E Long), Dist. Than- jvur, Madras, from Trench KLR-1, Locus A0, Layer 4, depth 1.25 m, Field No. 1/63, subm. by A. Ghosh. Comment: post was embedded in back waters of sea. Kotia series, Uttar Pradesh Kotia (24° 55' N Lat, 82° 25' E Long), Dist. Allahabad, site being excavated by G. R. Sharma, Inst. of Archaeol., Allahabad Univ., Allaha- bad, who subrn. samples. Samples are from iron-bearing megaliths. 220 ± 95 TF-318. Megalithic culture (?) A.D.1730 Charcoal From Kotia-Meg.-I, depth 0.15 to 0.3 m, Field No. KTA (A) 64/3501. Visible rootlets were removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 480 ± 95 TF-320. Megalithic culture (?) A.D. 1470 Charcoal from Kotia-Meg.-IV, depth 0.15 to 0.6 m, Field No. KTA (A)64/3504. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 136 D. P. Agrawal and Sheela Kusumgar 570 ± 95 TF-322. Megalithic culture (?) A.D.1380 Charcoal from Kotia-Meg.-VA, depth 0.15 to 0.25 m, Field No. KTA (A)64/3506. Visible rootlets were removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 965 ± 100 TF-321. Megalithic culture (?) A.D. 985 Charcoal from Kotia-Meg.-V, depth 0.25 to 0.35 m, Field No. KTA (A) 64/3505. Visible rootlets were removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 2135 ± 100 TF-319. Megalithic culture 185 B.C. Charcoal from Kotia-Meg.-II, depth 0.1 to 0.55 m, Field No. K'l A (A)64/3502. Visible rootlets were removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. General Comment: except for TF-319, other samples are modern. To verify this divergence, four samples were dated; all were recent. This could be possible only if modern charcoal were mixed with samples. Natural contamination of this magnitude is ruled out. Lekhahia series, Uttar Pradesh Lekhahia (24° 80' 5" N Lat, 82° 32' E Long), Dist. Mirzapur. Site is being excavated by G. R. Sharma who subm. samples. 140 ± 90 TF-343. Rock-shelter A.D.1810 Charcoal from Trench LKH(M)-RS-I, Pit B sealed by Layer 1, depth 0.15 m, Field No. LKH (M)64/3006. NaOH pretreatment was also given.

} 155±90 TF-341. Rock-shelter A.D. 1795 Charcoal from Trench LKH(M)-RS-I, Pit A sealed by Layer 1, depth 0.12 m, Field No. LKH(M)64/3004. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 180 ± 110 TF-342. Rock-shelter A.D.1770 Charcoal from Trench LKH(M)-RS-I, Pit B sealed by Layer 1, depth 0.10 m, Field No. LKH(M)64/3005. NaOH pretreatment was also given.

TF-344. Rock-shelter Modern Charcoal from Trench LKH(M)-RS-II, Layer 1, depth 0.02 m, Field No. LKH(M)64/3007. NaOH pretreatment was also given. General Comment: samples seem to be heavily mixed with modern charcoal. Rock-shelters were used by shepherds to light fires till modern times. All samples derive from Layer 1 levels only. Four samples were measured, but to no avail. Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 137 Mahisdal series, West Bengal Mahisdal (23° 42' 45" N Lat, 87° 41' 33" E Long), Dist. Birbhum. Site was excavated by R. P. Das; samples subm. by A. Ghosh. 2565 ± 105 TF-389. Early Iron age 615 B.C. Charcoal from Trench MDL-1, Locus XI'-XII', Pit 2 sealed by 1B, depth 0.55 m, Field No. MDL-1/C/64-1. Visible rootlets were handpicked. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 2725 ± 100 TF-390. Chalcolithic culture 775 B.C. Charred rice from Trench MDL-1, Locus I-II, Layer 4, depth 1.45 m, Field No. MDL-1/C/64-2. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Com- ment: from late phase. 2950 ± 105 TF-392. Chalcolithic culture 1000 B.C. Charcoal from Trench MDL-1, Locus IV-VI, Layer 5, depth 1.30 in, Field No. MDL-1/C/64-4. Visible rootlets were removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: from middle phase. 3235 ± 105 TF-391. Chalcolithic culture 1285 B.C. Charcoal from Trench MDL-1, Locus VII-VIII, Pit 3 sealed by Layer 5, depth 1.61 m, Field No. MDL-l/C/64-3. Comment: from middle phase. General Comment: C14 dates for this eastern protohistoric site conform to new chronological framework. Iron in the region is pre-Mauryan. 520 ± 90 TF-373. Mailaram, India A.D.1430 Charcoal from Mailaram (17° 43' N Lat, 80° 37' E Long), Dist. Khammam, Andhra Pradesh. Coll, from trench in an old slag heap, depth 1 m, Field No. SK3, Sample No. 1. Visible rootlets were handpicked. NaOFI pretreatment was also given. Subm. by S. N. Sen, Geo- logical Survey of India, Hyderabad. Comment: sample indicates earlier copper minim; activity in area. 420 ± 95 TF-347. Mainahai, India, historic levels A.D.530 Charcoal from Mainahai (25° 21' N Lat, 81° 25' E Long), Dist. Allah abad, Uttar Pradesh, from Trench MNH/BWN-1, Locus 0-3, Layer 6 N, depth 0.75 m, Field No. MNH/64/901. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Subm, by G. R. Sharma. Comment: date agrees with archaeol. estimates.

Mula Dam series, Maharashtra Mula Dam (20° 21' N Lat, 74° 37' E Long), Dist. Ahmednagar. Subm. by H. D. Sankalia, Deccan College, Poona, India. Samples were exposed during dam construction operations. 138 D. P. Agrawal and Sheela Kusumgar + 5550 TF-345. Pleistocene deposits 31,075 - 3254 Wood from "Pleistocene deposits" at R.L. 1640 from old bed of Mula River, Sample No. 2. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Com- ment: from uppermost alluvium few Middle Stone age and Late Stone age tools were recovered. Error given with date is 2 std. deviations. TF-217. Pleistocene deposits > 39,000 Wood from "Pleistocene deposits" at R.L.1645 from old bed of Mula River, Sample No. 1. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Com- ment: no tools are reported from these deposits. Nagara series, Gujarat Nagara (22° 41' 15" N Lat, 72° 38' 31" E Long), Dist. Kaira. Site was excavated by R. N. Mehta, Dept. of Archaeol., M. S. Univ., Baroda, India, who subm. samples. 1945 ± 90 TF-362. Historic sample A.D.5 Charcoal from NGR II, Tr. III, Layer 13, depth 3.3 m, Field No. 1947. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 2030 ± 100 TF-364. Historic sample 80 B.C. Charcoal from NGR II (?), Tr. III, Layer 16, depth 4.4 m, Field No. 1949. General Comment: C'4 dates agree with excavator's estimates. TF-651. Nam Pong 7, Thailand, Early 4155 ± 200 Bronze age 2205 B.C. Charcoal from Nam Pong 7 (16° 50' N Lat, 102° 30' E Long), Square ES, Layer 19, depth 1.2 m, Bag No. 1810E. Subm. by W. G. Soiheim II, Dept. of Anthropol., Univ. of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A. 1795 ± 100 TF-370. Saradkel, India, "Asura" culture A.D.155 Charcoal from Saradkel (23° 3' 30" N Lat, 85 ° 21' E Long), Dist. Ranchi, Trench SDK-2, Locus Al-A2, Layer 3, depth 0.07 m. (?), Field No. SDK-2/65-248. Sangankallu series, Mysore Sangankallu (15° 11' N Lat, 76° 58' E Long), Dist. Bellary, was excavated first by the late Subba Rao. Excavations were resumed recently by H. D. Sankalia who subm, samples. 3400 ± 100 TF-359. Neolithic period 1450 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1-2, Layer 4, depth 2.4 m, Field No. SKL/ Tr.1-2/64-65/568. Visible rootlets removed. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: sample comes from an early level. Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 139 3435 ± 100 TF-355. Neolithic period 1485 B.C. Charcoal from Trench SKL S. Rao's II, Layer 2, depth 1.4 m, Field No. SKL S. Rao's II/64-65/474. Visible rootlets were handpicked. NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3440 ± 100 TF-354. Neolithic period 1490 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 1-2, Layer 3, depth 2.5 m, Field No. SKL/ Tr. 1-2/64-65/393. NaOH pretreatment was also given. Comment: sample belongs to an early level. + 3220 TF-189. Sankhu, Nepal 29,115 - 2285 Peat from naturally exposed road-cutting on way to Sankhu (27° 43' N Lat, 80° 25' E Long), near Kathmandu, Stratum upper peat-bed. Visible rootlets were handpicked. Subm, by A Ghosh. Sonegaon series, Maharashtra Sonegaon (18° 39' N Lat, 74° 5' E Long), Dist. Poona. Site is being excavated by H. D. Sankalia, who subm. samples. 3150 ± 90 TF-379. Jorwe culture 1200 B.C. Charred grain from Mound II, Layer 2b, depth 1.2 m, Field No. 69. Visible rootlets removed. 3185 ± 100 TF-383. Jorwe culture 1235 B.C. Charcoal from a corner of baulk-cutting, depth 4.3 m, Field No. 303, NaOH pretreatment was also given. 3195 ± 100 TF-382. Jorwe culture 1245 B.C. Charred wheat from Mound II, Layer 5, depth 2.2 m, Field No. 136. 3230 ± 105 TF-380. Jorwe culture 1280 B.C. Charcoal from Mound II, Layer 4, depth 1.8 m, Field No. 120. Visible rootlets removed. NaOH pretreatment was given. 3415 :± 105 TF-384. Jorwe culture 1465 B.C. Charcoal from Mound II, Layer 7, depth 2.36 in, Field No. 321. Visible rootlets were handpicked. NaOH pretreatment was also given. General Comment: Site is similar to )orwe and Nevasa. C11 dates also confirm its assignment to late Chalcolithic period. T. Narsipur series, Mysore T. Narsipur (12° 13' N Lat, 76° 55' E Long), Dist. Mysore, was excavated by M. Seshadri, Dept. of Archaeol., Mysore, who subm. samples. 140 D. P. Agrawal and Sheela Kusumgar 220 ± 90 TF-414. Megalithic culture A.D.173O Charcoal from T.N. 24A, Locus C-D, Layer 3A, depth 0.68 m, Sample No. 3, 1965. Visible rootless were handpicked. Comment: sample is much younger than expected. 3345 ± 105 TF-413. Neolithic culture 1395 B.C. Charcoal from T.N. 24A, Locus C-D, Pit IV, sealed by Layer 6 (?), depth 1.8 m, Sample No. 2, 1965. 3645 ± 105 TF-412. Neolithic culture 1695 B.C. Charcoal from T.N. 24A, Locus A-B, Layer 6, depth 1.6 m, Sample No. 1, 1965. NaOH pretreatment was also given. General Comment: C14 dates appear to assign a middle phase to T. Narsi- pur in the general Neolithic time-spread.

II. GEOPHYSICAL SAMPLES C" in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

The C14/C12 ratio in atmospheric CO2 was measured for 3 stations: (1) Gulmarg 340 04' N Lat, 740 25' E Long), alt. 2745 m; (2) Bombay (18° 56' N Lat, 72 ° 51' E Long), sea level; and (3) Kodaikanal (10° 15' N Lat, 770 31' E Long), alt. 2300 m. Carbonate-free 0.1 N NaOH solution was exposed in enamel trays. Evaporation losses were made up by adding weakly acidified tap water. At Gulmarg, during winter and spring, electric heaters were placed below enamel trays to keep temperature of the exposed solution well above freezing point. The following tables give exposure time of NaOH solution to atmospheric air and the observed per cent excess of C14 in the atmospheric CO2 samples above the reference level of 1890 wood (corrected for decay), i.e., 0.95 N.B.S. oxalic acid.

Table 1. Atmospheric Radiocarbon Activity series, Gulmarg

Sample No. Exposure Dates 8011,07io TF-457 Nov. 19, 1963 - Nov. 30, 1963 77.37 ± 2.37 TF-459 Dec. 16, 1963 - Dec. 31, 1963 82.38 ± 2.10 TF-461 Jan. 16, 1964 - Jan. 31, 1964 81.95± 1.78 TF-462 Feb. 1, 1964 - Feb. 15, 1964 79.44± 1.91 TF-464 April 1, 1964 - April 15, 1964 79.37 ± 1.78 TF-466 May 1, 1964 - May 15, 1964 81.17 ± 1.77 TF-468 June 1, 1964 - June 15, 1964 84.08 ± 2.02 TF-469 June 15, 1964 - July 1, 1964 91.79 ± 1.95 TF-4 7 O July 1, 1964 - July 15, 1964 85.23 ± 2.06 TF-471 July 15, 1964 - Aug. 1, 1964 88.89 ± 2.01 Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 141

Table 1. (cont'd.) Sample No. Exposure Dates 6014%

TF-472 Aug. 1, Aug. 9.13 TF-475 Sept. 15, Oct. TF-478 Nov. 1, Nov. TF-481 Dec. 15, Jan. TF-482 Jan. 1, 1965 - Jan. 2.00 TF-483 Jan. 15, 1965 - Feb. 1.94 TF-486 Mar. 1, 1965 - Mar. 1.68 TF-487 Mar. 15, 1965 - April 1, 1965 1.83 TF-489 April 15, 1965 - May 1, 1965 2.01 Table 2. Atmospheric Radiocarbon Activity series, Bombay

Sample No. Exposure Dates 3C1%0 TF-493 Nov. 1, 1963 - Nov. 11, 1963 80.49 ± 2.01 TF-494 Aug. 1, 1964 - Aug. 11, 1964 64.10 ± 1.83 TF-496 Aug. 26, 1964 - Sept. 4, 1964 65.66 ± 1.75 TF-547 Nov. 16, 1964 - Nov. 30, 1964 77.70 ± 1.97 Table 3. Atmospheric Radiocarbon Activity series, Kodaikanal Sample No. Exposure Dates 3Ci% TF-503 Nov. 16, 1963 - Dec. 1, 1963 2.58 TF-505 Dec. 16, 1963 - Dec. 31, 1963 1.69 TF-506 Dec. 31, 1963 - Jan. 13, 1964 TF-507 Jan. 13, 1964 - Jan. 23, 1964 1.57 TF-510 Mar. 2, 1964 - Mar. 16, 1964 1.83 TF-511 Mar. 16, 1964 - Mar. 31, 1964 1.83 TF-514 May 1, 1964 - May 16, 1964 1.92 TF-516 June 1, 1964 - June 16, 1964 1.96 TF-517 June 16, 1964 - July 3, 1964 1.95 TF-519 July 16, 1964 - July 31, 1964 1.94 TF-521 Aug. 16, 1964 - Sept. 1, 1964 1.93 TF-523 Sept. 16, 1964 - Oct. 1, 1964 1.89 TF-526 Nov. 1, 1964 - Nov. 11, 1964 1.95 TF-529 Dec. 15, 1964 - Dec. 31, 1964 1.75 TF-531 Jan. 15, 1965 - Feb. 1, 1965 1.83 TF-534 Mar. 1, 1965 - Mar. 15, 1965 1.64 TF-537 April 16, 1965 - May 1, 1965 1.76 Red Sea piston core series Sediment samples subm, by Dr. V. Herman, Washington Univ., Pull- man, in connection with paleoclimatological studies. Errors quoted below are only 1Q, though, generally, 2 errors are given for samples of this age range. 142 D. P. Agrawal and Sheela Kusumgar 22,050 ± 600 TF-450. Core No. V14.118(a) 20,100 B.C. \Thole sediment, a foraminiferal and pteropodal calci-lutite from 150 to 180 cm. below top. Core taken at depth of 516 m (18° 37' N Lat, 39° 03' E Long). 24,585 ± 1000 TF-455. Core No. V14-118(b) 22,635 B.C. Whole sample, a foraminiferal and pteropodal calci-lutite from 220 to 250 cm below top. Sediments deposited during a short, mild oscillation within Last Glacial. Comment: due to possible contamination by recent carbon, age should be considered a minimum. 7615 ± 125 TF-451. Core No. V14-122 5665 B.C. Coarse fraction (>62k), mainly planktonic Foraminifera and Ptero- poda from depth of 30 to 50 cm in core. Core taken at depth of 1486 m. (23° 55' N Lat, 36° 28' E Long). Sample comes from just above organic- rich black layer of sapropelitic mud, therefore dates time since last stag- nation of basin. 29,445 ± 1045 TF-453. Core No. V14.123(a) 27,495 B.C. Whole sediment, a foraminiferal and pteropodal calci-lutite, from 170 to 190 cm below top. Core taken at depth of 816 m. (24° 02' N Lat, 36° 02' E Long). Dated sediments were deposited during Last Glaciation.

35,195 ± 1825 TF-449. Core No. V14.12(h) 33,245 B.C. Whole sediment, a foraminiferal and pteropodal calci-lutite from 200 to 230 cin below top. 30,385 ± 1165 TF-454. Core No. V14.125 28,435 B.C. hhole sediment, a foraminiferal and pteropodal calci-lutite from 170 to 200 cm below top. Core taken at depthI of 956 m. (26° 57' N Eat, 34° 38' E Long).

111. (;F.oLOGIC SAIiPLFS Chav ara-Kayankulam series, India Chavara-Kayankulam coast (8° 49' N Lat, 76° 30' E Long), Kerala. Samples subm. by G. Prabhakar Rao, .atomic Minerals I)iv., Dept. of Atomic Energy, Shradhanandpeth, Nagpur-3. 5470 ± 115 TF-203. Borehole No. 20 3520 B.C. Mollusc shells from off-shore Borehole No. 20, depth 1.8 to 3.6 m, Field No. CKO/1. Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 143 6120±110 TF-204. Borehole No. 21 4170 B.C. 1'Iollusc shells from off-shore borehole No. 21, depth 3.9 to 5.2 m, Field No. CKO/2. 6000± 120 TF-443. Dum-Dum, India 4050 B.C. Wood (Heretiera sp.) from Dum-Dum near Calcutta, Dist. 24 Par- ganas. Sample No. 4 (a), Field No. IV. Paleobotanical sample subm, by A. K. Ghosh, Botany Dept., Calcutta Univ., Calcutta. NaOH pretreatment was given. 10,815 ± 155 TF-612. Godavari delta, India 8865 B.C. Shells from a core from Godavari Delta (16° 59' N Lat, 82° 45' E Long), depth 117 m. Subm. by Dr. Aswathanarayan, Andhra Univ., Wal- tair. Comment: date is minimum for marine fades of recent Godavari delta.

REFERENCES Ddte lists: Tata Institute III Agrawal, Kusumgar, and Lal, 1965 Tata Institute IV Agrawal and Kusumgar, 1966 Agrawal, D. P. and Kusumgar, Sheela, 1966, Tata Institute radiocarbon date list IV: and some determinations of ages of archaeological samples: Current Sci., v. 34, p. 394-397. 1965b, Tata Institute radiocarbon date list III: Radiocarbon, v. 7, p. 291-295. Agrawal, D. P. and Kusumgar, Sheela, 1966, Tata Institute radiocarbon date list IV: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 442-452. Ghosh, A., 1961-1964. Indian archaeology - a review: Archaeol. Survey of India. Sixth Internat. Conf. Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating, June 7-11, Pullman, 1965, U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 10, 1968, P. 144-148]

UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS I JUN SATO, TOMOKO SATO,* * and HISASHI SUZUKIt Carbon Dating Laboratory, University of Tokyo, Japan. The University of Tokyo Carbon Dating Laboratory was established to meet the requirements for dating materials from various fields of science at the university. Installation and testing of the apparatus as well as routine assays have been carried out with counsel of Dr. Nobu- fusa Saito, Professor of Chemistry, and Dr. Yozo Nogami, Professor of Physics, the University of Tokyo. Management of the laboratory is un- dertaken by the Carbon Dating Committee of he University of Tokyo. The laboratory has actually been working for a year. This article reports the radiocarbon age measurements made from September 1966 to July 1967, together with a brief description of the measuring system. Our laboratory uses a proportional gas counter made by 11I.B.L.E., Belgium (Type RNR 054) with an actual volume of 1 L. A ring guard counter of 1.2 L surrounding the central counter is arranged in anticoincidence. The central counter and the guard counter are separated by a thin plastic screen (styloflex metalized on both sides, 60 µ thick) to reduce background counts attributed to gamma-ray components in the natural background. The counter is shielded with 5-10 cm thick iron and lead. Special precaution was taken to avoid spurious counts, and noise from electronic circuits were completely eliminated. Background is reduced to 1.5-2.0 cpm and the counting rate of the oxalic acid standard from NBS is 12-13 cpm at the normal counting pressures. Counting gas is introduced into the counter as purified acetylene at a pressure of 1 atm at room temperature (23°C). Prior to sample preparation, rootlets and other contaminating foreign materials in charcoal and wood samples are removed by handpick- ing. Wood samples are then charred. Samples are boiled in 1% NaOH solution for a few hours to solubilize lignin and humic acid. Samples are then boiled in dil. HC1 solution to remove carbonates. CO2 is produced by combustion in the oxygen stream. Marble as the dead carbon material and corals are broken into small pieces, and contaminating materials, if any, are handpicked. Crushed samples are pretreated with dil. HC1 solution to dissolve the outer layer. Then they are treated with 6M HC1 solution to release CO2. The NBS oxalic acid standard, modern carbon standard material, is treated either by direct combustion in oxygen or oxidation by KMnO4 in H2SO4 solution. Samples are converted into acetylene by the method of Suess (Suess, 1954) using CO2 - CaCO3 - SrC03 -- SrC2 -C2H2 reaction. The chem- * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, the Uriiverstiy of Tokyo. **Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo. j-Chairman, the Carbon Dating Committee of the University of Tokyo. Mailing address: c/o Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. 144 University of Tokyo Radiocarbon Measurements I 145 ical yield in the conversion of CO2 - C2H2 is about 70%. When a sample is limited, it is diluted with dead carbon in carbonate form at the CaCO3 stage, for the chemical yield of purified CaCO3 - SrC03 reaction is almost 100% in this system. Counting gas is purified with a small amount of active charcoal cooled at dry ice-ethanol temperature. Its purity is qualitatively checked by mass spectrometry. The plateau curve was checked by the internal modern standard sample. The plateau curve of each counting gas is checked by an external 137Cs radiation source. It ranges about 600 V and the slope is about 2% / 100 V. The range and slope are almost the same as those of the former. The plateau curve is measured for each sample at the beginning and end of counting. It verifies absence of variation in counting gas. The activitiy of each sample is counted for 24 hrs at least twice, several days apart, replacing the modern standard and background measurement in rotation. Contemporary value for all dates is 95% of the activity of oxalic acid standard from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, as recommended at the 1959 Groningen Radiocarbon Conference. The value of 5570 ± 30 yr is used as the half-life of C14. The results are expressed in years before 1950, denoted by years B.P. Ages reported here are the average values of dates which agree with each other within 2. The errors given include the standard deviation of the counting rate of unknown samples, of the NBS standard, and of the background. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Drs. Yuji Yokoyama, Kazuo Sato, Kasuke Taka- hashi, and Mr. Nobuyuki Saito for their efforts in developing this project. Special thanks go to Prof. Kunihiko Kigoshi, Gakushuin Univ., who made several suggestions on these measurements. Special thanks are also due Dr. Tatsuji Hamada, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, who supplies us with water of low tritium content. We are indebted to Miss Yasuko Otomori for her cooperation and Miss Satoko Mikami for typing. 1 his project has been supported in part by a Grant in Aid for Fundamental Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education.

SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Japan Numa series Samples from Numa coral bed at Koyatsu, Tateyama city, Chiba pref. (34° 57' N Lat, 139° 50' E Long). The bed indicates postglacial climatic optimum. Coll. 1966 by Y. Hamada and subm. 1966 N. Kata- vama. Univ. of Tokyo. 146 Jun Sato, Tomoko Sato, and Hisaslzi Suzuki 7870 ± 70 TK-7. Numa 5920 B.C. Coral (Favia specieosa). Comment (N.K.): same sample measured by 234U - 230Th method at Kanazawa Univ. with result 7100 ± 300 yr (personal commun.). 4700 ± 500 TK-8. Numa 2750 B.C. Coral (Stylocoemiella hanzawai). Coin rent (N.K.): same sample measured by 234U - 230Th method at Kanazawa Univ. with result 7400 + 400 yr (personal commun.). 4120 ± 100 TK-15. Satte 2170 B.C. Peat from borehole at natural levee formed by Furu-Tone River, depth 10.85 to 11.70m (alt 11.Om), Satte, Saitama pref. (36° 03' N Lat, 139° 42' E Long). Sample from black peaty bed on marine deposits overlain by fluvial deposits. Coll. 1964 by Y. Sakaguchi, Dept. of Geog., Univ. of Tokyo; subm. 1966 by S. Iwatsuka, Dept. of Geog., Univ. of Tokyo. 13,900 ± 200 TK-16. Shirane 11,950 B.C. Peat from borehole in alluvial plain, depth 112 to 125m (alt 2m), Shrane, Niigata pref. (37° 46' N Lat, 139° 01' E Long). Coll. 1962 by Y. Sakaguehi; subm. 1966 by S. Iwatsuka. Comment (S.I.) : stratigraphy indicates dated layer probably accumulated at middle of Wurm Ice age. Asama Volcano series Sample from charred stems of wood destroyed by volcanic eruptions of Mt. Asama, Nagano pref. Coll. 1966 by I. Murai et al., Univ. of Tokvo. 870 ± 80 TK-21. Amaike A.n.1080 Charcoal from deposit on Oiwake pyroclastic flow at Amaike, Ko- moro city, on SW foot of Mt. Asama (30° 21' N Lat, 138° 27.5' E Long). Subm. 1967 by N. Saito, Univ. of Tokyo. Flow is interpreted to have erupted in 1281 A.1., forming the most voluminous deposit among recent pyroclastic formations at Asama Volcano. 433 ± 70 TK-22a. Onioshidashi A.D.1517 Check sample. Charcoal from deposits of Agatsuma pyroclastic flow at Onioshidashi (30° 26.3' N Lat, 138° 32.3' E Long). Subm, by J. Sam. From inner part of wood stem charred by volcanic eruption in 1783 A.D. Comment (J.S.): this sample provides historical check of our radiocarbon dating method. Validity of age calculations for Japanese samples based on NBS oxalic acid standard can also be checked. 194 ± 60 TK-22b. Onioshidashi A.D.1756 From bark of charred wood. University of Tokko Radiocarbon Measurements 1 147

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Japan 4970 ± 80 TK-1. Minamihori 3020 B.C. Charred timber from floor of dwelling pit No. 10 of Early Jomon period at Minamihori shell-mound, Minami-Yamadacho, Kita-ku, Yoko- hama city, Kanagawa pref. (35° 32' N Lat, 139° 37' E Long). Excavation 1955 by S. Wajima (1958), Research Institute for Natural Resources. Pottery is Moroiso A type. Coll. 1955 and subm. 1963 by N. Watanabe, Univ. of Tokyo. Comment (N.W.): date comparable to 5230 ± 100 (TK-3, this list), 5290 ± 140 (N-38, Riken II) and 5100 ± 400 (M-240, Michigan I) associated with same type pottery. 5230 ± 100 TK-3. Kamo 3280 B.C. Wood from peat formation which yielded dug-out canoe of Early Jomon period at Kamo, Toyota-mura, Awa-gun, Chiba pref. (35° 01' N Lat, 139° 50' E Long). Excavation Dec. 1948 by R. Fujita and N. Mat- sumoto, Keio Univ. (Matsumoto et al., 1952). Pottery is Moroiso A type. Coll. 1948 by J. Shimizu, Keio Univ.; subm. 1966 by N. Watanabe. Corn- merit (N.W.): wood from same peat layer gave 5290 ± 140 (N-38, Riken II) and 5100 ± 400 (M-240, Michigan I). See also TK-1, this list. Tokoro Chashi series Charcoal from pit houses at Tokoro Chashi (fort), Tokoro-machi, Tokoro-gun, Hokkaido (44° 06' N Lat, 144° 06' E Long). Excavation 1960 by K. Komai (1964), Dept. of Archaeology, Univ. of Tokyo. Pottery is of Okhotsk type. Coll. 1960 and subm. 1966 by K. Komai. 1230 ± 100 TK-2. Pit House No. 1 A.D. 720 Comment (K.K.): same sample gave 990 ± 140 (Gak-190, Gakushuin II). 1180 ± 100 TK-9. Pit House in Trench T A.D. 770 Gifu II site series Charcoal from pit house at Gifu II site, Tokoro-machi, Tokoro-gun, Hokkaido (440 07' N Lat, 143° 59' E Long). Excavation 1965 and 1966 by T. Mikami, Dept. of Archaeol. Univ. of Tokyo. Pottery is Satsumon type. 1140 -!--- 70 TK-4. Pit House No. 13 A.D.810 Charcoal, coll. 1965 and subm. 1966 by T. Mikami. 1220 ± 60 TK-17. Pit House No. 10 A.D. 730 Charcoal, coll. 1966 and subm. by T. Mikami. Coni m.eir t (TM.): dates are a little older than expected. 148 Jun Sato, Tomoko Sato, and Hisashi Suzuki B. Peru Chavin de Huantar series Chavin de Huantar, great ceremonial center, presumably of Forma- tive period is on left bank of Mosna R., tributary of Maranon R., N highland of Peru (9° 25' S Lat, 77° 05' W Long). Coll. 1966 by Luis G. Lumbreras, San Marcos Univ.; subm. 1967 by S. Izumi, Univ of Tokyo. 3050 ± 120 TK-18. Temple of Chavin 1100 B.C. Charcoal from Section RCA, Galeria de las Ofrendas, associated with Classic Chavin style pottery. Comment (S.I.): dates of parallel phase at Kotosh sites, Kotosh Chavin, are 3150 ± 150 (Gak-263, unpublished) and 2820 ± 120 (N-65-2, Riken II). 1820 ± 80 TK-19. Mosna phase A.D.130 Charcoal from Section RC, 12A-B, Stratum 4, Mosna phase, last phase at site. 1780 ± 110 TK-20. Huaras phase A,D.170 Charcoal from Section RC, 9D, Stratum 7, Huaras phase.

REFERENCES Date lists: Gakushuin II Kigoshi and Endo, 1963 Michigan I Crane, 1956 Riken II Yamasaki, Hamada, and Fujiyama, 1966 Crane, H. R., 1956, University of Michigan radiocarbon dates I: Science, v. 124, p. 664-672. Kigoshi, K. and Endo K., 1963, Gakushuin natural radiocarbon measurements II: Radiocarbon, v. p. 109-117. Komai, K. (ed.), 1964: The archaeological sites on the Okhotsk sea coast and the Shiretoko peninsula in Hokkaido, v. 2: Faculty of Letters, Univ. of Tokyo, p. 1-193. Matsumoto, N., Fujita, R., Shimizu, J., and Esaka, T., 1952, Kamo: a study of the Neolithic site and a Neolithic dugout canoe discovered at Kamo, Chiba pre- fecture, Japan: Publ. Hist. Dept., Fac. Letters, Keio Univ., Archaeol. Ethnol. ser. 3., p. 1-138. Suess, H E., 1954, Natural radiocarbon measurements by acetylene counting: Science, v. 120, p. 5-7. Wajima, S., 1958, Minamihori shell-mound, a prehistoric village site: History of Yoko- hama city, issued by Yokohama Municipal Office, v. 1, p. 29-46. Yamasaki, F., Hamada, T., and Fujiyama. C., 1966, Riken natural radiocarbon measurements II: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 324-339. [RAUIOcuthoN, Vot,. 10, 1968, P. 149-1601

UCLA RADIOCARBON DATES VII RAINER BERGER and W. F. LIBBY Institute of Geophysics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024 The measurements reported have been carried out during the first half of 1967 in the Isotope Laboratory of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics as a continuation of the UCLA date lists I through VI. Samples were analyzed as C02-gas at close to one atm in a 7.5 L proportional counter with 3 energy channels described earlier. Radiocarbon ages have been calculated for uniformity on the basis of a 5568-yr half- life as was recommended by the Sixth International C14 and H3 Dating Conference, June 1965, in Pullman, Washington. The standard for the contemporary biosphere remains as 95% of the count rate of NBS oxalic acid for radiocarbon laboratories. Background determinations have been based on CO2 obtained from marble. The error listed is always at least a 1 statistical counting error. In critical cases C13/C12 isotope ratio measurements were made to correct the dates for fractionation. All samples were subjected to accepted NaOH and/or HCl pretreatments depending on the individual case as a minimum to exclude contamination. The annual curve for the atmospheric C14 content at China Lake, Cali- fornia, will be published in the next date list.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the National Science Foundation fr continued financial support (GA-628) and acknowledge the competent assistance of R. Ervin Taylor for 6 yr (new address: Dept. of Anthropology, San Fernando Valley State College), Bette L. Davis (Dept. of History), and Barbara Turring (Dept. of Psychology), and the cooperation of I. R. Kaplan and Marc Yzuel (Inst. of Geophysics) in determining C13/ C1`' isotope ratios. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS A. United States UCLA-1221. Painted buffalo shields Modern Leather from 3 large decorated buffalo-hide shields found in a cave near Torrey (Fremont region, Utah) (38° 15' N Lat, 1110 14' W Long), now on exhibit at Capital Reef National Monument Mus., Fruita, Utah. Since Fremont culture came to end ca. A.D. 1300, question is if shield design originated with Fremont people or is late introduction from Great Plains. Subm. by C. Grant, Santa Barbara Mus. of Natural Hist., Santa Barbara, Calif. Comments (C.G.) : D. Gebhard, Univ, of Calif. at Santa Barbara, dates designs stylistically to 17th or 18th century. Shields are discussed in detail in Grant (1967). (R.B.): tree-ring calibrated radiocarbon age is either modern, ca A.D. 1650 or 1750. *Pnhlication number 611, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Univ. of California, I.os Angeles.

149 150 Rainer Bergcr (111(1 11. 1. Libby 2620 ± 80 UCLA-1222. Rodriguez site, Lassen Co. 670 B.C. Charcoal sample recovered by J. O'Connell from occupation layer near base of open campsite CA-Las-194 at S end, Surprise Valley Cali- fornia (41° 10' N Lat, 120° 2' \V Long). Sample from charred limb used as construction element of burnt house. Subm. 1966 by R. F. Heizer, tlniv. of Calif. at Berkeley. Co111men t (R.F.H.): dates probable initial occupation of site and pre-dates stratigraphically level containing Elko Eared type projectile points. Earlier date for this site, I-2007 (180 is.c.), 2130 ± 105 yr, is based on charcoal from intruded burial pit and cannot l)e stratigraphically associated with UCLA-1222.

B. LtiCwi(() La Venta series Original radiocarbon elates for La Venta ceremonial site in province of Tabasco, Mexico (18° 10' N Lat, 94° 05' W Long) were determined about 10 yr ago (M-528 to 536, Michigan II). I hrough the courtesy of the Michigan lab., portions of original charcoal samples were obtained and age redetermined with statistically smaller errors for reconsideration of age of La Venta site. Samples for original measurements were coll. by P. Drucker and R. F. Heizer during the 1955 National Geographic Society-Smithsonian Institution-Univ. of Calif. excavations. In addition, several samples obtained in 1964 by R. J. Sduier, Univ. of Kansas are also included in this list. Subm, and discussed in detail by R. Berger, J. A. Graham, and R. F. Heizer (1967). 3050 ± 90 UCLA-1253. La Venta 1100 B.C. Charcoal from sherd-bearing refuse deposit exposed in drainage trench NW of Great Pyramid at La Venta. Layer rested on sterile clay and was apparently undisturbed. No structural associations with this sample exist, but since associated pottery is typical of La Venta, date falls in period of La Venta's construction. 2380 ± 60 UCLA-1283. La Venta 430 B.C. Charcoal from lower margin of Post-Complex A occupation in wind- blown sands lying on Phase IV surface of W of NE entryway. Previously dated as M-528, 2400 ± 250. 2530 ± 60 UCLA-1284A. La Venta 580 B.C. Charcoal from bottom of Phase II pit, 68 in. below surface of NW platform. Analogous to M-530, 2760 ± 300. This sample was not pretreated with HC1. 2550 ± 60 UCLA-1284B. La Venta 600 B.C. Same as UCLA-1284A, but pretreated with HCI. Comparison shows no absorption effects (luring sample storage due to bomb-C14. UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VII 151 2820 ± 68 UCLA-1285. La yenta 870 B.C. Charcoal from phase I platform in MODU(l A-2. Same as M-532, 2650 ± 300. 3000 ± 60 UCLA-1286. La Yenta 1050 B.C. Charcoal from artificial fill underlying and contemporaneous with Phase I floor in NW platform. Same as M-534, 2670 ± 300. 2415 ± 60 UCLA-1287. La Yenta 465 B.C. Charcoal from burnt area on Phase IV surface \N of limestone slab paving near NE entryway. Same as M-533, 2130 ± 300; UCLA-903, 2460 ± 80 (UCLA IV) in 1965. 2765 ± 80 UCLA-1276A. La Yenta 815 B.C. Charcoal from Pit C, 1964 of R. J. Squier at depth 240 to 255 cm in soil moderately rich in sherds. 2830 ± 60 UCLA-1276B. La Yenta 880 B.C.

Charcoal from Pit C, 1964 of R. 1. Squier at depth 255 to 270 cm in sherd-rich matrix. A sample from 335 cm was contaminated with asphalt and could not be dated. Presence of asphalt among charcoal in Tabasco- Veracruz area may explain earlier abnormally old dates. 1835 ± 90 UCLA-1280A. La Yenta A.D.115 Charcoal from small burnt hearth at depth 114 to 119 cm in Pit B/l, 1964 of R. J. Squier. 1720 ± 180 UCLA-1280B. La Yenta A.D. 230 Charcoal from depth 153 to 165 cm among many sherds in Pit B/I, 1964 of R. J. Squier. 1760 ± 155 UCLA-1281B. La Yenta A.D.190 Charcoal from burnt hearth area at depth 148 to 153 cm in Pit B, 1964 of R. J. Squier. General Comment: origin and abandonment of La Venta site has been moved ca. 2 centuries back and appears to be contemporary with San Lorenzo (Coe, Dieh1, and Stuiver, 1967). Earlier dating of "classic" Olmec makes this culture the more remarkable. 610 ± 80 UCLA-1217. Huistla, Jalisco A.D.1340 Charcoal from fireplace in Pit 5, depth 40 to 48 cm, on alluvial fan SW of Ttzatlan (20° 40' N Lat, 104° 00' W Long) . Coll., subm., and discussed by M. A. Glassow, UCLA (1967). 152 Raincr Berger and W. F. Libby' 605 ± 60 UCLA-1251. Idol A.D.1345 Carved wooden figure of Aztec idol, 54.5 cm tall, one of pair. Other figure was dated as UCLA-1216, 550 ± 60 yr (UCLA-VI) and corrected to 575 + 60, taking fractionation into account. C13/C12 isotope ratio -24.35% with respect to PDB standard. Coll, by J. C. Leff, Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Subm. by H. B. Nicholson, UCLA, and R. Berger.

C. Asia 110 ± 300 UCLA-1275. Indian manuscript A.D.1840 Legal manuscript page in Arabic with illustration in Mughal style which may have been pasted on later. Subm. 1967 by J. Katz, Los An- geles . Comment (R.B.): based on tree-ring calibrated radiocarbon dating, manuscript page was manufactured during mid-17th to mid-l9th century.

D. Europe European Medieval Architecture series Dates listed below are a continuation of investigation into Aisled Medieval Timber Hall (UCLA III-VI) and of potential and limitations of radiocarbon dating in the Middle Ages. For maximum precision 6cli measurements and sample location in timber are included as well as comparison with secular variations of atmospheric C14 levels (Suess, 1965). Samples coll., subm., and commented on by W. Horn, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, and R. Berger. 625 ± 80 UCLA-1260. Leicester Hall A.D.1325 SC13 = -25.78% Oakwood from Post F waney edge from very head of tree below ° arcade plate of Leicester Hall, England (52° 34' N Lat, 1 7' W Long). H/B 3$. Comment: C14 age corresponds to A.D. 1250 to 1400 when considering tree-ring calibrated dating. 415 ± 80 UCLA-1261. Leicester Hall A.D.1535 C13 = -21.39% Wood from Truss F, tie-beam, upper face above Post F next to springing of principal rafter. H/B 39. Comment: C14 age corresponds to ca. A.D. 1450. 1050 ± 80 UCLA-1262. Leicester Hall A.D. 900 SC13 = -25.42% Wood from Truss E, Post E', from inside of mortice of longitudinal arch brace tenon connecting Post E' with arcade plate between trusses C14 E and D. HOB 35. Tree-ring allowance ca. 150 yr. Comment: age corresponds to age 950 to 1000 yr. Probable historical age ca. A.D. 1100 to 1150. UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VII 153

280 ± 80 UCLA-1263. Leicester Hall A.D. 1670 6C 1., 26.26(

Wood from Truss E, tie-beam from upper surface, 1 2 in. from E roof-plate at intersection with roof slope. H /B 37. Comment: considering tree-ring calibrated dating, probable historical age is ca. A.D. 1450. 645 ± 80 UCLA-1264. Leicester Hall A.D.1305 Wood 6C" = -21.68 from arcade plate between Trusses E and F directly above scarf joint near Post E'. Upper inner edge of beam. H/B 40. Comment: probable historical age after calibrated dating ca. A.D. 1250. 320 ± 80 UCLA-1265. Leicester Hall A.n.1630 b`113 = --2I.12 Wood from Tie-Beam C, lower edge close to Post C'. H/B 41. Tree- ring allowance 10 to 20 yr. Comment: C14 age corresponds to either A.D. 1600 or 1450. 630 ± 80 UCLA-1266. Leicester Hall A.n.1320 6C" = _24.09/(, Wood from principal rafter, Truss D, E side immediately above knee-brace. H/B 44. Comment: C'4 age corresponds to ca. A.D. 1275. 645 ± 80 UCLA-1267. Leicester Hall A.D.1305 6013 = -23.37; Wood from upper inner edge of roof-plate, S of Truss E between Post D' and E'. H/B 36. Comment: C'4 age corresponds to ca An. 1250. 365 ±80 UCLA-1268. Leicester Hall A.D.1585 SC13 = _24.75%( Wood from upper edge of roof-plate to both sides of Post C. H/B 43. Comment: C" age corresponds to ca A.D. 1450. 700 ± 60 UCLA-1269. Leicester Hall A.D.1250 5013=-25.91% Wood from roof-plate on top of Post C', lower edge. H/B 42. Com- ment: C14 age corresponds to ca. A.D. 1250. General Comment: it appears that of original Leicester Hall of Norman days, only posts remain. All other timbers appear to be replacements. The building and its dating wil be discussed elsewhere. 605 ± 60 UCLA-1097. St. Clere's Hall, St. Osyth A.D.1345 6013 = -26.4% Sapwood with thin bark layer attached from arch brace of center truss-projecting spur in triangular opening host to side-facing chimney. 154 Rainer Berger and lF. F. Libby Pretreatment included continuous ether extraction for 5 clays. Coll, and subm. 1965 by W. Horn, R. Berger, and C. A. Hewett. Comment: no change in C14 age after secular variations and fractionation. Probable historical age A.D. 1350 ± 60. St. Clere's is discussed in detail in Hewett (1967). 270 ± 60 UCLA-1250. Harwell Church A.D.1680 Wood from N transept tie-beam. Coil, and subm. 1962 by J. M. Fletcher, Harweil, England. Comment (J.M.F.) : if Suess (1965) curve is used, calendar ages derived from UCLA-1250 can be 300, 390, or 430 yr. Since 40 yr have to be allowed for sample location in the beam, this corresponds to A.D. 1690, 1600, or 1560. On stylistic grounds, A.D. 1560 is correct. F. Africa 2690±80 UCLA-1234. Stone Bowl culture, Kenya 740 B.C. Charcoal from Trench 5, 28 in. below surface at Prospect Farm, Elmenteita, Kenya (0° 20' S Lat, 36° E Long). Coll. 1964 by B. W. Anthony through J. D. Clark, Univ. of California. Comment (J.D.C.): result agrees with expected date and with that of Njoro River Cave variant of Stone Bowl culture. 36,000 ± 2400 UCLA-1235. Peers' Cave, South Africa 34,050 B.C. Charcoal from 7 ft 91/4 in. to 7 ft 111/4 in. below cave datum (painted white line) of base of Stillbay hearth area in Peers' Cave, Fish Hoek, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa (34° 20' S Lat, 18° 25' E Long). Trench II, Grid A-2. Coll, by B. W. Anthony; subm. by B. W. Anthony age through J. D. Clark. Comment (J.D.C.): date agrees with expected of beginning of Stillbay industry in S. Africa. Stillbay at Twin Rivers, Zambia is > 33,200 yr (UCLA-707, UCLA V) and 33,750 B.C. at Po- mongwe Cave, Rhodesia.

Malawi Later Stone age series Samples obtained during excavations at NW end of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) (10° S Lat, 34° E Long) which will provide first authentic chronology for prehistoric cultures in Malawi. Coll. 1965 by J. D. Clark and K. R. Robinson, Univ. of California at Berkeley and subm. by J. D. Clark. 3450 ± 80 UCLA-1240. Chaminade, Karonga 1500 B.C. Charcoal in yellow sand at 2 ft depth above sealed Later Stone age microlithic occupation floor from Site CH-3, Area C. Should date very shortly after site was abandoned. 3100 ± 80 UCLA-1241. Mhande Court, Karonga 1150 B.C. Charcoal from depth 2 ft 3 in. below surface in yellow sand associ- UCLA Rudiocarbon 1)ates VII 155 ated with sealed Later Stone age mlcrolltlllc Occlll)atiOf layer and underlying Iron age occupation. North Malawi Iron age series Following samples date Iron age succession in the N Malawi rift. Coll. antl slum, as previous series. 655 ±80 UCLA-1242. Mwavaramho, Karonga A.D.1295 Charcoal associated with sllerds of Mwavarambo-ware on occupation layer 8 to 12 in, below original surface. No imported trade goods. 760 ± 80 UCLA-1243. Mwamasapa, Karonga A.D.1190 From charred post of but in settlement area with Mwamasapa-ware sherds 18 in. below surface. Associated with glass trade beads. 710 ± 80 UCLA-1244. Mwenepera Hill, Karonga A.D.1240 Charcoal from post in floor of buried settlement area, 8 in. deep. Associated with Mwenepera-ware sherds. 370 ± 80 UCLA-1245. Mhande Court, Karonga A,D.870 Charcoal from 6 to 12 in. in occupation midden with Mwamasapa derivative-type pottery. Test A. 2 70 ± 80 UCLA-1246. Mbande Hill, Mpata A.D.1680 Charcoal from Test A midden at depth 12 to 18 in. from fortified and religious settlement of 1st Kyungus, paramount chiefs of Ngonde people (dominant tribe at NW end of lake). Comment (R.B.): with tree- ring calibrated radiocarbon dating, UCLA-1245 may be 500 yr old and UCLA-1246 325 or 450 yr. 540 ± 80 UCLA-1236. Mhande Hill, Mpata AD. 1410 Charcoal from test 1:A, 18 to 24 in. depth, Comment (J.D.C.): sample 1)res11m1bly dates beginning of Kyungu occupation of Hill, which, calculated from oral tradition, is from middle to end of 16tH century. However, Hill was occupied prior to coming of Kyungu and charcoals may ante-date them. 2100 ± 80 UCLA-1237. Chaminade, Karonga 150 B.C. Charcoal from location Ch-ID, E wall, 36 in. below surface at Cham- inade locality ID (9° 56' 45" S Lat, 33° 52' 50" E Long). Coll. by V. Haynes, Univ. of Al'l ona, Tuscon; subm. 1966 by V. Haynes and J. D. Clark. 150 ± 60 UCLA-1238. Cliaminade, Karonga AD. 1800 Charcoal from location Ch-ID, IA level, 19 in, below surface at locality Ch-ID. Coll, by V. Haynes; subm. by V. Haynes and J.D. Clark 156 Rainer Berger and W. F. Libby Comment (J.D.C.): UCLA-1237 probably comes from below Iron age pottery horizon and UCLA-1238 reflects age of ceramic-ware in general Mbande Hill tradition. 860 ± 80 UCLA-1239. Mwamasapa, Karonga A.D. 1090 Charcoal in red-brown sandy clay loam in IA site at 18 to 24 in. depth at Mwm-3 (9° 57' S Lat, 33° 47' 55" E Long). Coll. by K. Robin- son; subm. by V. Haynes and J. D. Clark. Comment (J.D.C.): dates 2nd oldest pottery ware (Mwamasapa ware) from region. As this ware is associated with imported glass beads and pottery of Kissi type from NW side of lake, it is clear evidence of trade between WI side of lake and E coast of Africa at this early time. Leopard's Hill Cave series Excavations at Leopard's Hill near Lusaka, Zambia (15° 25' S Lat, 28° 43' E Long) have revealed an excellent cave deposit sequence which aids in clarifying the Zambian Later Stone age industrial succession. Subm. by J. D. Clark for Ph.D. thesis of Sheryl F. Miller, 1967. 9700 ± 85 UCLA-1290. Leopard's Hill Cave 7750 B.C. Charcoal from bottom level of well-defined industry overlying even earlier Later Stone age deposit. Comment (S.F.M.): indicates earlier advent of Later Stone age in Zambia than previously accepted. 16,400 ± 265 UCLA-1291. Leopard's Hill Cave 14,450 B.C. Charcoal from base of cave deposit. Comment (S.F.M.): GX-0957 from level several ft higher gave 21,550 ± 950 yr. Physical disturbance in antiquity may account for discrepancy. However, both levels are in deep portion of deposit containing distinctive industry and have been separated from overlying strata by stalagmitic brecchia since well before 10,000 yr ago. 4750 ± 80 UCLA-1096. Tessalit, Sahara 2800 B.C. Charcoal from 50 cm in tomb in Neolithic cemetery, just E of piste trans saharienne Tessalit-Bidon 5, where it crosses border of Mali (21° ° 07' N Lat, 1 10' E Long). Tomb contained human skeletal remains and many sheds, 8 Celts, 2 bone instruments, and a shell (Limicolaria). Region now entirely desert. Coll. by J. Gaussen, Neuvic-sur-L'Isle, Dor- dogne; subm. 1967 by J. R. Sackett, UCLA, via R. Mann)!, Sorbonne. Comment (R.M.): date is important as only second one for S Sahara Neolithic. The other is Adraz Bous 3, Niger, Sa-100 (Saclay I, 1964) 5140 ± 300. F. Oceanic Measurements A continuation of seawater radiocarbon determinations from the S California coast (see UCLA IV, V, and VI). Radiocarbon activity ex- UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VII 157 pressed in per cent above level of contemporary biospheric standard, .95 NBS oxalic acid. Carbonic anhydrase series Seawater was obtained from Bioscience Facility, U.S. Naval Station, Pt. Mugu, California, through cooperation of Dr. S. Ridgeway. Water originates from well 200 ft below beach level and is filtered through beach sand to exclude plants, etc. pH - 7.6. It was transported in plastic- lined, 55 gal drums to U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., and exposed to air bubbling at ca. 200 L/hr and the action of various quantities of carbonic anhydrase for different times. UCLA-1162. Seawater - 6.1% Exposed 12 hr to air bubbling plus 100 mg enzyme per 50 gal sea- wa ter. UCLA-1160. Seawater 4.9% Exposed 86 hr to air bubbling plus 100 mg enzyme. UCLA-1161. Seawater + 9.5% Exposed 11.9 hr to air bubbling and 100 mg enzyme. UCLA-1165. Seawater -4.5% Exposed 12 hr to air and 10 mg enzyme. UCLA-1164. Seawater +12.4% Exposed 86 hr to air and 10 mg enzyme. UCLA-1163. Seawater + 14.8% Exposed 119 hr to air and 10 mg enzyme. UCLA-1166. Seawater +18.2% Exposed 170 hr to air and no enzyme. Comment: the barrels containing 10 mg enzyme were exposed to direct winter sun whereas the 100 mg barrels were not. This series was run to check on earlier similar measurements (UCLA VI), except that the seawater in this series originated from below the ocean surface. Control series Since Pt. Mugu seawater from 200 ft without artificial addition of enzyme exchanged CO2. relatively rapidly with air contrary to expecta- tions (UCLA VI), seawater from surface and subsurface was compared for its exchange qualities without enzyme addition. UCLA-1169. Seawater - 4.7% Coll. 9 March 1967 from 200 ft well at Pt. Mugu. Measured C" content directly without exposure to air. UCLA-1170. Seawater +23.89% Same as UCLA-1169 but exposed to air at ca. 200 L/hr for 182 hr. 158 Icing l3ciger and 1'V. F. Libby UCLA-1171. Seawater +8.6% Coll. 20 March 1967 from surface water off Sunset Blvd., Santa Monica and measured directly without exposure to air. UCLA-1172. Seawater + 7.4% Same as UCLA-1171 but exposed without enzyme for 126 hr to air at 200 L/hr. UCLA-1173. Seawater ±15.6% Coll. 27 March 1967 at Pt. Mugu from 200 ft well and exposed without enzyme addition for 120 hr to air at 200 L//hr. Coinnient: from these measurements it is apparent that subsurface water tends to exchange CO2 with air more quickly than surface water observed previously (UCLA VI).

Subsurface water series The question may be raised if subsurface water from 200 ft which has passed through beach sand and other strata is really representative of -200 ft ocean water. Therefore, with the cooperation of Lt. J. C. Fritz, UCLA-NROTC and Capt. C. Bassett, USN, seawater was obtained from 33° 20.5' N Lat, 118° 17.5' W Long at 200 ft depth off S California coast by submarine U.SS BA VA. Water was taken, as previously, to HOTS China Lake and exposed to air bubbling at 200 L//hl without enzyme addition.

UCLA-1176. Seawater +6.7% Coll. 26 May 1967. Not exposed to air. t1CLA-1177. Seawater + 34.2% Same as UCLA-1176. Exposed to air for 72 hr.

UCLA-1173. Seawater +15.6% Same as UCLA-1176. Exposed to air for 212 hr. Coni nzclot: apparently, seawater from below surface does exchange CO2 more readily than surface water. If this is true, then. the upwelling regions and oceans in tropical latitudes may remove bomb-C14 much faster from the air than previously thought.

Central anti South American Marine Shells series Application of the following measurements of modern but pre- bomb marine shells to shell-based archaeological dates will be discussed elsewhere. Radiocarbon measurements are corrected for C13 and are numerically equal to A but are expressed as per cent deviation from the count rate of 0.95 NBS oxalic acid, rather than as per mill. The 8013 (%O measurements with reference to the Chicago PDB standard were carried out by M. Yzuel in the Inst. of Geophysics, UCLA. Shells coll. and subm. by R.E. Taylor and R. Berger (1961), UCLA. UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VII 159 UCLA-1249A. Shell +2.18% 6C13 - -5.72%co Cciitlridca alida (Adams) from Guayaquil, Ecuador. Coll. 1927 by J. M. Reed; subm. by E. P. Chace, Nat. Hist. Mus., San Diego, Califoriiia. Uncorrected C14 - + 1.01 ± .45. UCLA-1249B. Shell -1.51% 6013 = +1.84% Tlrais biserialis (Blainville) from Guayayuil, Ecuador. Coll. 1927 by J. M. Reed; subm. by E. P. Clace. Uncorrected C14 - -1.15 ± .53. UCLA-1254. Shell - 3.45% 6013 - +1.74%0 Stronabus grailtdatus (Swainson) from Port Parker, Costa Rica. Coll. 1935 and subnl. by J. Garth, Allan Hancock Fdn., Univ. of S California, Los Angeles. Uncorrected SC14 - -3.11 ± .43. UCLA-1255A. Shell -1.55% SC13 - +0.35 Kelletia kelleti (Forties) from Santiago Is., Galapagos Is. Coll. 1934; subm, by J. Garth. Uncorrected 6C1' - -1.48 ± .62. UCLA-1255B. Shell - 4.04% 6C13 = +1.887 Astraea ((vanilla) iiadosa. (\Vood) from Santiago is., Galapagos Is. Coll. 1934 and subm. by J. Garth. Uncorrected SC't = -3.68 ± .94. UCLA-1255C. Shell - 0.68% 6013 = +1.33C0 Iasciolaria (Plcu'roploca) princeps (Sowerby) from Espanola Is., Galapagos Is. Coll. 1934 and subm, by Garth. Uncorrected 6C14 = -0.42 ± .51. UCLA-1255D. Shell - 0.35% SC13 = +2.88 l\rerita (Ritena) scabiicosta (Lamarck) from Santa Cruz Is., Gala- pagos Is. Coll. 1932 and subm. by J. Garth. Uncorrected 6C1I = -0.22 .48. UCLA-1256A. Shell +0.12% 6013 = +1.48; Vasum cacstus (Broderip) from Secas Is., Panama. Coll. 1935 and subm. by J. Garth. Uncorrected 6014 :_ + 0.42 ± .61. UCLA-1256B. Shell -1.16% 6013 = +1.30%0 Stroinbus galcatus (Swainson) from Secas Is., Panama. Coll. 1935 8C1i and subm. by J. Garth. Uncorrected = -0.90 ± .58. 160 Rainei Berger arid IV. F. Libby UCLA-1277. Shell - 2.63% SC13 = +0.09% Concholepas concholepas (Bruguiere) from Antofagasta, Chile. Coil. 1925 by F. W. Pennell; subm. by R. T. Abbott, Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia. Uncorrected 8014 = -2.61 + .40. UCLA-1278. Shell - 4.34% 6C13 = +1.327co Tegula aler (Lesson) from Valparaiso, Chile. Coil, before 1940; subm. by L. R. Saul, Dept, of Geol. UCLA. Uncorrected 6014 - -4.09 ± .87. UCLA-1279. Shell - 8.50% SC13 = +1.15% Oliva peruviana (Lamarck) from Peru. Coll. before 1940; subm. by L. R. Saul. Uncorrected 6C14 = -8.29 ± .48. UCLA-1282. Shell - 3.52% 3C13 = -0.220/0 Strombus peruvianus (Swainson) from N Peru. Coll. before 1940; subm. by L. R. Saul. Uncorrected 8C14 = -3.56 ± .57. R1 I 1 I :Ncrs Date lists: illiclhigan II Crane and Griffin, 1958 Saclav I 1elibrias, Guillier, and Labeyrie, 1964 UCLA III Fergusson 111(1 Libby, 1964 UCLA IV Berger, Fergusson, and Libby, 1965 UCLA V Berger and Libby, 1966 UCLA VI Berger and Libby, 1967 Berger, R., Graham, J. A., and Heizer, R. F., 1967, A reconsideration of the age of the Radiocarbon, v. 7, p. 336-371. La Venta site: Contrihutions of the Archaeological Research Facility, No. 3, Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley, p. 1-24. Berger, R., Homey, A. G. and Libby, W. F., 1964, Radiocarbon dating of bone and shell from their organic components: Science, v. 144, p. 999-1001. Berger, R. and Libby, W. F., 1966, UCLA radiocarbon dates V: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 46 7 497. 1967, UCLA radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v. 9, p. 477-504. Coe, M. -D., Diehl, R. A., and Stuiver, M., 1967, Olmec Civilization, Veracruz, Mexico: Dating of the San Lorenzo Phase: Science, v. 155, p. 1399-1401. Crane, H. R. and Griffin, J. B., 1958, Univ. of Michigan radiocarbon dates II: Science, v. 127, p. 1098-1105. Delibrias, G., Guillier, M. T. and Labeyrie, J., 1964, Saclav natural radiocarbon measurements L Radiocarbon, v. 6, p. 233-250. Fergusson, G. J. and Libby, W. F., 1962, UCLA radiocarbon dates III: Radiocarbon, v. 6, p. 318-339. Glassow, M. A., 1967, The ceramics of Huistla, a west Mexican site in the munici- pality of Etzatlan, Jalisco: Amer. Antiquity, v. 32, p. 64-83. Grant, C., 1967, '[he rock art of the American Indian: T. V. Crowell, New f ork. Hewitt, C. A. 1967, The history of structural carpentry in Essex: Cambridge Univ. Press, in press. Miller, Sheryl F., 1967, Analysis and description of artifact assemblages attributed to the Nachikufan Industry of Zambia: Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley. Suess, H. E., 1965, Secular variations of the cosmic-ray-produced carbon-14 in the atmosphere and their interpretations: Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 70, p. 5937-5952. Taylor, R. E. and Berger, R., 1967, Radiocarbon content of marine shells from the Pacific coasts of Central and South :\merica: Science, v. 158, p. 1180-1182. [RA1)I0cARB0N, VOL. 10, 1968, P. 161-168]

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RADIOCARBON DATES IV MARGARET M. BENDER, REID A. BRYSON, AND DAVID A. BAERREIS Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Radiocarbon dates obtained at the University of Wisconsin since November, 1966, are summarized in this report. The procedures followed and equipment used have been described previously (Wisconsin II). The dates reported have been calculated on the assumption of a half-life of 5568 for C14, 1950 as the reference year. The standard deviation quoted is the 1Q limit based on the counting statistics of background, sample, and standard counts. Through the courtesy of the Biochemistry Department it was possible to determine the C13/C12 ratios of representative samples of CO2 gas before conversion to methane. No significant fractionation was found in the samples for which dates are reported here. The mass spectrograph used was the Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation instrument, Nier type, model 21-201. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is supported by the National Science Foundation, Atmospheric Sciences Division, Grant GP-5572X, and Social Sciences Division, Grant GS-1141. The C13/C12 analyses were performed by Donald K. Green. We are indebted to Dr. Melvin Fowler, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, for the section from the bald cypress log excavated at the Mitchell site.

SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Wisconsin Primary attention of this period has been directed toward dating Woodland cultures in Wisconsin, in particular, Hopewell components of Middle Woodland period, and in establishing the time range for the distinctive Effigy Mound culture. Within the state, earlier dates for the latter had essentially been limited to A.D. 770 Kolterman mound date (M-398, Michigan III), A.D. 490 Beloit College mound date (M-871, Michigan VI), and A.D. 1200 Wakanda Park date (M-814, Michigan V). While it is to be expected that the Effigy Mound culture had a considerable duration, scattered single dates provide little basis for evaluat- ing their reliability. Wisconsin III contains the beginning of our series. Bigelow site series, Wisconsin 47PT29 Excavations of 1966 at Bigelow site, an Effigy Mound site in Portage County, Wisconsin (440 28' N Lat, 890 33' W Long) supervised by W. M. Hurley; subm. by W. M. Hurley.

161 162 Margaret Al. Bender, Reid A. Bryson, and David A. Baeneis 1280 ± 55 WIS-197. Bigelow site (47PT29) A.D.670 Charcoal from Feature 26, a charred log located beneath surface of conical mound buried by eolian sands ca. 1850 or earlier. Log was apparently part of terminal mound building activity. 1140 ± 50 WIS-200. Bigelow site (47PT29) A.D.810 Charcoal from subsurface cooking pit located beneath right wing tip of bird effigy mound (Mound 2). Orifice of pit in Feature 13 was 1.5 It below surface at bottom of moluld fill horizon, extended to depth 3 It below surface. Sample associated with large vessel, shell fragments. 1150 ± 55 WIS-202. Bigelow site (47PT29) A.v.800 Charcoal from subsurface cremation in a conical mound buried by eolian deposition. Mound was 17 it in diameter, 2 It high; cremation (Burial 8) extended From 2.2 to 2.7 It below surface. 960 ± 60 WIS-226. Bigelow site (47PT29) A.D. 990 Charcoal from linear mound R, Sq. N44 5L90-2, 0.2 to 1.5 ft belovv surface. Quartzite end scraper, cord-marked body sherds, burned bone fragments, and shell fragments were also found in mound. WIS-227. Bigelow site (47PT29) <250 Charcoal From Sq. 53\1'3 5 old Feature 7, W of Bear lfound 13. Feature 7 is from habitation area and extended from 0.8 to 1.3 It below surface, No cultural material was found in Feature 7. 1020 ± 70 WIS-242. Bigelow site (47PT29) A.D.930 Charcoal from conical mound, Mound B, buried by eolian deposition. Sample is from Feature 1-1965 which extended from 1.7 to 3.2 It below surface and from soil horizon 3.1 to 3.75 it below surface. In association with sample were cord-marked, cord-wrapped stick, and cord-impressed rim sherds. Sanders site I, Wisconsin 47WP26 Charcoal samples were obtained from excavations iii 1966 at Sanders site I, an Effigy Mound site in Waupaca County, Wisconsin (44° 16' N Lat, 88° 51' \'V Long) which were carried out under the direction of \V. M. Htnrley, Univ. old Wisconsin; subm. by I). A. Baerreis. 1020 ± 55 WIS-203. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.930 Sample from Feature 40 which extended from 2.2 to 4.0 ft below surface at floor of semi-subterranean house (House 2). Feature contained 1ladison Cord Impressed and fingernail impressed ceramics. 1050 ± 70 WIS-204. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.900 Sample from Mound 17, an effigy mound, in Sq. S535W207, Feature 8, which extended from 2.3 to 2.9 It below surface. Two grit-tempered cord-marked body sherds were recovered from pit's fill. Univeisity of Iisconsin Radiocaiboji Dales II' 163 WIS-205. Sanders site I (47WP26) <250 Sample from Mound 17, Feature 6, Sq. S 535W212-2, which extended prom 0.2 to 0.7 It below surface. Feature contained a Durst Stemmed projectile point fragment and it portion of a Madison Cord impressed vessel. 1060 -= 60 WIS-206. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.890 Sample from Feature 29 in Sq. S835W405--110 and Sq. S830W105. Feature extended LO to 2.3 It below surface and contained ceramics, charred bone, and shell. 940 ± 60 WIS-207. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.1010 Sample from Feature 1, Sq. S5E140, in a cultivated field. Feature extended from 2.6 to 3.2 ft below surface. Sample was associated with a Madison Plain rim sherd. 350 ± 60 WIS-215. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.1600 Sample from Sq. 5995W100, Level 2, 0.3 to 0.6 ft below the surface. Sample is from buried prairie surface soil, albhir, should indicate length of time of soil formation. Level contained charred bone, copper fragments, cord-wrapped stick impressed, punctated, cord-impressed, and cord-marked sherds. 1330 -- 60 WIS-217. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.620 Sample from Feature 30, Sq. S820-30 and W420-30, sealed in by prairie surface horizon. Feature extended from 1.0 to 2.6 ft below stnr- face. Within feature were bone and shell refuse and cord-marked, punctated, and smooth surface rim sherds. 1660 ± 65 WIS-218. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.290 Charcoal from house fill and house floor of House 3, a semi-subterranean house basin, 1.8 to 3.65 ft below surface. 990 ± 55 WIS-219. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.960 Charcoal from Feature 33, a pit which extended from 1.2 to 3.7 It below surface. Feature contained a cord-impressed body sherd, copper fragment, and 13 shell-tempered sherds. 1230-+.- 53 WIS-221. Sanders site I (47WP26) A.D.750 Sample from Mound 23, a conical mound in Sq. 5680W157.5 at depth 1.5 to 2.1 ft below surface. Sample was associated with partial remains of a cremation (Burial 3). Sanders site III, Wisconsin 47WP70 Charcoal from Sanders site III, WTaupaca County, Wisconsin (44° 16' N Lat, 88° 51' V Long) was coll. in 1966 under supervision of W. M. Hurlev; subm. by W. M. Hurley. 164 Margaret Al. Bender, Reid A. Biyson, and David A. Baerreis 1020 ± 60 WIS-230. Sanders site III (47WP70) A.D.930 Sample from Feature 2, Sq. S110W50, a charcoal concentrated area 1.4 to 1.5 ft below surface and 0.7 ft below plow zone. Sherds and lithic artifacts were recovered from this level. 890 ± 65 WIS-232. Sanders site III (47WP70) A.D.1060 Charcoal from Feature 1, Sq. S1 10W50, at depth 2.0 to 2.6 ft below surface above floor of House 1. Feature contained bone, cord-impressed body sherds, and cord-marked body sherds. 1230 ± 60 WIS-233. Sanders site III (47WP70) A.D.720 Charcoal from floor of House 1, 2.7 to 3.3 ft below surface. House is post structure, oval in outline, with human skull, Burial 1, on its floor. 1050 ± 60 WIS-235. Sanders site III (47WP70) A.D.900 Charcoal from Sq. S105W45, Level 4, from depth 2.0 to 2.8 ft below surface, directly above floor of House 1. 990 ± 75 WIS-238. Sanders site III (47WP70) A.D.960 Sample from Feature 5, below plow zone in Sq. S1 10W45-2, 0.7 to 2.0 fit below surface. Feature contained cord-marked rim sherd, grit- tempered body sher(ls, and flakes. Trempealeau County, Wisconsin (47TR31 and 47TR35) Charcoal samples from 2 Hopewell components in I,rempealeau County, Wisconsin (i3° 59' N Lat, 91° 25' W Long) were excavated in 1966 under supervision of J. Freeman; sIIbm. by J. Freeman. 2080 ± 70 WIS-231. Schwert mound group (47TR31) 130 B.C. Sample from various squares and levels within Middle Woodland village deposit buried by construction of Mound 4. These levels yielded diagnostic Middle Woodland pottery. 2560 ± 70 WIS-234. Schwert mound group (47TR31) 610 B.C. Charcoal from Feature 1, a refuse pit or post mold 4.75 ft below grid stake F0. Feature is 0.4 ft below buried Middle Woodland village which is under fill of Mound 4. Feature contained 2 grit-tempered body sherds. 1450 ± 60 WIS-241. Schwert mound group (47TR31) A.D.500 Sample from Feature 2, a refuse pit 3.0 ft below surface at grid stake JW6. Surface of feature at bottom of buried Middle Woodland village deposit below mound fill. Feature contained 2 grit-tempered body sherds and 1 quartzite scraper. Should date Middle woodland village buried by construction of Hopewell burial mound, Mound 26. University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates IV 165 WIS-236. Second Lake village 1590 ± 60 No. 1 (47TR35) A.D. 360 Sample from Feature 3, a refuse pit 1.4 ft from surface in Level 3 of Sq. N4W2. Feature yielded Havana tradition pottery. WIS-237. Second. Lake village 1610 ± 65 No. 1 (47TR35) A.D.340 Level 3 of Pit 2, Sqs. 0E7, N5W2, and N5E3. WIS-240. Second Lake village 270 ± 55 No. 1 (47TR35) A.D.1680 Charcoal from Feature 4, refuse pit 1.3 ft from surface in Level 3, Sq. N6W3. Feature contained Havana tradition pottery, bone, and shell refuse. Millville site, Wisconsin (47GT53) Excavations at Millville site, Grant County, Wisconsin (43° 02' N Lat, 90° 57' W Long) were carried out under the direction of Joan Freeman, State Hist. Society of Wisconsin, in 1962. Charcoal samples subm. by J. Freeman. Site is late Middle Hopewell component. 1760 ± 65 WIS-208. Millville site (47GT53) Ad). 190 Sample from Feature 170, a fire-pit lined with fire-cracked rocks. Charcoal was under rocks at bottom of pit. 1770 ± 65 WI5-209. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.180 Sample 1rom sandy loam fill of Feature 86, a storage-refuse pit. 1820 ± 55 WIS-210. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.130 Sample from Feature 144, a fire-pit. 1760 ± 55 WIS-211. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.190 Charcoal from upper 0.2 ft of refuse pit, Feature 18, 0.7 ft deep. Pit contained faunal remains. 1770 ± 65 WIS-212. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.180 Charcoal found under fire-cracked rock at bottom of Feature 47, a fire-pit. 1610 ± 55 WIS-213. Millville site (47GT53) A.D. 340 Sample from sandy loam fill of Feature 56, a fire-pit which contained many fire-cracked rocks. Pit contained base of expanding stem point, typical projectile point found at site. Pit was located within House 2, originated at surface of house basin fill. 1580 ± 55 WIS-214. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.370 Charcoal from sandy loam fill of Feature 115, a refuse pit which contained smooth and cord-roughened body sherds. 166 illargaret 1VI. Bender, Reid A. Bryson, and David A. Baerreis 1640 ± 80 WIS-239. Millville site (47GT53) A.D.310 Charcoal from Feature 154, a fire-pit which contained fire-cracked limestone and sandstone, a cord-wrapped stick-decorated rim, and a body sherd decorated with an embossed node, and Feature 44, a refuse pit. B. Illinois Mitchell site, Illinois Wood, Taxodiwn, distichum (Bald cypress) (id. by B. F. Kukachka, U.S. Forest Products Lab, Madison, Wisconsin), is slice of post found in Feature 50 of Mitchell Site (20B2-3) Madison Co., Illinois (38° 45' 30" N Lat, 90° 05' 21" W Long). Dendrochronological analysis showed 191 rings in log. Coll. 1961 by Peter Taylor; subm. by D. A. Baerreis. M-1305 (Michigan VIII), 950 A.D., dated middle of log. 900 ± 55 WIS-220. Mitchell site (20B2-3) A.D.1050 Outer 3 rings of log. 1110 ± 60 WIS-229. Mitchell site (20B2.3) A.D.840 Inner 3 rings of log. C. Oklahoma the have continued our efforts to (late a series of sites close to the transition between Gibson and Fulton aspects in an effort to establish whether or not this shift was climatically controlled. Samples were provided by Dr. Robert E. Bell of the Univ. of Oklahoma. Copeland site series, Oklahoma Dates were designed to determine age of Woodland (Hopewellian) and Neosho focus occupation in this stratified bluff shelter in Delaware County, Oklahoma (36° 29' N Lat, 94° 50' W Long) (Baerreis and Freeman, 1959 and 1961). WIS-199 (AD. 1160) seems reasonable for the initiation of the Neosho focus horizon but the stratigraphically lower samples (WIS-198 and WIS-201) unfortunately give a more recent date. Coll. 1939 and subm. by D. A. Baerreis. 590 ± 50 WIS-198. Copeland site (D1.47) A.D.1360 Charcoal, Speciment #572, (Celtis), id. by J. T. Curtis, Univ. of \1'isconsin, from Sq. 1:4, Level 13, 48 to 52 in. below surface, at top of Woodland zone. 790 ± 60 WIS-199. Copeland site (D1.47) A.D.1160 Charcoal, Specimen #135, (Juniperus sp.), id. by J. T. Curtis, from Sq. 1:6, Level 5, 16 to 20 in. depth. Sample from Neosho focus zone. 580 ± 50 WIS-201. Copeland site (D1.47) A.D. 1370 Charcoal, Specimen #571, (Celtis), from Sq. 2:3, Level 13, 48 to 52 in. depth. Specimen from top of zone assigned to Woodland horizon. University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates IJ' 167 Reed site series, Oklahoma Charcoal samples from excavation units at Reed site, Delaware County, Oklahoma (36° 39' N Lat, 94° 47' W Long) coll. 1940 and subm. by D. A. Baerreis. 750 ± 55 WIS-243. Reed site (D1.10) A.D. 1200 Specimen #232 from Cache Pit 1, village Unit 10. 820 ± 60 WIS-246. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1130 Specimen #458 from Sq. SE 1:4, Level 4, 12 to 16 in. below surface; village Unit 11. 890 ± 55 WIS-247. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1060 Specimen #395 from Sq. 4:5, Level 5, 16 to 20 in. deep. 870 ± 60 WIS-249. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1080 Specimen #666 from Sq. 1:5, Level 8, 28 to 32 in. below surface. 840 ± 60 WIS-250. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1110 Specimen #915 from Sq. 4:7, Level 11, 40 to 44 in. deep. 800 ± 60 WIS-251. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1150 Specimen #869 from Sq. 4:7, Level 7, 24 to 28 in. deep. 770 ± 60 WIS-252. Reed site (D1.11) A.D. 1180 Specimen #826 from Sq. SE 1:16, Level 2, 4 to 8 in. below surface. 670 ± 55 WIS-253. Reed site (D1.11) A.D.1280 Specimen #870 from Sq. 3:7, Level 9, 32 to 36 in. below surface.

II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Iowa 780 ± 60 W IS-228. Blackhawk Lake, Iowa A.D. 1170 Section, 50 to 55 cm depth, from 57 cm core of lake sediment, largely minerogenic, obtained from Blackhawk Lake, Sac County, Iowa (42° 20' N Lat, 95° 40' W Long). Chemical composition and l)ollen profile of core are being analyzed to study possible environmental changes during deposition of sediment. Coll. 1966 by G. F. Lee; subm. by T. Webb, Univ. of Wisconsin. B. Manitoba Lynn Lake, Manitoba Sedge peat from 1.5-m peat monolith at Lynn Lake, Manitoba (56° 50' N Lat, 101° 03' W Long). Sample immediately underlies stratigraphic 168 Margaret M. Bender, Reid A. Bryson-, and David A. Baerreis change from sedge peat below to humified moss peat above. Six other dates have been reported for deeper portions of this peat bank (Wis- consin II and III) and a pollen diagram has been constructed (Nichols, 1967). Coll. 1964 and subm. by H. Nichols. 1550 ± 50 WIS-225. Lynn Lake, Manitoba A.D. 400 Sedge peat 14 to 16 cm below surface.

C. Northwest Territories Pelly Lake, N. Keewatin, N.W.T. Samples from site ca. 5 mi N of Pelly Lake, N. Keewatin, N.W.T., Canada (66° 05' N Lat, 101 ° 04' W Long). Coll. 1966 and subm. by H. Nichols. 3360 ± 70 WIS-216. Pelly Lake, N. Keewatin 1410 B.C. Detritus mud, basal 3 cm from 36-cm organic bed overlying plain of lacustrine sand. Provides minimum age for deglaciation and drainage of extensive lacustrine plain on N side of Pelly Lake. 900 ± 75 WIS-245. Pelly Lake, N. Keewatin A.D.1050 Sedge peat 8 to 10 cm below modern surface. This sample was chosen to date cessation of peat growth at site, possibly as result of environmental or climatic change. Sample was taken as close to modern surface as possible, avoiding modern bryophytes which now grow on dead peat surface, but some years of accumulation are represented by overlying 8 cm of peat. Pollen diagram prepared by H. Nichols.

REFERENCES Date lists: Michigan III Crane and Griffin, 1958 Michigan V Crane and Griffin, 1960 Michigan VI Crane and Griffin, 1961 Michigan VIII Crane and Griffin, 1963 Wisconsin II Bender, Bryson, and Baerreis, 1966 Wisconsin III Bender, Bryson, and Baerreis, 1967 Baerreis, D. A. and Freeman, j. E., 1959, A report on a bluff shelter in northeastern 1, Oklahoma, X. (D1-47) : Archives of Archaeol., no. 334 pp. 1961, D1-47, a bluff shelter in northeastern Oklahoma: Bull, of the Okla- homa Anthropol. Society, v. 9, p. 67-75. Bender, M. M., Bryson, R. A., and Baerreis, D. A., 1966, University of Wisconsin radiocarbon dates II: Radiocarbon, v. 8, p. 522-533. 1967, University of Wisconsin dates III: Radiocarbon, v. 9, p. 530-544. Crane, H. R., and Griffin, f. B., 1958, University of Michigan radiocarbon dates III: Science, v. 128, p. 1117-1123. 1960, University of Michigan radiocarbon dates V: Am. jour. Sci. Radioc. Supp. v. 2, p. 31-48. _ 1961, University of Michigan radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v. 3, p. 105-125. 1963, University of Michigan radiocarbon dates VIII: Radiocarbon, v. 5, p. 228-253. Nichols, H., 1967, Pollen diagrams from sub-arctic central Canada: Science, v. 155, p. 1665-1668. [R.Inoc 1 1 oN, Vor,. 10, 1968, P. 169-1771

LABORATORIES * Inactive Lahoratorics. H:-I.ahoratorium 1'Ihe of this institute (directed by Klaus Friihlich) should he ad- dressed separately.

This designation Gif supersedes both Sa (Saclay) and Gsy (Gif-sur-Yvette) . The only Gsy date list to be published is Gsy I (Coursaget and Le Run, RADIOCARBON, v. 8) . s From January 1, 1961 the Gro numbers have been replaced by GrN numbers. "New" dates are referred to the NBS oxalic-acid standard. 4 Early dates from this laboratory were given a code designation that represents the name of the sponsoring institution, e.g. I ( (AGS) for American Geographical Society (Heusser, RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT, v. 1) . Formerly Hazleton Nuclear; code designation HNS has been dropped. o Some dates from this laboratory were published with the code designation S (Pringle and others, 1957, Science, v. 125, p. 69-70) . See SM. 8 See Gif. Some dates from this laboratory have keen published with the code designation RC (Flint and Gale, 1958, AM. JOUR. SCI., v. 256, p. 698-714) . The code designation MP published in volume 1 of the RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT (1959, p. 216) has been changed to SM in conformity with the wishes of the laboratory, and is explained by the change of the company's name from Magnolia Petroleum Company to Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. 10 Formerly Texas-Bio-Nuclear, then Kaman Instruments. 1'he laboratory is no longer operating. A ARI/ONA 1)r. Paul E.1)amon Laboratory of Geochemistry Geochronology Department l'ueson, Arizona 85721 ANL ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Dr. F. T. Hageman l'gonne National Laboratory A700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois ANU AUSTRALIA. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Mr. H. A. Polach or Dr. J. F. Lovering Department of Geophysics and Geochemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT., Australia B BERN Prof. H. Oeschger Physikalisehes Institut Universitat Bern Siderstrasse 5 Bern, Switzerland Birm BIRMINGHAM Prof. F. \\1. Shotton, F.R.S. Department of Geology, P.O. Box 363 [lniversity of Birmingham Birmingham 15, England Bin BERLIN Jug. Giinther Kohl Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Institut fiir Ur-und Fruhgeschichte 1199 Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 6 Germany

169 1 70 List of Laboratoiies BM BRITISH MUSEUM Mr. Harold Barker and Mr. Richard Burleigh Research Laboratory The British Museum London, W.C.I, England

BONA BONN 1)r. H. AV. Scharpenseel and F. Pietig Institlit fir Bodenkunde Universitat Bonn Bonn, German. C CHICAGO Dr. W. F. Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California 90024 'ACT CALTECH Dr. Don M. Yost Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91109

*1) DUBLIN Dr. \Villiam A. Watts Department of Botany Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Dak DAKAR Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop Directeur du Laboratoire de Radiocarbone I.F.A.N. Universite de Dakar Republique du Senegal Fr' FREIBERG Hajo Stechemesser C-14 Laboratorium II. Physikalisches Institut der Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Strasse 17 Freiberg/Sachsen Germany

FSU FLORIDA STATE James R. Martin, H. G. Goodell, and D. S. Phelps Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Geology Florida. State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306

*G GOTEBORG Dr. E. Ehn Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola Goteborg, Sweden GaK GAKUSHUIN UNIVERSITY Prof. K. Kigoshi Gakushuin University Mejiro, Toshima-ku Tokyo, Japan List Of LOl)o)YrtOries 171 GD GDANSK Dr. Wi. Moscicki Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut Badan Jadrowych Pracownia Geochronologii Bezwzglednej Gdansk-\Vrzcszcz, ul. Sobicskicgo 13 Poland Gift GIF-SUR-YVETTE Dr. J. Labeyrie or Mme. G. Delibrias Laboratoire du Radiocarbone Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9---Gif-sur-Yvette, France *GL GI:OCHRONOLOGICAL LABORATORY Institute of Archaeology 31 34 Gordon Square London, W.C.I, England Groa GRONINGEN GrN Dr. J. C. Vogel Natuurkundig Laboratorium der Rijks-Univcrsitcit Westersinge134 Groningen, Netherlands GSC OTTAWA Mr. J. A. Lowdon Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada *Gsy2 GIF-SUR-YVETTE GU GLASGOV UNIVERSITY Dr. A. Walton Department of Chemistry The University Glasgow W.2, Scotland GX GEOCHRON LABORATORIES INC. Mr. Harold W. Krueger Geochron Laboratories Inc. 24 Blackstone Street Cambridge, Mass. 02139 H HEIDELBERG Mr. D. Berdau and Dr. K. 0. Mbnnich C-14 Laboratorium II Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12 Nest Germany Hv HANNOVER Dr. M. A. Geyh Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung Hannover-Buchholz, Alfred-Bentz-Haws West Germany h ISOTOPES - A TELEDYNE COMPANY Dr. Eric H. Willis Isotopes A Teledyne Company 50 Van Buren- Avenue Westwood, New Jersey 07675 172 List of Laboratories Its ISOTOPES, INC. Palo Alto Laboratories W. R. Schell Isotopes, Inc., A Teledyne Company 4062 Fabian Street Palo Alto, California 94303

IRPA INSTITUT ROYAL DU PATRLMOINE ARTISTIOUE. Anne Nicole Schreurs Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique 1 Parc du Cinquantcnaire Brussels 4, Belgium ISGS ILLINOIS STA`l'E GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Sir. Stephen Si. Kim Section of Analytical Chemistry Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 IVIC CARACAS Dr. M. A. Tamers Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Departmento de Quimica Apartado 1827 Caracas, Venezuela

K COPENHAGEN Dr. Henrik Tauber Department of Natural Sciences National Museum Copenhagen K, Denmark

KI KIEL Dr. H. Willkomm anti Mr. H. Erlenkeuser Institut fiir Reine and Angewandte Kernphysik Universitat Kiel 23 Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40-60 Germany KN KOLN Dr. J. Freundlich, Mr. H. H. Eipper Institut fiir Ur-und Friingeschichte der Universir_at C'4-Laboratorium Kbin (Cologne) , Weyertal 125, W, Germany

L LAMONT Dr. D. L. Thurber Lamont Geological Observatory Columbia University Palisades, New York 10964

Le LENINGRAD Radiocarbon Laboratory Institute of Archaeology Dvortsovaya 18 Leningrad, D-41, USSR

LJ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Dr. H. E. Suess Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 List of laboratories 173 LP LA 1'LATA Dr. Horacio Cazencuve Museo de La Plata Padeo del Bosque La Plata, Argentina Lu LUN1) Dr. Tage Nilsson and 11Ir. Siren Hikansson Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Lund Tunavagen 29 Lund, Sweden Lv HEVERLi LOUVAIN Prof. P. C. Capron and Mr. E. Gilot Centre de Physique Nucleaire Avenue Cardinal Mercier Heverle Louvain, Belgium Ly UNIVERSITY OF LYON Mr. j. Evin Laboratoire de Radiocarbone Institut de Physique Nucleaire 43, Boulevard du II Novembre 1918 69, Viiicurbanne-Lyon, France M MICHIGAN Dr. James B. Griffin University Museums Building The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 *1Iae MANITOBA MC MONACO Dr. J. Thommeret or Mr. J. L. Rapaire Laboratoire de Radioactivite Appliquee Centre Scientifique de Monaco Avenue Saint Martin Monaco ML MIAMI Dr. H. G. Ostlund Institute of Marine Science University of Miami Miami, Florida 33149 Mo VERNADSKI INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow, USSR Address: Academician A. P. Vinogradow Vorobevskoye shosse,d.47-A Moscow, USSR MP' MAGNOLIA PETROLEUM N RIKEN (TOKYO) Dr. F. Yamasaki The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan NPL NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY Mr. W. J. Callow and Miss G. I. Hassall Division of Radiation Science National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex, England 174 List of Laboialones

NS NOVA SCOTIA Dr. J. E. Blanchard Nova Scotia Research Foundation P.O. Box 1027 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

NSW NEW SOUTH WALES Dr. D. J. Carswell Department of Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry University of New South Wales P.O. Box 1 Icensiugton, New South Wales, 2033, Australia

Ny NANC1 Pr. Rene Coppens Centre de Recherchcs Radiogcologiques ITniversiti de Nancy B.P. 452 Nancy 54. France

NZ NEW ZEALAND Mr. T. A. Rafter Institute of Nuclear Sciences Lower Hutt, New Zealand I).S.I.R. 0 HUMBLE Dr. H. R. Brannon Esso Production Research Company Affiliate of Humble Oil & Refining Co. P.O. Box 2189 Houston, Texas 77001

ORINS OAK RII)(;E ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES Dr. John E. Noakes, Director Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37530

OWU OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY Dr. J. Gordon Ogden, III Department of Botany and Bacteriology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware. Ohio 43015

ON U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE L. L. McDowell Agricultural Research Service Soil and Water Conservation Research Division Sedimentation Laboratory P.O. Box 30 Oxford, Mississippi 38655

P PENNSYLVANIA Miss Elizabeth K. Ralph and Robert Stuckenrath, Jr. Department of Physics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Pi PISA Prof. E. Tongiorgi Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare dell'Universita Via S. Maria, 22 Pisa, Italy List of Laboratories 175 PIC PACKARD Dr. Ariel G. Schrodt Low Level Counting Laboratory Packard Instrument Co., Inc. 2200 Warrenville Road Downers (.rove, Illinois 60515 Pr PRAGUE Alois Dubansky Laboratory for Isotopes Geochemistry and Geochronology Geological Institute Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Prague-8 Na Hrazi 26 Q CAMBRIDGE Dr. R. G. West or Dr. V. R. Switsur University Sub-Department of Quaternary Research Botany School Downing Street Cambridge, England R ROME 1)r. F. Bella, Istituto di Fisica and Dr, C. Cortesi, Istituto di Geochimica Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Rome Citta Universitaria Rome, Italy RI RADIOCHEMISTRY, INC. F. M. Sweets Radiochemistry, Inc., Subsidiary of The Martin Sweets Co., Inc. 3131 West Market Street Louisville, Kentucky 40212 S SASKATCHEWAN Dr. K. J. McCallum Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

4Sa8 SACLAY Sh SHELL Dr. E. L. Martin Shell Development Company P.O. Box 481 Houston, Texas 77002 SI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Dr. W. H. Klein, Director Radiation Biology Laboratory Smithsonian Instiution Washington, D.C. 20560 *SL SHARP LABORATORIES SM9 MOBIL OIL CORPORATION Dr. H. F. Nelson Mobil Oil Research and Development Corp. Field Research Laboratory P.O. Box 900 Dallas, Texas 75221 176 List of Laboiatoiics SR SALISBURY, RHODESIA Dr. E. R. Swart or Dr. J. G. Sheppard Gulbenkian Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Rhodesia P. Bag 167H Salisbury, Rhodesia St STOCKHOLM Mr. Lars Engstrand Radioactive Dating Laboratory Stockholm 50, Sweden Su FINLAND Prof. Esa Hyyppa Geological Survey of Finland Otaniemi, Finland T TRONDHEIM Mr. Reidar Nydal and Mr. Knut Lovseth Radiological Dating Laboratory The Norwegian Institute of Technology Trondheim, Norway

TA TAR 1 U H. Simnl or A. Liiva Geobiochemistry Laboratory Institute of Zoology and Botany Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Vanemuise St. 21. Tartu, Estonian, USSR TAM TEXAS A &M UNIVERSITY I)r. Donald W. Hood Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology Iexas A t M University College Station, Texas 77843 TB TBILISI A. A. Burchuladze Radiocarbon Laboratory Tbilisi University 1 Chavchavadze Avenue Tbilisi, USSR *TBNC10 KAMAN NUCLEAR Kaman Nuclear Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, Colorado TF TATA INSTI'E UTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 1)r.1). Lal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road Bombay- . BR., India TK UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO Dr. Hisashi Suzuki Carbon Dating Laboratory Department of Anthropology Faculty of Science University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tx TEXAS Mr. S. Valastro, Jr. or Dr. E. Mott Davis Radiocarbon Laboratory Balcones Research Center, Rt. 4, Box 180 University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78757 List of Laboratories 177 U U 1'PSAL.1 I)r. Ingrid Olsson Institute of Physics University of Uppsala Uplsala, Sweden UCLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES lh. Rainer Berger and Dr. W. F. Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California 90024 UW UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON I)r.A. W. Fairhall Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105 V VICTORIA Anne Berminghan Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Institute of Applied Science of Victoria 304-328 Swanston Street Melbourne 3000, Australia VRI VIENNA R,11)IUM INSTITUTE 1)r. H. Felher Institnt fir Radinmforschung and Kernphysik Boltzmanngasse 3 A-1090 Vienna, Austria W U.S. GEOLOGICaI, SURVEY Dr. Meyer Rubin U.S. Geological Survey Washington, D.C. 20242 WIS WISCONSIN Dr. Margaret Bender Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Center for Climatic Research Department of Meteorology University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 WSU WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 1)r. Roy M. Chatters Radloisotopes and Radiations Laboratory College of Engineering Research Division Pullman, Washington 99163 N WHITWORTH COLLEGE Dr. Edwin A. Olson Department of Geology Whitworth College Spokane, Washington 99218

Y YALE 1)r. Ifroze Stuiver Radiocarbon Laboratory Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Voi.. 10, No. I Radiocarbon 1968

CONTENTS

-.l uo'd, Broker and john tilrack 'y British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Mcasutements V 1 I 110NN I-1 W. Schearpenseel, I.Pietig, and M. A. Tapers

TA . M. Punning, E. lives, and A. I.:ixra

Tartu Radiocarbon Dates 11 ...... IF D. P. Agrawal and Iseela Kusunigreu Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List V 131

TK Jun Salt?, Tornoke Saolrr, and Hisashs Sut>uki University of Tovk.o Radiocarbon Measurements 1 UCLA Raintr Berger and W. F. Libbv UCLA Radio arbon Dates VI1

WIS M. 34. Bender, R. A. Bry on, and D. A. IMerreis University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates IV 1+1. List of Laboratories