Native American Indians

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Local Camp Sites, Forts and Mounds

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Also see Maps Album - Maps of Native American Tribes, Trails, Camps Indian Trails in the Bedford - Walton Hills area Early Indian Trails and Villages in Pre-Pioneer Times Indian Trails Passing through our area Recorded Indian Sites in the Bedford - Walton Hills area

Also see Album - Maps Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Lower Tinkers Creek Region - Also see Maps Album Tinkers Creek Valley Tinkers Creek from its Source to its Mouth, in 3 sections/pages The Many Fingers of Tinkers Creek in our area Tinkers Creek and its Tributaries 1961 map of Proposed Lake Shawnee, map 1 1961 map of Proposed Lake Shawnee, map 2 - Also see Maps Album Tinkers Creek Valley 1923-1933 Scenic and Historic Tinkers Creek Valley Map of Tinkers Creek Valley Legend and Map of Tinkers Creek Valley Legend and Map of Deerlick Creek Valley 1989 - Bedford Reservation and Cuyahoga Valley National Park areas within Walton Hills Boundaries - Also see Maps Album Special Areas of the Tinkers Creek Valley, Bedford Reservation 1923-1933 Topography and Elevations Streams Woodlands Trails and Lanes Early Residents - homes, bams Legend and Map - Places of Interest

Also see Native American items on exhibit at Walton Hills Historical Resource Center, Community Room, Walton Hills Village Hall, corner of Walton and Alexander Roads, Walton Hills, Ohio CHAPTER 4

INDIAN SITES

For many years, from mid Spring through Autumn, bands of woodland Indians camped in the western half of Walton Hills. Their summer campsites were near major Indian trails for east-west and north-south travel. The Native Americans set up their camps on the broad hilltops, where steep ridges offered them the advantage of good viewing points and protection from their enemies. The Walton Hills area offered them good drinking water, salt and a likely spot to find game animals. They hunted, farmed on hilltops and bottom land as well, and distilled salt for their own use and for trade.

Then in the mid 160Os, the Iroquois declared ownership of this part of Ohio. Since they were a powerful Indian tribe, other Indians stopped camping in our area. For almost 100 years the only Indians seen around here were those passing through on trails. Then once again during the second half of the 170Os, a few bands of Indians camped along the ridges.

INDIAN POINT

Indian Point is thought to have been an old Indian fort, located on the hilltop on the north side of Hemlock Creek Picnic Area in Bedford Reservation. Indian Point is a high, flat-topped ridge that rises sharply between Hemlock Creek and Tinkers Creek. From Indian Point the Indians had a good view of the Tinkers Creek Valley, could defend themselves and send smoke signals to other bands of Indians. This site is thought to be of Algonquin origin.

A band of Indians probably camped within the fort. On the hillsides by Indian Point the numerous fresh water springs provided good drinking water. The lowland by the creek had rich soil for growing corn. The area yielded many nuts and berries and wild vegetables and herbs. Fish were abundant in the creeks. Salt licks, especially those at the mouth of Deerlick Creek, attracted many wild animals and game birds, making hunting an easier chore.

Settlers who moved to the area in the early 1800s saw evidence of a fort at Indian Point. Moses Gleeson, who owned several acres of land in the area, including Indian Point, reported seeing a double row of earth trenches along with the rotted remains of log stockade posts. Within the post trenches

Historical Sites in Our Parks: Sights in Cuyahoga Valley National Park and Bedford Reservation within Boundaries of the Village of Walton Hills c. 2004 he saw piles of burnt stones from Indian fire pits and other kinds of camp midden such as charred bones and camp refuse. In the late 1880s a great-grandson of Moses Gleeson, Edmond "Cub" Carey, posted a sign on a nearby tree. The sign made notice of this site having been a fort.

When Cuyahoga Valley Historian Joe Jesensky scouted Indian Point in the early 192Os, he could detect no trace of the old fort posts. But, he did see evidence of a double row of ditches across the narrowest part of the hilltop land. In 1929 Jesensky discovered a flint drill of Indian origin in an old corn field nearby. Two years later Jesensky and Mr. Donkin, a Cleveland archaeologist from the State Archaeological Society submitted a documented paper after visiting the site and interviewing local people who shared information and artifacts with them. In more recent years, Dr. David Brose, who was the Archaeologist for the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, studied the site and compiled a report on this probable Indian fort.

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Indian Point is an old Algonquin Indian fort and camp site located on the hilltop on the north side of Hemlock Creek Picnic Area in Bedford Reservation. Indian Point is a high, flat-topped ridge that rises sharply between Hemlock Creek and Tinkers Creek.

From their location the band of Indians who camped here from Spring through Autumn had a good view of the Tinkers Creek Valley, could defend themselves and send smoke signals to other bands of Indians.

Fresh water springs on nearby hillsides provided good drinking water. The lowlands had rich soil for growing com. The area yielded many nuts, berries, wild vegetables and herbs. Fish were abundant in the creeks. Salt licks attracted many wild animals and game birds, making hunting an easier chore.

Settlers who moved into the area in the early 1800s saw evidence of a Fort at Indian Point. Moses Gleeson, who owned several acres of land in the area, including Indian Point, reported seeing a double row of earth trenches along with the rotted remains of log stockade posts. Within the post trenches he saw piles of bumt stones from Indian fire pits and other kinds of camp midden such as charred bones and camp refuse.

In the late 188Os, a great-grandson of Moses Gleeson, Edmond "Cub" Carey, posted a sign on a nearby tree. The sign made notice of this site having been a fort.

When Cuyahoga Valley Historian Joe Jesensky scouted Indian Point in the early 192Os, he could detect no trace of the old fort posts. But, he did see evidence of a double row of ditches across the narrowest part of the hilltop land. In 1929 Jesensky discovered a fiint drill of Indian origin in an old com field nearby. Two years later, Jesensky and Mr. Donkin, a Cleveland archaeologist from the State Archaeological Society submitted a documented paper after visiting the site and interviewing local people who shared information and artifacts with them.

In more recent years, Dr. David Brose, who was the Archaeologist for the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, studied the site and compiled a report on this probable Indian fort.

-3- INDIAN POINT A high hill rises up from the flats where Hemlock Creek flows into Tinkers Creek Its summit is a sharp narrow ridge On the ridge, evidence of an Indian fort was discovered years ago (2003 photograph)

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*------I S- 5 I <,- - --:rs=:===--=- .Er- N.E. Alexander/Dunham Roads Indian Point Camp S ite INDIAN POINT. A high hill rises up from the flats INDIAN ARTIFACTS were found on the wide stretch where Hemlock Creek flows into Tinkers Creek. of high land north of Alexander Road and east of Dunham 1ts summit is a sharp narrow ridge. On the ridge. Road. The items indicate this was an Indian camp site. evidence of an Indian fort was discovered years ago. (2003 photographs) CAMP SITES ALONG ALEXANDER ROAD

According to Dr. David Brose, from about 700 AD to 1620 or 1640, Ottawa Indians camped on the high flat land along the north side of the Sagamore River, from Dunham Road westward toward Hub Parkway. Indians returned to the Alexander Road area for a few decades beginning in about 1730.

The camp sites are on both Bedford Reservation land and private land owned by residents and the three churches on Alexander Road. Throughout the years, residents living in the area have uncovered Indian artifacts such as arrowheads, Indian tools, and heaps of uncut flint rock and flint shavings.

CAMP SITES NE of ALEXANDER / DUNHAM ROADS

An Indian camp site was on a wide expanse of high land that rises next to Bedford Reservation's parking lot at the northeast corner of Alexander and Dunham Roads. The Indian camp site continued east toward North Meadowpark Drive and north to Egbert Road. A good part of that camp site is in Bedford Reservation.

Young boys who grew up in that area in the early 1900s related stories of how they spent many hours on the old camp site, playing and scouting for Indian artifacts. During interviews in the 198Os, when they were up in years, they each told about walking every inch of that land and eagerly displayed the Indian artifacts they had collected from the site.

In 1971 a cache of more than 25 Indian game balls, which French fur trappers and traders called chunkies, were found along a nearby ridge. The chunkies were found about 1 _ feet below the surface. The sandstone and granite balls of three different sizes could have been used for a bowling or bacci type of game. Two of the chunkies were shaped like those used by a discus hurler. Perhaps when Indians packed up to leave their summer camps, they buried the chunkies and hoped to find them upon their return the next summer.

In 1978-79, just before the Metroparks purchased the land from George Timko, Archaeologist Dr. David Brose, along with Jack and Greg St. John explored the area. They canvassed the parking lot area, the creek at its north, the cliff at its east and the eastern third of the hilltop land. They did a careful excavation of two 10-foot squares. Among their findings were two shell beads, rock scrapers and a piece from an ax that were of Indian origin, a few arrow points, fragments of flint, and a pottery shard.

INDIAN MOUNDS on TINKERS CREEK RTDGE a series of Indian Longtime residents, many of whom have since passed away, reported seeing burial mounds near Indian Point. Beginning at Dunham Road and going west there is a long ridge that parallels the north side of Tinkers Creek Road. The site ofthe mounds is said to have been on that stretch of land on the hilltop. Through the passage of time, trees have grown to mature heights along could very well the entire ridge, making identification questionable and disputable. However, Indians have buried their dead on this hilltop, the hill just west of Indian Point. Part of this area, the land close the National to Dunham Road, is within Walton Hills boundaries and is now part of Cuyahoga Valley Park. CAMP SITES NORTHEAST of ALEXANDENDUNHAM ROADS Stories obtained from interviews with several local residents tell about a large Indian camp site that was on a wide expanse ofhigh land that rises next to Bedford Reservation's parking lot at the northeast corner of Alexander and Dunham Roads. The Indian camp site continued east, past North Meadowpark Drive to Woodlake Drive, and north to Egbert Road. A good part of that camp site is now part of Bedford Reservation.

Jack Willing, Yaro Hesoun and Bob Whittaker, all deceased, grew up in that area. In the early 1900s when they were young boys, they spent many hours on the old camp site, playing and scouting for Indian artifacts. During interviews in the 198Os, when they were up in years, they each told about walking every inch of that land and eagerly displayed the Indian artifacts they had collected from the site.

Willing lived at the northeast corner of Dunham and Alexander Roads on a 172-acre farm. His father owned the property until he lost it during the Depression. Then the Willings moved to another fann at Dunham and Button Roads. Hesoun lived nearby on Dunham Road as did Whittaker until, as an adult, he moved to Tinkers Creek Road.

Bob Timko, who now lives in Sagamore Hills, tells about this Indian camp site. In 1946, when he was 6 years old, his father purchased 80 acres ofthat farmland, from Alexander to Egbert Road and from Dunham to North Meadowpark Drive. Timko recalls the many Indian artifacts he found on the property.

In 1978-79, just before the Metroparks purchased the land from George Timko, Archaeologist Dr. David Brose, of Case Western Reserve University at the time, along with Jack and Greg St.John explored the area. They canvassed the parking lot area, the creek at its north, the cliff at its east and the eastern third ofthe hilltop land. They did a careful excavation of two 10-foot squares. Among their findings were two shell beads.rock scrapers and a piece from an ax that were of Indian origin, a few arrow points, fragments of flint, and a pottery shard.

The sites are on both camp Bedford Reservation land and private land owned by residents and the three churches on Alexander Road. One resident, Joe Check, uncovered Indian artifacts near the site. He took them to the Museum ofNatural History, but because the artifacts were removed from the site, they could not be authenticated.

In 1922 John and Elsie Rada purchased 66 acres of land along the south side of Alexander Road. Rada found Indian Indian arrowheads, tools and a cache of flint on his property. Today, Rada's son, Jack, and grandson, John, Jr., live on part ofthe family homestead. John, Jr. donated the Indian artifacts he inherited from his grandfather to the Walton Hills Historical Resource Center. INDIAN CHUNKIES In 1971, a cache ofmore than 25 Indian game balls, which French fur trappers and traders called chunkies, were found on private property on a ridge along Woodlake Drive. The residents discovered the chunkies when a wing was added to their house. They were about one and a half feet below the surface. The family took the Indian game balls to the Cleveland Museum ofNatural History. Because the chunkies were removed from the site, they could not be authenticated, and the museum could not accept them.

The Chunkies are sandstone and granite balls of three different sizes, scraped to the desired size and shape. The balls could have been used for a bowling or bacci type game. Two of the balls were shaped like those used by a discus hurler. When the Indians packed up to leave their summer camps, they evidently buried their chunkies, and hoped to find them upon their return the next summer.

' Chunkies" Native Indian Game Balls

Just like we have baseballs and basketballs, the Native Indians had game balls, too. They called them "Chunkies: Long ago, these game balls belonged to Indians who camped out in UWalton Hills" during the good weather months. What kinds of games could the Indian adults and children have played with these balls? We know one of their games was similar to our game of Bacci.

Because the game balls are heavy and cumbersome, when the Indian families traveled to their winter campground, they buried the balls in easy-to-find spots, and hoped to retrieve the game balls the next Spring, when they returned. For some reason, this Indian family never retrieved these game balls.

In the 197Os, these Indian "Chunkies" were found buried about one foot deep near tree roots, at 7485 Woodlake Drive. Construction workers saw the cache of 23 Indian game balls when they were digging a new foundation for an addition to the Wise family home. These Indian UChunkies" were donated by former residents, Jack and Margaret Wise. R h

INDIAN CHUNCKIES April, 2003

In 1971 we added an addition to our home at 7485 Woodlake Dr., Walton Hills, Ohio. An area was excavated for a new foundation. Our son Scott (age 10 at the time) found about 25 or so round rocks of different sizes. They ranged from about 2 inches to five or more inches in circumference. He asked his Dad what they were and he was told Indian baseballs66. Being a member of a local YMCA Indian Guide tribe he cleaned them up and stored them away in boxes.

Years later, we were hiking with a group in the area of Walton Hills near the canal and Alexander Road. We were told this was a campsite of local Indians and were shown a round rock. We were told these were used by Indian children in their games and called Chunkies.

Ounj Jean Kainsinger was with the group. She took some of a rocks to the Natural History museum for verification oftheir authenticity.

We were pleased to realize we still had the round rocks and were happy to share them.

Margaret Wise 300 Tinkers Trail Aurora, Ohio 44202 EGYPT MOUND

Another Indian burial site possible is Egypt Mound. Egypt Mound is on the east side of Dunham Road, on the flat hilltop across the street from the Astorhurst Golf Course driving range. Today, trees and underbrush conceal the mound's existence.

The mound is roughly triangular in shape, like the bottom of an iron. The two longer sides of the flat iron are about thirty meters long and the shorter

end is about ten meters long. It is about eight meters higher than surrounding land. Rounded rocks are scattered around the base.

It is likely that Indians used the formation for a burial mound. Several facts credence to that give possibility. It was close to the Mahoning Trail and it was located in an area used by Indians. Also, Indian Point was located on the hilltop on the north side of Tinkers Creek while Egypt Mound was on the hilltop on the south side of Tinkers Creek.

Part of Mound was used as Egypt a cemetery by the Gleeson family. On the mound is the grave and gravestone of Moses Gleeson's son Edmond, who died in 1854. A fence that had surrounded the burial plot is now gone, and the slabs of sandstone which supported the fence are barely visible. No grave is in the family plot. other

The mound's flat iron shape is peculiar to the shape of other Indian mounds. theorizes Joseph Jesensky the mound became triangular shaped when New York Central Railroad crews were seeking landfill to elevate the track level behind the mound and used part of the mound. For some reason, maybe saw evidence because they of human bones, they stopped digging into the mound. The large rocks scattered around the base of the mound could be rocks that were too large to use for fill.

The mound has been studied a number of times to determine its origin by geologists, archaeologists and others authorized by the state or national government. The reports are inconclusive. The experts can not designate the site an authentic Indian mound. Because the summit of the mound is a family cemetery, were their digs limited with only a few superficial test holes explored. Since 1982 the mound and its surrounding land are owned by the national government and are part of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Egypt Mound, the local landmark that has kept the curious guessing for many years, will keep its secret identity.

Historical Sites in Our Parks: Sights in Cuyahoga Valley National Park and Bedford Reservation within Boundaries of the Village of Walton Hills c. 2004 EGYPT MOUND

Another possible Indian burial site is Egypt Mound. Egypt Mound is on the east side of Dunham Road, on the hillside across the street from the Astorhurst Golf Course driving range. Today, trees and underbrush conceal the mound's existence from the passerby. The mound has been studied a number of times to determine its origin, by geologists, archaeologists and others authorized by the state or national government. The reports conflict with one another.

Egypt Mound sits at the top of the hill on level land. The mound is roughly triangular in shape, like the bottom of an iron. The two longer sides of the "flat iron" are about thirty meters long and the shorter end is about ten meters long. It is about eight meters higher than surrounding land. Rounded rocks are scattered around the base.

It is likely that Indians of long also used the formation for a burial mound. Several facts give credence to that possibility. It was close to the Mahoning Trail and it was located in an area used by Indians. Also, Indian Point was located on the hilltop on the north side of Tinker's Creek while Egypt Mound was on the hilltop on the south side of Tinker's Creek.

Part of Egypt Mound was used as a cemetery by the Gleeson family. On the mound is the grave and gravestone of Moses Gleeson's son Edmond, who died in 1954. A fence that had surrounded the burial plot is now gone, and the slabs of sandstone which supported the fence are barely visible. No other grave is in the family plot.

In 1931 a state archaeologist, Mr. Dunkin, visited the mound with Joseph Jesensky, a Cuyahoga Valley Researcher. Mr. Dunkin thought the mound was an authentic Indian mound, but he did not conduct a dig of the site because ofthe Gleeson cemetery. His limited exploration at the base of the mound was inconclusive. The mound was surveyed and mapped in the 1930s by Elmer B. Wight, who researched and documented local historic sites.

In 1980 The Cleveland Museum ofNatural History was formally authorized by the Federal Government to perform an archaeological investigation of Egypt Mound. Dr. John Hall ofthe Geology Department at Case Western Reserve University conducted the investigation. Once again, because the summit of the mound was a family cemetery, only a few superficial test holes were explored. Hall concluded in his report that '*neither prehistoric cultural materials nor any evidence of prehistoric cultural construction can be documented at the Egypt Mound."

The mound' s "flat iron" shape is peculiar to the shape of other Indian mounds. Jesensky has a theory of how the mound became triangular shaped. He thinks that when the New York Central Railroad crews were seeking landfill to elevate the track level behind the mound, they used part of the mound. For some reason, maybe because they saw evidence of human bones, they stopped using that fill. The large rocks scattered around the base of the mound could be rocks that were too large to use for fill.

Jesensky also reasons that the mound could also be of glacial origin. As melting glaciers moved southward through our area they gathered and carried with them many igneous and metamorphic boulders, rocks and sediment from Canada. Geologists call these heaped deposits left here by glaciers glacial kame. Glacial kame can be found on several ridges throughout our village.

Today the mound and its surrounding land are owned by the national government who bought it in 1982 to include in the National Park. Egypt Mound, the local landmark that has kept the curious guessing for many years, will keep its secret identity. Interview with David Brose, Cleveland Museum ofNatural History

Indian Point was the site of an ancient Indian fort. It is the flat topped ridge north of the picnic grounds that comes to a point between Hemlock Creek and Tinker's Creek.

Early settlers, including Moses Gleeson, saw evidence of Indian Point being a fort, and in the late 1880's one resident posted a sign that marked the fort site on a nearby tree. (his words repeat the words above)

There are other ridge top areas close by, like Indian Point, that were good fort and village sites. The Indians chose to live on high bluffs or ridges, in spots where they had good views of the Tinker's Creek Valley, where they could send smoke signals to other bands of Indians, and where they could easily defend themselves.

The Indians needed to live near an ample water supply, and Tinker's Creek and its butting hillsides had numerous fresh water springs. Indians wanted to live near plentiful food supply. Both the valley flatlands and the higher grounds in the area had rich soil for growing corn and yielded many nuts and berries and wild vegetables and herbs. The salt licks especially at the mouth of Deerlick Creek attracted many wild animals and made hunting an easier chore. The creeks provided plentiful fish and wild turkeys and other game birds flocked in the area.

Many bands of Indians had more than one campsite. Probably they summered here and wintered somewhere else where the weather was less severe.

Artifacts from the site indicate Indian Point was a fort site more than a village; or a village within a fort.

There are negligible archaeological remains in our village today. Settlers farmed; their main preoccupation was providing shelter for the families and eking out an existence from the land.

But, as busy as they were, several sites were reported and recorded by amateur archaeologists. Unfortunately, our area suffered from neglect by the professional archaeologists. No genuine survey or dig was conducted in our area by persons who could have documented ancient Indian sites.

A Cleveland lawyer who was keenly interested in local geology and archaeology was Charles Whittlesey. From 1837 until at least 1871 Colonel Whittlesey trekked the Cuyahoga Valley area, carefully surveying and mapping Indian hilltop forts and earthworks. For years he gathered data about possible Indian sites, then repeatedly checked them out himself. He was the 1st President of the Western Reserve Historical Society.

In 1871 he published the comprehensive study ofhis work ( he published it himself) entitling it: "Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio."

Unfortunately for us, Whittlesey's concentrated study did not include the Tinker's Creek Valley. The Importance of Salt in Tinkers Creek and its Tributaries

Did you ever wonder why the Tinkers Creek Fur Trappers knew this was an area to get a Valley became a historic area? plentiful supply of pelts. There were two Trading Posts Perhaps it could be evaporated into one word - Salt. along Tinkers Creek. One was by the Cuyahoga River Salt (silica) is one of the minerals in the porous, and the other was by Indian Point / Hemlock Creek sometimes brittle Sedimentary Rock. Pavilion in Bedford Reservation. This area attracted the Early Settlers for the same reasons. Salt Cliffs of exposed sandstone and shale frame the Tinkers Creek sides of Tinkers Creek and its tributaries in the Bedford Tinkers Creek, the largest tributary of the Reservation area. After a heavy rain or period of melting Cuyahoga River, begins in Streetsboro, in the Twin Lakes curves snow, water seeps through the rock, and trickles down area by Kent Ohio, and winds its way westward. It into the Creek. through Bedford Reservation and flows into the Cuyahoga River. Several streams empty into Tinkers rain water carries the salt with it. Some of The Creek, but two of its major tributaries, Deerlick Creek and the rocks in the creek the salt collects on exposed Hemlock Creek empty into Tinkers Creek in Walton Hills. rocks. bottom, dries out, and adheres to the bed Tinkers Creek and its tributaries supply one third of the water that fiows into the Cuyahoga River. Animals, big and small, need salt. Through the the smart animals years, being creatures that they are, Except for when it flows through Bedford Tinkers Creek. living in and around this area frequented Reservation, Tinkers Creek is a calm, slow-moving are under the when Salt deposits rocks, and rushing stream. In the park area the elevation of the land drops the dissolved salt mixes with water filters through rocks, considerably, and the river plunges abruptly in a series of the fresh water, providing animals their mineral salt cascades and waterfalls, and carries with it salt. requirements. Animals paw at the exposed rocks and lick the salt off them. Scenic cliffs of exposed sandstone and shale frame the sides of Tinkers Creek in the Bedford Bands of Native Americans chose to camp on Reservation area. For over 12,000 years Tinkers Creek Tinkers Creek the hillsides of the Valley. They knew this has been carving out a valley through this area. Its was a where could obtain good hunting area, they easily steep-walled gorge is one-half mile in length and one skins. meat and animal hundred ninety feet deep at the Gorge observation platform. The creek bottom is littered with worn-down Here, the squaws collected salt. The women rocks of many sizes, a result of the cascades and found, or made, a hollow near the edge of the creek, filled waterfalls. it with water, let the water evaporate, and scraped out the salt. Sedimentary Rock in our Area Era shale and sandstone Salt enabled the squaws to make jerky. We Exposed Mississippian that is 300 million old engulf the sides of Tinkers have beef jerky, theirs was probably venison jerky. Each years Creek. The is named The Bedford Summer the women made enough jerky for their families unique rock Formation. This brittle, soft rock is made of thin to chew each traveling day, as they trekked to their of shale thin Winter camp. The jerky provided the travelers with salt layers alternating with layers of sandstone. The rock is visible in the cascades, and protein. They made a brine solution by continuing to and and add small amounts of water into the hollow, letting it waterfalls, rapids throughout the park, along the walls of the The Bedford Formation was first evaporate, and repeating the process until it was a brine. gorge. described and named here, designating Bedford Then they soaked long narrow strips of meat L-2<4 Reservation a in the brine. When ready, the women ,«<> Al "type locality." This rock is also seen nearby in other gorges throughout northeast Ohio. One strung the strips of venison on tree limbs Ovi,>2*1911 see exposed layers of sandstone, especially to dry. (*12) can also Berea Sandstone, and Cleveland Shale usually found F-.mi at a lower level, and Chagrin Shale at a still lower level.

by Jean and Bob Kainsinger ofT\27-ry ... Notes from Joe Jesensky: "INDIAN POINT"

All quotes: "At the junction of Wood Creek (Hemlock Creek) and Tinker's Creek a high hill rises up from the flats. Its sides are very steep and its summit is a sharp narrow ridge.

Near the tip of this ridge evidences of an ancient Indian fort was discovered years ago. In the late 1880's an early settler (Cub Carey told Joe Jesensky that a family member did this) posted a sign on a tree pointing out the site of the fort. At that time a double row of earth trenches were plain to see along with the rotted remains of log stockade posts.

Within this area were numerous fire pits with charred stones, bones and camp refuse.

In the late 1920's not atrace ofthose could be seen.

In 1929 while tramping across an old corn field nearby, I discovered a flint implement; a flint drill, which could have come from the fort site.

The site was a well-chosen one for the ridge commanded an excellent view of the entire valley upstream and down, and the smoke from the signal fires at the mouth of Tinker's Creek could easily be seen from here."

Joe Jesensky and Mr. Donkin, a local Cleveland archaeologist from the State Archaeological Society described their trip to see Indian Point on 10-2-1931:

All quotes by Joe Jesensky: "A long narrow high peninsula at the junction of Hemlock Creek and Tinker's Creek: 45 years before 1931 a double row of ditches across the narrowest part of the peninsula was seen.

Also seen in 1851 by Moses Gleeson, were evidences of an Indian village site as reported by Moses Gleeson, one of the early land owners. This site, said to be Algonquin origin, was evidences by piles of burnt stones of Indian fireplaces and other kinds of camp midden (refuse). A stockade of logs must have helped secure the site as some evidence of long-rotted tree stumps or posts were seen at that time. Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Lower Tinkers Creek Region - David Brose, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1975

Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Lower Tinkers Creek Region - David Brose, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1975

1. Brose's Legend of Native American Sites in this area 2. Brose's List of Historic Native American Sites in this area 3. Brose's Map

Brose's Legend of Native American Sites in this Area Compiled by David Brose; "Preliminary Archeological Reconnaissance of the Lower Tinkers Creek and Cuyahoga Valley"- December 1975 Paleo Sites: Only 3: Campbell Site #12 Hillside Road Site #23 Doubler Site #51

Early Archaic Sites: 10,000 BC to approximately 5,000 BC Hogue's Spring #5 Merkle Site-2 #18 Parks Area-6 #56 * Porbe Field Site #50 * Regis Site #48 Bernstein Site #33

Middle Archaic Sites: 5,000 BC to 2,000 BC Poroznski Site #20 * Dziczkowski Site #35 Townhall Site #11 Tulip Tree Site #16 Chamberlain Site #34 1 Kolis Site #39 * 4 Rizer Site #43 * Pilgurrah Site #7 Terra Vista No. 1 #24 Doubler Hill#52 Johnson Site #53

Late Archaic Sites: BC 2,000 to 800 AD Terra Vista No. 2 #25 Campbell Cemetery #26 Grader Site #7 G's Folley Site #22 * Wild Bull Site#36 z Johnson Site #53

Early Woodland Sites: BC 800 to 100 AD (only a few in Northern Ohio) Soldat Site #47 Townhall Site #11 G's Folly Site #22 Johnson Site #53

Middle Woodland Sites: BC 100 to 500 AD Gleeson Mound #9 and Gleeson Village #10 (typically Hopewellian-conical) Johnson Site #54 (Hopewellian) Backhoe Site #8 * Baumann South Field #55 (Hopewellian) M Winters-Brown Site #21 * Koth Site #44 (Hopewellian) * P Rizer Site #43 A F Porbe Field #50 v Campbell Site #12 Porozynski Site #20 Parks Area-6 #56 South Park Site #13

Early to Late Woodland Sites: 500 AD to 1,000 AD Wittaker Site #27 La-Lo Site #28 * Drivers Site #29 * le Golf Lot Site #31 * * Baumann North Field #49 * Johnson Site #53

Terminal to Late Woodiand Sites: 1,000 AD to 1600 AD South Park Site #13 Cemey Hall#6 Campbell Site #12 Crissey Site #14 #19 Hogback Site Hillside Road Site #23 Terra Vista No. 2 #25 Carey Field Site #32 Whittlesey Fort #38 Doubler Field #51 Doubler Hill#52 Bluff Road Site #37 Brose's List of Historic Native American Sites in this Area

Site Tvoe Time Period

1. Fosdick Road Historic Cemetery 1820-1840 2. Harper Family Historic Cemetery 1835-1860 3. Thomberg District Historic Lock 1820-1860 4. Byerly Stage Coach Historic Stage Coach Stop 1840-1850

5. Hogue's Spring Archaic Campsite 7000 BC to 5000 BC 6. Cemey Hall Prehistoric Burials 1300-1600 7. Pilgurrah Moravian Mission 1789-1790 8. Backhoe Canal Campsite 183Os-1850s

9. Gleeson Mound Ceremonial Burial Mound 1 AD to 500 AD 10. Gleeson Village Prehistoric Village 1 AD to 500 AD 11. Townhall Site Archaic Campsite 4000 BC to 500 AD 12. Campbell Site Prehistoric Campsite 1000 AD to 1600 AD

13. Southpark Site. Prehistoric Village 1000 AD to 1600 AD 14. Crissey Site Prehistoric Village 1000 AD to 1500 AD 15. Schreiber Road Site Historic Refuse Dump 1860-1880 16. Tulip Tree Site Archaic Campsite 2500 BC to 500 AD

17. Grader Site Archaic Campsite 1000 BC to 500 AD 18. Merkle #2 Site Archaic Campsite 7000 BC to 6000 BC 19. Hogback Site Flint Working Site - 20. Porozynski Site Archaic Village 3500 BC to 1000 BC

21. Winters-Brown Site Flint Working Site 1 AD to 500 AD 22. G's Folly Site Prehistoric Campsite 1000 BC to 1000 AD 23. Hillside Road Site Prehistoric Village 1300 AD to 1500 AD 24. Terra Vista #1 Site Archaic Village 2000 BC to 1000 BC

25. Terra Vista #2 Site Prehistoric Village 1000 AD to 1600 26. Campbell Cemetery Historic Cemetery 1815-1860 27. Whittaker Site Prehistoric Campsite 500 AD to 1000 AD 28. La-Lo Site Prehistoric Campsite 500 AD to 1000 AD

* 29. Drivers Site Prehistoric Campsite 600 AD to 900 AD f 30. Roadside Site Stagecoach Inn 1850-1860 * 31. Golf Lot Site Prehistoric Campsite - 32. Carey Field Site Prehistoric Village 1200 AD to 1400 AD

33. Bernstein Site Archaic Campsite 5000 BC to 3000 BC 34. Chamberlain Site Archaic Campsite 3500 BC to 1000 BC fr 35. Dziczkowski Site Archaic Village 3500 BC to 1000 BC * 36. Wild Bull Site - Late Archaic Site Brose's List of Historic Native American Sites in this Area (continued) Site IMPg Time Period

37. Bluff Road Site Prehistoric Hunting Camp 1300 AD to 1600 AD 1300 AD to 1600 AD 38. Whittlesey Fort #4 Prehistoric Campsite 39. Kolis Site Archaic Campsite 3000 BC to 500 BC < 40. Dunham Road Site Historic House 1820-1830

Trail 19m Century 41. Council Tree Sycamore Tree marks Indian Muskingum Trail 19m Century 42. Mahoning Trail Tree Plague on Oak Tree marks Sagamore-Mahoning * 43. Rizer Site Prehistoric Campsite - * 44. Koth's Site Ceremonial Cache 200 BC to 300 AD

a 45. Porbe Site Historic House 1870s 46. Flood Fort Site Historic Ottawa Village 1750s 47. Soldat Site Prehistoric Mound and Village 500 BC to 1 AD 5000 BC to 4000 BC 48. Regis Site Archaic Campsite

1 49. Baumann North Field Prehistoric Campsite 600 BC to 300 AD k 50. Porbe Field Site Archaic Campsite - 51. Doubler Field Site Prehistoric Campsite 1000 AD to 1500 AD 52. Doubler Hill Site Prehistoric Campsite 1100 AD to 1400 AD

53. Johnson Site Prehistoric Village and Campsite 3000 BC to 1000 AD 54. Johnson Mound Site Ceremonial Mound 1 AD to 350 AD * 55. Baumann South Field Prehistoric Village 1 AD to 350 AD 56. Park's Area 6 Archaic Campsite 6000 BC to 4000 BC

Not,ve- Anteclcans On this Web Site also see Links about Historic Sites in Bedford Reservation and Cuyahoga Valley National Park: - Book: The Vmage of Wa/ton H#/s Tracing Our Heritage, by Jean and Robert Kainsinger, c. 1986 p. 10-13 p.63-65 p. 71-72 Book: Historical Sites in Our Parks: Historic Sites in Cuyahoga Valley National Park and Bedford Reservation within the Boundaries of the Village of Walton Hills, by Jean and Bob Kainsinger, c. 2004,2006 entire book and National Park Maps Album: Many of the maps are of historic sites in Bedford Reservation Cuyahoga Valley

Also: Additional written material, photos and items are on exhibit at the Walton Hills Historical Resource Center, Alexander Walton Hills Ohio Community Room, Walton Hills Village Hall, comer of Walton and Roads, /« .-.< 8<11.-'.»1, p ...

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INDIAN TRAILS

From as early as 3500 BC and as recently as the late 170Os, bands of Indians traveled through Walton Hills areas of Bedford Reservation and Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The entire stretch of Dunham Road and the west section of Alexander Road were once part of major Indian trails. Depending on their purpose, their needs and their haste, the Indians used alternative paths to get to their destinations. Some paths led to hunting grounds, some were primarily for traveling, others for scouting, and still others were war paths.

Some Indian trails went north and west to Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Some went northeast towards Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Others led south to the Gulf of Mexico.

1 In 1914, local men who were interested in preserving Ohio history 1 formed the Indian Pathfinders Association No. 1. Using information researched Indian I from a variety of sources, they made detailed maps in the early 1930s of trails that passed through Walton Hills and the State of Ohio. The founder and I president of the Pathfinders was Elmer B. Wight, past owner of the Cleveland Hills Farm on Wight Oaks Lane in Walton Hills. The secretary of the group was Virgil D. Allen, Sr., father of the first mayor of the Village of Walton Hills.

The MAHONING TRAIL

Dunham Road, from its south end to its north end was part of a major Indian route. Called the Mahoning Trail, it started where the three rivers meet in Pittsburgh, worked its way through Ohio, and ended in Detroit.

The Mahoning Trail was not only used by several Indian tribes. French explorers, fur trappers and traders traveled along the trail as did French, English to western home sites also and American soldiers. Pioneers and settlers moving used the Mahoning Trail.

1 During frontier years this great trail connected Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit, most important outposts in the Northwest Territory. Commercial pack the two trains transported goods between the two forts, stopping at trading posts along , the way. Our parklands were camping spots for these travelers.

Historical Sites in Our Parks: Sights in Cuyahoga Valley National Park and Bedford Reservation within Boundaries of the Village of Walton Hills c. 2004 : '.. INDIAN TRAILS PASSING THROUGH the AREA ..

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16 The OTTAWA PATH

Where the Mahoning Trail forded Tinkers Creek and headed north, the trail was referred to as the Ottawa Branch of the Mahoning Trail. Starting in Walton Hills, the Ottawa Branch climbed Dunham Road hill and continued to Turney Road, Broadway Avenue, and onward to Lake Erie.

The SAGAMORE PATH

A well used branch of the Mahoning Trail was called the Sagamore Path. At Dunham and Alexander Roads, the Sagamore Path went west, following the northern ridge of Sagamore Creek. It crossed Alexander Road near Hub Industrial Park. Then it veered north, followed the ridge, and continued north toward Tinkers Creek.

Path became a route to western Provisions j Sagamore supply outposts. and furs were traded along the way. Moravian Missionaries who in 1786 set up a temporary village of Pilgerruh near Hathaway and Canal Roads, recorded seeing lengthy commercial pack horse trains moving slowly along the Sagamore Path. 4 Missionaries sometimes saw pack trains consisting of ten men leading 90 horses laden with flour, bacon and other supplies. Pack trains headed for Lake Erie where the goods were shipped by boat to Sandusky and then to Detroit.

An ALTERNATE ROUTE

Another Indian path along the Mahoning Trail started where Dunham It the north Tinkers Creek < Road meets Tinkers Creek. followed ridge paralleling Road and went west to the Cuyahoga River.

A MODERN DAY TRAIL - The BUCKEYE TRAIL

The Buckeye Trail is included here to differentiate between the historic trails and this modern trail. The Buckeye Trail Association was established in 1959, and is an Ohio nonprofit association. Volunteers planned, marked and work i mapped over 1100 miles of trails encircling the state of Ohio. They closely 1 with the National Park Service and local parks to plan routes and coordinate efforts. In Walton Hills, the trail passes through Bedford Reservation and CVNP. 2

C' RECORDED INDIAN SITES Within BOUNDARIES of VILLAGE of WALTON HILLS

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Notes: Ottawa Trail was traced by Mr. Donkin, State Archaeologist from Cleveland, Ohio. Map ofthe trails was drawn up by Cleveland engineers: Elmer Wight, Virgil Allen (Joe Jesensky: Pages from a Tinker's Creek Sketch Book 1923-1933)

Notes: Interview with Joe Jesensky 1984

Erie, Huron, Miami, Wyandot, Potowatomie, Delaware, Ottawa and Iroquois Indians lived or passed through this area.

Moses Cleaveland's surveying party met the Ottawas who were living here.

In the Cuyahoga Valley, the Erie were driven out by the Iroquois The Iroquois declared ownership; they didn't want other tribes to he here; they were the most powerful group of Indians in this area. They bought ammo and weapons from Dutch fur trappers.

The local trails around the Cuyahoga Valley were the main route to St. Lawrence River, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes area

The Indians regarded The Cuyahoga Valley as neutral territory.

After the Iroquois drove the Erie out of the area Indians used this valley as a transient travel area.

Hermit Hollow Mound: This mound is near the former cabin site of the old Hermit ofTinker's Creek. Mr. Donkin reported that it was not an Indian mound but of glacial origin. This may or may not be true - its nearness to the fort directly across the creek could suggest its use as a burial site. Joe Jesensky

Interview with David Brose, Cleveland Museum ofNatural History:

The area where the Sacred Heart Church and the Hungarian Church are located on Alexander Rd: Ottawa Indians lived there from 700 AD to 1620 or 1640 Then there was a 100 year gap. Starting about 1730, Indians passed by, along the trail used the area

Interview with Joseph Check, Alexander Road resident 10-1985 Before it was the Gospel House property, Joe frequently dug around, looking for artifacts About 1 1/2 feet deep, he found a spearhead and scraper made out of flint 2 big chunks of flint and small pieces of flint He found these items about 100 steps behind where the church is today, by the east side of the building, all in one spot. The parking lot covers the area today. He took the items to the Museum ofNatural History, but because they were disturbed, the museum didn't want them. Notes:

On the east side of the hill along Woodlake Drive (Jack Wise property) When the Wises were excavating for an addition onto their house, the excavator found 32 Indian "Chunkies" buried about a foot or so under the ground, in the woods to the rear of their house. Chunkies is the name we give to Indian game balls. Indians buried their *'toys" for use the next summer, when they would return to their Summer Camp site. 74&,kw Go_vwe-gAL, s

The Wises took the game balls to the Cleveland Museum ofNatural History, but because they were disturbed, the museum didn't want them. They gave some to each of their 3 children and some to Jean Kainsinger. The balls are in 3 different sizes, most are of sandstone, a few are granite and they had been scraped to become round. One game ball, not round, but shaped like a 1 1/2 inch thick pancake, looks like a discus, for discus throwing.

Interview with Jack St. John

Timko Property NE corner of Alexander and Dunham Roads : Now part of the Metropark This hillside was used by Indians.

Archaeological dig 1978-1979 This was a year before the Metroparks bought the Timko land.

David Brose who was then with the Museum ofNatural History, but was with Case Western Reserve, Archaeological Dept. that year, 1986, Jack St. John and his son, Greg St. John explored the area together.

They explored: the lower section of the Timko land (Metropark parking lot), creek at its north, cliff at its east; the eastern third of the property

They did a careful excavation oflwo 10'x10' squares.

They found: 2 shell beads piece ofdeerjaw 1 pottery shard fragments of flint rock scrapers a few arrow points an ax celt ?? SUMMARY: (Tinker's Creek & Lower Cuyahoga Valley)

by David Brose - 1975

This preliminary survey represents a sample rather than an exhaustive listing. There are many other sites not yet discovered. What sites have been discovered clearly indicate that the valley was occupied by various wander- ing bands of prehistoric .merican Indians - Sollie time between 10,000 and 12.000 years ago. By 8,000 lo 10,000 E.C. small faxily groups of early Ind- ians were camping at bluff-edge and hottomland locations. hear springs or small streams. Py 3,000·to 6,000 B.C. archaic Indians had astablished small villages near the edges of uplarid .plateaus over'looking the valley, as well as many of the larger tributaries. The camps were only a part of the mobile set-

tlement-subsistance system, wliich also included small, special purpose camp-

sites on the floodplains and the rlateau interiors. This pattern of land ·use

continued with little change until a'cout 1,000 B.C., when elaborate burials

began to be placed on the gravel knolls and kames on the plateau north of

Tinker's Creek-Cuyahoga River. junction. Py the early woodland period-500 E.C.- major village occupations shifted to low saddles on the bluff edges and at vil'48* least one artificial burial mound is a· socii-ted with one Such buv:.ial-.1.-moaftd, south of Tinker's Creek. During the Middle Zoodland peridd there was an ap-

parent shift to floodplain ter:ace occupation for villages, seasonally compli-

mentary with bluff-edge campsites. In the Tinker' s Creek area .artificial bur-

ial mounds are located both on bottomland alluvial terraces and just back

from the bluff-edge on the upland plateau. During the Late.Woodland period the Tinker's Creek area major village sites show the shift from several floodplain terrace occupations (A.D. 500-1,000) to fewer secondary stream junction and low saddle ridge occupation '(A.D. 1,000-1,300) to a single major fortifie, village site on a steep-sided. isolated promontory (A.D. 1,300-1,620). This

shift is also reflected Ly the increasing importance of floodplain agriculture ali·.1 the otring eridence for Spec. 61 deasonal econ.unlic activity in 'he I *

numerous small campsites located in the region. The earliest historical archeological sites in the Tinker's Creek region are an Upper Great Lakes-related village site with strong French economic ties, dated-to the mid-18th Century and the probable site of Pillgeruh, the 1786-7 Moravian Mission.· Today, the interior upland plateaus are still basically undeveloped wooded ravines and flat tablelands, which, to a remarkable degree, still support many of the same species of fauna which served the economic needs of the early Indian occupants.

Note:My Comments (JDJ): While the area described covers only a small portion of·the Cuyahoga Valley and one major tributary (Tinker's Creek) the analysis and description of the various cultrual activities may well apply to the rest of the upper Cuyahoga Valley, and all other mjor large tributaries, as evidenced by the findings of·past. though limited, arhceological study.

Chippewa, Brandywine and Yellow Creeks, and Furnace Run. as well as other, lesser tributaries in the Summit Co. region, all offer the same topo*raphic situations as do the numerous broad floodplains .and bottomland situations.

The reference to the Late Woodland Period practice of situating single major fortified villages on narrow, steep-sided promontory locations might be the answer to our "forts", etc. in the valley and update them from a previously believed more-ancient period to· a more recent one, which might well be atributed to the Erie people. Llthough Mr. Brose never once .mentioned the Eries specifically, he did refer to various Iroquois aspects among some of the artifacts found in that region. which would mean the Eries. Cpoa

00 -3 4 Cans in Are.* 66Indians Ofthe Cuyahoga FaUey and Ficinity" Book by Bloetscher p.1

Archaic Indians 7000 BC and forward Late in the Archaic Period the Glacial Kame people ( a sub-culture) They got their name by burying their dead in the hills of gravel deposited by the glacier. They lived in the Cuyahoga Valley, from Northhampton to Akron-Canton area

Mound Builders: Adena 1000-300 BC and Hopewe11300 BC - 700 AD

Adena Indians They lived in the Cuyahoga. Valley, from Boston Mills area southward. They mostly hunted for their meat and gathered wild food. But, they also started to farm. They were probably the first people of our area to cut trees for farming. They didn't really cut the tree, they girdled them, so leaves would no longer grow and the tree would die. They burned the underbrush and planted their seeds in the ashes. We have evidence oftheir having grown pumpkins, squash and sunflowers. --seeds found in excavations of Adena mounds-- They probably also grew tobacco and maize.

Hopewell Indians They did more fanning, including herbs and other medicine plants. They had established trade routes to satisfy a wide variety ofwants and needs. They traded to get hematite, copper and flint. They traded with Indian tribes who lived along the Atlantic coast, a stretch of coast along the Gulf of Mexico and west to upper Mississippi River, to Minnesota Missouri, Wisconsin. These Indians traded for a wide variety of possessions from sharkskin to copper to hematite to mica.

Early late Woodiand Period Indians Little is known about the Indians who inhabited the Cuyahoga Valley between 700 AD and 1000 AD

Erie Indians 1000 AD - 1650 AD -- also called the Late Woodland Period They lived south of Lake Erie, from Erie Pa. to Toledo Ohio. We don't know how far south of Lake Erie. Erie Indians were called the Cat Nation by the French. They had many permanent and stocka(led towns, villages were located on high land bordering the many rivers and streams that fed into Lake Erie. They built circular houses. An Erie village had a stockade around it.. 17 rows of logs that were nearly 30 feet high. 2 Erie forts and lookout posts and signal stations dotted the Cuyahoga River ridges. 1,1 clrciKs in Are«

Colonel Whittlesey recorded the following hilltop fortifications: Hub Soldat site east of Cuyahoga River and north of Alexander (just west of Parkway on a "private" drive. None of his documented sites were in Walton Hills. Erie Tribe was The primary enemies of the Cat Nation were their eastern neighbors. In 1654 the decisively defeated by the Iroquois Nation.

The Iroquois Indians afterwards no one could The Iroquois formed a confederation of 5 Nations in about 1570. For many years of withstand the combined might of the Iroquois League. It is said that the US Constitution, Bill Rights and Iroquois the Articles of Confederation all were influenced by the UNWRITIEN constitution of the Confederation.

Mohawk The Iroquois Nation was made up of 5 tribes: Iroquois, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Huron The Iroquois Linguistic Tribes included: Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, Tuscarora, Neutral, Erie Honniasont, Susquehanock, Wenroe, Petun-the Tobacco Nation.

The Iroquois were on good terms with the English. In 1682 the Ottawa moved and settled to Maumee River, the Miami moved to the Miami River and the Wyandot moved to the Scioto River area.

other Ohio Bloetscher feels it is 1682 Cuyahoga Valley was not settled by one nation as were Valleys. tribes because Iroquois claimed this area and although they didn't live her, other moved into this area only when the Iroquois were distracted by war, etc. and were busy elsewhere. The main reason for the location of so many villages in the Cuyahoga Valley area is that it was an canoe. important crossroad of east-west and north-south travel, either on foot or by but Ottawa and their Chief Pontiac were enemies ofthe British. France promised to help the Indians didn't. In 1765 Chief Pontiac and several Indian tribes who joined him in a big fight to regain Indian territory west, had to surrender and sign a peace treaty with the English. In the treaty, The Royal Proclamation Line: the Indians had the land west of the mountains. English had the Appalachian Mountains and eastward and

The Pontiac led the attack in 1763. The plan was to attack all the forts of the English. These tribes joined Chief Pontiac and his Ottawa Tribe: Chickasaw, Cree, Potowatomie, Kickapoo, and Seneca nations of Wipissing, Chipewa, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Shawnee, Saux, Lenape, Fox Cayuga the Iroquois tribe.

the settlers The Indians of the Cuyahoga Valley were most actively engaged in hostilities against during the but there were raids to burn, years between 1760 and 1790. No real battles were fought, plunder and kill. the White The Indian villages along the Cuyahoga were well concealed and secure, far from the trails used by people. So, an Indian war party could strike the settlers and no one would know who to blame. 3-r cli &. s T4 Are. 4

66Indians ofthe Cuyahoga FaUey and Ficinity" Book by Bloetscher p.3

The Cuyahoga Valley Indians were unhappy with the agreements made by the treat Chief Pontiac signed with the English in 1765. the Even though Cuyahoga Valley was west of the Royal Proclamation Line of 1763, surveyors, squatters, land agents and hunters were in the valley.

1765: There were lots of squirmishes between the Indians and Settlers.

Mingos and Ottawas lived in this area then. ChiefLogan's family (not Him) were killed by whites. Chief Logan was a Cayuga Chief ofthe Mingos at Riverview and Yellow Creek Roads.

Between the US and the Indians: The Treaty ofFort Mcintosh in 1785. Some ofthe Indian nations ceded lands east and south ofthe line formed by the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas Rivers.

The Treatyof Greenville in 1795. This treaty reaffirmed the Fort Mcintosh Treaty and once again made the Cuyahoga River the boundary between the US and Indian Territory.

The Treaty ofFort Industry in 1805 (near Toledo). It moved the Greenville Treaty line to the western boundaries of the Western Reserve. The local Indians started moving west, but there were still about 200 or so in the Cuyahoga Valley area when the settlers began arriving. Very soon after the Treaty of Fort Industry, settlers started streaming into the Western Reserve to claim homesteads sold to them by the Connecticut Land Company. I N D I A N SiTi Ro

RUTH SOLDAT 7500 Indian Mound Drive 524-8449 (widow)

This info is not about Walton Hills land. Nor is it in the book. The Soldat land is on the north side of Alex. Rd. Indian Mound Drive is off Hub Industrial Parkway which is a horseshoe shaped road off Alexander Road, just to the west of the Walton Hills border.

The Soldat house is on a hilltop east of Canal Road. It is an authentic archeological site.: an Indian village and mound site. The Sagamore Trail goes through there. There are glacial mounds and Indian burials on the top ofthose mounds. I saw part o the Mahoning Trail that goes along the ridge. I saw the Indian Mound in the woods. The signal tree, an oak, fell down in 1984. The Indians removed strips of bark to designate the trail. The Mahoning Trail went straight along the ridge. There was an outline of the palisades, ditches were each post was, outline of the fort. I saw the fort outline by the creek, also. The Indian village site was on the high grassy area. The land is now part ofthe CVNRA. Ruth can live onthe property for atotal of 25 after the purchase by the National Park. . I .- R, 86% - // AseRIA 6 fR lcKLE OF IA)*TER .-* - OAK os/eA R occs -FREE Moup-63>41 FA"en-C ,- 1 FIELD 0/, K TWEE --abIL - -. t'MAILLt.29------Al bCE- -- WALK ON THE SOLDAT SITE SUNDAY JULY 28,1985 LED BY HELEN BOCH AND JEAN KAINSINGER

To preface this paper I'd like to add my notes about the names of Indian tribes. We can trap ourselves into a web trying to put names on various groups of Indians. These notes mention the Senaca and Wyandot tribes which belong to the Late Woodland Period and Historic Indians. An Indian band consisted of a manageable number of families who followed a chief. The chief led them as long as he or the tribe felt confident with his leadership. When the size of the tribe became too large to handle, some members would leave to form a new band. Each band or tribe gave allegiance to its own leader. Similar bands could belong to a "Tribe" or could remain independent or neutral.

As tribes regrouped, language patterns became diverse. When the French and English met the numerous Indian tribes each gave their own names to the tribes. A duplication of names resulted - the name the tribe called itself, the French name and the English name. For example, the Huron Indians called themselves the Wendat (Sendat). The English pronounced and spelled this tribe the Wyandot. The Huron were an independent nation as were the Erie. They chose not to belong to the Iroquois Nation. Another example is the Senaca. The Senaca were called the Iroquois by the French. Most Senaca tribes belonged to the Iroquois Nation and eventually settled the Finger Lakes Region of New York State. Some Senaca tribes chose to remain independent. The English called the independent Senaca the Mingoes. Archaeologists label the Indians of our area by the following headings: Adena Indians 1000 BC - 300 BC Hopewell Indians 300 BC - 700 AD Early Woodland Period 700 AD - 1000 AD Late Woodland Period 800 AD - 1650 AD Historic Indians 1650 - Present

The visitors to the site got feelings about people who lived on the site during the Late Woodland and Historic Indians Periods. Helen did get a picture of an Indian man of a long ago peiod, standing on the mound site. He was different and did not belong with the other Indians Helen saw and will be

1 described in the following paragraphs. This man was short in stature. He had short legs and long arms extending way down. He had very long hair. Feathers bound around a bone held his hair in place. He had a dark, intelligent looking face. He wore leggings that were not deerskin, but were fur-covered animal skin. His shoes were like baby booties, made of animal skin and tied together at the ankle. His fur-covered animal skin shirt was of two pieces. The top piece included the neck opening and the arm covering. The lower part of the shirt was like a tunic wrap, tied at the waist.

A spring was on the Indian Mound that provided good water. A trickle of water traveled over the rocks traveling east to west from the spring. (Helen, Mary, Marge) By the spring and its trickle of water over the rocks, Senaca mothers gave birth. When the Senacas lived on this site the mothers felt the spring water was a good place to have their children. One Senaca mother knew that soon after the babies were born she and the others would have to leave the area. (Helen) A Senaca woman who was married to a man from a different tribe had been there. There was a sense of happiness from this woman. (Helen> A pregnant Senaca woman lived on the mound. She saw the other women having babies there, but she knew her time was not ready yet. She was hoping that she, too, could have had her baby there and then, but she knew she had to wait and move on soon. (Mary)

- A large contingent of Senaca lived on the site. Several tribes used the site. (Helen) Many kinds of ceremonies took place on the field: a ceremony at puberty giving of a second name; Spring ceremonies; harvest celebrations, and weddings. (Helen) Peggy sensed participants shaking rattles that looked something like tambourines. Perhaps the rattle was made of turtle shells with rattlers attached to its edges. There were no horses, not even when the soldiers were here. (Helen)

The homes were longhouses with each section having its own fireplace. (Helen) Longhouses were typical homes of the Mingoes and some Iroquois tribes. A longhouse was built of saplings and bark. It was about 50-150' long and narrow. It had an arched roof. No windows were in the sides, only the smoke holes in the roof gave light. The longhouse was a cold, dark, and drafty place. The women stuffed the cracks with grass and moss to keep the house as warm as they could. A row of firepits ran down the center of the longhouse. There was a firepit every twenty feet. It was shared by the families on either side. As many as ten or more families, all related on

2 the woman's side, lived in a longhouse. Animal skins could partition the sections of the house. The dwellings were arranged on the outside of a circular field that was used as a commons. (research notes-Jean)

Games were pl ayed on the field. (Helen, Mary) Children played with sticks and round rocks. Youngsters were hitting a stone with sticks, and boys were hitting one another with sticks, in play. (Helen) Ruth showed us a granite ball about 2 1/2" in diameter that was found on the site. It was a game piece. Helen had a happy feeling about it. Perhaps it was used for a relay game and a game of passing the ball, something like football. (Helen> Marge sensed an eight year old Indian boy rolling the ball as he was playing with a group of boys. Each had a similar ball and was rolling it to the center of the play area. Marge's son Scott found several Indian balls in their yard when they built their addition to their house in 1970. Three of the balls are gabro rock, two of them about the size of Ruth's and one that is larger. Gabro, like granite, is an igneous rock, but it has no pink fel dspar in it as does granite. Ruth showed us a sandstone tool that was also found on her property. The Indians probably used it for scraping animal skins.

On the western edge of the field, by the east end of the mound, the Indians built several sweat lodges. They didn't use a lodge for long, hence they kept building new ones. (Helen) Sweat lodges were used to heal the sick. A big hole was dug and large stones were placed at the bottom. Then hot stones, that had been heated for days beforehand, were placed on top the stones inside the pit. The pure steam was to heal the sick persons. (Helen) A sweat lodge was a fairly airtight structure. It was big enough to hold from two to six persons at a time. Usually there was one for the men and one for the women. They were usually buiilt on a slope so that half of it was above ground and half in the ground. Fist sized stones were preheated. Persons entering the sweat bath carried with them a small kettle of liquid that was both a medicine to drink and to put on the hot stones once in awhile to make steam. The hot stones were rolled into the sweat lodge, and additional hot stones were added as needed. The sweat lodge was used to heal the sick and for purificaation ceremonies. (research notes-Jean) There was a strong feeling of fear for the people who were sick. These feelings of fear were strongest by the sweat lodges. There was a fear of starvation because so many in the tribe were ill. Feelings of helplessness prevailed because of the sickness. They felt it was too late to help themselves.

3 D

There was a fear of not knowing what was happening to their people. There were strong feelings of the people's emotional efforts to sustain life. Many did not get well. (Helen) Marge sensed a wrenching feeling of sorrow on the north ridge of the mound. Mary saw items valuable to the Indians buried with them in the mounds. These items were pottery and wampum.

There was a lot of strength and power felt on the mound. On the trail, going uphill to the mound, there was a feeling of urgency. There was a particular fear and threat from the Wyandot, especially by the fallen oak signal tree. (Helen) The Indian people were surprised when "soldiers in disguise" came up over the hill to the southeast of the mound. These were French. They wore no uniforms and did not fight the Indians. However, the "disguise" was that the French brought the Indians sickness. Hence, the need for so many sweat lodges and the many Indians who died of the white man's sicknesses. (Helen)

There were two kinds of soldiers who were on the site: the French soldiers not in uniform "in disguise" and the English. ( H e 1 e n >

At the west end of the Indian Mound is a Signal Tree. This giant, old oak fell down in the Autumn, 1984. The Indians had cut a vertical slice from the bark of the oak tree marking the Sagamore Trail as going straight along the ridge. Helen could feel the tree's spirit (the tree sylph) still in this - f a l l e n t r e e. It is unusual that there is still spirit, and so much spirit, in the tree almost a year after it has fallen. (Helen)

The Sagamore Trail was part of the Mahoning Trail that went from Fort Pit to Fort Detroit in colonial times, but dates back to probably 10,000 BC. Both trails were made by the buffalo and bison, used by many animals after the big beasts, used by prehistoric and modern day Indians, used by French fur trappers, the English Soldiers, used by pack trains carrying supplies to western forts and trading posts, used by colonists, and used by us today. Near us, at the south end, the Mahoning Trail is now Valley View Road to Dunham Road, follows Dunham Road north into Maple Heights. One branch of the Mahoning Trail, called the Sagamore Trail branches off at Dunham and Alexander Roads, follows Alexander Road west to Indian Mound Drive, goes north on Indian Mound Drive, follows the ridge to the intersection of Hathaway Road and Canal Road, and thens heads north. Another branch of the Mahoning Trail follows Dunham north to Tinkers Creek Road, follows the ridge west to the Sagamore Trail, and then joins the Sagamore Trail north.

4 The final Fort to be discussed in this article is described by Whittiesey as "Fort No. 4 southeast part of Independence" He also designates it as Fort No 2 lot 3 Independence (meaning the 2nd Fort in Independence) See fig 12. The Fort No. 4 designation is shown on the general map fig. 1 Whittlesey' s description of the site in his "Ancient Forts" follows: "Mr. Dickson, whose daughter, Mrs. Roreback, still resides on the premises, cleared the enclosed space A, in the year 1810. The embankment, b, was then three or four feet high. A house and barn were built on it, which are there now, and little can be seen of its primitive condition. It is not certain there was a ditch. There are springs ofperpetual flow in the river bluff and in the adjacent ravines. Within space A, near the mound, great numbers of human hones have been plowed up, so many that they were collected and reburied The position is beautiful and commanding. On the same farm now owned by Messrs. David L and N. A. Phillips, about half a mile east there are four small mounds, nearly leveled by long cultivation. Near the township corners, about one-third of a mile south of these, is another mound, which was five feet high when the early settlers first saw it." As stated above Mrs. Roreback resided on the land in 1871. The embankment, which closed off the neck of the Fort, was still visible at that time as well a house and barn. Today, however, none of the latter exists. A Check of maps made in 1874 and 1892 show D. L and N. A. Philips still owning the land. Today the site is known as the Soldat Indian Mound. It is named after the Soldat family, the current owners of much of the land near the mound. The actual mound is on the Ohio and Erie National Corridor. In Heritage a meeting with Mrs. Ruth Soldat a tour ofher property was given. I estimated the mound is about 100 ft in diameter and 10 ft high at the edge of a high bluff about 100 ft. above the Tinkers Creek plain. The mound is completely covered with small trees ranging in size from one inch to a few 12 inches in diameter. There appeared to be a shallow depression around the eastern edge of the mound from which the material to construct the mound was dug. The mound is believed to be for ceremonial functions. Mrs. Soldat indicated that the remains of the Mahoning Indian trail was about 50 yards southwest of the mound. We walked to it. The original Mahoning Trail started at Fort Pitt moved past Youngstown directly west across Ohio to the Cuyahoga River then northwest to Detroit. Later investigation indicates the trail we were on is an extension of the original trail and has also been known as the Mahoning Path or Sagamore Path. The markedly visible trail was about 8 it. wide running in a northwest direction, and approximately parallel to Canal Rd. It was on a kind of a hogback going up hill and then it started to drop down toward Tinkers Creek. We walked the trail for about 400 ft. which was cluttered by small trees and sprigs. There were several huge oak trees along the trail at least 5 ft. or more in diameter and more than 100 ft. high. One of the large trees, now fallen, was lying on its side. Ruth said it was an Indian Trail marker tree, which she remembered from her earlier days. It had a blemish mark in its bark. Ruth was chopped-out very informative and I was very appreciative for all her information. Later a check of a 1903 topographical map of the Tinkers Creek, Alexander Rd. area and the trail definitely follows the contours shown. See fig. 13. I also checked the Heckewelder map, which he sent to Moses Cleaveland, which showed the Mahoning trail in the Tinkers Creek area, and again there was correlation. See fig. 14. It showed the trail running in a northwest direction. We also checked the Whittlesey map of the fort near Tinkers Creek and again the earth contours agreed with the actual trail and the clincher was the location of an actual mound shown on his map. See fig. 13. Previously in the above Whittlesey mentions four small mounds about half of a mile east of the

47 exist as well as Soldat mound. Today, this is in the area ofHub Parkway. The mounds no longer the last mound he mentioned which was 1/3 mile south. This concludes my review of the early Forts and Mounds of the Townships of Independence and Newburgh and the early Cleveland river corridor.

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.l -- '1 i DSCIAPKS 1936 ARCREOIDGICAL St.IRWUYSin -*Z:\ ' \\ ' \ 1 94--/1. I. U' . =s»=SSX i 1 1 1

JOS. D. JESENSKY Cuyahoga Valley Historical Research 700 La Fayette Dr. - Akron, OH 44303 The Whittlesey People

*» Prehistoric farmers of Northeast Ohio 74..4 Findings of the Summer 1994 excavation &07

Timeline of native occupations of Ohio

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Paleo-Indians Archaic Woodland Whittlesey ??? Early Historic

10,000 to 8000 BC 8000 to 1000 BC 1000 BC to AD 1000 AD 1000 to 1600 AD 1650 after AD 1740 to 1740 The first small groups of People ofthe Archaic Period Woodland Period inhabitants The latest prehistoric peoples The region is native Americans, known as hunt and gather modern of northern Ohio begin the of northeast Ohio, known as Native reoccupied by enter Ohio in forms of forest and use also in settled Paleo-indians, plants of pottery. They Whittlesey, live peoples Wyandot, Ottawa, and search of animals in animals in a seasonal construct other native game cycle burial mounds and villages. They fashion appear to groups the newly ice-free lands of of movement between the cultivate squash, grouds, and elaborate pottery; grow corn, have after 1740. Direct the Great Lakes. river valleys, the Lake Erie native seed plants in small beans and squash; and use the abandoned contact with Euro- shoreline, and interior gardens. bow and arrow for hunting and northern Americans brings brass forests and wetlands. warfare. Ohio after and iron trade goods and beads into AD 1650. glass widespread use. These quickly replace native pottery and stone tools. Epidemics of introduced diseases change tribal cultures forever.

Note:

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Ifyou print this document, you may wish to set your printer to landscape mode. - I. . 1. I ...... 1 p:,• r l. ''2,1.'8....9 , . 4 ' 1': i 11*4#Emfulte·$ ...09. I -- ./ '- 5. a Inile. apart,-colnni n,0191! 1,4 .,11.4,6-5 . .

il': .0,1.... 1- , . 414"*:A 4 · 1,4 f· rate the settlement in the Cuyahoga Riper Valley by R . 44*t»-« . 4;.. 4 94447:1 4.7 f Y#:'p Mn* . ' t 4.,7421 1 .1 . '.9 ".'. * ' I 45+ 4 ... -I .if <...<*r 1 1 .., j.:... missionaries some.10 'years before Moses Cleaveland ,.· :1*-4. A ., 4;:.. .· t :.4,4.

- . A :-7/4631: came to town.. . ..,1 4„.:,14'.' 2*..1 / . . . 4. . f '... 6 , - 0 12»E I ' ..4.": 14 -,·14 . .4 *3: l "' t. *, - ....-L -** t ------

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A F F I b A V I T. - 1. 401 LO-#-r 61111- A 8,)RUS 18- THE STATE 01· 0Ii IO ) CUYAHOGh COULTY. ) SS.

B. Elmer night of the City of Cleveland, tn said county, being duly sworn, says:

That about thirty-five years ago, Mr. John Geisendorfer, who at that time was an old man accompanied me to his farm which was a part of Tract 3, Lots 18, 24 and 30 of Independence Township, and hy word of mouth imparted to me the tradition as heroin set forth and which relates to the large Sycamore Tree near the River Road and directly west of the confluence of .the Cuyahona River and Tinkers Creek:

"PILGRIM'S SYCAMCh E In 1786 this tree shelttred Moravian Missionaries, while in council, after disemhark- ing from canoes on nearby Cuyahoga kiver• Pilgerruh Village occupied site of an Ottawa Indian town on plateau above Canal and Dunham Roads".

and further saith not. D. L j litl/ -, -03 j-l=/ . , 0 Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence, this 6th ·1 day of March, 1930.

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...... I 09'81¥ ' « -* Dependable lblig&hways „ C,/.fiA*/Atd1.4 1,»- 4 OUR FIRST HIGHWAYS AND THEIR LOCATERS Silts F ' HOW WHITE MEN FOLLOWED INDIAN PATHS IN PIONEER ROAD BUILDING

BY VIRGIL D. ALLEN AIr. iltlen, author of the following sketch, is an engineer and commissioner of buildings for the City of Cleveland. .·ircheology is one of hia hobbies and his studies of Indian paths and early ea·rthwor/,8 have largely been made interrieles Nith early settlers. He is one of»81 the hand.organizers He rambles of the Pathjinders, along historic a club highways of students and and business men similarly i,tterested.

i r-rHE study of road location is one be viewed from a his- which must torical as well as an engineering standpoint. Men are continually nmking new roads and laying them in accordance with settled principles of direction, grade and drainage. But the most traveled highways of the present day are still those that existed before the coming of the first white man and I know of no more fascinating employment than to discover the evidences of aboriginal thought on the subject of highway making and town building. -4 27*4*--- When we attempt to discover who first :.79 = - laid out our important highways, we are - lost in *=...../ conjecture. Before the days of the -„- ... I : - I- -- -' Indian there was the mound builder, evi- 961. -Lifir'- 13 dently of a superior race. The relation of the earliest earthworks to ascertained Indian leads me - -==».l:/.IR#.N1.-1 1--- paths to think that the Indian was r=..-s:ri=*W:=R, -, 1 _ _ 1 ' .. · .- often a follower, rather than a pioneer. MIB, i------f.fift :- Insofar as aboriginal *0144*'SAFAT,4.-*:strst/44)8 roads follow game Bil,WE'.--.I-*44:-.fr--".--.'.-----r----- trails, it is probable that they represent highways which were familiar to the masto- IRMitgr)33720'67-a-<2.------' ,--h·-- =:-6 >•-,rp-- 2»-Z----<4 don before human life had appeared on this continent. There is abundant evidence to show that Statue of Indian marking the junction of West Market the great central plain of which Ohio forms Street. Akron, with the Portage Path connecting Cuyahoga a part has 6een the home of man for thous- ,„ and Tuscarawa, valleyi, and uied by travelers from the ands of years. Over all parts of it are found Lakes to the Mi,st,sippl. mounds, forts, enclosures, rock carvings,

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-.1,t'53'7 '-, ' Portion of a "Map of U. S. ,of \1 11 .0 1 1 r =11 North America." Drawn ' from a number of Critical '0 C lb< 2 Researches. By A. smith, Hydrographer to the , Prince of Wales. London, , 1796. / Arrow- / '11 . -,- . , quarries, village sites, burial grounds, pot- from place to place by the exigencies of tery, vast numbers of stone implements and conquest. General Harmer wrote in his some metal implements, both for war and journal on return from the Ft. Wayne I peace. expedition of 1790 "All these Chillecothys A race of men who built so many works (village sites) are elegant situations, fine and with such skill was a waters near them evidently people and beautiful prairies. , of fixed abode, not mere forest rangers. I The savages know how to take a handsome ' 1/ „ 1 believe that they had organized government, situation as well as any people on earth. agriculture and commerce. Their travel and Such village sites were always at strategic l transportation was very probably by some points with reference to paths and waterways 1 means superior to mere foot passage. I am and they usually included a small clearing convinced that many paths credited to the for the women to cultivate. The paths, Indian were adopted and used by the latter themselves, seem to fall into certain definiti from that force of example which plays such classes. 1 a powerful part in the wearing of ordinary 1. General travel paths, leading fr6m foot paths in our own day. east to west and generally following water- We often think of the Indian as roaming sheds. at large without compass or trail. There is 2. Portage paths, leading from the head- a tradition that Indians never got lost. On waters of one stream to those of another the contrary, the Indian was probably more stream going in the opposite direction. dependent upon roads than we are today, 3. Hunting paths that usually led along , because the danger of confusion and the the banks of streams. Both game and the obstructions to travel were greater in the hunter had need to keep near a supply of day of universal forests. While a roamer, water. 1 the red man had use for settlements. I 4. War paths, leading from one tribal have had frequent opportunity to observe territory to another. These were sometimes that certain sites served as villages success- used peaceful for travel. 4- ively for different tribes of indians, forced The logic of path locition f often bore , a . - 1.-r·:.i: i c:

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close relation to principles which modern bark, would point the direction. Similarly an engineers recognize as sound. Ridges were warning would be given of enemy in a favored for travel because they were more particular direction. The famous "standing iree from moisture at all seasons of the year. stone" in the Cuyahoga river near Kent Christian Being dryer, they were also immune from when first described in 1804, by rank undergrowth. They often afforded a Cackler, had two trees upon it, each of good view of surrounding territory and were which bore many signs left by forgotten rock formed the buttress swept clear of snow by winter winds. expeditions. This On the other hand, a circuit was made of an Indian bridge, trees having been felled around the steeper hills, grade being con- from the main bank to rest upon it and sidered more important than directness. afford passage. Morasses were similarly avoided. For this There is a wealth of fact connected with latter reason fords were usually located early roads, settlements, expeditions and to detail. I between comparatively high bluff banks wars which I have no room that were drained dry at all times. Hence think it may be claimed, however, that the these ford sites have made good locations Indian was often a better engineer of road his white for bridges. location than successor. Many of Indians were experts in the matter of road localities have a duplicate system roads, signs. The hacking of a roadside tree was the older ones laid out by prehistoric men made to convey a large variety of informa- on the principles set forth above and then tion to the subsequent passer-by. A com- a later rectangular system of roads, surveyed mon method was to hack the bark from a on an arbitrary boundaries of townships and handsbreadth of a tree trunk and draw a sections. .1Iy observation is that the picture that could easily be interpreted. heavier trafiic still clings to the older roads, the natural Had a hunting party passed, the picture laid out to connect strategic was that of the game sought. A series of points by the best topographical route and marks indicated the number of campfires that the white man's arbitrary road of distant that the traveler would Snd them straight lines and square corners is fre- -, and a twig or splinter wedged in a cleft of quently of secondary importance.

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' .6. •,-:r: fe'l:·i·:. :f"ll':.:. COLONEL CHARLES WHITTLESEY ..,4€4.4,6, ...... --- - .--I... ..3 4·t: .'liFILS..... r 4 I . f. 44.- .11 AND r .6; 6 -ile - ...'9,

'*76 - 'f C / CLEVELAND'S FORGOTTEN 1.1 G W.1 ./.4 1 51 HILLTOP FORTS , 5 1, r '*1b

4 -.. 71 1. A Df P 4 4 / by JAMES L. MURPHY Research Associate in Archeology , Natural Science IMuseum 8 1 194 8 7 , . -mI 431

*,5 - p'. Knowledge. Whittlesey. though plagued by ill health,

62.)1 . '..'. 7 spent over thirty years exploring the earthworks along

*,2.1.44.... the Cuyahoga River and produced in 1871 his "Ancient The well-dressed Earth Forts of the Cityahoga Valley, Ohio," publishing field geologist. Charles the comprehensive work hiniself under the auspices of Whittlesey prepared to attack the geological the young Western Reserve H istorical Society of which problems of the Lake Superior copper district. he was president. During those three decades Whittlesey- . photo from Western Reserve Historical Society. also had found tillie to serve on tile first Ohio Geological Survey, do considerable prospecting in the Lake Superior copper region, work on Da\ id Dde Owen's pioneer exploration of the geology of Wisconsin. and fight two years during the Civil War. Illness forced him to resign after the battle of Shiloh. THE CUYAHOGA ALLEY WaS early recognized as one of Colonel Whittlesey tested his speculations about the the richest archeological regions in Ohio and remains Cuyahoga's hilltop,fortifications by only limited excava- such today, despite the incalculable damage wrought by tions. not a particularly unfortunate fact in view of the industrial and urbanization. expansion Unfortunately, crudeness of his technique, which was typical of the day. the area has also suffered from neglect by the professional The major importance of his work was the accurate archeologist, no genuine survey of the Valley's archeo- mapping and description of the many sites along the made since 1869. logical potential having been Cuyahoga from Cleveland to Akron. Whittlesey was That pioneer survey-and in one way or another all actually very reluctant to speculate upon the origin of archeological work done in the Cleveland area since that the earthworks. though he did put forth two intriguing time-centers around Charles Whittlesey, a notable suggestions, both ignored by subsequent archeologists. Cleveland lawyer who found time to become even more Finding numerous pits within some of these earthen outstanding in geology and archeology than he was at enclosures, pits devoid of potsherds or other refuse, the bar. As early as 1838 Whittlesey had begun careful Whittlesey suggested that they were the remnants of surveying and mapping of the Valley's mysterious hilltop aboriginal pithouses. He could not ha\'e been further forts as well as other of Ohio's earthworks, his maps from the truth, for the structures are not man-made but forming a significant portion of Squier and Davis' simply the result of slumping of glacial till and lake classic "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, 9, sediments on which the earth enclosures were built. the initial volume of the Smithsonian Contributions to Ironically, it was Whittlesey who first noted the occur-

26 e t d 1967 excavation at renee in Ohio of glacial kettle holes-depressions created The Natural Science Museum's by the nielting of relict patches of glacial ice-the irony indian Point, a typical hilltop fort near Painesville on , tying in the fact that some of Whittlesey's "pithouses" the Grand River, has provided the first radiocarbon date Ohio hilltop fort. Examination of the may actually be kettle holes. on a northern pottery and flint point types found within the earthwork Whittlesey's other hypothesis, that more than one and the date-2090 B.C.-support Colonel Whittlesey's group of Indians occupied these hilltop forts at different assumption. Apparently the earthen fortifications were times has also been given short shrift by most archeolo- built by Early Woodland people at least 3000 years before less justification. Half a century after gists, but with fur the sanle sites were reoccupied by the later Whittlesey Whittlesey's work, Emerson F. Greenman, of the Ohio people. Supporting evidence comes from exploration of and Historical Society, examined por- Archaeologic,11 the Leimbach Site, a similar hilltop fort on the Vermilion tions of the hilltop forts at South Park and Tuttle |dill River, excavated by Dr. Orrin Shane, Kent State Univer- near independence but did not .realize tilat the sites had sity. These Early Woodland people were related to been occupied by distinct groups of people at widely members of the early mound-building Adena Phase of intervals in tinie. Together with excavations separated southern Ohio, though Adena-type burial mounds are at similar forts on the Ashtabula, Conneaut, Grand, rare in northern Ohio. Further evidence sub- Chagrin, and Vermilion Rivers, the work at South Park extremely stantiating Whittlesey's hypothesis is the fact that many of and Tuttle Hill formed the basis for Greenman's "Whit- the hilltop forts do not reveal Whittlesey Focus artifacts. tlesey Focus," a cultural unit which archeologists now The paucity of artifact material on some of the sites, believe to be identical with the historic and protohistoric " such as the Waite Hill fort near Willoughby, suggests Erie Indians. Named in honor of Whittlesey, the concept that the original builders used the forts only as places of of the Whittlesey Focus nonetheless \iolates Whittlesey's refuge and that not all of the hilltop forts were later idea that the hilltop fortifications were occupied by niore occupied by the Whittlesey people. than one group of people at different times, and archeolo- Whittlesey's survey of the Cuyahoga Valley, gists ever since Greenman have accepted as axioniatic Colonel the idea that the Eries or proto-Eries built the hilltop as ambitious as it was, could not help but miss some he himself forts of the Cuyahoga, even though Greenman himself important archeological sites. As wrote, was reluctant to accept the identification Without more "It is possible that all the old earth works of this valley evidence. are not yet discovered. They are even in an undisturbed

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the Furnace Run earthwork, south of Whittlesey's map of the Tuttle Hill earthworks, all of which Whittlesey's map of have been destroyed. Western Reserve Historical Society. Peninsula, Ohio. Western Reserve Historical Society.

27 condition, not very prominent, the enlbankinents seldom Park site, the best preserved of the four components exceeding tliree feet in height, with a ditch of equal which formed the nucleus of Greenman's concept. The depth. In old fields that have been under cultivation nearby site of Tuttle Hill has been conipletely destroyed ! twenty-five to forty years, none but a practiced eye and is now the Site of an industrial coniplex. South Park, would detect them. Fifty years since this country was but though also owned by a manufacturing company, has 1 little settled ; most of it being then covered with a heavy met a happier fate. hazing been sealed off from tres- forest. When the old Torts were from time to time dis- passers for many years. Wlien the material recovered by i covered they attracted little attention." the Museum this past sumnier is analyzed and the infor- Most sites missed or oniitted froni his report were not mation considered iii relation to radiocarbon dates from included because they did not have earthworks associated the site, it is anticipated that we will have at last the I with them, but the South Park site near Independence is beginnings of a chronological framework for the Whit- an iniportant exception for it seems k, have had an tlesey Focus, a tenlporal scale which will allow us to • earthen embanknient separating the major occupation better appreciate the nature of the earthworks which, area from the rest of the high ridge on which the site though less mysterious. are just as fascinating today as t lies. The Carey Farm site, now .largely destroyed by they were 10 Colonel Whittlesey. gravel operations, and the Doubler site are both im- It is reniarkable that these e.irthworks, forgotteri by portant Whittlesey coniponents which by, went utinoted archeologist and public alike, have not all disappeared. ' Whittlesey. Many are gone, deliberately plowed away by farmers, In an effort to delineate the exact nature of Green- carted away for garden soil. or simply covered with man's Whittlesey Focus, the Natural Science Museum buildings. But Cleveland's expanding park system, which has initiated an excavation prograni centering around &5 grown with the city. incorporates a classic example known Whittlesey sites. The 1967 season includecl exea- of the hilltop fort, loc ited at Little Cedar Point in Rocky vation of two Lake Coonty Whittlesey sites, Fairport River Reservation. Here. a large isolated hill of Cleve- 1 Harbor and Indian Point, and this past summer has seen land Shale, also noteworthy for ha ing yielded many the beginning of reinvestigation of the important South fossil fish, was utilized by the aborigines as a natural

Studentassistant exdmines partly excavated refuse pitat South Park site. Pit yielded a nearly complete pottery vessel. 9 31;brMT-,4.- , 4. 1*P.PLipr:14: I ..3 ., 4.

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rif fortification. A three-wai led earthwork is still visible at John Wesley Powell. However, he still found time to the northern end of the hill. The sc.ircity of artifact correspond with such archeologists as Read and C. C. m.iterial from the site suggests th:11 it was not occupied Abbott, his interest in the much debated question of by the 1.,ter Wliittlesey Focus people, tliough only careful pre-glacial man in Ohio remaining strong until the end. excu\ation would settle the point. Whittlesey, if he knew His ever-precarious health giving way completely, his about this fort, did not include it iii his survey, which death finally came in 1886. was restricted to the Cuy:thoga Valley, but another his limited remains geologist-archeologist, M. C. niapped this site in Whittlesey, despite publications, Read, one of tile major pioneer archeologists of ranking the 1870's. The Rocky Ri,er fort remains the best pre- Ohio, high above the typical relic collector with which the served hilltop t'ort in the inimediate Cleveland area, all blaze has been too often cursed. His "Ancient Earth of those de5cribed by Whittlesey having been destroyed Forts" and other remain his most or dainaged to sonic degree by agriculture. industrializa- publications enduring monument, but an even more one lion and urbanization. Or anlateur archeologists. fitting would be per- nianent preservation of the earthworks which he de- Colonel Whittlesey did little archeological work after scribed. Such an idea could yet come about if plans for publication of his "Ancient Earthworks," partly because the proposed park system along the Cuyahoga River of increasingly poor health and partly because of in- materialize, for several of Whittlesey's ancient earth creased geological work. In particzilar lie was preoccupieil Forts adjoin the projected park area. In particular, the with his iron and coal lands in the Hocking Valley region, small but well-preserved fortification at the mouth of having been orie of the first to realize the economic ini- Furnace Run, just south of Peninsula, Ohio, would portance of the iron ores of tile Hocking-Perry County make an ideal focal point fur the proposed park area; district. Law and an interest in local history as well as others still exist ininiediately north of Peninsula, in tile consulting work in geology also drew him away froni \'icinity of Boston, and could probably be included in archeology, as evidenced by a voliiniinous correspond- the park with relative ease. Certainly some effort should ence (preserved in the Western Reser\·e Historical be made to preserve and study these ancient monuments Society) including such notables as Francis Parkman and before they vanish as completely as did their builders.

Paleontologist Peter Bungart inspects the Rocky River fortification, taking a brief respite from fossil fish collecting. photo from Case Western Reserve University, Geology Department. 73 7.B e... 11'<»™: .1. . '1 "

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i CHAS. WHITTLESEY'S

ANCIENT EARTH FORTS

OF TH E

CUYAHOGA VALLEY, OH 10

\ WESTERN RESERVE HIST. SOC'Y. TRACT NO. 5 1871

(REVISED BY JOS. D. JESENSKY 1983 )

JOS. D. JESENSKY Cuyahoga Valley Historical Researcli 1DO La Fayette Dr. - Akron, OH 44303 4' 1 - r-

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' . ' muttlt,18, 1,etirly 1,·,dle,1 1,g t.,„; r,t|lisitti„,1. N,·ar lili· t„w,ist,ip · , . . ., i' 1.'.·..ef.**t& <,J .11 1 , curuers, libut,1 „,te.third 1,1' 1,1!lile fuL,111, !,1' ilt•·66 iS r.ziuther .1,1 . - monntl which was fire feet high when the early settlers firat saw: . .. ' 0„4..."t'€ 1 .' 1,'.13 , ,4. 1 A, 4 Lot 3 04 -, i it. Polished stone implen,ents were once common in this i

i ' One prosented by JIr. Philil,s is ill the Society's Clibit,el,ricinity. wllicli Indflir"ik „Ir . . .:

; is (liftcrent from anything hitherto' described. It is n GOR crya- U ttlut:'te'4*"'hu:th"trul, 3,1,0, tallitie £·imrse graitted sietiite. cut into ilie forin of ai, acorn, with 1.4.11,/orri/ p/citrai: 9

. 11 · t.··j.i'":fl, i"' . i....

11 \ /,

' - FollY No. 5 AND CACUKS- 11

· WI,enthi, furt wa: aur,'eyed 111 1*47, theancietit pits : ic:ws 5. e ,', ', „,,<*,4 Arl *"d f *64<

. re*„lurr,tirde,1 uu,1by 111,• .ir,·ill,tr ,·lirli ettlwri i„ 160und melh, uruum| bef,1* D,•1:| III• l,f 61*M |hem A. Ilit,·1, were .., , .:· .... :. .:; *, ;:..·

0,+ : '1'I,r I,or,1.1,3„ 4 11,1, terrI 81'oce. only a part or 1,·Ilicl, i, en· 41 12 7% -25. 11,11 rh,se,1. i, nut Fi,·unthle Air c.cli: Iliti, but tlie ut,th·artioN „r thule "/"A'.,41 . ..'/ . . . r t...MUJ'),0*PP*ff, 4 -00 -*64" .. : % "4„.,9'., ".P,+ „,„. Un 111,· er,·:t "C t' e· 1,111(T i. tl,e unt,· Iw ut C. For u little I re. gorl|l,1 1|1 111 :,4 Iii.· rclti:Ii:Ix uf I,it dwelliligs. buth at the f..ra ic ... . . I .1.9 I 2Miit• j utid W,/ hot· t. au,1 at 11. C. U'111% tile assidutice i,f 11:$,rL A. B. uitil *ol K - 28 ,·,„c.·e ' IS At LI (74 1 9 1 j # r.,*.., ,"./.,•*,r MLE Utill. 1,f Xortlitil·1,1, 1 nt,ille tre:,clic• thruilgit tule of tliuse6,rin £\ , the gr„lit, 11. S., relic., u.lie ur charcoal •·aa diacu,·crcd in . S ,...... , 1 '' '711 P.' -/11 iu •1 41 i.nihts /*4,/ /,irt/'Ar/# 11,;,ii. Eurli &1* nk iordri#bly t'.iu„,1 in the ancient pit dweltilig, ..VI...... ,1; 41 . D A·„·'„*rd '„44*Wm of Engl:,11,1. 1ly 1,1,•lent c„,1,·icaiul, 10 11„it Iliey :tru cacti,a. and 0 4.Y-„ , M'3'*t-=fi***' 't.r,, · # tile nerk *,f (lie rv·,1 ttie,1. X furtlic, 11„tire or 11,0,11 will be · 71 2. . 0 00 /174//",Sh'/'*, , c. fo,1,1,1 IR·l„w. R.*36+ O 3/•.i,#: C e A e'.i bod· 1 ., A U I de t t.u Ty* t,"1: 4"4, res1, *ct 1, t„IM·re,1410' 1111* 6,rl. 1., TIii· (1*1 i·lici,11'i·ri litile ta the WI,„ exl,ihit 0,·1,·i'll'11 gi,en inille 11:e Iile i,lule lu dili,j,kig#10Ji,il,W,114*11045* •lot,d ild itati,ral i,di·111,114:'.6.6,11 itis nlit 1,1,1,ilre•1,4 'lly t|tryuniler· trfl r..te/* c d . .4 . 1, purl i,f thi· plutruit uitbwit tliti, lin,·a, „r 11·I,y tile rull iS 1/ ·. . T ...... '/'-=<131:l,ti-*i- 0,11,10 ...... C =-·P'6:Qux/·-4. on tliat *i,le lind tlic dit,·h is will,in it. 8 , The e3rth d th, 1,1816 ie li!, steep u it wiii st,ind. an,1 It,9 ravin.·4 u r:·11 u, Ilie rlier, ritroish al,undanet• 1,< waler. ileforo , ' Thog) olher s·urk of this chaructcr in tlii, viei,tity, the arouod •·it, culti,·.Ated. u illau mlatilli49 in ,lie ditel,es rout,1 nul look o,er de embli,ilin,elit. At"ng tile sliarp ridge ur , is Knted 00 Plate:r., upper a,raer d thr. right. Il ha: the .pre. theni, 01,1 c,Ii.•ci,illy itfier nicking on op,·n cut ucrub, 11, it up. " bogs bud,' r i, thi·re is l,tirely rut,iii (,ir w iing|i• t.,kin ti, p.14, Bame ew like oultioe, will, a narrow entr·unct·; is *ituitted on Ibr edge . peart·,1 iii·ied,1.try to tibut,di,i, tlii. t.·O&,ject,tri·. ill Ul,0 4,( 111,11, Oil Illis hille there wa, un iwi·%11,· or ,·i,tr:,314·e. t,ut 'ut tile a·i·st of u tcrritre neur rater like (I,e nthera, und 11:4, eigtil 01,101,8 · 01, n,·urly littlf u rart lutid of Ilic I,lue tier,1 1,01, w i·iii)·. ul,irit c,„1 or the inner lutrqi|, 11'ire w·U, 11 IL·ry litirr,It, 1:3*:,Se art,uu,| 10 Ilic init·rior. il i: eighty·tru feel iii 1,·t,glli, 11,1,t, rect pits lies twelre to lift.·eli feet I,eluc the turfaci·.au d w:hirli er.,1,9 out it. The 11,1,in entruito• #·11: e,·itlcutly fr,in, 1114• riA:r dile, actir :il tile garronit part, und forty·/1,·i, at thi· wideiL A pirt oftrend ou tl,/ sid: or the g„Iliex N,imum,1, : titober had licea cut aw ay I•ut the.stun,1,3 remawell. wdiho th, Q '1'her,· i,norimilf i·urthurt,uild the ,pringseilges of of tliese, willt·r irisjue or any at 2::dit:.'Z:l;,;:10 r Ii"tit'll;'11.:"t.'t:. :Z t: 1 ' 1 ··"...., i.j·'ed,Y,hel....1 ., nia.. eu'.id. of '1'1. the lot, of this Llue ilnperrioli, clity. Im:ill. ittid lia#·e ti.,t 1,.en ,·spil,r,4. ' l'i:6·. *If Ilitil, 1*,11*·ry w,1 how,wr, were u large :,u,il,er of l,ils ut C; tiol , uite tw'deepergrou, u . uf elli,al the pill loiltut '1'lie of eurill tile emt,ankilicitt. from Ille eurlosed itis tl,e 0:121 sume 4 forthe U. 1,1 tiue allout eu n·rut,glit 61*,lii in,1,1,·m;111.. an· num,·r,•,14 in tile 61 14.0 A. They regular ud tliou withill, trbicli are ul.,0 represet,led. On the are „f tlie, litiliwi, Inle. Tlw (·u,·Ii,4 ut li i'. are 01, 1, tri·el #ill, wre tile Nmitia uf a slight b:,1,6 ol li, i:,010:i ng S 4'ace wic eul Plute.rr. 1'110 carli, luke:, fron, thu,e whicl, ure outaide thu Uie furt, und thi· ravitti• 11*·1.ke:,1 11,(,1, 1% pilly 1,11,1 #ei·,·,ity A.,·t dred I,un- enct,Guri·*. mit,thurelle·elicurri,·il an·uy. They little:ir tul,uve bcci, deep. A* tli,·ir str„il:i·,t tillitri·11(118|,1114 4,f „Ilack aer: from anil sisly Avt loug by olle liuit,lieil fe,·t lir,1,0 1 whicli ig iu ' . 8uitk fr#in tw, to f„,ir feet. trith i,eri,w.lit:t,tursides ; 1,rubi,bly ll,e al, 01,1 Ill.1,1. Mr. (leorge JIcKisst,n eu wl„,se !:in,l it b fut,tid, colilitg *ille, it id t"l' 1,r„1„it,1,• tlial th,· t•,rtr,·.6 *,11,1,1 1,uie its sap iliat i:, . 'lale *,f nature, tho pits *·ill,iii Ihii elnbankmeut, •11:tallied tritli wood, 81,11 ilie wliole Coveled with weud or liuk, o,agazities st, flir liw·,1,.na,re 11,1,1, lilly r..1, tti-1.int. in ati rip,st·d wcra iesi,tioit, bejun,111 %'ery dillil·,ilt 6,11(. As il,r 1"ratit ri·,1 racw like Iliote 01, till' othe, side ofttle ent·lus:tre. ut C. 11.•re the Goil ur wl, ich Liuiltil,g remains. 18 di·y antI groutty Ts.ptirilig no druilling. :iume of Ilie i,iti at 0 ba,·e mude'dituilar itild fur *turit,g tl,•,if c„r,1, ul,41 w:1,1 ric,·, it ' - · retts,Joible to uttribi,le all wurks uf Ilitit 1.ii,d tu il,:·in. liut inis are purtli· Juw·'1, the side of :11* blittr; u·Iliclt le,1 mu to regard ' tliert: uN r,·mains of enre ds,·ellitigi, but ou cle,illilig „ut some of . . . 171, 111*114,10,•, 118¥: tile titirtlil·rn triliell·lii·t·11 1 ,i,tut: 14 110%·u ucelI· pie,1 *aril, f.rl* at, Ilie lieriud t,Itt·Ii ilit·y N,·i··· lirpl knuit·i, 19 11,0 1,·Itites. and rarely If ever *,ree. We, 11&,1,1 IIi.·refor: r,·prd 11,0 foria, w the work Of U t]lifirent #tid uit „lder rtice.

- ,-7-r .· -;-- --I-=..-.- - r lilli /MAR OF-WHITTLESEy'S 'FoR+ NE 6 9_j " RoBlNQoN TRACT - BoiToN rwP.'IUMAICT CO• /941 - Sh'R Ydr74 ' C CoRRECT/0 av J.D.JESINSKY )75) 1. » . ':· 231 FonT No. 6-lit/twvA. NNINSULA '. 1,; 65>>,

This work is si!,Iutcd on tlie lauil of \FILI.14 31 tind liANI)01.Pit ' ' , 3< , < 1 < ./ • j' 1 13,>. RolliNsox, 01, i,n elevitied iloii,t of tlie ri,e,· blulla, net,r the east .44.\6.-d'/,/4 bank of tlie Citytill„ga. u„,11,e;Ir tlie sotith liti,· Of the tvwn,1,il'. 4 \31\\.ecy' - It is 111*n grmmil very int,cces8il,le. eler;,tril ul,i„,t oi,e 1,1,ntlred

· { <,1„111'111,litl1t,404 Ail . , illilltillji,1*0 CL •GATZAwl . .B 5 st .:1,:7.'t:'i, ,1,I: f·e :l, r;·: 2:t,i:t: :11':5 .:;;1';i · I - --$ i =Imgz'3 -5 -t rated. unt| is ill,w covered with full.gr.,w„ •,i,ks, the Work i< 84 SN932)"- . =00' 1 3 L near itd lirst (·ilittlitic,ti. aM is I,ossil,le after Ill,· Ii,pie (,f teut,triew.· *11 M I '44)09"" 3.S : T 4 6 443374.. ' '31=11:'i,st'Z:t:3 Z.'ll;'1:··:,+·.1,·albl';:ebo»:••:1'1 : '' ., ' ': it r 8 . 3 -A 11111 R»44 djtches, wl,ich u,·e double. At ct is a,1 ,•p,·,ii,ig only a few f,·vt' 46 ·00 .'.. ylli :$; M S * J5 il,1,1=5 w»I. t,:t', ..rz:.te .r ..31...:..;i ...,.,.., ..r .9,0,..' ' i .X.' .i„1 -Jet.r« 1 :111, 111 11,111 Bi,li'. 4 11116i,le tile w„rk, ilt,· liti,·nci„„·it 4,:,re .1 1.

iM „t, it lei.·I will, 11„: ler,·el,1,·ill It. Wlay, i,1 11,i:, 11,1,1 0,·s'i·ri,1 . ' ' -44rn,ff<( ,I m, lt' < gU B' „,her ,•r Ille ('t,st,I„,g:, 1'.,t·Ip. 11,1·re Eli„311,1 hare 1,4·,·O 1,·11 ,(r,1,11„1 s. ,·'* 1' %1'lit,1, lilli'11'dir , ff' .. 11'i· 1,;Ir.,1,e,0. ;1 1,·,4.1 1,1,te,· 111„,r,• the 1,1,111'. li,1' Il„• c·„111·,·ili,·1,e,• „f Fo/#E;'11'A,;itul,1, ·i , . ... t:.:. 111•· :1:sitiltit 11 ,. (91 " 1,",1 i•:11.tily 1 I•• I'Sill:lilli,1. . ' - 1 .... 1:1 i. s,IALL ::;.'.·...."...1:::.'·:9,- St,De , f..6.. 1·'r··m 11,•· ,·.·,ill·r „r .„,e dil,·1, Ii, 11,•· ve„Iii i,r tl„· other is le,I ' 8...... ':. awl; .: :i . .. : " : :1 32-- :· LU/(wr 1:: : 0.

t., t.,iii·t,·,·„ 1,·,1. ('. ('. litildwiti, En,1..,•1' Ille M.,c·i,·ty, „„il 11,0 . .. : C:·. 2 ·:: I · A,P,rox: /00,7· ..:..i Ru/v . /. 4 ..... ·\ 1....: il'.:.r:..Itl,1,1,1..,it 11.:iclmi itt Ilit' 6,11'n:r. · ' '· ' r . . . :'- ' "·::::f ' .. : i ...1. 4 K . ,r. . . · · - PRer/LE d-d ki ' .OMBLE A, ' , w#SPAL/SAD £572,> 1 ' 4 . 4 J,4 *ISTANCZ OF DIUM D#u/S '1. : io ' . . . . 14.W"*.m. "#r##- Abp. f!(11::(. . !1 . 13 4&*AMW 1 'rm*:.1 1 ' IM, r' A 59 11,MY,·Wirr., ' A -4 -,6 1 ,mits/du 1.30" 4-41 '951*- f R.-6Y 're Db.S:9 0 f://b-/·:i rb:liN ; r-Korf ·9,5,n: yn ,7rr2,3-r·'-r...., i 'vw'R/*OFT r-- --r,· -- ..,-fi· . , - · · · --1. 7'0 4...:.:.,·.0.i.' - ....:'.... , 4 2..:...D.: ..::,·. ely/9' . . . r. , ." r.t, i'.*.9,16 :. r4:,f71

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1. 1. I east,·rit.\1„,111 li:„,k, 1, i<11,il,· 2,,„„,Ii,il lili *liewl,ii·l, i'1111•·y list* I,t·,·,I 1,1 ,.2„„.li lili· S„lilli. i„i, ·redt,„. 11,9 ,0 *,zit :,tine „r. ; · p' ,1 1 . 111 1 ,·,Illiniti„12. 11 1,1 bil,litt,·,1 „1) X.,TII.1 X I'llINT'Al:'11,1. 'Ull:'11 111'. Fe,·,1,1,1 1,·rili,·e. t,|„,1,1 ii!,i 1,·,·11,|1•,r,· t|,e ,·irr,r, uis'i| „i„·.b„iril, t,i S .· ti *, i 1 e; , 1, „,il,· 1,·„ti, it. '!'lie I,i·,itli,·is (I.K. i,„,1 W. K. It,·,„,kH. „f eli R*° 8 ' ('1,·p•. \,le 40/-\ l F 3 7/ . .r--1 -,r- t lili·Itit„1. Ittly 1„1,1 i„ ill„·l,il,g 11 r. It.,1,111'i,1 It,is m,31,1,11. \'„1111,1,·,·r,·11 It u'$10 Ihill11,,·11,1,1,•y 11,1.4. 11·4'1 wl,1,1 ttlit,ve reliti,ili,·,1 t,1' '" 10 Ihi' n:11„rt,1 :111 lit,·I·. u Ili ·11 iN 1, dry. 1:1111'ly t,liti„. .it tw„ 1„„1 .\» g =,/4 - 1 5. i /. e \:1 '11 //f/,. „n,··Im li Ii·,·11„·1„w 11,40 11,11„1,11 9,irrat·,·. ll,I·y t;,„1„11,1,rl,11,f I irt, ; / {/ ; %4 20 52%>',61 :4////'4'. 1/* -5

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. w,·r,· s"'111,1 '·111,11;:1' 1" 1".· 1 1ii.4,·11 „r litt,Jill,·,1. itii,l· tli,·.:r st„,n f.·11 . -- -i- . / 't«..St C .P 111 14<• A. F.Y,·1, ||te It·,·1|1 n'l·rt' sdI 111„| I't,ttc„,,·%,·'· 11 2 3 f ----. l.O 1. 9 \ e 1|1:·ir . , ...... ; : ..'... h ,·ititicit·led rr„,<11*. . , ' . r F f ", S.5.5 11- . .. .# i.--- ",011' SES. i v.5 14 -57 3 ,/ \ 1 Ii:iii, 11„· n·n,:,it,0 r,·re Ili'„ Ili:,1 tarti,1, 1„,i,21:t. will„,1,1 n'.t,·lie, \4 >/i :<252.3 S S./.* Z . .4I. "'O.'., .,T .:'f Z... 3. - „ tyl,ical „1' Iii,· 1„,1,1,1 .111,ikler. 1,1111 wi,1,1,1 s:•1'v) 14, srpali le - thoso i::C. --0- e ..7. ;,st:i·# r or'll,e rul ntell. Trom tllose of hk predecessor. On Thia account i ill S AR b. ':. 2 06\:.00' . ' / 1/ . i, ... il wl:8 tler,Ir:trely skrteh,·il l,y Air. '1\'. J. ilitttle. 1,1,d *·virar,·,1 lor 42.ili..... ty b. lic::...... fl ..\\Re...\ I.. ''\.. 0 4/ . .. t'\. \\ \ 0 Ihiti pung,hlet. 11,11 Ilitit u,·row iw,i,tlf hi,ru si,ire l,e.·ti f„„i,d tio 1 i 3 ,S\\....>>.:.., 9 *J#'.' C"/" \\: '1 4Q 04'/; t!,e slirfliee, with,lilt Ille t,8,#11 nt,tc·Itit *d Ilt Ilie ba:e; 11:iil t.:0'> \. ./. ....211 .t./ ,·' mi,y 1:,ire Ileen wruught anti ils,·cl I,y thi· rer,·11, hiclit,11.4. · whicli - \EG.r.lirr E:z:>..4 · 29 e. . · · . <> , :· C . t. Ou 1 1,8 pliti,ks it ia 1,·11(,rti·cl thitt lirri,1,9 pr„vi,1,·41 w'itt, lk,ia•,U, ., b- r...2> \'..> -. \14/ .e. Ii,r ilde in intr. t,re 11•,t set·,trily fil:ititle,1 ti, Ille dittft. '1'It,·y tire -A. . ..\': ..\ -. 4 : ' inte,vileil to renit,i,1 i:1 the wur,lid. Tli,•se 41lsigned f.,r 2--1.2: R : killitig - rit-- : 5.7 - game i,re lit,ti·bed, u,id lirmly tied in 11 slit at tite t·nd uf tlie -.-- - --. Mhan. ; PES:.S 7 - . . :Ii.: - Borial Mound. -- *i,-". L 2 - -.. "*11: m "25 ROA' REPAIR CRKW GRAP,p To'*16 Fl:OM 1112 ...:':.: TE:ReACE Te OBTAN GRAVIL. 11 Fl#EFITJ WIRE RPVRALID 6 94- WHiTILESEY c -· NATHAN POINTS SITE . 2· * . \ - : 80371>Af 1-#WNS#/P r./,D.JnE.3*v P , 1 3·3. :*#4,8"'.6..5,4. :"·1't: ..:...I. '':3' :.i-·*.' ,-.;.Wp .' , 4 • 4 '.(."$5144 '041:;·I• i . i- · ' ':'.1 . :...... 4.I'' '... . : i y.

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.1 ..': A:- ... ..5. S '1.... t...... 2 . - .7'A:.3.:. .; , . . : :t. f.,,42 - ;:'..26:1'16'gux.6>':4'.'.., .,- '....>- ...: i:.44 1-· f --· • ' 15 AVE H/6// . w· ---- SV#RETT KNOLL :.- 9...\: '41- S,--2.>:°.rr.Reposin 1 i-K59 -44' R/,DLE '\-*4 r...E=. Jir. .1,1.11'1 1,11,1 0111,·r K,·1111:liti·i, „f thi• Sucit·ty ·, . ··.litir.• /i·eu , :'* .2 : .4 ·16 , SE, ; <14.Cs , - „i„· be,i,-*. 111 . r:,31; IZ:;'t,ti,54:JZ'trl,0 TZ,1 1'1;Z:5'J':; 11 1 , , *Iii',1 %'ill GHT i , 4 24 j, PT , -2- "'

. 111.1 1.' i"cl,e'.53553eSEEI il, lenglli, Rud & e,•1,1*·r EE clii,el. ....: Tli,·se · tuel, 11-'cri,lenll,. ' 22 ..· J ' , 1;12:3 t5-= 3 j., 5 6, 1'1111'»1'.:l :·3 9 ". \ :::R . '.. . / 1 1 ·:1* # tl;;I:t:,i <,I„fi ;,r .Ic:Ap,(2("Li:'1,21'r:'&,i:zi'Z ki, : ., 6=:: ,) '.., ' e ·i c &, EAFJS 4':.,/,

;:.lcal·,i,·c,I :3.1;'ll t t:,i'· :;12'2. it,z:zil:'ri ,giozi 1 - 2 ' ;4P# 4» I ",11 "11,t,Ni :· ··I "f fl 0 in thia rqi„,1. it %·ils maile ur Ihi· lille·xn,ii,eil, sl,ir,4, greco· -··---' : ,-86,154 " 7:44<,7.12'· ,;: 3 \ 1 '0 k ' 1:1, gruy nletumorlil,ir ,1,1.• .,f lake Mul,eri r. un,1 highlypolialied. .; 5112 i,2 11 :,:'9' :..R'.

diomacr i,t e,trli ,·n,1 i£ aliout #1: incli. itt th; ilii,1,11,· iln ilieh und v huef, lili'erilt , fruiu IIi,1 c·vitter t„ IIi,· ,·11,11 111 ti e,ir,·e, i·rery· where §)mm,•Irical. 1)r. St,·rling *:it'stlie li,(lian, t,f IIi., PaciBc . p'w .,6 I lip .:\..0 1 - ... . i EL;.tifI,I'.t;4 ';St:;;I :.Z 'Qi, '&'Z"CMC"t c1 1.3C C11 11, '/074.-71 1»1111/1 ,11111 .,ill. I, f ;if :i Coust Ii:,Ie similitr :taua 11)' metin, ul' I, hicli they illily g:1111*4 Of . ,*" "If ' „ 1 11. -11 '.:'. : %18. . ..': ''.'.'., ..1 · chance. I ''.'..... "i"„9."';,1 '.... 5 &2' Jwwdux 34 .. . . .,11'14'.lul 1 2 L.OIX 51,« ..EVERETT 1 1 4 609: 14 /97S AN ARCHroWICAL Glowp ' \ "t.....'., "' '...... ,41.,/"...'..,>." DETERMINkP f fqi re 82 A HOF,#SU f Irs \ t i it m ... '. '. S . 1... :.,1.,i,,/ . · ' I i I (Pm'.

N. - , · ' \ \ . . . " r ".,(3- tR).:.i·'.:t:.: .. ..:L :4' ·N p ffi.2 -- F ji .'. 3.-- 4. EVELITTKNOLL S/nr i - -*A-:.P---' 30 srow nw#jN/P-se#kirce.. \\ i

\ : I.*-7 \

. , »/

20 - le-0>. i

.. e., T. 0 - \ 1, i-.1 1 1 U. 01 b.0. .1 4,4 ,#F":11 \ 1 1 . . . 1 Q T f ·ifbo, 11.4£*'f 1 Id 1 4,44 42 .'/ / · . . 4,)HI 4 "ditilt"74 . ' 1 - 43,. ' . 4411»3:. .1 2,.. 1. ...- ; . : : 'r.Y*\"I '1,0''t "/,4, /81) 34'.t,#R< . . . . . '' ..,1181111: .,i:., u<<·RiFI- 44\ . 1 1.

r ' 1· : ,<<41»lili.111»«., "M- ,„ ....,„„·,M, NOICTII 1 c, 0 F,„·'11.ljll'TOS. X':7' 1.•,Ili

"il 4' ' 1111\\. " h h i,.,,·,·i„r „4::,· ·

' .' 54* - be ,-:...CItx.,I.--·-· Co i."chr lills 1,1."hip O (1 S ttr#· rre· it l>,11'h

EonT No. 74 Acrose tlie valley from tlie moli,ill ,*'lairli wlis opelle,1, is tho strot,glp,ld No. 7, on the west side iti the rieer, in u south·west direction, nboilt a mile und u half distalit.. Its position and general cliaracteristiea can be rudily asccr· ' , Wned froni the skclcli, and the notes dtacbed toit li is neither, , , very extensire Dor imposit,g. The plateall A is not strictly inac- cessible, 1,ut may etisily I,e defeniled. Nclt more than one mounted 1.· man, could rid,· at i,n(·c alotig the narrow ridge A A, which con. necta this tongue of 11111(1 Witli the couiltry in tile rear. About one hun,Ired and illiy feet beyorid thid n,irrow inwi, is a I,roud bank atid ilitcli, (Ilen,ling pairtly ticross tl,e slilice belwee,1 (118 bluifs. It litts Ilasaliged at tile t·u(la forty.four uti,1 twenty-oilo feet Witle. '1'|le 1,its r.,2 1 uve 1,recidely t|,e aspect of ini,dem · ' chet„.1,111'1 03 Of 1 Iw 11"t'Illi.1.u littlit,ns. 11,1,1 were tloliblle $ mudc I,y

8//4.....-.--I--- : '1 p ANCIENT r: :.2,4.V ' ,1. *1$ 4'. .. "t I (4 r '0. . PrAL I

faintly shows the site of their villages. ·We should expc66- 8'peo. ' t' 7 1. , . ·About half a mile north-weat of this,pot, on o part of,th edrift ' i«,94.- :i' 4,1 ENCLOSED Prri '

pie !ikc the liound Builders who had the inlelligence, and the. . j . ridge juit referred to, and at B mitcl, gret,ler elerution, thefe was4, I indualry ; to construct 80 mai,y, and so extenBive earl|1 works i 'L orer a territory fjo broad ; would have built for tlielneelves com..1 , only alloot. thirty ' · , another but fortable and permanent dwellings, of whict, tlie remains would ; 3: · . grafelly terrace,amuller and groupoverlooked of pits. towards Ilere.th,· thonorth.west; emliankment theralley waa

t feet now be visible. across. It stood on tl,e edge of a dry I wigh to cult altention to thia subject by referring to plto; :and .t. ·.. ., . ' 2 of lIale's I,rook. This ia 0|80 obliterated by the plow. artidcial cariti 8; which still exist in thu.,vici,mity of ancivnt . . ' 2. 2· 8 8imilar work, represented 1 Less than half a mile down earll, works in 01,io. In thoae whict, I har# eiumitied the ovi• 5 i the brook wi um Boilth lmnk stinds dencc ia by no means conclusive; 08 td their sgo or tllcir purposes:-.· :i h dinmeter.· ' 3fr. 1Iale say, it in ia in all respects like the others 4 with growing trees, one of which i5Plate an oak,X.. twoThis and ia a still.half covered feet in The style of the eurtli works, il, difrerent vurte ur thu jiound 1...: ; :.1'f 4 country, is by no nwans the Game. The diITcrence# Aro Buch,' us : I i; shorter to indicate at lefult threci races or ndion9, u already et#led; but :, , I itI. . dillicultyexcept thelook size. over Thethe highest largest partdiameter of the of b:ink, thia is which sixty enclose,feet, the oi,c they may not thirty. A mar, standing in the cleeliest pitg can witb have occupied their respectivo territories 66 iho .: t them. It is two to four feet high, and the pits t\,'o to BiI feet long, *aine time. , 66 . somewhat oblong, anti irregillar. The l,reitdth of the 1,unk is 8re ANCIENT Prrs 011 OACIrti' ' 1 ' i to sixtzen fee, the 80il drylod grnvelly, forming 1,:irt of a I,hiin On tlio fi,nn of Jir. Andrew Hale at the .r abont twer, ty feet ul ore the creek. An op,'n Cut was mad. by '1#, Bath, in St, mmit county, are the remains of twonorthetuit very remarkablecorner of · '-'6:11'4· t'I; 3 rplics, st tl,8 coals 80„th.east or ashes corner were through found. the .Th4. bank, boll,int and the of iliepits carities ; and noib groups of pitB. Fifty Jean since when JIr. 1Iuic commencirl .. ·1,"' clean sand and grurel, and somewhat dish shnp,·d. cl40,ring t,wi,y the licary forest, which then covered thie coitutry; - 'j thcy wrt·e quitc conspicuous, and were corcred with trocs or tbe .. t : :- village or camp. Old henrths largest size. Ori the stream above these remnins liwre lind cridently been a TI,e. lArgest group, waa ncor tlie soittl, line of lot ll, on a sinall' ! J nenr this old camp, and thence over the hills te the West; along of stone, charc,i:11 and iches; cover branch ruBiling cast into tile Cuynlioga river, nenr where it '.'..f whichlarge tliereepace wure on very its northern old hgcks bank. or b|lizeg, A large Up(,n Indin,i Ihe treel trail passed In one crosses the tiorth tind s,)uth lines, between Bath and Nortl, Ilamp-. ' ..' of tlicm, Mr. Ii. fi,und alcadcu bitllet forlyyeuro ton. It colisistrd or an . enclosure figure, al,prot,chi,ig a pentngon ; withor thebank corners of oarth rounded of an irregular oX. It . ..5 A,·44 . . ' markH,had sixty there nziziual waa nlayers growth of ofgrowth oile hundred orer it. And Over sisty one la)'crs. of the Near axe was silitillml ot the crest of a terrace, but o few fect above 8ince; which thed

., t . brantl, ; zind was al,oilt one huildred and twenty feet aorosa.tho -· : Inditing. Nothing bitt u ilim outline is now risitile, al,e grou,14 , · by on 1110 hillB, was an old And exictisive 6ugtir canip or the

been plowed mility tilurs.over. On the north and west sitlesliaving at a ' . diGIancC Of Ofry to sixty mda is a high drift ridge, overk,oking / the valley of ille brook. '['lie wil ia dry and grarelly. · At l're- p sent it litis ll,e tippe:irance of a broitcl rim. Whrn )Ir. Irtate first saw it, titerecavity, waswith u series a s|ightly or cavitins raked '':4 S ·t like those liereufter described. 12·. 1..

t... /

.....*- .....---1 ...... -*- . 3,-5'F · - 1 .:':1'.., . '..... 7. ..., i ,\,-04

E: *8·i l: W4' 1· t r'8 L u l A NO TH HAUPTNS. 'N70 E.,11 "Aus.'... pt= rE t

, Betn·:en tbio mouti,1 and the cacli,6 4,11 11,1,·'8 Brook, Plaia . ", *\ \ 1 "FP & 69 VII, are si* small moundi, which JIr. ()sbortic und utben It li let, Il, „ h,Ilf a milo iI, a m;,Itt,-m·,·it direi·11.,n to tho .·i, :. ' * b & 3-- 4 i haro inclvied (w,·110, p·lirub· :146 14ul. P I The ,·illage of Sile. 10 ·S.T . : i C> "=.. £ opened K di ercM A /SE S , times, nd in wbiell are lium«' 60414 :id .l,out lialf I mile 11, III,· *Em. In thid vicii,ity, iii the townshil,3 charcual. ur Nunh liumpton *,id 11.gli, 1, , 11,irt eri.,10 groti , uf motinds, 1*-. ' i cacl,#, alid <·ml,ul,knit·itt , 1,·lili·l, re shuw·t, oti liti· i,iup, I'lute 1 'k 06 1. ;0 , EAnT,twonES Noi 8 AED 10- ,». Eartliu·or; Nu. 8, i belot,p to :lii, dit.Irr uf ancieot r:i.A- ..0.--1--0*-3 p % 4 4 No. 8 is o low lis,ik of earth, eDi·rally le# than 8 foot in irnicins It is u lon' 1,ouk, 1,·111:„itt a ditc·Ii, iii,mic,1 neur tlie heiglit. with ul, ar,·rlige bregclili ut liuw t,f* ui:w A·el. li hu no rirer, cio :Ile' •:cund terrace, w·hirl, 1, libul,1 thirt,· r.·et al,u,·e tlie I ditcli, nod iti Nituuti„11 1,ri·clude. il„· i,lea „r u dioign for clwma I tort. TI,e grului,d i* y,·t a f,irest lif velier,lble miks, one of wilicb in tlie re:Ir, and ore,looking il, i• Itigh,·r latid iii the form of a 1;ir:.. (Cut-li;,tt- icrrace, and drin knulls. Tbis id un tile 'luoil,if Jfr. Ricuit,D don,la on the cutbankntfl:Lin full vigor, liu,ing a diameter of three feet. lioirE, beta'Clu tile rotul gild, tlie rirer. Al'Ur Ille |tuu,O of Mr. ' ; j f •·e 1,0,1 pioof m al I lie 1 u,li ma or the' BfotinJ Bitildc 0 P. W: OstioilvE, udjuii,ing it uit the 1"irtli, 0" the ridl;e, 6, i, „1 ki lia,1 a 1 1-,>.S don,eatic unimuls, thi $ wol·k und iliu „lie in Granger, (No. 10,) mou,1,1 which id nuw' 1.11'Ir and 01,0-Imlf revt high, tifter . I.--- I./ill. .-...... ; lei„g i plu.cd 0,·er mully yeuri . Acrug, the ruall to the '-ful,klrein :111·dii,„1„14•la l.lilI.,„,1.1,. oot repreaint:41 1,:nong tlie;plitted, miglit l,e taken fur liermaorut iturl|,-11'L·,t. , 0 (:1 :,0.1.1 kil.,11,6 4,1 ,·i, 11€·r 411·,11 56)111,1.,1, turntls, surrouu,led with I,ickets u a prott·ction aguitist wild buIf a utile ilistunt, is linutlier, lu·u·Ilit·li 1, hunmit iklill sua .1 ' anitn:11£ fuut:,| se·V,·ul„·li >curj ugu, rep'ited lu l,e li:,41 J u Jluutlit Ilitittler.' 7 ------rt ill, 11,0 1,wistuti,·e ur Bir. Audr,·w 11111,· ult,1 1,1,1 wi, U: 11,1„10 b: 1, : 1 4,1 i, 11 C a 0 1, 6 . i. O 1. 13 ·· N,i. 10 is nearly a circle, c·ititteen ro,11 in diameter, wilb & vall an oi,en cul Ili,·„,11:.1, 11:is :nuilitil. ·itlioul ili6cuil·ring 1%„ feet higll (18,30) bind· ten feet i,ru.11, 1,11,·ing *,tie ullything · Ork·1.ing. X. 11 A 11 t' 1 (1 X, CD. 1 8 70 The ditc·h is alioiit e.tiwl iii dimellsi„,Ii to the bank. It i: but u fi·n' 1,1111,41, btitieii lieur lili· Icial. i·\'idelilly a I,urial :,tu<·b 1 4 23*,--*.0- siti,3 1,·d ilion Br„lind 1,11,;r thail the g.,iii·rul le,·il uf the niure rec,·:,1 111:in thi· eri·ctitii, i,f thu n,u,111,1 ; n ituue ehisel aild country, es('cvt ot, the ourtli.west, where tlil·re i; u lurgi· suump. Ni#*r il a ilint arruw ),iul. It id bill,IN*# ur· rich stil·f,we b,it uf a dark ' - ' f f m t|te 24£'sl is u terrace *1·,·cral fect t,il:Iii·r. 01, citel, Aile r.re Culor. Ori;:ilitilly it us 6,·ven tr,·1 Itigh, now Iii·e fe,·t. 011,1 diant. ' 1% -* fier IN·ilig 6,ny.Ilitie a,1,1 the (Illirr f,irly·i ·sel, al:11 oile-hulf , tao *1111,11 ri\·ult·($ of perioilitent witicr. 7'hi, road ri,tining feel eozl . ' 44 ; , fri,zo IIi: celiter, 1,;im·:1 :litut,gli it 41 tih„t,l hulf H wile, bul Mr. 1\4&:.,lit·r suu· ilte *Lull 1,1„. 4·,1 (,ul i,f 11,e n,„tind, ai,d .-0.. the id

1 idistil,1 il lay n, 11, il,e surkee. It *B crill,·n,4 more modern e Annir |1114|. 1 Ii,·lily y.·:irb bilit·r, nearly le,wled il will, tile nut,tral \\'3$>' /--\ .1 surruce, for tile aecuminudatiol, of his bousl·,1.lurn and outtiouhcL tbau the Mound UuiWeA (, 40#71.Nfrr PAC/)1 0 *6> e.0*i P 4 4 ' ...... / Dr, 3'..M# *thI f : t...... 0 -.#I.r_...... 1.- ...... 1...... 0.- at' 1, i t Nt 1./·. 1,1 " 6. ,1 1,(, /rce, dc*, .Z-LAA#-At-'41 4 4 Ell,Irn l,vii. S 1"I '1 1,114'*, V'..I '' '3- br -•61 / - 1--4 t:--SUOF · : 426*. /fi -L.J i.·i / /7„6. zz... .A ..4&,,TO '. 9."='.. .& C i WFC Z.-' \A,it. -Ai.,>S....---..c-- - ·, --

..liwi. 1/(11 /PEEW , <..»»t .--j-1-- 58.-45-·*-67# 9 i. \ I-« . .4 C 441 «13 F '-:2/. 343..bu#,4 I 70,1 1 :4, 1 /.. ..=3' c r i .:&: ..24*E..00. 0 '·., '' 21 LvA.-. f) (4 , i<'if;97 3»'....0 t. 4* ,( 1 .-'-Ii.: *1/52517 KNo, i\ 11-1 » Stit,1%"l, 4 4444# 54 --- .73 1 1 . ers t.· 1 »flar4»/m SEY ' J <£l - i.· ' · -·= »«*x FGATH.,7 , Grave'h itfw \ »C=-=: ., -74. 1,1 r D: . ' , P e. 800.0 1 » I. r.f,-45548%b.J , >I ,---3 < 0.--b - -f, .-22->· '. \' '« ' 0 1/ -,-A* .2 ..« Asioiloty H4GW »- "-2 -.... l. 1.26.2 + SPI<'-3 : A - --R. - 7 /=r- i' ,-13-=-. . MOU 0, C 'C ..· -4»-. '.._47 4 »·.7&3: Lj :5.. .S» , j /-1 --1 :-' r '1 -. 4-- 774/. 444=* A/GA L-_, f. Ilz ....< I -S. I = . - - - " " 4 A: J »9 ) Gravel , 13-1 ·'. ·ef 17-·:\ 2.-43'kl,"/P ·_ 1 6. .. 3% F:,#'L04xki,fl --95.-- rt 61=,19<*... j,il 1 ff'<'»-'.-». .

7 76 1 -: 'l<, 11(Vit 1 - , *-. / 4 . , .:,1 -3(1 ... 4 2'_ 1 - 4 Ft frr,·' » .- 616*1 . -*.'. 1f.<.1#<04 ... 1 ih i , , 11' 3 :...... 43.-, I. 01 Ir: 16 ZE ." i'.1 . 2. f -=- - •44-1-\ 1&-4-; APOLL&*AUE-r---4' 2 rl / / 401, -' A<4 .. 5 hz 32,17 /3 0 i 3\ e J,Ke -9 •069 294&-H £01 0-61 'te. .. .- 0 \\ 0, I , C -/'*"i 'f':1'.p.9 2=1 ... .,/ , 1..'C" i:-,1-, '35 1 'Tes' :. «z r •,1 . r : 1 1* I.:4·J R ,= I--- *\\W.. . i*. MZ„ f; 1 . -I 6 ·· e & 2 0 RY-*RAVELLY PUTOU DIAGRAN OFAIVPICAL BICRCE FORT t) IN THa 'RA .Gi..:Ir.i/%P * AREA WurrTLEQBY Wki;TLBEY ENCLOSED CACHES SAAHwoRISM-'8 LOT Nt 14 RE DESCiUBS SEY£-JL 2.Hauje Lar Ue- 13 SUCH FerrY CH -111: AggA 73(2< CAL *fAJ812 ARCWABOLOGiCAL SITES IRA- EVeRETT -*RFA ..6..6/'*=74*2/Let (- C-

6 :, 6;.4,:."-- -5."... T' : , . -9.:':...'...... 1 .. r . -

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. ... 4. 2 . . ' . 4...... , Foi,T No. 0- ,. ..™„-/-10-=04. TI,is work is situated On a Iligh and very precipitons bluff, 00 . ' , .1 . :...1 2. r · years to oblitente it, by titrnitig the fur,2,wi talwi,ys towar,ls the tlte land of Jolli€ liorry. llc litts berit labitring ditritig many I. . ' . 55.-I.*.I i 1

ditc·11, 1,1,ich hus liow tieurly disial,peured..: Origiti:illy tlie bank .....

Sur/·rN. . 1:'::ZI,t"t' i'11;1:,1; "f""tt,t" e.'.1,1.':. furts, b.·in, t.ll.i, .,t 1 1, · ' ' I ' ; 1,\ A %%8 ,„5_'\U In ita general characters and position it resemb ca No. 6, on - . '··, 1 . ,· - 1/1 Roltinson'B land, in Boston. In bollt of them only a pnrt of ilia .., i *·'.» 7/, '.,/,\\* plutea,i k included wifhin the work, and thi surrounding blt,Crs ' · . *,44 ./ii"l.1 3.ia-'=, jil" .un, # .. are very higli and ateep. Witi,in No. 9, stone implen,ente, pot- - 1 ':' 2 : 1- . '' < \44.'9;2'/dimlifvt,fETI' 5:.11.1111-3:L:-S 1 1 tery lind Bint arrow points were rery numerous, and ll,e soil rich. i I .'r 11.4-1.. . .1 · . C <4· «3/)/1/H 111111"t»:S" tr: . If there were entrancoa or gate-wup, they havo been wl,olly 1 41#El/TETIE Fj'.. .1 9 ... . .7.....--\-f U 4 --. obacured by long cultisation. Neither here nor in any of tile 0-.,12.:§9" forls on this river, are tha ... Furl S„,·reyti,1 St, 9. 1,(,1,4 .1„1,· . st,inii 1861) tia Mr·i· ,r, 80 con'stri,cted as to lives r 2,5 4 gire mutual support to their ae r The positions ore well cliosen for nat„ral drength, butveral each patta. part of tlie defense; relied upon its own power of resistance. Here, ' 88 Usual, there arc convenient spriugs, a rivulet, and the river itzelf, for supplying water.

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., #l' 44 \\ L 2, t'. .1 'ic\\\\«.'i;:12('i'"" te i.: : BoTIUM MOUNP .9/*86\\ 9 . : .1 i 4 44 44 . f ISOLATED COGNDS. • . i 4 42 1 ..IL, b :S:'pill, ' STAR MOUND 6 4 * ·· 'llic turicst artitit·int wound of Il,r Curohogit Valley, b - 140 land :10,1 11,· tr ilte rellidttlce of ('ul. ·|llin Al,(,011(,pit, onla , "12 .= e"st'T,1111111" : North ilati,pion. 14 id tiow cightcea ket bigh, niid iii Lue Is 1' 2t. 0, 4 . Fiag£frl -'.0. :'.eage. , t, 14,/1.. 1. I C U Z 4/ .. VA 7 ED f::... 4 0 : tbtec h andied freL in circumktrucit. Eirept fur ilie puti'Ck' of · : muking a utilk houw, it ball not bce,a oileued. A 611(,rt di,luocn . (4 . : 3 -ft-' MW) ,reB of it, un d gru el ridge; *bicli corn·spund: 10 Alw. second 5 3 ..1 .'0'-52 ·. -5, , ,"7.5 '12 :.. 4 st.1. S-'.':I B·, .;·,1,3-5 z terruce of the ratle)·,i, an ludial, burittl gn,ul,11 i Roll $01111: trreg· · , t , * N .4,9/,lit (0 17 .. 5 ular caritira, probablj eacha Eictitation, am„ng tbe grotip of . ' « - 3 . .1 f 'A e - 9%*mew&*#47 . I 9;2:3: *£,01 .:I:. ;1:, 6,:::11.:t;i,&1,xi:':;r'::. t.Ntt t""r""1' t"r"-i-"'i' "'r"'1""i'""C' i con 1*utz ur otie furilit,Bdc,w·n a·ork in the Game ,·icinity, liareihe river,atreud, 10 been110*lun, nuitecd. dind of There a mall . . "r'941"' 1.....",1.i i 1 1 1 1 1 -f--1--*7--7 E U VALLEY R.R.(aG°.) I ppulou$uju£t' ha,·a bect.1 B liAte, · %·bio 11110 atighborhood TaB 1,, ,·cr, 4.,1 '11 ..Al , '4 Al . .4 --.- u.4."04#030 1 --,1 6 ·B1<4"""i 4, , cez 7/1/,4,#0" I BOTZUM ' : ' . j. ' : , /,1 I 72-Z) 57>1 R /WOUND ' i e BOTZUM MOUND #f ,· toward A I.w Cle,•cland, .,iies out 0,Ie of sees Akron™, An tlic rigtil ihc hatid "Valley Si,|c a. Ileail"fine*.R./. spccitilen •, ot,e go,$ ' -t . ;' 2 -'·S. , .r-- . .''.. ' ...# 1811#P/,8 '44 . At ELP ..1 ....>;,e 4. t. i 01 tlic 1,Idian niout,d. 11 slittids iv tlie door yard ol a fan,1 110,1,e. .t' · ',- ' : '.f,) ' ' -' OHIO i ·

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Edited by Leslie R. Gray Diary of Br. and Sr. Zeisberger and Br. Benj. Mortimer, on their journey from Fairfield in Upper Canada, to Scho,tbrun on the River Muski,tgum, in the N.W. Territory of the United States, with 33 Indian brethren and sisters and children; from the 15 August to the October 1798.' 4

Note: No part of this article is to be reproduced in any without the express permission of the Archives Committee of the Moravianway Church in America, Northern Provinces.

The Editor's Introduction Benjamin Mortimer's earlier diary of his travels with John Hecke- welder from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to Fairfield, on the Thames River in Upper Canada, 30th April to 22nd May, 1798, was published in Ontario H istorly, XLVI, Nos. 1 and 2, in 1954. On his arrival at the Mor,vian mission village of Fairfield, Mortimer immediately became an important part of its life and activity. He kept a very· comprehensive diary of his three months' work among Fairfield's Indians, which has been freely quoted by Elma E. Gray in her story of Fairfield, Wilderness Christians: It was unusual for anyone other than the missionary in charge to keep the official diary of the mission or of a jotirncy, and we can only conclude that Mortimer's enthusiasm for wrjting attracted the attention of his superiors and won him the privilege of keeping the records, under their supervision. The diary we are now to present is actually Mortimer's third. It concludes his stay in Fairfield and follows his journey to the mission fields iii Ohio. Its existeoce has been known to American historians for many years and some brief extracts have been permitted. It is with extreme - gratitude that we acknowledge the confidence now Archives placed in us by the : Committee who have given us permission to first time in full, with publish it for the i our editorial comments. May we extend our thanks and also our congratulations in this great year of 1957 which marks the 500th the anniversary of founding of the Moravian Church and the 100th anniversary of the Moravian Historical Society. Ever since the Revolutionary War, when the Moravians and their Indians had been forced from their homes in Sch6nbrun, Gnadenhuetten and Salem on the Muskingum River, the continuing conflict between Indians and whites in Ohio had prevented their return. Suddenly their 1. Title of the original manuscript of the diary in Clizit·eli, Bethlehem, Pa. the Archives of the Moravian 2. Elma E. Gray, Wilder,ic.w Christirtils, (Ithaca, and Toi·onto, the N.Y., Cornell University Press, Macmillan Company of Canada, 1956). 9/ititi·io Historg, Vol. xlix ( 1957) , No. 2.

(3) ./... -.... -

FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798 di'eam of returning to Ohio from Upper Canada became a distinct pos- 1 Three ! sibility. areas on the Muskingum, totalling twelve thousand had been acres, patented by the United States Government on to the February 24, 1798, i Moravians in trust for their Indian conver.ts. John Heckewelder and William Edwards had gone on ahead in May 1798 with a few Indians from Fairfield to prepare the way for the reopening of the Ohio missions to the Delawares and kindred tribes. Now the permanent settlement was to be made. David Zeisberger, although past his seventy-seventh birth- day, volunteered to leave ' Fairfield, the village he had founded just six years earlier, to reopen the work of Christianizing his "brown brethren" in Ohio. Mortimer, with the and energy enthusiasm of his thirty years, enjoyed to the full the journey to his new home in Ohio in the of David and Susan company Zeisberger and he wrote freely of the and heard and felt. things he saw The authorship of his diary was in some doubt until recently. It has fi·equently been referred to as Sister Zeisberger's Confusion because in Diary. arose the Bethlehem Archives there are three of the separate accounts journey-the original long English version in Mortimer's hand- here zvriting, printed in full, a shorter English version publication ( 1799) in prepared for the Periodical Accounts of the Moravian and a Church,3 German version which is a translation actually from Mortimer's j English diary. In the past, some historians have considered the German version to be the original, and mistakenly translating "Geshwister Zeisberger" as "Sister Zeisberger" instead of "Brother and Sister Zeis- berger", have assumed the diary was kept by Susan Zeisberger rather than by Brother Mortimer. The Zeisbergers no doubt influenced Mortimer's diary in much the same way as writing of this John Heckewelder, with his stories and remiiiiscences, created much of the historic atmosphere for Mortimer's diary of the Bethlehem-Fairfield journey. While Mortimer, eager to learn .' the history and the local tradition of the country through were passing, talked with which they Indians and whites alike, the influence of John i Heckewelder and his meticulous accuracy for mileage is missing. On Lake Erie and in Ohio Mortimer's ' in comparison distances are quite inaccurate with those in the Bethlehem-Fairfield story. We had fol- ' lowed his overland journey through Penniylvania, New York Canada and and Upper i the reliability of his mileages often amazed us. But the Ohio trip was quite different; we found we had to ignore the The water route mileage given. probably accounted for some of the could Mortimer be so far out on differences, but how this journey? The real Heckewelder was reason was that not along to help with accurate estimates. travels of The exciting this seasoned woodsman, Heckewelder, who records of kept excellent i the distances he covered on foot, on - ...... -- horseback or by boat in 3. Pliblished in England fol· distz·ibiltion to English gl·egations, and containing news of all missions throughoutspeaking nlissions and con- the world. 1

(4 ) ONTARIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY

the service of Moravian missions, will shortly be told by a noted historian and author, Dr. Paul A. W. Wallace, a former Canadian, now of Ann- ; ville, Pennsylvania, in his book, Thirty Thousand Miles with Heckewelder.

9 Mortimer's manuscript consists of eleven sheets of paper, folded in 4 2 the middle and written on four sides each, i.e. forty-four pages. On thirty-six pages, a margin is left on the outer side ("For Br. Zeisberger's ; remarks"), but only in three cases was it used, the handwriting being that of Mortimer. The writing is clearly readable, medium small, and 2 without much pressure. For some reason, underlined words are oiily partly underlined. There are few corrections such as crossed-out letters ' or words, or inserted half sentences. The footnotes, appearing at the bottom of the respective pages in the manuscript ( first note marked by a little star, second note by a cross), have been included in the text behind the word they refer to. The present editor's comments or identifica- tions are in square brackets [ 1. It is impossible to follow this journey in the same detail as the ovei'- land trip from Bethlehem to Fairfield. There we could travel by car along the modern roads, in many cases superimposed on or adjacent to the roads of a century and a half ago. The voyage from Fairfield to Sch6nbrun by dugout canoes on rivers and lakes was a different problem. However, we did follow it as closely as pavements or gravel roads permitted, and were able to identify most of the landmarks mentioned. The difficult part to visualize was the handling of clumsy dugout canoes. To- day, our canoes are light and graceful, but not capable of carrying heavy burdens. The seven Fairfield canoes were long, heavy, freight-type cra ft which carried in all thirty-six persons, with camping and cooking equip- ment and all the movable property that could reasonably be transported. Few museums have examples of dugout canoes. They Were made from

huge trees, cut down, hollowed out and shaped by fire, axe and adze, to form a blunt-ended, round-bottomed, clumsy craft, reasonably suitable for calm waters but dangerous in a storm or in rapid waters. The Fair- field Indians 4 were experts in making these canoes and supplied them to many of their white neighbours on the Thames. During 1956 we made two trips to Ohio travelling along the Cuyahoga and Muskingum Rivers, searching in the cities of Cleveland, Akron and . Monroe and along the shores of Lake Erie and the Detroit River. Topo- graphical survey maps and binoculars were great aids to us in following the route and recognizing some of the still-existing landmarks noted by Mortimer nearly 160 years earlier.. Our comments will be found in the footnotes. THE DIARY Margin left for Br. Zeisberger's remarks. After taking a tender and affectionale fai·ewel of the brethren and 1 sisters in Fairfield, and in particular of our dear fellow laborers in tlie ' gospel, we set off from thence on the 15 August, with 33 Indian brethren

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FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

and sisters and children, in 7 eanoes. Six other canoes, containing 23 persons, accompanied us down the river. The missionary canoe, which had been presented to us for the journey by an Indian brother, was conducted by three young brethren of the Fairfield congregation, who had obligingly offered their services for that purpose. It started at 12 o'clock and was followed at intervals by the rest. Some horses belonging to the Indians went along with .us by land. Three miles from the town, at the end of Fairfield township; we entered the settlement of the white people. The roads thither, which was made last year by the Indian brethrcn, is acknowledged to be the best finished of any along the river Thames. As we descended the stream, many of our neighbort appeared on its banks in order to take leave of us. Some invited us into their houses, others presented us with melons &. and all testified much regard for us. In the evening we encamped on the land of a Mr. Abbot,' a justice of tlie peace. It is known that the white people, traders excepted, commonly avoid settling near to Indian towns. They are afraid of their horses being stolen, their cattle killed, their improvements injured, and their persons molested by them. Thus quarrels are produced, which often end in bloodshed. Nothing can be a more unequivocal testimony of the high opinion generally entertained of our Indians in these parts, than that so [no] sooner was it known that they would establish themselves on this river, on land granted them by the king, but white settlers were eager to take up lands in the vicinity of their settlement. They are now encreased to above one hundred families. The fact is, the so called Moravian Indians are accounted the best of neighbors, especially for new settlers. The white people have not only experienced from them an inoffensive con- duet, but have found that they readily worked for and assisted them with provisions; and when they visited them in their town, they made no charges for their entertainment. (Note: When the missionaries have advised the Indians to charge the white people for lodging and entertaining them, and shewn them the reasonableness of so doing, they have answered: "When an Indian comes to my house, I do not make pay me for what I give him: Why then should I ask money of a white man ?") The inhabitants of Fairfield, considered as citizens of an extensive, and but thinly inhabited, commercial country, have been of acknowledged advantage to it. Through them, as Mr. Askin' once observed to the late officer commanding at Detroit in presence of Br. Senseman,' the price 4. The Township was never called Fairfield. The boundaries of the township were approximately those of present Zone. The settlement would be that of the Shermans, near the present Thamesville Bridge, and of the Cornwalls on land. adjoining 5. This road followed closely the present No. 2 highway. It was the main street of Faii·field village and part of the York to Detroit road. will 6. Space permit only "thumb-nail" sketches of white residents along the Thames. More details are available in Elma E. Gray, WiZder,zess Christians; Fred Tlie Valley of the Loiver Tltaines; C. Han,il, Victor Lauriston, Ronzantic Ke,it; Milo M. Quaife, ed. Joh.n Askin Papers. 7. Abbott Joseph received a crown grant, lot 18, on the Thanies River, Chatham Township. one and a half miles north-east of present Louisville. 8. John Askin, prominent British merchant of Detroit. later of Sandwich, U.C. (See John Askin Papers). 9. Gottlob Sensemann, one of Fairfield's four original missionaries, now left in the chai·ge of niission by the departure of David Zeisberger, the original leader. He died in 1800 of tuberculosis aggravated by a fall during the building of Fairfield's bi·idge, and was the first missionary to be buried with the Indians in the cemetery, "Hutberg".

(6) , r1

ONTARIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY

of many of the principal necessaries of life has been reduced in Detroit market. The great North West fur companym buys up annually 5000 bushels of Indian corn. Fairfield supplies on an average about 2000 bushels of it. They raise great numbers of cattle, which are all for sale. (Note: The Indians very seldom eat beef. Being accustomed to deer's meat, it seems coarse and unpalatable to them.) In the winter they make about 5000 1b cf sugar; and though they consume a great part of it themselves, yet what they bring to market is considerable: it is also of superior quality, for no where in Canada is the juice of the maple better manufactured than in Fairfield. They have supplied all the adjacent settlements with their canoes. Their coopery, mats &c. com- mand a ready sale. Thus after all the distresses they have sustained, 9 . our Saviour favors them externally as well as internally. He blesses the sweat of their brows, and their faithfulness in all their business; and in this respect also sets them to his praise on earth. But what is of far more importance, and a principal subject of the solicitude and prayers of the missionaries, Fairfield is to all human appearance, a very eligible place (Note: The great, but only material disadvantage of situation under which it labors, is: its lying on a river which is one of the grand channels of communication between Detroit, and the western parts of Canada. It is consequently much frequented by traders, who embrace every opportunity of introducing spirituous liquors.) from whence the gospel may be sounded forth to the various and numerous tribes of the Chippeways. The nearest Chippeway town is not above 9 miles distant; there is another town 22 miles farther off." Both may be approached from thence by land or by water.12 The latter, though the most circuitous, is the easiest mode of access, on account of the swampiness of the country. The innumerable rivers and creeks which empty their waters into lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior, are mostly inhabited by Chippeways, who have not, and whose fathers never have had, any knowledge of the gospel of our salvation through a Re- deemer. What a happy circumstance would it be, if these glad tidings could be made known to them, as they have been to other nations ! Is it not more than probable that our Saviour has, contrary to the wish of themselves, and those who direct and superintend their mission, led a i congregation of believing Indians into their country, with the view that this may, sooner or later, be effected ? "Go over & help them", (Acts 16.9) our Saviour has said, as the Shepherd and Leader of his people, i But in order.to this, it seems necessary that their language should first be learnt by those who are to preach to them; and this cannot be attempted with success by any but young missionaries. Though the Chip- peways understand many Delaware words, yet it is impossible for them to comprehend the plainest and most simple evangelical testimony in that language." We quitted Fairfield with the most fervent wishes and

10. The North-West Company, founded in 1783 by Montreal fur interests to compete wilh the Hudson's Bay Company for the furs of America's north-west. 11. Their settlements were on the Sydenham River and on the St. Clair River. See Elma E. Gray; "A Missionary Ventui·e on the St. Clair" in Moravian Historical Society, Tr,titsactioii.9, XIV pts V and VI (1951) pp 341-349. 12, The water route would be by Thames River, Lake St. Clair, Chenail Escarte, and Sydenham River. 13. Mortiniei·'s words were apparently given consideration at Bethlehem for in 1800 Christian Fredei·ic Dencke was ; ordained for work among the Chippewas. After receiving instruction from David Zeisberger in Goshen, Ohio, he commenced his mission to the Chippewas in 1801. See Elma E. Gray, Wilderness Christiaits, chapter 18.

(7) il .3 1 1

FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

prayers, that our Saviour would be pleased, not only to continue to shower clown his favors upon that dear congregation as he had done hitherto, and preserve them from all evil, but also that he would make them the blessed means of propagating his gospel extensively among their heathen brethren! The 16.th early we pursued our journey. About 16 miles from Fair- field is a gristmill belonging to Mr. Field.14 A little lower down the river lives Mr. Messimer," a tunker preacher. A Mr. Arnold,16 of the same persuasion, has a saw-mill. Thirty miles" from Fairfield is the store, tavern and farm belonging to our friend Mr. Matthew Dolson,18 who received us with his usual hospitality. Here we had the pleasure to be : overtaken by Sister Senseman," and were altogether very kindly entertained. Mr. M. Dolson's name has frequently been mentioned in the letters and diaries of the missionaries. He is deservedly esteemed by them, on account of his having approved himself to them indeed-a friend in need. When they went to live at New Gnadenhutten'° on the Huron river," in ' the year 1782, they were greatly in want of provisions, both for themselves and the Indians, as is always the case, for the first year at least, at new settlements. The character of the brethren was at that time unknown in Detroit; and hence they had no credits there. On applying to the principal merchants to advance them flour, and promising them pay- ment as soon as they should receive the remittances which they expected from Pennsylvania or England, they all either civilly excused themselves, or absolutely refused to comply with their requests. In this distress they took their refuge :by prayer to our Saviour, beseeching him to raise them up some friend who would assist them. They then agreed to speak on the subject to Mr. Dolson, who was master of the tavern at which they lodged. They told him frankly the business on which they were come,

1·1. Daniel Field, a former resident on the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, received a grant to lot 10, Raleigh Township on the south bank of the Thames. The mill here mentioned, however, was located on lot 18, Harwich Township, south of the Thames, about two miles east of present Louisville. 13. John Messmore received grants for lots 6,7,8, Chatham Township on the noi·tli side of the Thames. 16. Christopher Arnold's grist mill was on lot 3 in Howard on a creek flowing into the Tharnes. It could not be seen from the canoes, which accountsfor its .Mntion od of chronological 01·der Mortimer probably remembered this when passing ilie property of other members of the Arnold family, lots 12, 13, 14, Chatham, near essniore's land. Stones from the Arnold mill are displayed at the Museum of the Kent Historical Society. 17. Mortimer's mileage notes are wrong. Dolson's store was about 24 miles by a road from Fairfield, but niuch farther by river. 1 18. Matthew Dolson, formerly of the Manor of Sunderland on the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, later joined Butler's Rangers and at the close of the Revolution ' sottled in Detroit. He was granted land on the north side of the Thames near the present city of Chatham, but his settlement known as Dover preceded the founding of Cliatham by several years. 1 19. Anna ( Brucker) Sensenlann, wife of Gottlob Sensemann. Like the wives of 1 ;111 A'rot·arian Missionaries slie played an impot·tant part in the Christianizing and li·aining of the Indians, particularly the womcn and children. 20. A nionitment on the Olltskirts of Mt. Clemens, Michigan, on the heights of 1 Mo·:en Road near Moi·avian Di·if·e, marks ·tlie site of this mission, a temporary refuge at Lhe tinle of the lievolutional·y War and subsequent Indian troubles. 21. Now the Clinton Rivei·.

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ONTARIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY and the ill had success they hitherto met with ; adding, that they must now betake themselves to begging. "There are, we know," said Br. Zeis- berger, "many far wealthier gentlemen in this place than you are, who they would; but perhaps they are not so 11,orthy of doing it. could We askhelp usthat if favor of you." On this Mr. Dolson's heart was touched. The thought, that he should be judged more worthy than others, of assisting deserving men, whose life in a good cause was a continued series of sufferings, struck him powerfully, as' he has since often remarked to us. He answered, with tears in his eyes: "I shall be happy to assist you gentlemen to the utmost of my power"; and then immediately went, and pledged his credit to the utmost, in order to procure for the brethren 1 the quantity of flour which they asked for.-Mr. Dolson was at that I time in very moderate circumstances. Since then, the blessing of God has manifestly attended all his undertakings, and he is become rich. It is his intention soon to retire from public business, having realized a fortune of several thousands of pounds. He is now settled on this where he is enabled· river, to gratify his taste for farming and gardening. He is the only person in these parts whose meadows are sown with clover. He has contracted to build a vessel of 80 tons burden for the N.W. [North-West 1 company, which is almost ready to launch. The timber he has procured from the large pinery 70 miles up the Cipal river in the prin- workmen are from Philadelphia. The depth of the river here, which is 14 miles distant from its mouth, is from 15 to 20 feet. Among Mr. Dolson's servants is a Pani [Pawnee], from the of the black Panis beyond the Mississippi. nation of There are said to be many that nation in Detroit and the adjoining settlements. They have been | . taken captive as children by the Chippeways and their confederates in their ·wars with them, & sold to the white people. This is one proof among many which the history of mankind affords, that however fond be themselves men may of civil liberty, the love of gain, if predominant, will divest them of every humane principle, and they will sliew no reluctance at making slaves of their fellow creatures. Mr. Dolson's black Pani has a complexion as dark as that of a W. Indian negro. but her features, her large white eyes excepted, are perfectly is small & European. Her figure genteel. We had no opportunity of observing her hair. The so called white Panis are the supposed Welch Indians, whose existence is now much questioned. The 17th after taking leave of our dear Sr. Senseman, and of Mr. & Mrs. Dolson, we set off for the mouth of the river, which we reached in the evening. This river is called by the French the Retrcnche, and by Chippeways Eskobne or Horn river. Our Indians prefer the • I name which Thames, as pronounced by the English, sounds pleasing to them. It meanders slowly through a flat and rich opening, so as to be in country, gradually some places near a mile wide. The distance from Fairfield to the mouth of the river is accounted by land about 44 miles. By water it may be fairly estimated at 85 miles. We passed to day several Shawnee ( Note: This nation is so called by the English; by our I German brethren Shawanosen; by the Delaware & other nations Shawanee. or people from the South, from Shawaneu, South; and by the Wiondats, i ' Shan'wuenue.) and French settlements, and the dwelling-house of Mr.

22. Near tlie present village of Delaware. The the river, not by land. mileage given is apparently by

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Mc.Gee," British superintendant of Indian affairs, with whom the Brethren have formerly had much business. We had heard that he was gone to Michilimakinac. Mr. Mc.Gee is a half Shawnee, and has married a Shawnee wife. These circumstances, and the office he holds, with the power of bestow- ing annually large presents to the Indians, in the king's name, and at his expence, gave him for many years a vast ascendency over that nation, and through them over the other Indian tribes. But that has now in a great measure ceased, and the Shawnees are universally despised and execrated. The weather in these days was extremely warm, and from our mode of travelling, we felt all the inconveniencies of it, notwithstanding the awning, that was extended over us. Enclosed between the high-timbered banks of a river, which near its mouth is without a visible current, we felt no breeze of cheering air; while at same time we suffered excessively from the reflection of the sun-beams from the water, from whose surface our canoes did not much elevate us. Long continuance in such a situation cannot but be irksome. If the hands or face are exposed for any length of time to the scorching beams of the sun, they are covered with blisters. At all events travelling in this manner, in such hot weather, pi·odtices in most people, great inward heat, and gives a swarthiness to the complexion, which is more or less durable, according to the texture of the skin. The Indians, though they become browner by going on the water, do not seem to be so liable as the white people, to suffer from blisters or other painful irruptions.-It was with the view to save expence to the heathen Society,24 and for other substantial reasons, that we had chosen to travel in a canoe along with our Indian brethren and sisters. As we proceeded, we frequently met or overtook other Indians in their canoes. We observed that at the sight of Delawares or Monsies, our people and they smiled to each other, and seemed to rejoice, as if they saw their best friends. This was done too when the parties had no previous acquaintance with each other. But with the Chippeways there subsisted no such cordiality. The Delawares call those of their own nation Linni Lenape," or Proper Indians; the Chippeways they call only Lenape, and that merely by way of distinction from the white people. The Dela- ware word Chippeway (Tschiip-u-e) seems to have been originally a tei·m of contempt or derision. It signifies in their language: "a whistler". The 18th we entered lake St. Clair. Its borders are covered with rushes, of which the women in Fairfield make mats. Here the air was somewhat cooler, but we had to take down our awning, as it obstructed that distinct view of each other, and of every adjacent object, which is necessary for those who navigate a canoe in open water. Having a fair wind, we could now put up sails, for which purpose the Indians 23. Alexander McKee, son of Captain Thomas McKee who in 1748 was visited at his borne "the last white settlement below Shamokin" ( Sunbury, Pa.) Moravian Cammerhoff. by Bis]iop McKee, with Matthew Elliott and Simon Girty, British on the western joined the frontier early in the Revolution and greatly influenced the Indians of the west to join the British forces. McKee was by 1798, Deputy Super- intendent General of Indian Affairs. 2 1. The Society of tile United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen ( S. P. G.) was organized Sept. 21, 1787 and All ,ilission land was held in the name of incorporated Feb. 28, 1788. the society in trust for the Christian Indians. Missionary work was organized and financed by the society. 25. Ustially written Lenni-Lenape (the grandfathers, the original people) referring to the Delawares.

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make use of their blankets; in this manner, very judiciously, making their very clothing by night, form a useful appendage to the vehicle in which they travel by day. About 10 o'clock we were obliged to go on land, on account of the increasing wind, when our people amused themselves with fishing and fowling. Through habit, the Indians have very penetrating eyes, to discover every object which is interesting to them, and at a great distance. As the wind soon abated, and continued favorable, we were again enabled to proceed with hoisted sails, but seldom ventured above a mile from the shore, that we might be able to retreat thither for safety in case of danger. In this manner we literally coasted the E. side of lake St. Clair, proceeding today about 30 miles, viz. to the commencement of the Detroit settlement, about 8 miles from that fortress. We encamped near the habitations of some French people. In the course of the day we saw several large boats sailing to the northward; and at night were joined by the last division of our floating congregation, con- tained in 4 canoes. Our whole company consisted now of 54 persons. The 19th. in the afternoon we went on for Fort Detroit. That part of the river St. Laurence26 which connects lakes St. Clair and Erie, is called here Detroit river. It is 18 miles long, and on an average about 2 miles broad, containing several islands. The houses and orchards which line both sides of it, make a pleasing appearance; but that is all which they have to recommend them, for they are inhabited by a filthy, ignorant race of men, called French Canadians, being the descendants of the first French inhabitants of Canada, who have very generally intermarried among the Indians, and, for no good purposes, tried to assimilate themselves to them in many respects in manners and character. These people in general discover no inclination for agricultural labor, or for improve- ment of any kind. They are dressy, obliging and tractable; fond of trade, company and amusements; but averse to strenuous exertions, in order to procure any distant good, or guard against future evils. They are, in short, according to the character which they bear in Detroit, a thought- less and wicked, a cheerful and good-natured people. Most of the men have long since laid aside the use of breeches. Instead thereof, they wear a of piece cloth about them like the Indians. They live chiefly on Indian corn. Their farms on this river are laid out merely for shew, 1 and without the least regard to convenience; for they are only 40 perches I in front, & 11,6 mile deep." In their orchards the trees are only 15 feet i asunder, which excludes the intervention of the rays of the sun. They i have no knowledge of pruning, grafting, rotation of crops &c. 1 Immediately on our arrival at the Fort, we applied to Mr. Wallen,18 i the deputy quarter-master-general, for permission for our people to en- the j camp in ship-yard," which he very obligingly permitted. Br. Mortimer :hen, through the introduction of a gentleman of the name of Williams,n 26. The term St. Lawrence River was frequently applied in old diaries to the entire Great Lakes chain. 27. To Mortimer these long narrow farms would seem ridiculous, as he did not realize the need of the inhabitants for access to water routes or understand the tradition of French Canadian settlements. Fields of this nature may still be seen in parts of Quebec province. 28. Probably Elias Wallen, who in 1800 was acting as sheriff of Wayne County and in 1802 was appointed Marshall by the Legislative Council of the North-West Territories (Milo M. Quaife, ed., Johit Aski,1 Pi,vers, II, 276). 29. The shipyard was in the Woodward Ave.-Bates St. area. 30. Isaac Williams, a British trader in Detroit and in Ohio as is mentioned early as 1777. He frequently in Zeisberger's Diary as a friend of the Moravians. He later : settled in Harwich Township, not far from Fairfield (Johit Askic: Papers, II, 258).

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waited on the commander, Lieut. Col. Strong," to apprize him of our arrival, and the object of our journey. The Col.1 was extremely polite, evinced a disposition to do us any favor in his power, and invited Br. Mortimer to visit him again. In the following days he was several times a guest at his table. At his desire he once introduced a deputation of Indian brethren to him, with whom he shook hands in a very friendly manner, wished them a good journey, and presented them with 4 cwt. ' of flour out of the public store. To one of the Indian brethren, John Adam, whose countenance & behaviour particularly attracted his notice, he said, he wished he might go, and be a blessed preacher of the gospel to his countrymen. The Col.1 and his lady are religious, sensible and ' much esteemed characters. They arrived here this year from one of the posts on the Ohio. During our stay in this place, we were much engaged in preparing and making further arrangements for our journey. We visited many kind friends, who on their part also, paid us the most respectful attention. The arrival of above 50 Indians, headed by their missionaries, in a small town like Detroit, excites nearly as much notice, as if the same number of persons were to come in a body to one of our place-congregations. The number of inhabitants in Detroit is not above 2000, without including the garrison, and the officers of government. At Mr. Askin's we had the pleasure to find a letter for us from Br. Ettwein,32 which after perusal we forwarded to Fairfield. Our friend Mr. James Henry'l had sailed for Montreal two days before we came. It has beeh justly observed, that persons who have been long in official stations among the Indians, and by a knowledge of their language, and other means, have acquired some acquaintance with and ascendency over them, have very often a certain peculiar, consequential air, bespeak- ing too high an idea of their own self-importance. This is never more apparent than when they converse with the white people on subjects relating to the Indians; and is to be accounted for from the influence whi ch they usually possess among them, the respect with which they are treated by the whites, and the variety of useful & entertaining information which they may have been enabled to collect. This almost descriptive feature of character in Indian agents and interpreters, particularly those of the inferior class, is perhaps, humanly speaking, one of the most pardonable of our common frailties; but as it certainly does no honor to the Christian character, it ought carefully to be guarded & prayed against by missionaries, and especially by those who have been newly clothed with that, otherwise self-denying, office. Here these reflections occurred to us with peculiar force. The situation of Detroit is delightful, but the town is not pleasing. The streets are so narrow that two carriages can but barely pass each

31. David Strong served throughout the Revolution in his native Connecticut, and was promoted to Lieut. Colonel by General Wayne. He had been appointed Commandant at Detroit only a short time before the missionaries' visit. 32. Bishop John Ettwein, founder of the "S. P. G." and at this time in charge of Moravian missionary work in America. He had suggested the present move to the Aluskingum. 33. James Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, son of William Henry, the staunch Moravian who played such a prominent part in the Revolution as a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, master gunsmith and superintendent of arms for the Ameri- can arniy. James came to Dott'oit in 1797 and operated a tannery and general store. He had been appointed Justice of the Peace shortly before the Moravian visit. (John Aski,1 P(tpe,3, II, 305).

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other, and being unpaved, must be miry in rainy weather. The houses are of frame-work; many of them are neatly constructed, but on account of the narrowness of the streets, many of the apartments in them have not sufficient light. The principal inhabitants are English or Scotch. Since the cession of the place to the United States in 1796, the offices of trust have been of course entrusted to American citizens. Most of the former inhabitants chose then to declare themselves to be British subjects. These engross nearly the whole trade, and are contented to remain under the American government no longer than they are exempted from paying their duties, which are considerably heavier than those in Canada. The laws on this head are for the present not put in force, out of policy, with the hope of inducing the British to remain in the territory. They are however building a town oil the opposite shore, to be called Sandwich, whither the principal merchants intend to retire. Otherwise the Americans and British live here upon the most friendly and equal footing. The morals of the people of Detroit are said to be extremely bad. Br. Zeisbei'ger, from his former residence here, and knowledge of characters, terms it: "a sink of iniquity, a wicked & accursed place". This seems to be the general opinion of serious and reflecting persons who have travelled hither. Since the arrival of the Americans, and the con- sequent dullness of trade, a general spirit of idleness and gaming has pervaded all ranks of people, against which the present commanding officer has remonstrated in a serious and fatherly manner, and with good effect. Great depravity of morals, is a general characteristic of all distant colonies and trading posts lilce Detroit, where the reigning principle is, the desire of gain. In such places the principal characters generally con- sider their residence to be but temporary. Hence but little attention is paid to the instruction of youth, and the establishment of divine worship is totally neglected. This however is the way to make men become heathens. For wherever the gospel is not, at stated times, publickly mankind will taught, of course forget, neglect, despise and at length hate it. (Note: Through the especial mercy of God, the case may however be otherwise, as in Moravia* among the ancient Brethren.) Where it is not known, it can have no influence upon the hearts and consciences. There is here a Roman Catholic chapel. But the inhabitants of British descent, who have had the government and superiority of trade: in their hands now for near 40 years, have no church or religious meeting-house. Had they therefore all been Christians on their arrival here, it is difficult to conceive how they could have remained so to the present day. The state of things is such at this time, that a public evangelical discourse, concerning our Saviour, would probably appear to most of the inhabitants, like Paul's harangue at Athens:-"a setting forth of strange gods", ( Acts 17.18) ; and as such, excite the eager curiosity, or provoke the indignant 1 ridicule, of a divided multitude. As a proof of the ignorance here pre- 1 vailing, it deserves to be mentioned, that among the numerous stores, there is not one where books of any kind are to be procured, except English Bibles. 2 common-prayer and spelling books. Happily these still find a place, though in the obscurest corners of their shelves, where they appear covered with dust. 3.1. Part of present Czecho-Slovakia, where for many years following the formation of the -Unitas Fratnim" (or United Brethren ) in 1457 the "hidden seed" of their religion was kept alive in spite of persecutions and apparent destruction

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We were visited in our camp by some of the principal gentlemen of ' the Fort, who seemed much pleased with the appearance, order and conversation of our Indians. They asked us many questions concerning our missions in general, and the mode of conducting them. It was the prevailing opinion that we received salaries from the London Society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts. We assured them to the contrary, informing them that we received no stated salaries whatever, but drew upon the treasures of our own society for whatever sums of money we stood in need. It was remarked by some, that our Indians seemed as much attached to, and were as fond of us, and each other, as if we all belonged to one family. The observation pleased us highly, as an illustration of the words of our Saviour: "By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another";-and its justness appeared, from the opportunities that occurred at same time, of witnessing the contrast in this respect, between Christian Indians, and those who are still in heathenism. But we do not, and from a knowledge of human nature, dare not presume to boast; even of the brightest examples of the power of the grace of our Saviour, and of what most redounds to his glory. They ai'e at all times more a subject for humble thankfulness, than for joyful exultation. Surrounded as we were by numerous temptations, we had reason to be anxious, for fear of scandal to our Christian profession. We were happy therefore to be able to remove with our little flock, on the afternoon of the 21st, to the southern extremity of the settlement, 9 miles from the Fort.35 Here we assembled to our last singing meeting with that part of the Fairfield congregation, which had thus far accompanied, and were soon going to take leave of us. It was attended with those sympathetic feelings, with which those only are acquainted, who have parted with beloved brethren and sisters. On this memorable occasion, the Muskingum colonists appeared the most cheerful. We missionaries called to mind apart, that to day the annual general meeting of the Brethren's Society for propagating the gospel among the heathen, had probably been held in Bethlehem, when we would certainly have been remembered in love." We felt ourselves united in spirit with those dearly beloved brethren, who compose that benevolent and respectable institution. The 22.d early we took an affecting farewel of the Fairfield brethren a 1id sisters, who now returned again to their homes. In the course of the day we passed the mouth of the river Rouche [Rouge], where the Americans are building some ships of burden, in order to engage in the North West trade, in conjunction with some English merchants, under the name of the New N.W. Company." The Old N.W. Company are jealous of them, as indeed they are of all attempts to partake of, lay

35. The distance wmild appear to be incorrect as nine miles would take them beyond River Rouge which they did not cross until the following day. 36. The Annital Meeting of the S. P. G. on Sept. 21st (the anniversary of its fozinding I would be known in advance, as all niission stations were required to send reports to this gathering of mission leaders. 37. The New North-West Company which became known as the X Y 1,·as fornied about 1795 Company by ti·aders who broke away from the old Company. They achieved a gi'eat nieasilre of sliccess in competing with the older two factions amalganiated in 1804. group, but the

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1 1 ONTARIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY T open, or unveil the nature of their traffic. A Mr. Mackenzie,= who i travelled a few years since up the lakes, thence across the continent to 1 the Pacific ocean, and then back again, was induced by them, in con- 4 sideration of a sum of money, and the promise of a stipulated annual 1 share in their profits, to withhold the publication of his interesting travels." Not far distant from the French settlements are some small towns of the Wiondats" (Note : This is the name by which the English call them. The Delawares name them Ddllam6ttanee; the French, Hurons; and the Chippeways, Nottaways 1 or Nottawessies. Hence the nation of the Naudawessies in Carver, which is so inexplicable to Barton. ( See his New Views, page ) They call themselves Windat.) and Monsies.v Our Indians called at many of their houses, in order to procure milk, fruits and vegetables. At the mouth of Detroit river, on the Canada side, the English are building Fort Malden,0 which is to be the substitute for Fort Detroit. In the afternoon we crossed a large bay, where we saw the house of the well-known Mr. Elliott,44 upon whose land the Indian congregation was settled for one year, previous to their moving to Fair- field. Not far from him lives the notorious Simon Girty:' In the evening, for want of a good haven, we encamped at a promontory called Stony point.,46 where, not long after we had all retired to rest, we were awoke by the dashing of the waves, and obliged to unload all the canoes and draw them on shore. On such occasions the Indians are very active, and ready to assist each other. The 23.d & 24th we were obliged to remain on land, on account of a boisterous southerly wind. At times our people went a fishing. There is nothing to hunt on this part of the coast but squirrels. The young people spent much of their time in reading & other school exercises. At this encampment we were visited by some French people and Indians, who like us, were wind-bound. Between Detroit and the Miami

38. Alexander Mackenzie, born in Scotland about 1763, came to Canada in 1779 and in 1785 became a partner in the North-West Company. In 1789 he explored, for Llie conipany, the river which bears his name, following it to the Arctic Ocean. He was the first white man to cross the Rocky Mountains ( 1792-3) and reach the Pacific Coast. He went to Great Britain in 1601 where he published his story, Voyages /ro,11 Moi,trectl 011 the River St. Lawrence, through the Coittinent of North Ainerica to thc F,·o-cit rt,id Pacific Oceait. He was knighted for his achievements in 1802. He returned to Canada as head of the X Y Company which combined with the North- West Conipany in 1804. He retired to Scotland in 1808 and died there in 1820. 39. Mackenzie's story was published in London, England in 1801, probably the earliest opportunity for successful publication. 40. We now use the name Wyandotte, or Wyandot. 41. Ottawas. 42. Sometimes Muncy, Muncey, Monsey, etc. 43. At present Amherstburg. 44. Matthew Elliott, companion of McKee and Girty in the Revolutionary period. He had great influence with the Indians and great respect for the Moravians. The chinineys and part of tlie roof of his 1784 house are still standing just south of Amherstburg on the river road. In 1791 the first Moravian mission in Upper Canada, known as "Die Warte" (thc Watch Tower), was established, and a small church was built on Elliott's property. Here they were still too close to the warlike Indian tribes and in 1792 moved to a safe retreat, Fairfield. 45. Simon Girty, third of the trio. He had been particularly brutal to the Moravians dilring the Revolution, but later in Upper Canada had been friendly and helpful to them. A ti·ee-shaped monument on the highway soutli of Aniherstburg niarl:s his Canadian home. 46. The name still refers to a point of land not far from Monroe, Michigan.

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river,4, on the main land and on the islands, there live French, Monsies, Chippeways, Shawnees and a few Nantikoks. The several nations remain 1 separate, but the land claimed or occupied by each cannot be ascertained. It is a flat, swampy and unwholesome part of the country, and extrem- ley difficult to travel, both for man and beast. The Indian inhabitants depend chiefly on the presents made them by the British & American governments. They possess therefone little or no indistry. We had now taken leave of the regions of civilization, culture and convenience, and had a long journey before us, along an inhospitable coast, and through wilderness, which we expected would present us with a continued series of * difficulties and hardships. No individual among us seemed discouraged on these accounts. Our dear Indian brethren & sisters did not lamebt that they had left behind them their little all, the fruit of many years of hard labor and industry,48 but the general senti- - ment was: "let us go forward". Before we do this in our journal, it may be proper to insert some further particulars relative to our mode of travelling, and the regulations adopted by us. When on land, our manner of life much resembled that of the ancient patriarchs. Like them, we lived in huts and in tents, had no permanent place of abode, or a foot of land which we could call our own. Our drink was taken from the crystal stream, or that grand reservoir, the lake. The bread wd eat was baked in the ashes of a large fire, at one time of leavened, at another, of unleavend bread, as circumstances permitted or required. If we could not at pleasure kill a calf, or a kid of the flock, or a fat bullock, our brethren4' were ever ready with their guns to shoot such game as presented. This was, in the strictest sense, depending from day to day upon the gifts and providence of our heavenly Father; and we can add with thankfulness, that he never let us suffer want. Our food of the meat kind, consisted at first of geese, ducks, turkies. pigeons, squirrels and raccoons, always in increasing abundance i as we went forward. We had also plenty of fish, which were commonly killed only by way of diversion. Deer could not be procured till near the close of the journey. As long as we had to navigate the lake, our rule was; during stormy weather, to lay in a stock of fresh meat; and when the wind was favorable, to sail or row forward as fast as possible. Sometimes we proceeded above 30 miles in a day, but generally less; and we were often obliged to lie by for several days together. In order to avail ourselves of a calm morning, we sometimes started at a very early hour. As often as our situation allowed, we closed the day with a singing meeting, or a short discourse upon one of the texts of the day. If the evening was cool, we assembled for that purpose round a fire; if warm, 4 we ourselves placed where there was a refreshing breeze. Our Sunday's I meetings were generally kept under the shade of some large tree. On these occasions, the presence of our unseen Lord, the universal Head and Leader of his Church, was powerfully felt among us. After the evening meetings, some of the brethren and sisters, at their respective camps, used to sing verses with their children, before they retired to 47. Now the Maumee River in Ohio. 48. Some left behind stibstantial houses and barns, or sold them for practically nothing to Indians who remained. 19. bi·ethi·en (sniall "b") meant Indiall members of the congregation. Brethren (capital "B" 3 nieant the missionaries.

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rest; and at times we have heard a father of a family, like an ancient priest, add a few words by way of exhortation. Our brother William Henry," under the name of Vorsteher,st was the leading or chief person in the congregation. With him we consulted concerning the arrangements to be made, and the steps to be pursued from day to day. He was also the mouth of the congregation, through whom we were usually made acquainted with the general sentiments. The result of our deliberations with bim, he always made known in a '. set delivered in a and ' speech, very pleasing masterly manner. Upon some occasions all the brethren were called to a general consultation, when it was edifying to observe the harmony and good-humor that prevailed, and the deference that was paid to the opinions of the elder brethren. Through ' the grace of our Saviour, there was never a necessity of deciding quarrels, or of speaking privately with individuals in order to restore We peace. lived together in perfect harmony and good understanding. Soon after we had quitted the Detroit settlement, our to people came the laudable determination, that from that time forward they would renew their ancient hospitality to all visitors. This was done privately, and without our previous recommendation. In Fairfield, it cannot always be maintained, partly because of the scarcity of game, but chiefly because it is surrounded by that nation of beggars the Chippeways, whose crav- ings it should seem can never be satisfied. (Note: The nals of letters and jour- the missionaries contain many expressions, which, like the above, are unfavorable to the character of the Chippeways. These, they know, will never discourage, but rather stimulate their brethren, to undertake a mission among that people; for they are assured by experience, as well of as by the word truth, that,-Where Sin & poverty abound, grace does much more abound. (Matth. 11.5 & Thorn. 5.20.) -We proceed now with our journal.- While lying at Stony-point, we heard that twelve canoes full of Delawares had returned lately from beyond the Mississippi, who said that many of their people had died, and that hunting was bad there. Some of them intended to settle on the Wabash, and others more to the eastward. The 25th in the afternoon with some difficulty we proceeded about four miles to a creek,52 where we thought we had the advantage of a safe harbor as long as the rough weather continued. But the satisfaction ' which this circumstance afforded, was more than counterbalanced by ' the inconvenience we had, to sustain, from immense numbers of those small and almost imperceptible insects, called by the Delaware Indians, mocpungies, by our German brethren punks, and by the English sand- flies. We soon found also that the creek was rapidly falling, owing to the continuing S.W. wind, which drove the lake upwards towards the our N.E., so that canoes would sink in mud, and we be enveloped in a putrid atmosphere. We were happy to be extricated out of this unpleasant and un- healthy situation early the next day, by the return of fair or still weather. We had rather i had nothing like a storm; but a light breeze, such 1 as at this season of year would be very acceptable to every one on land, so ruffles the surface of a large collection of fresh water of the extent 50. His Indian name had been Gelelemund or lie adopted the nainc of William Killbuck, but Henry after the Pennsylvania Mot·avian mentioned in footnote 33. or 51. Silperintendent chief, b,it not in the sanie sense as the Indian Chief. 52 Sandy Creek, about 3 miles north-east of Monroe, Michigan.

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of lake Erie, that it cannot be navigated by canoes. This will be quite 1 conceivable to any one that has seen the waves of the sea, (whose waters are heavier by being salt), and knows that a canoe is merely a hollowed trbe, cut so as to rest equally on, & proceed swiftly through the water. (Note: We have been informed that in some parts of Germany, canoes are called "Seelen Verkiufer," or "Sellers of Souls"; a name that suf- i of 1 ficiently implies the idea danger in' the use of them. There they are only used on river.) One pleasing circumstance we noticed on the I above mentioned creek, namely, that its borders are inhabited by honey- bees: which it by appears that those useful insects have approached, in i 3 a wild state, within 40 miles of Detroit. In a few years therefore they will arrive in Canada, if the rigor of the climate does not prevent them. Some Indians call them "the white people's flies"; the Delawares have a word for them, signifying "sugar wasps"; both which names shew the want of an original appellation for them, and corroborate the opinion, that they were formerly unknown in this country. The Indians are very fond of their honey, which they find in hollow trees. To-day we passed the river Raison, [Raisin] 5, where there is a French settlement nine miles in length, and arrived at the Miami (Note: The nation usually so denominated by the white people, call themselves 2 Twechtwee, not Twigtwee as sometimes written in the newspapers. So also they are called by the Delawares.) or Tawa bay,54 which we were obliged to coast. At the head of the bay is a Tawa (Note: The Tawas, the called by French Ottaways, are closely connected with the Chippe- 1 ways. When the Tawas, Chippeways, Pottawatamies &c. sit together in ! council, the Tawas have the precedence. Their languages are nearly the i same.) town, consisting of about 20 houses, near which live some settlers. The Miami river was the principal theatre of the late unhappyFrench 4 J war between the United States, & the western Indians. At its mouth it is deep, clear and about a mile wide. The 28th we left Tawa bay, with some danger from the swell of the waves against the sand-bank at Cedar-point:' Two of the smaller canoes were filled with water. All the creeks and rivers which flow into lake Erie, have at this season of the year, bars at their mouths, which nothing but high spring water and ice can remove .They are occasioned by storms on the lake. After this we had to continue out on the water till late in the evening before we could find a safe place to encamp at. At length we arrived at a convenient creek,5' which has its rise not far from Sandusky-bay. The next day at noon we were visited by a party of Indians who lived in some houses within sight of our camp. One of them, from his dress, behaviour, and the respect that was paid to him by the rest, appeared to be a person of consequence. He took a seat in Br. Mortimer's and tent, smoked a pipe with us. It appeared that he was an Onondago. Happily, Br. Zeisberger from his knowledge of that language, was able to converse with him. He informed us that all the Onondagoes, [Onon- dagasl with most of the people of the six nations, and the small remainder of the Mahikans (Note: So called by themselves & the English. Our German brethren have generally named them Mahikanders, after 53. The Raisin River flows through the present city of Monroe, Michigan. 54. Now Matimee Bay and River near present Toledo, Ohio. 55. Tlie name is unchanged today. 56. As distances are not given this niay be any one of several small streams, none ,if which qilite satisfy the description.

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the usage of the Dutch in New York state.), were leaving their ancient territories on the Mohawk river, and moving chiefly to Brandt's settlement in Canada. He, with some others, had chosen to settle among the Wiondats. In the afternoon we altered our place of encampment; so as to be ready to embrace the first favorable opportunity of doubling the head of land before us, called Rocky point." It happened that we pitched our tents in an old Indian fort.g About half a. mile from it is a large pond, which, according to the report of the Indians, is covered with human il hair:, If so, there the bodies of the slain in battle were probably thrown. It is difficult of approach, on account of the surrounding morass. ' In the following night there was a heavy thunder storm, accom- . panied with much wind. The morning exhibited the curious phenonenon of the lake removed to the distance of above half a mile from us, and abundance of fish fluttering on the beach. During the day it gradually j returned to us again.w The borders of the lake, which had hitherto been flat and morassy, i, began now to appear hilly, with a high and sometimes rocky shore, composed chiefly of lime stone. Near our present encampment we discovered a large stone, in which had been deeply cut the figures of a 4 turkey and turtle.61 Such devices are said to be common along the lakes. · The Indians regard them with a degree of reverence, on account of their supposed antiquity; and the heathen suppose them to have been the work of manitto or spirits; but there is no difficulty in believing them to have been made by men. From the time that we had passed Tawa bay,62 we observed a great difference in the appearance and productions of the country. The Indians soon found various medicinal herbs, that they had not met with in Canada; also excellent wild fruits, with which they refreshed themselves amidst the intense heat. The wild grapes and plums, which are here in great abundance along the banks of the rivers and creeks, are much superior to those of Pennsylvania. Sept. 1st at length a calm took place, and we were able early in the morning to double Rocky point, which we considered as one of

" 57. The Marblehead Peninsula, extending into Lake Erie and protecting San- dusky Bay. 58. This may have been the ruins of Old Fort Sandusky ( Sandoski), built about '1 1745, on the Marblehead peninsula near the mouth of Portage River, by British traders. Its site is marked by a monument at the foot of Fulton Street extension, Port Clin- ten, near Sandusky Bay. The monument bears long inscriptions telling the history ' of this "first fort built hy white men in Ohio". It was on the route where Indians and trappers from the Detroit area would portage to the Sandusky River rather than 1 go armmd the peninsula. With their heavy canoes the Moravian party did not attempt this short clit. This fort had changed hands, been destroyed and rebuilt several times as British and French successes varied, but it was finally destroyed by Indians May 16, 1763 in a bloody battle at the outbreak of Pontiac's conspiracy. .As this fort must have been about two miles from their landing place there is a possibility that the travellers actually camped in abandoned Indian buildings near the portage trail. 59. The tradition is apparently unknown in the district today. 60. Reports of these seiches ( freshwater tides, or rising and falling of water due lo barometric pressure) on Lake Erie are numerous. ( See W. S. Fox: The Bruce Beckoits, 79-93). 61. These are Indian symbols or totems used as signatures on treaties, as orna- ments on their wigwams, etc. The ones seen may have been similar to those still preserved on Kelley's Island, which resemble the "Peterborough Petroglyphs," discussed and pictured in Ontario's History XLVII, No. 3. 1 62. Now Toledo.

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FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

the most dangerous places we had to pass, because there is no landing even for canoe, for a considerable distance along the coast. Before we were in safety, the wind suddenly began to blow briskly towards the shore, which caused us some anxiety, especially as some of the smaller canoes began to ' take water. All however arrived safe in the course of the day in Sandusky-bay. Opposite to Rocky-point and Sandusky-bay is a chain of islands, reaching across the lake to the shore of Canada, at small distances from each other.61 They are marked on but few of the maps. The largest of them, called Cunningham island,64 is several miles in length. In another, i is Hope's cove, so called because it was · at discovered in a ship of that name, which lay anchor here a whole winter. In the spring of the year 1786, the whole' Indian congregation remained for five weeks in & near this harbor, being then, as we were now, on their way to the Mus- kingum, but could not get there on account of the troubles of war. They were brought there in two large Detroit ships.65 Sandusky inner bay66 was the first harbor we had met with in the which as far as we could 4 lake, judge, ships of burden might enter at this I season of the year. But they cannot lye there safe at anchor. To us it was 1 a commodious haven, and the heightening gale made it a welcome one. Sandusky is a Wiondat word, whose meaning we could not learn. The river of that name, which flows into the bay, is inhabited by Indians of different nations, particularly Wiondats and Delawares. At the head of the bay live some ·French traders. Mr. Isaac Williams,67 a gentleman of a fair and respectable character, and in the service of the United States, resides about 20 miles up the river. Not far from there the Indian congregation abode for the first winter after their flight from the Mus- kingum, where they and their missionaries suffered inexpressibly from famine and the want of almost all the necessaries of life.68 Our Indians related, that they had heard, that in Sandusky inner- bay, there is an image of a woman, who, as tradition says, was once alive but was suddenly changed into a stone.6, Somewhere on the coast of lake .. Huron, and in New England, there are said to ,be the like figures of I women, and the same story is told of them. These stone images, if exist- were ing, doubtless made by men, and are particularly deserving of notice, i as belonging to a few antiquities of the Indians. The belief of a woman's I having been suddenly changed into a stone, seems to be an obscure tradition of the Scripture history of Lot's wife's having been transmuted into a pillar of salt; and, as such, is the more valuable by being found among t 1 the natives of America. Similar traditions of the same striking event, jt is known are to be met with in other the world. : 4 parts of While at Sandusky, a of Tawas company encamped in our neighbor- hood. The principal person among them, who was well-known to some of our brethren, paid us a friendly visit. As they were on their way to Detroit. we were glad to make use of the opportunity to write to our brethren in Fairfield. 63. The Bass Islands and Canada's Pelee Island, leading toward Point Pelee. 64. Cunningham Island is now Kelley's Island. 65. John Askin's ships the Macki,ta and the Beaver had brought the entire con- i gregation from New Gnadenhuetten ( near' Mt. Clemens, Michigan) to Ohio in 1786 and had been forced to some delay for period in the Bass Island harbours. Hope's Cove was Put-In-Bay on South Bass Island. 66. Near present Sandusky, Ohio. 67. See note 30. 68. This spot became known to the Moravians as Captives' Town. 69. Not known today in the district.

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The 2.d the child Nathanael, son of our brother & sister John Thomas, departed this life. He had been ill the greater part of the journey. In the afternoon we set off for the river Pettquotting" (Note: Pet- tquotting is a Delaware word, signifying, "a round hill." There is a remarkable hill of that form near this river.), where we arrived about 4 0'clock, during a heavy storm of rain, attended with thunder and lightning. On the way, we witnessed a curious circumstance. Three raccoons were suspended on the braliches of a small tree, where they were picked at by a flock of ravens, who would probably soon have killed them. Some of the Indians, observing this, jumped out of their canoes, and with their fish-gigs or spears brought the raccoons life- less to the ground. At Pettquotting our first business was, to shelter ourselves against dry ourselves by good fires. It rained almost incessantly the rain, and throughout the night, and in the following days we had frequent and heavy showers. What most concerned us, was the impossibility of keeping dry all our baggage and provisions; much of which was damaged. notwithstanding all our care in covering, and afterwards opening and drying it. ' ' The 3.d in the morning our people were employed in making a i : coffin and shroud for the deceased child. Many heathen Ind.s visited us from the town about seven miles up the river, among whom was the li son of the late Br. Boaz of Sch6nbrun." At 11 o'clock was the funeral discourse, after which nearly all the brethren and sisters went five miles up the river, to our former place of abode, called in Loskiels' mission-history, New Salem," and interred the corpse in our former burial-ground. It was a pleasing circumstance, that we had thus an opportunity of visiting in fellowship, the most blessed place of settlement of our mission, since its removal from the Muskingum. New Salem had an elevated and pleasant situation. The gospel was preached there with blessing. Many joined the congregation, & there was a general awakening among the young people. It was nothing but a general consternation in the congregation, on account of the alarming reports which they heard, that induced the missionaries to evacuate this settlement , and return with their flock to the other side of the lake. These reports, as we found afterwards, originated or were exaggerated, by evil-minded people, the servants of Satan, who wished to live here uncontrouled, in scenes of riot and debauchery. No sooner were ' the Christian Indians gone, but a party of heathen, principally of the Monsy tribe, resorted hither. They soon destroyed every vestige of New Salem, and built the present town higher up the river. The traders whom they have encouraged to settle among them, (and who are themselves persons of loose morals), give them character, of being the most idle and profligate Indians they have ever known. This is not to be wondered at; for they are chiefly persons who have heard, but not been obedient to the gospel. There are here some families of Indians who have formerly been

70. Now the Huron River. 71. Now Schoenbrunn, Ohio, where the early mission village has been recon- structed as a museum. 72. This had been a temporary village, 1787-1791, not far from present Milan, Ohio, during the missionaries' earlier unsuccessful attenipt to return to the Mus- kinglim. From here they had fled to Upper Canada to escape threatened trouble from warlike Indians. &

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baptized by the brethren, but afterwards left their fellowship,-as they said, because they were unwilling to follow them in all their perigrina- 1 tions. These keep up a certain connexion with each other, like the white I people in many places, who have left our congregations. Several of them ' declared their intention of joining us again on the Muskinguin. It may easily be conceived that in a place like this, where our people found many of their relations and former acquaintance, they could not long remain free from temptations of various kinds. This was actually ; the case. We soon found, that we were among the Canaanites and Moa- bites of the land, the declared servants and secret emissaries of Satan. other ' Among temptations with which we were assaulted, we reckon the artful misrepresentation of the impossibility of our arriving at the Muskingum by way of Cayahaga. [Cuyahogal. Our people were told, and : to in part made believe, that they ought rather to leave their canoes, from and go by land Pettquotting. This we knew would be impossible for us all to do, and that if a part only should attempt it, it would be : highly inadvisable for them, and render it impossible for the rest to the proceed. We told brethren and sisters therefore, that we could only reach the whither we were place bound, by keeping together, and mutually assisting each other; and that the only way we could go, was up the Cayahaga;-which we proved to them by a variety of would at all arguments. There events, be many and giieat difficulties to struggle with; but we should overcome them all by patience and perserverance. Our Saviour had brought us safe thus far on our journey, and would enable us to go through with it. They should only have good courage, and on without depend 4 him, minding what the old women and foolish people said.- Upon this, the brethren and were sisters, who before disheartened, seemed to recover their spirits. As a farther encouragement to them, and because we could not I it tell how long might be before we arrived at the end of our journey, Br. Mortimer went up the river on the 4th with some Indians, and i bought them twelve bushels of corn & other for 2 provisions, which they | were thankful. The same day we were joined by Renatus, one of the brethren who went with Br. Heckewelder to the Muskingum. He came to Pettquotting with the intention, if he did not there meet with or hear of us, to proceed ·1 to Fairfield. By him we first heard the melancholy account, that Br. : Heckewelder had dangerously cut his hand." 1 The 5th early we were visited by several parties of drunken Indians. ' To some who were sober, and spoke to Br. Zeisberger, he gave serious admonitions. The weather was still showery, but we were determined to leave this wicked place as soon as possible. We observed too that the lake began to rise at a distance like a mountain, which we regarded as a stire omen, but that the wind was veering round towards the and would soon blow north, from thence with great violence. We therefore i hasteiied to get out of the port, which was effected about 11 o'clock. In the evening we had the good fortune to reach Wulimanink or Paint I 1·ivcr," which is so called, because the Indians get there the red ochre p.ith which they paint themselves. Here we felt the happy at thought that we were safe from the impending storm, but moi'e particularly because we were removed to :

-- 7:;. The injiiry apparently hail no set·ious consequences. 7-1. Veinlilion Iiivet·.

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the distance of 16 miles from the town of Pettquotting. It is the. opinion of Br. Zeisberger, confirmed by many years experience, that our Indians are, at all times, more liable to be seduced to sin, among their heathenish country people, than any where among the whites. The temptations of a Detroit are not so alluring, nor so dangerous to them, as those of a Pettquotting. The rum trade appears to be the grand cause of the present depravity of manners among the heathen Indians. This ruinous commerce was frst begun under the English government, and is now carried on under that and the American to a great extent. It has 'tis true never been legally authorized by them, but they have adopted no energetic measures to prevent it. It was much to the honor of the ancient French government, that, as long as they ·held possession of Canada, they had no hand in it. And surely they were right in their judgment. For, in the first place, what can be more unjust than to take advantage of the weaknesses of i our fellow-men, for purposes of deceit, and to their mani fest destruction ? Give an Indian rum, whiskey, or other ardent spirits, and you may cheat him as you please. He cannot perhaps resist the temptation of tasting; and-having once tasted, he is no longer master of himself. His mei'- chandize, which he had acquired by hard and patient exertion, and by means of which he thought to procure himself comfortable clothing, or other necessaries, is squandered in a moment, and he is reduced to misery. In the heat of intoxication, he is involved in quarrels; & Indian quarrels do not unfrequently produce bloodshed. But here they do not end. It is an invariable maxim in the jurisprudence of the savage, that blood must be revenged with blood. Hence murders are multiplied in endless succession, and misery is entailed from generation to generation. But a habit of drunkenness even at best leads to idleness and vice. It enervates the constitution, is unfavorable to generation, unfits both body and mind for every active and vigorous pursuit, and promotes lewdness and dissipation. Hence that very commerce that was intended to be furthered and increased by the rum trade, is in fact hindered and lessened by it. It defeats its own end. It diminishes the number of the hunters, and both prevents and unfits those who survive to pursue their business. Surely a traffic so shameful, so unjust and so destructive, ought not to be tolerated by any people, who, not to make mention of religion, make the least pretensions to humanity ! It is equally disgraceful and horrid with the slave-trade. Both are alike a traffic in human blood, the one fairly and avowedly, the other delusively and circuitously. The African slave dealer gives a certain stipulated price for his 'prey;-he professes himself to be a murderer of the quiet and happiness of families:-he is by trade a destroyer of the human race. The American rum trader, perhaps with intentions somewhat less criminal, is the author of as emch mischief. Under the mask of friendship, he circumvents and accomplishes the ruin of the poor Indian. He sells him to destruction in the liquor that he vends to him. That liquor is within him, a gnawing worm which | does not die,-a fire that is never quenched,-a woeful messenger of death,-a poisoned dagger plunged into the unguarded breast of a friend and a brother ! It is sometimes said by way of apology for the slave- trade, that it is on certain accounts necessary, or at least expedient, & that the outward circumstances of its victims are bettered by their captivity. Weak and supei'ficial as these arguments are, they are far more plarisible than any thing that can be urged in behalf. of the rum-trade, which exists,

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only because the white people, from a principle of avarice, have taught the Indians to desire it. The love of money is thus the root of the greatest and worst of evils. Such were our reflections as we sailed from Pettquotting to Wulhmanink. We saw all our brethren and sisters following us, except one family, which we heard was also on the eve of departure when the other canoes set off. We rejoiced, and were thankful to our Saviour, that, as far as we knew, none of them had beeii led astray, to polute themselves in the company of the heathen. In the night of the 5th the storm encreased, and continued to blow with unremitting violence; so that we conceived it must have been dangerous even for large ships out in the lake. At times we were almost overwhelmed with torrents of rain, which, in spite of every precaution that could be taken, extinguished all the fires in the camp. Early the next morning the young men as usual went out on the chace. and John Adam brought home the first deer that had been killed on the journey. The joy on the occasion was very great. From this time forward the hunters furnished a constant supply of deer's-meat, I wh ich was divided among the several families by a brother chosen for i that purpose. Sr. Zeisberger had been for some time but poorly in health. The motion of the canoe, and the fear of danger, had fatigued & indisposed her. From this time forward we had the happiness to observe; that lier health and spirits returned. The 7th we called to mind the festival of the married choir as we had also done that of the single brethren on the 29 August, & other memorial days. As we were confined on shore by the restlessness of the lake, the brethren and sisters requested that the day might be celebrated with a lovefeast for the whole congregation. The proposal was very agreeable to us. The sisters accordingly went to work to make the cakes, and the brethren cut down timber for a table and seats. In the afternoon we drank tea together as a congregation, with that joyous solemnity which bespeaks Christian fellowship. We called to mind that our brethren and sisters at Fairfield would also meet at lovefeast today, and would doubtless think of us in love; and that if our white brethren and sisters in Bethlehem, Nazareth and other places, knew where we were, and that we were so happy together, it would much rejoice them. Br. Zeis- berger then encouraged the brethren and sisters to look to and depend on our Saviour in all circumstances. He would continue to be with us, I as he had been hitherto, and would bring us safely to the place of our destination.-This was a How truly festival day to us. exceedingly delightful is it thus to raise an altar to our Jehovah Jesus in the midst of that wilderness, which is as well his temple, as the most sumptuous and stately edifice that has been consecrated to, and is made use of for his immediate service ! The 8th, the general joy of yesterday received a damp by hearing that James, who had staid behind in Pettquotting, had been guilty of the sin of drunkenness, and had behaved very unseemly in a quarrel I with a Frenchman. When he arrived with his family to day, he did I not attempt to excuse himself, though he might have done so quite r. sonably. He did not even venture to associate with, or come near his brethi·en ; but with downcast eyes, and standing afar off, he appeared to thinl with the publican: "Lord, be nierci ful to me a siniier!" Scandalous therefore, and highly unbecoming as his behaviour had been, we could 1

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not but feel much-very much compassion with, and sor.row for him.-In the course of the Day we saw a merchant ship sailing at a distance from US. The 9th we proceeded to the Chitqueu or Deep river." Two miles up it a few families of Mohawks have lately made a settlement. The next morning some of our people related, that in the night the ' river had suddenly risen about 8 inches, and then fallen again, which g they said arose from this; that a large creature of the serpentine kihd had come up out of the lake, and lain across the mouth of it.'6 When 1 they lived in Pettquotting, they had several times witnessed the same I phenomenon, and sometimes seen the serpents.-We relate this as we heard it, only observing, that to make a dam across either of these 1 rivers, the serpent (or animal, whatever it may have been), must have been at least 20 yards long. The 10th we passed along a high shore, consisting of horizontal strata of slate, in some places 150 feet high. This is an extremely I i dangerous bank for canoes to go along, as there is no landing-place for | 9 miles successively. High as the shore is, the waves of the lake sometimes beat over it. We regarded it as a token of our Saviour's providential care over us, that we could pass this place in perfect safety. The lake remained on this and the following day, as smooth as glass. We never saw it so before, for such a length of time, during the whole journey.- This day and the next Br. & Sr. Zeisberger went by land with some of Indian sisters. In the afternoon we all encamped together on Achsin l_ theor Stone river." C /20 t'

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who liad lived there above a year. Every individual of them, except one mail, was sick of an intermitting fever, called here the lake fever, because it prevails along the borders of the lake at this season of the year." Two of our sisters had labored for above a week under the same disorder, which they did not get rid of, till they came to breathe a drier air several days journey up the Cayahaga. We went up the river several miles to day. In the evening meeting Br. Zeisberger congratulated the brethren and sisters on their safe arrival thus far ; after which in a cheerful singing-meeting, they made the woods to resound with hymns of thanks and praises. We were now more our own masters than we had been hitherto, being no longer so subject to the contingencies of wind and weather. In the eveiiing we could determine upon the distribution of our time the next day, and spend many or few hours on the water as we thought proper. Oui· daily course was commonly as follows:- On a general call, at break of day (Note: This was made by the old men, and commonly by the Vorsteher, as the young people generally slept soundly.), the young men went on the chace, and did not return till about 9 or 10 o'clock. During this, the women dressed the provision for the day, and all who staid at home breakfasted. On the return of the hunters. and after they had made a hearty meal, we re-entered our canoes, and pushed on as well as we could, till about 5 or 6 o'clock, when we encamped againr and prepared for our supper and night's lodging. It was pleasing to see how quickly this was effected. In twenty minutes, or half an hour after we landed, every family had a blazing fire, with a kettle of provision hanging over it. The women were perhaps preparing to bake bread, or amusing themselves with their children; and the men, if not assisting in the domestic concerns of the family, were reclining on their mats, and smoking their peaceful pipes. Every one seemed industrious, contented and happy. In the woods, Indians are every where at home, and at their ease. at The 12th our people were in uncommon high spirits. As they were rowing up the stream, they saw a large Iatt13-:.stlak-e swimming near the shore. One of them immediately struck him twice across the back with 1 his setting-pole," and then seizing him by the tail, pulled off his rattles, which were thirteen in number. We found afterwards that these i . venomous creatures, the sight of which will make even an Indian to I shudder, were numerous along the banks of this river. It is a happy circumstance for a traveller in the wilderness of America, that poisonous serpents are the only creatures of which he has any cause 1 to be afraid. Even these are not so dangerous as they are commonly I supposed to be, and the different species whose bite is fatal are ascertained to be few in number. Providentially, wherever there are rattlesnakes, there are also plants which are a certain remedy against their poison; they will not follow a man unless they have been irritated; and they cannot endure the smell of fire. These are so many securities against them. By making use of the most simple precautions, dangers from all

f 81. A form of malaria, sometimes called "ague and fever"".. Although only two faniilies are mentioned, there milst have been others in the 1797 Ckin, Lorenzo vicinity, as in Elijah Carter, Ezekiel Hawley and James Kingsbury, with their families, srttled in the Rescrve". Moses Cleaveland, after whom Cleveland was named, was witli the first surveying pat'tr· ill 1796 blit he did not take up residence here. A nili,iber· of stirveyors would also be there in 1798. 82. Tlie pole used to guide or push tlie canoe in shallow water or narrow streams.

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them may be avoided; and travelling along the Thames or the Cayahaga 1 may be rendered as safe as a morning's walk on the banks of the Lehigh at Bethlehem. If, for instance, the ground round an encamping-place i be touched by a fire brand, it is rendered as safe against them as a castle. : At the same time, the possibility of receiving a poisonous bite, in one part of the country as well as in another, calls for our constant thankfulness to God for his daily preservation.-Br. Zeisberger has been for upwards of fifty years a traveller in the Indian country. He has seen and stepped over hundreds of rattlesnakes, and he once trod upon one before he noticed it; but no one has ever hurt him; which we believe may also be said by all our brethren and sisters who have travelled among the Indians. Br. Ettwein, on his journey from the Susquehanna to the Ohio, set his foot on a rattlesnake, without receiving any harm from it. These are especial mercies of God. + The 13th we passed by the place where the Indian congregation was obliged to settle in the spring of the year 1786," finding it impossible at that time to reach the Muskingum. There also they suffered much through sickness and want, and were at length nacessitated, instead of proceeding forward, to move to Pettquotting.-From this place we were altogether unacquainted with the country before us, as none of us had ever travelled it before. The 14th we waited for one of the hunters till after 3 o'clock in the afternoon. He returned soon after, and told us that he had lost himself by following the course of another river to the east of us. Soon after we had to seek shelter from a tremendous storm of thunder, lightning, rain and hail. Some of the hailstones were nearly an inch in length. We hardly got forward two miles today, being prevented by hindrances and difficulties.u The country now became mountainous; the bottom of the river was rocky, as if paved with flat stones; in some places it was scarcely covered with water; in others, it abounded in rapids and small cataracts. All this was better than we had been taught to expect. We had been told that these rocks would be quite dry on the ; surface, that only a little water would run through the small interstices between them, and that we should be to our obliged carry canoes & bag- f gage-nobody knew how far-over land. This was not the case, but by I the men's pulling each canoe separately when necessary, and being ready to assist each other, all were brought forward without unloading them. We could not however but pity the poor people, who were obliged to wade continually in the water. Some of the women also, with children on their backs, exerted themselves like men. To go by land, in order to lighten the canoes, was also attended with difficulties, on account of the very steep hills, and the high weeds in the vallies, ,which were in a

+ 83. This spot, now referred to as "Pilgerruh" (Pilgrim's Rest), is believed to have been on the high ground above Tinker's Creek at its junction with the Cuyahoga, ' although some claim it was ' on another stream about a mile north of Tinker's Creek. Details of their stay at this place can be found in Eugene F. Bliss, trans. and ed. Diary of David Zeisberger, I, 279-332. * 84. The Ohio Canal, built through here in 1827, follows closely the Cuyahoga River. As far as the village of Alexander ( about where they would be in their travels ) a road also follows the river, but soon. takes to higher ground and only iccasionally finds room to descend to river level. The river runs for miles between high cliffs. We studied the valley from the heights.

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4 FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

.: manner interwoven in each other. It was however attempted from time to time by the aged and weakly among us." The 15th we set off early in the morning, & proceeded till noon, when 1. we stopped at an open place to dry the clothing, provision &c. which 1 ' had got wet the day before. The poor Indians had many hard pulls to day, and the weather was intensely hot. % The 16th we discerned many fresh tracks of an -Slk. Some of the i. hunters followed them, but without success. Upon this and former r occasions, they discerned plainly the division lines of the surveyors, who i measured land here last year agreeable to the act of Congress. We saw I also beaveris paths, and twigs and young saplings which had been peeled |' by tlienti:-Their holes are in the banks of the river. The country now | began to appear somewhat more pleasant, than it had for some days

past, and the rocky bottom ceased, or was better covered with water. But this advantage was fully balanced by the heaps of fallen timber, which in many places lay across the river, and had to be cut through with axes before we could pass them.. In the evening, about an hour after we had encamped, we had the great and unexpected pleasure to welcome Nicholas, the only one of the six brethren who went with the brethren Heckewelder and Edward to the Muskingum, who had not before returned to us. His arrival, which had been anxiously waited for, caused an involuntary and general shout of joy. Nothing indeed could have been more opportune. Our people had just worked very hard, and been informed by the hunters that they would soon have worse places to get over than any they had yet come to. None of them knew when and how this would end. They did their best to encourage one another, but some of them seemed to be a little low- spirited. In this situation of things, Nicholas was, as far as circumstances would "a permit, messenger of good tidings", a comfort and support to the whole congregation. He brought us a letter from Br. Edward, by which we learnt that Br. Heckewelder had been obliged to go to Pittsburg, in order to get his wounded hand healed. The intelligence which he communicated by word of mouth was on the whole pleasing. On the one the hand, difficulties we should have to contend with would be great: the water both further up the Cayahaga, and for a considerable way down the Muskingum, would be shallow; the Cayahaga in particular would P.4$ be difficult to ascend, on account of the rocks, the Garryingzplace would / A.< be 10 miles across. But on the other side, he said that he had no doubt but- their-uhitbd--6fforts would bring them up this river, and down the other; there was a good path across the carrying-place; he had one canoe ready there for the use of their teachers; the hunting would become better and better, as they would proceed further; the Indians whom he had seen on the Muskingum wished for our arrival, as did the white people in the settlements, who would certainly be friendly to us. Every body was sorry for what had happened to our Indians, and the murders that had since been committed. "The militia", said he, "and all the bad people who used to hate the Indians, are dead, or gone far away. If any I of you have still any bad thoughts of the Choanschican (Note: This word signifies "long knife", At the treaties with the Indians, the governors of 85. The district between the villages of Chaffee and Boston answers this description. Literally scoi·es of valleys cut into the hillside, each bringing in the spring its Near sti'eam to add to the Cuyahoga. Boston the bottomland widens out to perinit rainping.

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Virginia used always to appear with long swords.) ( Americans), let him go among them, and in half an hour they will all leave him." The other Indian brethren who had been this year on the Mus- kingum had brought us pleasing accounts, but none were so satisfactory as those communicated by Nicholas. He had himself been in the settlements, and spoken with the inhabitants; and being an intelligent and judicious man, whatever he said had weight with our people. He had in short shewn himself to be in every respect "a good spy to spy out the land." We heard afterwards that he had rendered Br. Heckewelder essential services; after which he made a canoe at Gnadenhutten, which he took up to and hid at the landink-place, 'that he might have the pleasure of bringing his teachers down the Muskingum to the new place of settlement. He had intended to proceed to the mouth of the Caya- haga, or if necessary to Fairfield, in order to meet us. Providentially, j he found one of our brethren in the woods, who brought him to our camp. time forward our people without exception pursued the journeyFrom cheerfully.this No one seemed to doubt but it would have a pros- perous issue, and that they would live together securely and happily at the new town which they were going to build. * The 17th was the hardest day for our Indians of any which they had experienced on the whole journey. It was extremely difficult to get forward. But they worked manfully. We passed a remarkable place, to which we gave the name of "the saddle." The river makes here a circuit of above a mile, over a surface of horizontal rocks, and then ; arrives at the place where it was before, separated merely by a small but of stone and | high ridge earth, across which one may sit like on a saddle.86 Should an attempt ever be made to render this river navig- I able for large boats, this small isthmus or saddle might easily be cut { through, and a lock made at it, on account of the great fall of water. The 18th we found to our joy that we had passed all the rocks, and were now again in deep water. We were able in consequence to make 12 or 14 miles.91 * The 19th John Adam shot a bear, which was the first that had been killed on our journey. It was-68 , and the flesh was tough and unsavory; but we accepted it with thankfulness as the gift of God, at a time when, as it happened, no other meat was brought to our camp. The bears are fat in November, when they are esteemed delicious and wholesome food. The reason why the American bears are superior in flavor to those of Europe is probably because the former can find suflicient food in the produce of the woods, while the latter are obliged to have recourse to carrion. The fat of the bear is used both by the white people and Indians as a good substitute for butter, and oil both for food and lamps. It is accounted very nutritious. The skins form one of the principal articles of the Indian trade.

XX * 86. There is a place near Peninstila where the river at one time may hai·e nlade REh a circuit. A lock of the Ohio Canal is very close to this point. The "saddle" is not visible now. 87. The clay's riin probably took them to the present Botzui,1 about seven miles in a straight line. but much farthir following the clirves...... - ,1 04 0.-4# pR..\// 71lE'EA 'll'.44, le - tlful//tri,/ ;fs '4" t,. r - 4 3,65 --A 01- -5'9. / 1 le 4 4 11 4- 411. -11 ./. he"PENINgULA .# -r -20 "//W /,1,: ':

., 11 F f Nll, EN' SULA, OH :0 (29) '4 /

FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

To day we passed by the so called Old Cayahaga town, which is a place where the Delaware nation had once their principal residence." They moved here in the beginning of the war of 1756, in order to avoid taking share in it. Netawatwees was then their chief, and they were in friendship with the English. The town is now quite destroyed. From Cayahaga Netawatwees moved about the year 1770 to Gegele- mukp6chunk (Note; Signifies "still water". The creek of this name has very little apparent current.) Where the Delawares built a large town." There Br. Zeisberger found him and his people, when he first came to preach the gospel in these parts. In the evening we arrived at the Cayahaga'° carrying-place where we were to quit that river, which now took a north easterly course, and : proceed south to the Muskingum. Our first business was to unload the 1 canoes, which were then hid among the thick underwood, for the future use of ourselves, or any of our friends who might have occasion fo; them. Thus ended our 9 days navigation on the Cayahaga. There is a small creek" that falls here into this river, which is ' navigable in the spring of the year, within about a mile of one of the heads of the Muskingum. At the present season it could be of no service to us but our baggage had to conveyed 10 miles over land." The 20th being allowed as a day of rest, the young men were chiefly engaged in hunting, and had good success The 21st early, a beginning was made to convey the goods over land. The horses our people had with them were now of essential service.93

88. Less than two miles would bring them to the old Cuyahoga town, near present Siiiith's Road. Heckewelder shows this on his map of 1796 (preserved by Western Ileserve Historical Society, Cleveland) on the west side of the Cuyahoga near the place rf-here the river turns to the east. The river must have been quite shallow as :lic day's journey took them only about three miles to the portage. 89. Now Newcomerstown, Ohio, where a monument marks the site of Netawatwes c:ipital and Zeisberger's flrst preaching spot in Ohio. Mortimer's translation of the nanle is questioned. 90. We were following a road beside the Cuyahoga and as we approached Akron the river made a sharp bend to the east. We turned with the stream and soon crossed :i bridge which led to Akron's busy "Portage Path", which follows very closely the old ti·ail, designated now by a bronze marker. 91. In the spring a water route was sometimes possible by the Little Cuyahoga, a mile or so east of Mortimer's Portage. Ohio authorities believe that travellers Could sometimes ascend this stream to within a mile of Summit Lake, then tlie route taken follow today by the Ohio Canal to the Tuscarawas River near Nesmith X Lake. Thomas Hutchins' Map of 1776 (1'ept'oduced by W. I. Barnholth in his The City,thot/ci-Tliscrli'(11(,crs Portage) and Mortimer's diary would both indicate the short ' portage as being from Summit Lake to the Tuscarawas. Today this is nearly two 1 miles. blit Summit Lake was probably considerably larger in 1798. The Ohio Canal has unquestionably changed water levels. Most of the year this route was useless ' and the longer portage had to be used. 92. We followed the trail as closely as possible through the eastern edge of Akron by Portage Path, Copley Road, Diagonal Road, East Avenue, Manchester Road to Nesmith Lake and the thin stream of the Tuscarawas River. This portage served as the Western boundary of the United States from 1785 until 1805 when the Treaty of Foi·t Inditstry extended the boundary farther west, although the land west of the Portage had been claimed by Connecticut much earlier. (See Wm. I. Barnholth, The 1 Clly'lhogic-Tlisc(trciletts Port(tge, Akron, 1954, and C. R. Quine, Old Portage and the POrtityc P(lth, Akron, 1953). 93. Horses have not been mentioned since they were leaving Faii·field and Mor- Linrer wrote "Some horses belonging to the Indians went along with. us by land." We can only assiline that a sniall group of Indians led the horses along paths which

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At noon, at the request of the grand-parents, Br. Zeisberger baptized Salome's sick child, and named him George. He made use of the opportunity seriously to exhort the mother to alter her course of life, and turn to our Saviour. In the evening of the 22d we were all except one family actually encamped on the Tuscarabi4 (Note : Tuscarabi is a Wiondat word, signifying "open mouth". It was originally a name given by them to a place where a considerable creek, that falls into the Musk.m near Fort Laurencen takes a large angle with it, leaving a beautiful opening between them. The Delawares call the place Tuscalawi, & some of the English Tuscarawa or the Tuscarawas. It has become customary to give the name to the Muskingum itself, before it arrives at the above mentioned junction.) or Muskingum river, with all our baggage around us. The general willingness that had been shewn on this occasion, made that a work of ease and dispatch, which might otherwise have been attended with difficulty and delay. Our people had however much excrted themselves, and we wished that it had been in our power to shew our satisfaction and thankfulness, by some suitable present. But our journey had been so long, that we began altogether to be very poor in the most necessary and acceptable articles. Br. Zeisberger has made almost innumerable journeys with Indian brethren and sisters, and always found them, as they approved themselves on this: willing, tactable, faithful, patient of fatigue, quiet, good- humoured, attentive to their business, perservering amidst difficulties, and always ready to hearken to and follow advice if given them with discretion and prudence. But on no former occasion were they so kind and obliging as now, which was particularly observable among the young people educated in the congregation. This journey afforded Br. Mortimer,96 (who had lately entered into the service of the mission), an excellent opportunity of becoming acquainted with their character, as we were all closely connected like one family, and saw and conversed with each other frequently. The country at the carry-place is open and dry, and the surrounding country lofty and level. From the course of the rivers, and the descrip-

followed the rivers and lake fairly closely. They probably followed the Thames and St. Clair, crossed at Detroit by ferry and kept to the west bank of the Detroit River and tlle end of Lake Erie to present Toledo. Heckewelder's map shows an Indian p:Lth closely following the south shore of Lake Erie, all the way to the Cuyahoga. Only in a few places would wide rivers force them farther inland. At no place does the diary record meeting the group travelling by land so we assume they were in close touch all the way. Earlier in 1798 Heckewelder, Edwards and a party of Indians travelled from Fairfeld to Sch6nbrun by land, but they cut inland from the Miami River to "Upper Sandusky, Owl Creek and the Forks of the Muskingum." They found tlle travelling indescribably bad. Zeisberger's 1786 journey was by land from the Sandusky area and their principal difficulty was in crossing the streams, through lack of canoes. If the two groups kept close together in 1798 much of this difficulty was probably overcome. 94. The Tuscarawas River. The Moravians usually referred to it as the Muskingit 111, a name now only applied to the main body of the stream formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas and the Walhonding Rivers. 95. Fort Lawrens, near Bolivar, Ohio. 96. It was common for Moravian diarists to write of themselves in the third person.

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' FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

' tions of travellers, it should seem that it was some of the highest ground between lake Erie, the Alleghany mountains, and the rivers Ohio and Mississippi.„ Where such eminences are level, they are generally found to abound in small lakes, being the union of the numerous springs which are there formed, by the natural tendency of the moisture that is in the earth to rise to the highest parts of it. Two such lakes, or collections of springs form the Cayahoga, and three unite their streams in the Mus- kingum. At this place we found a family of Tuscororas, who presented our people with honey. In their camp was Rebecca, who was baptized in Pettquotting, but staid behind when the congregation moved the second time over the lake. Br. Zeisberger took the opportunity to remind her of her baptismal covenant, which she said she had not forgot. We now sent Christian Gottlieb with a letter to the brethren Hecke- welder & Edward, to apprize them of our near approach to them, and to request a supply of provisions as soon as possible, as we should all soon be in great want. In some families the poor children were seen crying for bread, while the afflicted mothers sighed or dropped a silent tear, because they had nohe to give them. We would fain have sent a messenger earlier, and had with this view frequently consulted with the brethren, but did not see how one could be spared before we should arrive at this place. New difficulties now presented themselves. Canoes were wanting to take us down the Muskingum. Nicholas had made one for the missionaries, which was in readiness; but trees were wanting to make others of, the timber hereabouts being very small. Two solitary trees which appeared most promising, on being cut down, so split to pieces with the fall, that they could not be made use of. Three very small canoes were now made, two of which were bound together so as to form a raft, on which the heavy baggage could be brought lower down the river, in hopes of finding larger timber fit for canoes. The light baggage, and the small children, must till then be carried. 1 While this preparation was going forward, the weather which had i hitherto been uniformly warm, and sometimes extremely so, became suddenly uncommonly cool for the season of the year. There were severe frosts in the nights of the 24th & 25th, which we afterwards understood : were general throughout the country. In our elevated, moist and exposed situation, it may easily be conceived that we felt them severely. Our fires, which in the first part of the journey were kept burning all night only as a defence against the musquitoes, were now well supported, on account of the cherishing warmth which they afforded us. In this respect Indians never neglect to make themselves as comfortable as possible. The wolves, whom we had before seldom seen or heard, began now to howl rEFAbly. Whenever their dismal tones, the probable tokens of were ' hunger, heard, our dogs answered them by a general barking, which had at least the effect, to keep them at a respectful distance from us. t The American wolf will otherwise, if hungry, sometimes come near a man; but he is too fearful & cautious to venture to hurt him. The Indians seldom waste their powder and ball on them. The -dg when pursued by them, have no other means of safety, but by taking to the water,

97. This portage definitely crossed the height of land dividing the rivers flowing into ·Lake Erie from the rivers flowing into the Ohio.

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whither the wolves will not follow them. A deer thus chaccd once plunged 1 into lake Erie, within view from our canoes. It is easy to conceive what was his fate. It is remarkable and providential that the wolves cannot 1 1 follow the scent of the young fawns. The 26th at noon we were at length enabled to begin the navigation down the Muskingum. It went at first very slowly, on account of the unwieldiness of the double canoe. The 27th at 11 o'clock in the morning was the funeral of George, who had departed this life the preceding evening. The family were sor- rowful on account of the event; but we missionaries thought that we could plainly discern the hand of God in it for good. The grave was well defended with posts & logs of timber, to prevent its being opened by the wolves. were rejoiced by the return of Christian Gottlieb from i Gnadenhutten The 28th wewith welcome letters from Br. Heckewelder, and from Br. Ettwein in Bethlehem. Our Indian brethren & sisters took share in the joy which we in particular felt on this occasion. The 29th being Michaelmas day, we thought much of the service r of the holy angels, for which we have abundant reason to be thankful. employed making i On this & the following day some brethren were in a large canoe. The rest were very successful on the chace. The 30th at 11 o'clock we were enabled to continue our course, & made good progress. We found ourselves now in that good country, which the land along the Muskingum is known to be, and for which it has become celebrated." The river now opened, the bottoms began to be large, and the tracks of the deer in many places as numerous as those of the cattle around a Pennsylvania farm yard. Oct 1st The banks of the river exhibited every token of fertility in the appearance of the timber, the height and rankness of the weeds, and the abundance of grape-vines loaded with fruit, which as it were offered us their ripened clusters to regale and refresh us. Those who l- went by land often found abundance of honey in the trees. At times the bed of the river presented us with the diverting spectacle of thousands of fish of various kinds, while numerous flocks of seese, dlick,s & fur- keys seemed to tell us that they had a particular attabhment to the 72&kingum. It ought to be noticed however, that this was the most plentiful season of the year for game. The 3d we passed the Tuscarabi properly so called,=' and not far from thence the place were ·Fort Laurence'°' formerly stood. The 4th was the 51st and last day of our journey. It rained hard in the morning, but the sun shone bright when we reached Sch6nbrun at 1 0'clock in the afternoon. We felt glad and thankful that our Saviour had brought us safely to the place of our destination.

| 98. The child who had been baptized on the 21st. 1 99. The dams and flood prevention measures on the Muskingum have probably changed its character soniewhat but it appears today, as we approach Schoenbrunn in the summer, as a wide, quiet, algae-covered stream, flowing slowly through rich i boltoms and mode·ate hills. No settlements are mentioned in the diary and probably f none had been made on its banks farther north than the Moravian towns of Schoen- bi·unn and Gnadcnhitetten (present spellings). 100. Whel'e the Tuscal'awas and Walhonding join to form the Muskingum. 101. Fort Lawrems was built in 1778 in the shape of a star, with live pointed bastions. It sci·ved as the only American fort in pi'esent Ohio during the Revolution but was abandoned in 1779. Its outlines have been partially preserved in a memorial park near Bolivat·, Ohio.

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i FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

: Thus after a period of ·above 17 years, since the Indian congregations were obliged to leave the Muskingum, a small part of the remainder of them is going to form a settlement there again. Before their captivity, they were numerous and flourishing; the Spirit of God ruled powerfully amongst them; and the prevailing grace and devotion of heart to our Saviour, seemed to answer to the description given in holy writ of the first Christian church at Jerusalem. There was then the pleasing prospect of the gospel's being generally embraced by the Delaware and other nations, and nothing seemed capable of impeding its further progress. Why our allwise Saviour did then permit the enemy of souls to gain a seeming advantage against him & his cause by checking the progress of his gospel, is a mystery which we cannot pretend to unravel. So much is certain from his word, that he possesses all power in heaven & on earth (Matth. 28.18), and that the gates of hell shall never prevail I against his church. (Matth. 16.18). This present, apparent evil, must therefore be productive of future, substantial good. And facts make it appear probable that it will be so. By the dispersion and continued wan- dering of the Indian congregation,102 some general knowledge of them, and of their faith and character, has been extensively circulated among their countrymen, even beyond the river Mississippi; many individuals who had heard the gospel, have witnessed among the heathen, both in their life & death, their faith in a Saviour; the unmerited sufferings of the Indian brethren and sisters, and their patient submission to them, have produced an universal, national sympathy & regard for them. These are circumstances which seem to forebode a ripening harvest of souls, a speedy and more glorious spread of the gospel among the Indian nations. Till lately it was impossible for the whole or any part of the Indian congregation to form a settlement on the Muskingum: The attempt seems now to be attended with no dilliculty, and has diffused a general joy among the heathen, who have on several occasions expressed a desire that they would come and settle also in their country. There is also among our Indians a general desire to live to our Saviour, and a wish to be in- 1 strumental in the salvation of their fellow men. These are further "tokens for good", encouragements to "abound in the good work of the Lord", with the hope that our "labour will not be in vain with the Lord". Our call is: "to be fellow laborers with God". He, as the Lord of the harvest, appears to have provided sufficient work for us, and to have prepared our way before us. If we "lift up our eyes, & look on the white to fields, they are already harvest" (Jno. 4.35). The harvest moreover is great, and the laborers are few; we pray therefore the Lord of he would harvest, that be pleased to send forth more laborers into his harvest (Luke 10.2). Upon the whole, we are of opinion, that no combination of circumstances more favorable than the present, can with be looked for to propriety induce the making vigorous attempts to spread the ever blessed our Redeemer far and gospel of wide among the Indian nation. Through- out the continent of N.America this is a time of profound peace. From the Muskingum and the Thames access may be had to, and a communication be kept up with, the most remote Indian settlements. case of Should, in any future Indian wars, or the unfavorable disposition of the 102. Only a sniall fraction of the Muskingum Indian congregations had followed lile illission:LI'ics t<, Canacla. I)lit'ing the Revolittion and the unsettled ftilk,wed, the i·eliiuitidel· had been scattered, most of them to period that west. a considerable distance

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chiefs, the messenger of the gospel, or their converts, be under the necessity of seeking places of refuge, they would now in, every case, find them ·in hidian place-congregations, built on lands belonging to the Brethren, in Canada or in the United States, or in both. Such are the animating prospects and pleasing reflections with which we close this journal. We are thankful for the divine protection afforded us on our tedious pilgrimage from Canada, & for all the bles- sings with which it has been. crowned; we rejoice that we are thereby removed somewhat nearer to our brn. & srs. in the Pennsylvania cong.ns and can in consequence further the intercourse between them & the cong.n in Canada; but above all, we are happy at the prospect, that some more Indian souls may be brought to the knowledge of a Saviour, through our removal over the lake. Every human soul has cost the blood of the 1 Lamb of God, and is therefore of more value than the whole world; & it is the will of our Sav.r that his gospel should be preached to all nations. These are truths which are imprinted by the Spirit of God in the hearts of our brethren and sisters, and of all the children of full i God every where. We have confidence in the dear brethren under whom we act, that, on their part, no expence or exertions will be spared, and that every thing which is, humanly speaking, possible, will be done, towards the further propagation of the gospel among tliese heathen. But amidst all difliculties & obstruction which may present themselves, our chief reliance is, that what may sometimes seem impossible with men, is pgssible with God, & that nothing can withstand his mighty arm. May he, in mercy, enable us his poor, unworthy servants. and all who in future, be same arduous work with our- !, are, or may engaged in the selves, to serve him with faithfulness, with zeal, with true humility of heart, in harmony of spirit; & with supreme love to himself, that thus, what he thinks proper, may be effected through us, to his honor & glory ! Amen. David Zeisberger Benj.n Mortimer

The return to the Muskingum was not the successful move, finan- cially or spiritually, for which Moravian authorities had hoped. Twelve tliousand acres was too large an area for the few Christian Indians to handle and it was in the heart of a fast developing white settlement with its unscrupulous rum-traders. The majority of the tribesmen were moving westward to new hunting grounds and the few Monseys who came to live near Goshen, the new village started by Zeisberger and Mortimer on the Sch6nbrun tract, were unruly and debauched, a constant source of trouble to the Christian towns and a discouragement to the Moravian ' teachers. Benjamin Mortimer returned in 1799 to Bethlehem to mai'ry Bytliia I\'arner and came again to Ohio to assist the Zeisbergers. But few lastiiig t conversions lightened the gloom of the end of David Zeisberger's career. He died in 1808, at Goshen, in his 88th year, firmly convinced that his life's work had been a failure. But those who follow his diaries know how much his unselfish devotion and intense love of his Indians had iii- 4 fluenced for good many Delawares and kindred tribes who came to know

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FROM FAIRFIELD TO SCHONBRUN-1798

him. Zeisbeiger's grave in Goshen cemetery is surrounded by his friends I and converts-the Indians he came to save. His fellow missionary, William ' Edwards, lies close by and also Joseph Warner, the young son of the Mortimers. Following Zeisberger's death, Mrs. Zeisberger retired to the Widows'

. House in Bethlehem, and the Mortimers stayed to lead the Goshen mission. Mortimer later became pastor of the First Motavian Church in New York City, where he died February 10, 1834, at the age of 66. Acknoiclcdgements We are indebted to the Right Reverend S. H. Gapp, Archivist of the Moravian Church, Northern Provinces, Bethlehem, Pa., and to the Rev- erend John Fliegel, Translator and Cataloguer in the Moravian Archives, t for their valuable assistance in connection with the diary. We are also indebted to the following for valuable regional information: Messrs. C. R. Quine and W. I. Barnholth, of Akron, Ohio, for informa- lion on the Cuyahoga-Tuscarawas Portage. Dr. James H. Rodabaugh, Ohio Historical Society. Sterling A. Spaulding, Bedford, Ohio. 7 The following Public Libraries-Toledo, Sandusky, Akron, Port Clin- ton, Ohio. Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. 4 Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland. 4

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4*, , '

ONTARIO i HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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THOUSANDS OFYEARS ago 0 - - 2 covered northeastern />»-a MAP OF glaciers 'S =:: Ohio. They left their visible marks CUYAHOGA LAKE. =:t' on the scarred rocks of Virginia By any name - our Cuya/loga 14 Aii• *boit 55 Sqi. Mil„ Kendall Ledges, in conglomerate _ rocks where varieties of The Indians had no written language, so the first many Europeans who 9 stone are fused together, and in came to this area wrote the name of the river the way they heard it from g and limestone out- whatever Indian was 1. - the sandstone speaking. -\ which were later One of the earliest maps shows it as Caujahoga. The trader George croppings 9 worked as quarries. Croghan wrote it as Gichawaga. The Delawares seemed to say Diohaga. 4 C The The Senecas' version was said to be Cuyohaga, meaning the "place of ft map, reprinted here from earliest days Howe's Historical Collections of the jawbone." It is recorded that in the the skull and Wi 1: \ mouth lift p J Ohio, shows that before that time jawbone ofa mastodon were discovered about five miles from the Cuyahoga and of the river. Some Moravian missionaries used the spelling Gajahaga 0 547 1 1 1 the waters of the 9 the Tuscarawas rivers inter- but John Heckewelder, who knew the territory best, wrote Cujahaga. \*L 1 4 9 /\ the The Mohawk Indians called it Cayagaga, which was believed to mean mingled as a lake. As glacier 4 one crooked crooked its far north as 111 __.1/ scooped land from place and river. And it certainly is, with mouth as 4* its source. deposited it in another, it created a barrier which diverted the south- Always the rhythm of the four syllable word was much the same. Today, most northern Ohioans slur the second syllable and call it X/ ..f \ _1 j flowing Cuyahoga River to the North. This then Ky-hog-ah. 1 7 .1 _3 - „, required a por- &7 1 -:.41 - 1 tage, a carrying place, for men later to \ \ /)6:"5 Lll' f/ i travel from Lake Erie up F the Cuyahoga, across land to the Muskingum ..-1.3 v ™=,"-9h===.* " Tuscarawas and f 1 rivers which would take them south. The evidence offirstmen in the valley, among them the Paleo-Indians, Copyright1985 Adenas and Hopewells, still needs much skilled exploration and inter- James S. and Margot Y. Jackson " pretation. In the mid-1800's Colonel Charles Whittlesey was authorized by the state of Ohio to map the sites of prehistoric Indians. He pin- pointed nearly a score along the lower Cuyahoga River. Nothing was done then to examine these mounds or fortifications and unddubtedly much has since been lost to the farmer's plow, the developer's bulldozer and the pot-hunter's greed. Shortly after establishment, the Cuyahoga Valley National Recrea- tion Area asked Dr. David S. Brose of the Cleveland Museum of Natural Dr. Brose had already History tc, be its local archaeological consultant. Dr. had dug carefully and well at one of the sites Whittlesey marked, at and Riverview South Park in Independence township, near Stone road road. His findings show that three separate groups ofprehistoric peoples A.D. TRADERS AND EXPLORERS had lived in that same place. One had been there as early as 1,000 MISSIONARIES, Another had lived there about 300 years later and this group had built about four or more houses before abandoning the site. Stilllater, perhaps 70 years. 1550, a group seemed to stay there as long as 50 or gorgets and such found in of those The arrowheads, flints, projectile points, MYSTERY and uncertainty still surround the disappearance the appearance of the possi- written these diggings, plus a drawing suggesting ancient tribes. Not until the middle of the 1600's did any reports of ancient times, are all on view in the Ohio now northeastern Ohio. ble South Park Village appear concerning the people of what is Indian room of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. that Jesuit missionaries learned of a tribe which had but on It was then Unfortunately, even while Dr. Brose's team was digging, the hill Erie Indians, conquered and obliterated by new owners were disinter- recently disappeared, the which they worked changed ownership. The other Indians, the Iroquois. so by their churning account of ested in history and the whole was shortly ravaged Historian Phillip R. Shriver writes a full and fascinating no further is possible there. issue of the Ohio of the land that Dr. Brose believes study those Indian wars. This appears in the January 1985 sites in which he hopes to get permission to dig. Jesuit "Rela- But there are other Historical Society's magazine Timeline. It is based on the to and titled "The Possession of an artifact, says he, is not as important as being able tions of 1640", illustrated with fragmentary maps, clues in the . pinpoint the place where it has been found and to recognize or fire pit and Beauer Wars. surrounding area that may suggest an ancient structure Why beaver? In turn he quotes from William D. Ellis' Land Of the of these people. hence something of the life and culture prehistoric Inland Seas: 64 .. . Fur was the continent's cash crop and beaver its gold standard England, under heavy trapping, beaver had disappeared by I • . . . .I nIn France and Germany they were scarce; even Poland had few trades in were famished * - · ' . . • , ' 1520.left. In a high fashion era, the garment Europe for fur.

i. 1 - " . . . Mink, rabbit, bear and marten were in abundance,after but the soft 2, /\ underfur of the beaver had a special fashion property; being for rakish 2, processed it could be brushed to a flat, felt-like material held and style through rain, snow and hard · ,4 , . ..1 7/, , 1. -r brimmed hats that shape 1. . .. Each beaver hair is shielded by microscopic interlocking scales . 1 1 1.4,1.'' 0 4 wear. These were not utilitarian 1 property for hats. 1 out water, an ideal .2, ' that seal were coveted high-style hats for which '1 -I- ;)' z hats to keep the head warm; they . , > Europeans would pay long profits and longer wars. , '' 1.4< ***

.....) f . . . ., I Robert Cavelier, In 1666, the 23-year-old adventure-seeking Rene . „, 1 " ' .4 I '' subsequently · f Sieur de la Salle, came to Canada. His explorations '6/# " north of the became the basis for the French claims to all the territory z %3. / Allegheny-Ohio rivers. 95 Letters show that he canoed on the Ohio river, but, how did he get T Ontario there? No authentic records exist of La Salle's route from Lake to the Ohio river. Lake Ontario on Sep- One of the mounds built by prehistoric people in the Cuyahoga valley. It is known that he was on the western tip of tember 30, 1669. He probably had four canoes; he had 14 men and a reach the Ohio? Shawnee Indian guide. What route did that guide take to the settlers also recognized and there are extraor- Indians had well-known trails which He could have gone south on the Genesee river, but Ohio Indian used. Frank Wilcox has traced them in his handsome book falls to climb. It would not be easy. dinary to Trails and he locates three in this stretch of the Cuyahoga Valley. He could have gone southwestward to Lake Chautauqua and then shore of Lake Erie and sent a go through territory The Lake Trail followed the southern the Allegheny river. But the Shawnee would have to The Trail the distance branch south along the Cuyahoga to the portage. Mahoning Indians. Similar objections arise to going all Youngstown and of unfriendly came westward from Pennsylvania, past the present west along Lake Erie to go south on the Maumee and the Wabash. And River at Old Portage and to intersect rivers? Salt Springs, to meet the Cuyahoga why would his Indian guide know those This trail from the south closely route for La Salle's journey was there with the Muskingum Trail. Some believe that the most logical Tuscarawas rivers to the portage, the thus avoiding paralleled the Muskingum and along Lake Erie's shores to the mouth of Cuyahoga, the oldest known - the where it connected with the trails along Cuyahoga to Lake Erie. unfriendly Indians, then onto one of the highways Bierce "There was an Indian settlement near the river and its portage, a highway that was sometimes a no man's land of Reading in again: of below the present site of the village. neutral territory. north line (Boston) township, town names under the chief Stygwanish, or Seneca. Ponty's There are no records to prove La Salle's route, no map nor They were Senecas Lake Ontario to mile northwest ofthis old village, on the west side of carry the legend. But somehow La Salle traveled from camp is about a half the Ohio river more than 300 years ago. the river. *** a celebrated place for the collecting of war parties previous to "It was wooden god to speak both on their expeditions. They had erected here a George Croghan, an Indian trader, was said to be able starting out braves he made offerings and sacri- Delaware and Iroquois languages. "To the Indian brought -a kind of home-made Mars - to whom they colors; tothe his before starting out on a war-march. The rum, guns, powder, lead, blankets and coats ofthebrightest fices, to propitiate favor, wire, needles, buttons, consisted of tobacco and, on leaving, they usually squaws: knives, kettles, traps, axes, files, awls, offering generally their and These were traded for or three use during combs, bells, whistles, mirrors, rings jewelry. hung two pounds around his neck, for his furs: beaver, raccoon, fox, wildcat, muskrat, mink, deer skin and absence." bearskin." *** mouth of Another trader was a Frenchman, Saguin, whose post at the the Tinker's Creek was the only "settlement" marked on Cuyahoga by Lewis Evans. Saguin wrote that he did not like, River in the 1755 map Indians. Still they , and would not, trade in guns or ammunition with the -' f (60 n for other /2 - 3 1 brought him furs in exchange offerings. .%€1' %% 'A'tic;1:1:f;'r *** \0\ 1-...... :P (E The Indian tribes known to the early settlers of the Cuyahoga .. Valley \ ,-'ro.-7 So#uinb Post ) 0 Ottatua Twn 1 Nations. a Lgetteubttin were all of the Iroquois Confederation of Six east ofthe -. County, "so signal had been the defeat of Tippecanoe /:A» Ta i.,-32 0·*(igeave-73wn.. ever returned to their favorite haunts on the (1811) that few if any have An adaptation of the end papers of Cuyahoga." in Frank Wilcox's"Ohio Indian Trails." And he explains how the Indians got news of the highAmerican victory that battle: Onondaga George kept lookout on a bluff near the the Indian defeat... three portage. "Runners brought intelligence of days before news reached the whites." ,./. .J =tl- THE BEAVER WARS and the Destruction of the Erie Nation by Phillip R. Shriver

This lake, called Erie, was formerly inhabited on its mile, and Buffalo in New York. Yet when Jolliet and Pere, southern shores by certain tribes whom we call the Nation Casson, and Galinee explored Lake Erie in 1669, the In- of the Cat; they have been compelled to retire far inland to dians of the south shore were gone, their villages destroyed, · escape their enemies, who are farther to the West. These their fires cold. people... have a number of stationary villages, for they Who were the Indians who had lived here, and what had till the soil, and speak the same language as our Hurons happened to them? From the ./esuit Relations of 1640 and a ....(Jesuit Reiations of 1647-48) series of mid-seventeenth-century maps, we know their names and their approximate locations. Through extensive OMETIME, probably in the third or fourth decade of and continuing archaeological and anthropological in- 0 J the seventeenth century, a European first stood on the vestigation, we know more. South-shore Lake Erie may shores of Lake Erie. Whether that intrepid agent of French have had at least three groups of Indians living along it in imperialism ever traveled among the native peoples on the 1640: from west to east, the Assistaeronon, or Mascouten; south shore is a question that may never be answered. the Ontarraronon, or Kickapoo; and the Eriehronon, or Certainly at that time there were Indians still living and Erie, called by the French "Nation du Chat" or "Cat Na- hunting on the lake plains, along such rivers as the tion." Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion, Black, Rocky, The Assistaeronon (a Huron term meaning "People of Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula in Ohio; the Elk and Fire" or "Fire Nation") have the historic tribal name of Walnut in Pennsylvania; and the Cattaraugus, Eighteen- Mascouten. They were a semi-sedentary Algonquian tribe

RELATION -*..... -.-- I. ''I - I --- 4------DE CE QyI S'EST PASSE' EN LA MISSION DES PERES DE LA COMPAGNIEDE IESVS, S EN LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, ES ANNEES I613· & IGY#· Enuoyie au R. P. NICOLAS ROY ON, Prouincial de la Prouincedc France. par le R. P. FAAN9OIS LE MERCIEK Supedem del Mi#ioni de lamejine Compague.

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Two generations of Jesuit missionaries recorded sparse references to the Erie in their reports to their superiors in France. These reports, compiled and published as the Jesuit Relations, are among the most important documentations of the history of New France, and stand almost alone as a surviving source of information about the Eric. Collection of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County December,96.- 1984 • January,4411/0,1 1985 29 "...4- . ------I--

who apparently preferred areas where they might have ac- as the Cuyahoga valley, designated by archaeologists the cess to both prairie and forest; they planted corn and other Whittlesey Focus, were long-surmised to be associated with crops and hunted deer, bear, and (where available) buffalo. the Erie. The present consensus among archaeologists and David M. Stothers and James R. Graves of the University of anthropologists is that the Whittlesey Focus represents an Toledo believe the Mascouten occupied the area between Algonquian, perhaps Kickapoo, culture rather than that of the Maumee and Sandusky valleys in northwestern Ohio as the Iroquoian Erie. well as the southern Lower Peninsula of late Michigan in the French records respecting the Kickapoo and Mascouten sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The marshlands are fragmentary; they are more extensive concerning the about the western basin of Lake Erie were rich in beaver, an Erie. They begin with a report published in 1632 by the attraction to Indians engaged, as were nearly all of the Recollect historian, Gabriel Sagard-Theodat. Sagard had eastern tribes· either directly or indirectly, in fur trade with spent a year (1623-1624) among the Huron of the Georgian Europeans. From 1640 to 1643, the Neu- Attiwandaron (or Bay area and had there learned about a people living to the tral Nation as they were called by the French) from the area south called by the Huron north and east of Lake "Eriehronon", "Rhiierrhonon," Erie warred against the Mascouten or simply "Erie." To Sagard and and their allies, the Kickapoo, Sauk, and Fox, forcing the French, they were "la them Nation du Chat." or the Cat Nation, named not for the to retreat from the western Lake Erie basin to the area about bobcat, the lynx, or the panther as many came to believe but Lake Michigan. rather for the "wild cat" (chat sauvage), or raccoon, which The Ontarraronon (a Huron word Peo- meaning "Lake still abounds in the forests along the Lake Erie shore. That ple") are known historically as the Kickapoo, a tribe of the raccoon was an important source of food for the Erie is Algonquian tradition whose movements are said to have evident in an analysis of animal bones recovered from their been so frequent and extensive thatnoparticularareacan be village refuse pits. And, as Sagard reported, the raccoon regarded as their homeland. In 1640, when they were first was also the source of the fur from which the Eries made mentioned in the Jesuit Relations, they were living in their robes and blankets, each fringed with the animals' Michigan or Ohio near the west end of Lake Erie. Stothers distinctive ringed tails. and Graves believe they may have occupied the Lake Erie While it was the gray-frocked Recollect, Brother Sagard, shore between the Vermilion and Cuyahoga rivers in the who was the first to publish information about the Erie, our late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. principal understanding of them comes from the records main- In language and culture, the Kickapoo were closely re- by tained missionaries of another order, the Society of Jesus. lated to the Sauk, Fox, and Mascouten, ties which they also These black-robed zealots were militant. tough, and fearless, shared with the Shawnee. Alternating between semi- and the order was a force to be reckoned with, despite being permanent villages and temporary winter camps, the Kick- few in number, at home in France as well as on the frontiers of apoo lived in pole-framed houses sided and roofed with the Empire. Embodied in letters, journals, reports, and recom- slabs of elm bark and subsistedon theirown crops combined mendations to their superiors, the records of the Jesuit mis- with hunting and food gathering. The attacks of the Neutral sionaries were published nearly annually in Paris as Nation against their Mascouten neighbors in theearly the Jesuit 1640s Relations, ultimately seventy-three volumes of them. Ex- appear also to have dislodged the Kickapoo, for the French tended direct quotations in the subsequent found them in southern Wisconsin in narrative are drawn 1665. from the Relations unless otherwise noted. Unlike their Recol- By the 1650s only the Erie remained near the southern lect predecessors in the missions of New France. whose offi- shore of Lake Erie. Though it has long been speculated that cial policy was based on the Europeanization of the Indian they might have occupied the entire shore of the lake that even to the expectation of his speaking French, the Jesuits still bears theirname, they appear to have beenconcentrated sought to graft Christianity onto the native culture with as little between present Erie and Buffalo, with seasonal movement disruption as possible, leaving intact so much of Indian spir- possibly extending as far east as the Genesee River and as itual perception and social organization as was not farsouth and west as the headwaters of the incompat- Allegheny-Ohio. ible with Christian doctrine or the interests of the Jesuit order. Their movement inland "to escape their enemies. who are Despite incredible hardships and 'obstacles. the Jesuits farther to the West" may have reflected Neutral pressure and their philosophy proved enormously successful. Bap- from the northwest. tisms and conversions to Christianity soared beyond any- A nation of several tribes, the Erie in the 1650s were thing the Recollects had experienced. Nowhere did the reported to have a total of about population twelve thousand Jesuits have greater impact than in the area north of Lake (including some fourthousand grouped warriors) in twenty- Erie among the Huron where, led by Jean de Brebeuf, they eight villages and twelve fortified palisaded) (or towns, began to serve in 1625. Yet there is no record of their ever though those figures were probably exaggerated. Historic having direct contact with the Erie villages 150 miles away, contact materials have been found at Erie village sites in the on the south side of that same lake. vicinity of Erie, at present Pennsylvania; Ripley, New That the Jesuits knew of the Erie through the Huron and York; at two locations in the valley of the Cattaraugus other Indians is evident in their occasional references to Creek, New York; and at two communities in the Niagara them throughout the Jesuit Relations, beginning in 1635 Frontier. Other sites Erie littoral as far west along the Lake with a comment by Brebeuf and concluding in 1685 with 30 TIMELINE 4 4, V V .., 9 -« V ."{ '.t...... 1 •1 ... « - . ..•. ,,•. # - I .:·. A .t· 1·11 F ..r. .+ & ..r..,.•- ... ' Notiv[Ati DA "t ... \ J tr,".,p,-, 1,-,t I.AN'I G' lfOL-*i 'a ."C.,t'.. 6. . . I .. :--"j li -rip=- i ... , 2: e 119 ,;-£& 1 3 N' .M A R,0. fER CHRISTIANE 1 E - ..il ./--//.1 *tlen. 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praise forone who had become a singular Christian convert. independent operators discovered the comparative ease of In that half-century of Jesuit commentary about the Erie, circumventing state monopolies in the vastness of the there were a number of instances of direct Jesuit contact American wilderness. the restrictions on gun sales broke with individual Erie, including prolonged contact with a down, particularly in the areas of Dutch and British in- few. Thus it is in the pages of the Jesuit Relations that the fluence. Only in New France. where gun sales were limited dawn mists which envelope the history of Lake Erie's abo- to "Christian" Indians. did restriction persist, a policy riginal people begin to clear. which ultimately proved calamitous. The numberofguns in Whatever the extent of direct intercourse between the the hands of the Iroquois. the Indians closest to the Dutch French and the Erie Nation, the European presence on the fur-trading centers of New York and the British settlements American Continent had profound consequences for all the in Connecticut and Massachusetts. rose dramatically in the woodland tribes. Traditional inter-tribal relationships and 1630sand 1640s. Tribes trading with the French were much balances of power were turned topsy-turvey by the meehan- less well-armed. These tribes included the Montagnard and isms of the fur trade. Attempts to control the hunting other Algonquians north of Quebec as well as the Huron in grounds, the transportation routes, and the favorable trad- the Lake Simcoe-Georgian Bay area. the Neutrals north of ing sites, became a driving force in Indian diplomacy, Lake Erie and on both sides of the Niagara River. and the aggravating old hatreds and creating new ones. Tionontate (or Tobacco Huron) to the east of Lake Huron. f At stake in the newly-fostered rivalry was material About 1575, when the great leader Hiawatha forged the wealth of bonanza proportions in the eyes of the Indians: Iroquois Confederation. the Huron, also an Iroquoian peo- glass-beaded chokers (called "porcelain collars" by the pie but not part of the league. were a much more numerous

French), iron axes and celts, blankets, rings, bracelets, clay and powerful people than the Five Nations. But in 1636. pipes, brass kettles, liquor, and knives were all prized, but eleven years after the Jesuit missionaries first came into most coveted of all was the European's gun. At first. when their villages, an epidemic-possibly bubonic plague- royal monopolies were vested in private fur companies with decimated the Huron population. By 1639, the thirty-two taxable shares guaranteed the crown, the several European villages of "Huronia" had been reduced from a total popula- powers were wary of selling guns to the Indians. Then. as tion of approximately 40.000 to half that number.

Decet,iber. 1984 • Jantiary. 1 985 31 V -- N.

It was at that time that forest economics compelled the The way was now clear for the Iroquois to attack their Iroquois to look to the north and west for more furs. Quite fourth neighbor, the Erie, to the west. Possibly the largest simply, the beaver of the New York area were all but gone. of the nations the Iroquois had determined to conquer, the and Prices paid in guns other trade goods for beaver pelts at Erie were well-led and organized and had defeated the Albany rose dramatically compared to those paid at Iroquois in previous battles. Even the Dutch believed the Quebec, Tadoussac, Three Rivers, and other French posts. Erie warriors were superior to the Iroquois, referring to The thirty-five-to-forty-foot Chippewa and Ottawa canoes them as satal'las or devils. Yet direct Erie contact with from the upper lakes, laden with beaver furs and passing Europeans was minimal to nonexistent. Guns among them through Huronia (and Huron middlemen) to the Ottawa and were few in contrast to those possessed by the well-armed St. Lawrence rivers, proved too tempting to resist. Tempt- Iroquois. The bow and arrow was still the Erie warrior's the ing too were cargoes of furs of the Montagnard and other primary weapon. The preponderance of Algonquians coming down from power once held by the north. A decade of the Erie had tilted at last towards the Iroquois, thanks to the Iroquois piracy ensued, culminating in the outbreak of the white man's gun. And the Iroquois realized it. "Wars of the an all-out Iroquois," attempt to establish them- The Iroquois war against the Erie began in the summer of selves as middlemen in the fur trade, in 1649. Their de- 1654 and lasted intermittently until 1656, this in striking predations against their fellow redmen have been aptly contrast to the single week of war required to break the designated "The Beaver Wars." Huron in 1649. Historical accounts of the Iroquois-Erie In one brief week in March 1649, the Iroquois crushed struggle depend almost entirely on the Jesuit Relations of their traditional enemies, the Huron, the key link to the those years and are based on the reports of Iroquois in- distant Indian nations in the French sphere, who were formants. Having neutralized the French through di- already decimated by pestilence and only lightly armed by plomacy, the Iroquois informed them at Montreal in May their French allies. Nine months later, the Tobacco Nation 1654 that "our young men will wage no more warfare with was shattered. The Neutral Nation was next. Situated be- the French; but, as they are too warlike to abandon that tween the Iroquois and the Huron, the Attiwandaron had pursuit, you are to understand that we are going to wage a attempted for generations to remain aloof from the quarrels war against the Ehriehronnons and this very summer we of their two powerful neighbors. Though nineteen thousand shall lead an army thither. The earth is trembling yonder, they proved in number, easy victims of the imperialist and here all is quiet." Iroquois, whose pretext for attacking them was that they Though acknowledging the aggressiveness of their own had refused to surrender a Huron girl. In the first months of young warriors in precipitating the the Iroquois conflict, 5 1651, a well-armed Iroquois army of six hundred Mohawks spokesmen informed the French that there were ample pro- and Senecas attacked the Neutral towns along the Niagara vocations forthe attack on the Erie. They toldof the burning and north of Lake Erie, effectively destroying the Attiwan- of a Seneca village by an Erie war party and the surprise l daron as a separate people. attack by another Erie force against a group of Iroquois With three of their neighboring competitors now elimi- returning from the vicinity of Lake Huron. These de- nated, the Iroquois paused to lick their wounds, assimilate predations, they claimed, were incited by vengeful Huron replacement captives (the combined indigenous pop- now living among the Erie. A cycle of events, inflamed by ulations of the Five Nations had dropped to scarcely twelve the inextricable admixture of tribal policy and private thousand), and engage in some diplomatic maneuvering. A retribution which characterized all Indian warfare, had deputation of their "most dignified and smooth-talking" begun-and would end only with the extirpation of the Erie chiefs arrived at Montreal and proceeded with Machiavel- Nation. lian guile to brighten the chain of friendship with the In an effort to ward off all-out war, the Erie now sent to French. Blandly professing ignorance of any cause for the Seneca a peace mission of thirty ambassadors who grievance between two great peoples, they urged that amity arrived, inopportunely, at about the same time as a report hence-forward exist between them. Louis XIV's operatives that a Seneca had been killed by an Eric in an "unexpected in the New World were, before all else, real ists. Their accident." In retaliation, the Seneca put to death twenty- all-but-ruined fur trade must be re-established immediately five of the Erie envoys, though five managed to escape. on some basis if New France were to survive. For the Returning to the Erie villages, these reported the fate of present the Iroquois looked like the only game in town, and their comrades, whereupon the Erie resolved to gain re- they swallowed whatever indignation they felt at the recent venge. Two Onondaga warriors were captured; and one, a devastation of their principal Indian allies and the destruc- chief by the name of Annenraes, was sent as a prisoner to an tion of their missions and embraced the perpetrators. More- Erie village from which one of the slain peace ambassadors over, the Five Nations offered a fertile field to the Black had come. There he was turned over to the sister of the Robes, whom they invited to come to their towns and murdered ambassador, the expectation being that he would establish missions. Thus it was that peace came between the probably be adopted by the woman as replacement for her French and the Iroquois, and on July 2,1654, Father Simon dead brother, this in keeping with a traditional practice Le Moyne was dispatched to the Onondaga, the "keepers of among many American Indian tribes. the fire" in the symbolic longhouse of the Five Nations. The woman was absent from the Erie village at that time, 32 TIMELINE but the villagers were so confident of the likelihood of her fight against their new enemies of the Cat Nation, and for adoption of the captive that they dressed him in fine clothing exhorting them never to wage war again with the French." and gave a feast in his honor. To their dismay, when the And they asked Le Moyne to build a French mission on the woman returned, she rejected the prisoner and demanded shore of Onondaga Lake "in the heart of the country, since that he be killed to avenge her brother's death. Village you are to possess our hearts." To help cement the new f leaders pleaded with her in vain to change her mind, arguing cordiality between the Five Nations and France, the Iro- ) that her personal vengeance would probably involve them quois returned to Le Moyne the New Testament taken from all in a new war. Their fears were soon realized. Just before the martyred Father Brebeuf, "whom they cruelly put to his death, Annenraes cried out "that an entire people would death five years ago, and another little book of devotion that be burned in his person." When news of his death reached had been used by the late Father Charles Garnier, whom the Onondaga in early August 1654, an army of eighteen these very people killed four years ago. " hundred warriors was assembled to accomplish the destruc- As the Iroquois army of eighteen hundred warriors, large- tion of the Erie. ly Onondaga, prepared to leave for the war against the Erie, At that point, Simon Le Moyne arrived at Onnontague, their principal chief, a young man by the name of Achiona- the principal village of the Onondaga, to establish the first gueras who had replaced the dead Annenraes, begged Le Jesuit mission among the Iroquois. On the tenth of August, Moyne to baptize him. Asked the young Onondaga leader,

--- "Their council fire was put out. Their name was obliterated from the number of tribes. The places where they once dwelt knew them no more. . . ."

he addressed a key council of the principal chiefs of all the "If from this day forth I possess the Faith, cannot I be a Iroquois nations except the often intransigent Mohawk, Christian? . . . Will our enemies' arrows become blunted gathered to discuss the impending war against the Erie. In for my sake? Dost thou wish me, at each step that I take in the words of Le Moyne, "I was occupied fully two hours in battle, to fear hell more than death? Unless thou baptize me, f delivering this harangue, which I pronounced in the tone of I shall be without courage, and shall not dare to face the and forth, as is their custom, like conflict. Baptize me, . . . and I give thee my word that I will - an a actorCaptain-walking on a stage." backNo less cynically than might have any live and die a Christian. of his soldier countrymen, Le Moyne seized the opportunity Early in the morning of August 1 5, 1654, as Le Moyne to further solidify relations with the Iroquois. To each of the prepared to return to Quebec and the Iroquois made ready to four Iroquois nations (Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida) strike the Erie villages to the west, the Jesuit missionary on hand he gave a symbolic hatchet "to be used in the new baptized the Onondaga chief, giving him the Christian war in which they were engaged with the Cat Nation." To name of Jean Baptiste, or John the Baptist. It is not the least the Seneca he offered renewed courage after the loss of of the numerous ironies of seventeenth-century forest di- "some of their number in this war." To all four nations he plomacy that as John the Baptist, wearing a French uniform gave a "present" or blessing to "enable them to maintain a and carrying a French gun, Achionagueras led the Ononda- strong defense against the enemy" and another present of gaand other Iroquois in the war to destroy the Erie, who had paint fortheir faces, "forit is thecustomof the warriors here dared to give refuge to the Huron, many of them Christian never to go into battle without having their faces painted- converts from earlier Jesuit missions. some with black, some with red, and some with various The Iroquois attack came with stunning swiftness, catch- other colors." Finally, he symbolically "wiped away the ing the Erie villages by surprise. One by one they fell or tears of all the young warriors caused by the death of their were "abandoned to the mercy of the Conqueror, who after great Captain Annenraes." As Le Moyne made each of his burning everything started in pursuit of the fugitives." The points, the assembled :roquois "uttered a loud shout of stream of refugees ultimately numbered more than six applause from the depths of their chests in evidence of their thousand, of whom at least two thousand were warriors. For delight." five days, the Erie fled through the forest, closely pursued After Le Moyne had finished, the chiefs and warriors by their Iroquois enemies. Unable to escape. the Erie stop- gathered together by nations and called to them as represen- ped and hastily built a fort o f wood with palisaded walls and tative of the fifth Iroquois nation a lone Mohawk "who by earthen entrenchments. good luck happened to be present." After two hours of As the Iroquois approached the Erie fort, Achionagueras consultation, they asked Le Moyne to thank Onnontio (liter- and another chief displayed themselves in French uniform. ally, "great mountain"), the Governorof New France, Mon- hoping to frighten the Eric, most of whom had never seen sieur de Lauson, for "encouraging them to make a spirited European attire. It was Achionagueras who called out to the

December. 1984 • January, 1985 33 --I.- -

Erie defenders to surrender or face certain destruction. last remaining Erie wherever they could be found. Regret- Then invoking his new Faith, he warned, "The Master of tably, much of the Jesuit Relations for 1665 is missing. life fights be ruined if ..6 forus; you will you resist him. Who From that portion which has survived it is known that on is this Master of our lives?" came back the reply. Erie "We September 12, 1655, an Onondaga delegation of eighteen i acknowledge none but our arms and hatchets." It was then arrived in Quebec to petition the Governor of New France that the "assault was made and palisade 4, the attacked on all for French soldiers to defend their villages against the sides." inroads of the Cat Nation" as well as for The siege of the Erie fort was a long more weapons. and costly one. Two months later, Jesuit missionaries assigned to the Iro- Though the Erie warriors outnumbered the Iroquois, they quois mission at Onnontague, Fathers Joseph Chaumonot were burdened by the of their women presence and children. and Claude Dablon, baptized a And they had few if any guns (and captured Erie boy of nine or no powder) in contrast to years of age 6, ten just before he was burned to death, no the well-armed Iroquois. On the other hand, they were quarter being now given between the two tribes." In late archers extraordinaire, the Jesuits grudgingly acknowledg- January 1656, they witnessed the "boiling of the war-kettle" ing that "they fight like bravely Frenchmen, sustaining the as the Iroquois prepared for a new offensive against the first discharge of the Iroquois, who are armed with our Erie, while on the fifth of February, they "wiped away the muskets, and then falling upon them with a hailstorm of blood" for a large war party of Seneca and Oneida returning poisoned arrows, which they discharge eight or ten times "from their latest engagement with the Cat Nation." before a musket can be reloaded." On February 11, two more Erie captives, young men The end came with the near-exhaustion of Erie arrows between twenty and thirty years o f age, were brought in by and an Iroquois stratagem. Simply, the Onondaga hit upon Onondaga warriors. Each was given to a family to replace the plan of using their long war canoes as shields to ward off someone lost in combat. As reported by Father Dablon, the volleys of poisonous arrows as they approached the Erie 66 The younger and handsomer one, a Nephew of the other, works. Driving back the entrenched defenders with musket- was given to the greatest warrior of the Country, named ry, they inverted their canoes to use them as scaling ladders Aharihon, a Captain famous for his warlike exploits, but as to get up and over the palisaded walls. As their enemies arrogant and bloodthirsty as he is brave . . . ." scaled the than Though walls, more three hundred of the Erie de- Aharihon already had sacrificed forty Erie captives to fenders broke and leaving their ran, comrades and women avenge the loss of one of his brothers in the war, he con- and children behind. Once in the fort, the Iroquois com- cluded that this young man too "must die in atonement for menced a systematic butchery of its occupants, the "carnage his brother's death." Accordingly, the young captive was among the women and children" being so great "that blood roasted alive over a slow fire, his torture finally ending in was knee-deep in certain places. " Shamed by their own death in the early morning hours of February 1 5, 1656. cowardice, the three hundred Erie warriors who had bolted Not all Erie captives were so unfortunate. An Erie returned to the scene of the slaughter. For a brief moment, woman, captured and enslaved by the Oneida, became a they caught the Iroquois off guard and exacted their own Christian convert and was baptized by the Bishop ofCanada partial retribution. But the Iroquois recovered in time to with the name Catherine Gandeaktena. In 1667 she per- crush the returning Erie and complete the annihilation, suaded her Iroquois husband and several of his relatives to though their own losses overall were so heavy that they go with her to found an Iroquois mission near Montreal, the were compelled to remain two months in Erie country to celebrated Mission of la Prairie de la Magdeleine. By the bury their dead and care for their wounded. time of her death in 1673, she had earned the acclaim of On September 11,1654, while the Iroquois were winning hundreds of Frenchmen and Iroquois alike forher virtue and their signal though costly victory, Le Moyne arrived back in saintliness and for her success in attracting some two hun- Quebec to report the success of his efforts to assure French dred Iroquois converts to the mission. peace with the Iroquois and their ultimate conversion to Some Eries managed to elude the Iroquois for a time. As Christianity. Indeed, in the two years that followed, the late as 1680, a remnant band of six Iroquois did keep hundred Erie men, the peace with France. And when women, and children surrendered voluntarily to the Iro- Achionagueras returned to Onnontague from his conquest quois south and east of the Ohio River and were then of the Erie, he fulfilled a battlefield pledge that if the Master apparently absorbed into the Five Nations, their identities of life would help him achieve victory, he would assist the as Erie finally at an end. Jesuit fathers in converting his people to Christianity. With Henry R. Schoolcraft, famed Indian authority of the his assistance, so successful was the Iroquois mission that nineteenth century, reported the Iroquois version of the by 1656 the Jesuits could report that "more Iroquois have Eries' ultimate fate: "Seneca tradition affirms that after the f become Christians in two months than there were Hurons defeat ofthe most westerly bodies of the Eries. on the shores converted in several - years. of Lake Erie, the survivors fled to the Allegheny River, As for the Erie, the Iroquois war against them continued called Ohio by them, down which they fled. . . . Their through 1655 and on into 1656. With the principal fortified council-fire was put out. Their name was obliterated from towns already destroyed, Iroquois strategy now called for the number of tribes. The places where they once dwelt the elimination of the last remote villages and, indeed, the knew them no more.... " 9/ 34 TIMELINE *

Beaver Skins and Imperial Riv(dry

4 Nearly the entire historical record of the Erie tragically Samuel de Champlain's arquebus ball killed a Mohawk chief relates to their defeat and dispersal as a people in the 1650sasa whose war party had beset the Frenchrnan's Huron com- major chapter in the Wars of the Iroquois, often called the panions. Estrangement between French and Iroquois never Beaver Wars. These wars in turn reflected the long struggle completely healed thereafter, the Five Nations of the powerful between the nations of Europe, ultimately England and Iroquois Confederation-Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, France, for worldwide colonial and commercial supremacy, Cayuga, and Oneida-subsequently aligning themselves pri- including dominance in North America. It has been said that marily with the Dutch and English. Not to be outdone, the European fashion ultimately shaped the destiny of North Swedes at least briefly cultivated trade in furs with the Sus- America. William D. Ellis, in Land of the Inland Seas, sug- quehannock of Pennsylvania and through them with the more gests why: distant Erie. It is a commonplace of high school history texts that Eng- Fur was the and beaver its gold stan- continent's cash crop land defeated France in the for North Amer- dard . . . .I n England, under heavy trapping, beaver had ultimately quest ican dominion because the French in their col- disappeared by 1520. In France and Germany, they were primarily saw onies a source of wealth in furs, while the scarce; even Poland had few left. In a high fashion era, the English came garment trades in Europe were famished for fur.... seeking land and living space. It is also an oversimplification. colonies was a Why beaver? There were mink, rabbit, bear, and marten Though the greater population of the English in abundance, but the soft underfur of beaver had a special decisive factor when war came, and the real or potential threat fashion property; after being processed, it could be brushed of land-seekers from the English colonies alarmed the officials to a flat, felt-like material for rakish brimmed hats that held of New France-and, certainly, French preoccupation with shape and style through rain, snow, and hard wear. Each European affairs played a crucial role-competition for con- beaver hair is shielded by microscopic interlocking scales trol of the flow of furs from the interior caused increasing that seal out water, an ideal property for hats. These were not friction. Flash points from the Miami Country to Hudson's utilitarian hats to keep the head warm; they were coveted, were the rivalry for furs. It was not land alone for which Bay sparked by high-style hats Europeans would pay long profits that Englishmen sought. and longer wars. Indeed, immediately as the American Revolution reached The "long profits" of the fur trade helped lure not only the its conclusion, Great Britain assumed the posture that French French to New France but the English to New England, the imperialism had maintained for 150 years-attempting to ex- Dutch to New Netherlands in the valleys of the Mohawk and clude its main continental rival from the beaver country. The the Hudson, and the Swedes to New Sweden in the valley of refusal to relinquish the northwestern posts, disputes over the the Delaware. In turn, the Europeans looked to the several Lake Superior-Mississippi boundary line, the subsidies in Indian tribes as potential economic allies. Pushing westward goods and arms which were the lifeblood of Indian anti- along the course of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa rivers to Americanism in the area north of the Ohio, the struggle for Georgian Bay and the Huron Lake, the French found the control of the Oregon Country; all had, from the British point Huron the best Indian traders as well as the most amenable to of view, a single overriding purpose. That purpose was to Christianity. Franco-Huron alliance had been sealed as early maintain the riches of the beaver streams as a steady increment as 1609, when on the shores of the lake that bears his name, to the imperial balance-sheet.

At the turn of the eighteenth century, Charles Becard de Granville, a (- eta''i& 8 f 2 K, l..,li"O,t , ../t,., f /'.,(. French-Canadian official, made a 2.re**,4 ... series of drawings which are among -- LIi1.'1'Ir., w-0 the earliest European depictions of -- i- 1"th the Northeastern Indians, including 34, ,% ,:r=,3 4/ an warrior in the act of - Iroquois 4. AMPE burning an enemy dwelling. New York Public Library ,4/1,= p /,PY . 161,11*e'*' . 4..'-73 0 1-,i„ i./111'. -' + v

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Who Discovered the Lake of the Eries ?

Almost due South from the country of the same Neutral famed explorer and Father of Canada, Samuel de Cham- Nation, we find a great Lake nearly two hundred leagues plain. Parkman's contention that Brule may have seen Lake [six hundred miles] in circumference, called Erie; it is Erie as early as 1615 has been in several of formed by the discharge of the fresh-water Sea [Lake given currency the histories of Ohio, including the most published Huron] and throws itself over a waterfall of a dreadful recent, Yet height into a third Lake, named Ontario, which we call in January 1984. Champlain evidenced no knowledge of either Lake Saint Louys, . . . (Jesuit Relations of 1647-48) the people or the lake called Erie in the succession New -- 'C' i. of maps of France which he drew between 1616 and 1632. If Brute had reached the Erie Lake, he had never A strong historical tradition holds that Lake Erie was the reported it to his mentor. last of the Great Lakes to be "discovered" by Europeans, Intrigued by this "good historical puzzle," Theodore D. that the discovery occurred in 1669 when the French explor- Wakefield of Vermilion, Ohio, a retired businessman, ers Adrien Jolliet and Jean Pere returned to from offered Quebec in January 1983 a cash prize of $ 1,000 to anyone Lake Superior by descending Lake Huron to the St. Clair who could present conclusive proof of a pre-1650 discovery River, Lake St. the Clair, and Detroit River, entering Lake of Lake Erie. The Institute for Great Lakes Research at Erie from the west. Continuing on to the Niagara portage, Bowling Green State University agreed to sponsor the com- Lake Ontario, and the headwaters of the St. Lawrence, they petition for "Le Prix de Lac Erie" ["the Prize of Lake opened an alternate to the Ottawa River-Georgian Bay- Erie"]. Announcements of the competition were sent to Lake Huron route to the west long used by the French. That scholars in North America and in Europe who had demon- two same year, Sulpician missionaries, Francois Dollier de strated interest in the history of New France, as well as to Casson and Renee de Brehaut de Galinee, reached Lake the news media. A panel of distinguished scholars, includ- Erie from the east and claimed all the land around it- ing Dr. Heidenreich, was enlisted to judge the responses. including Ohio-for Louis XIV, the King of France. By January 1984, seventy-five entries had been sub- not claimed Though officially until 1669, the lake and the mitted to the judges. Many suggested Brule. But while the people called "Erie" who lived on its southern shores were judges could agree that Brule probably had seen Lake Erie known to the French at least as early as 1640. Five maps during his extensive travels through the Great Lakes be- drawn French by cartographers between 1640 and 1660 tween 1615 and 1632, they also agreed that there was "no show Lake Erie in reasonably proximate size, location, and conclusive documentation of his discovery." configuration. Three of these were produced by Louis It was Father Lucien Campeau, a Jesuit historian from St. XIV's royal geographer, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, in " Jerome, Quebec, whose review of the "Lake Erie question 1650,1656, and 1657. Another was drawn by Francois Du was judged the most knowledgeable. He Creaux in 1660. The fifth was "proved con- very recently discovered by a clusively that several candidates for discovery could not Canadian geographer, Dr. Conrad Heidenreich, in the have seen the lake" and narrowed the field to "one of five Taunton archives of the British of Defense. Drawn Ministry Frenchmen, including Brute." The others named by Cam- on a stretched animal skin, it may well prove to be the "Lost peau were Jean de Brebeuf, a Jesuit who worked Huron" map prepared by missionary the Jesuit missionary Paul among the Hurons from 1625 until his martyrdom by the Ragueneau and described in the Jesuit Relations of 1640. It Iroquois in 1649; Joseph de LaRoche Daillon, a Recollect may, as well, provide a our under- long-missing link in who served the Huron missions from 1625 until 1629; Pierre standing of the identities and settlement patterns of many of Marie Joseph Chaumonot, another Jesuit who lived among the native Indian populations of the Great lakes area. On it the Hurons from 1639 until 1650; and Jean Nicolet, agent of Lake Erie appears with the name "Lac du Chat" or "Lake of the Company of New France, who explored the Great Lakes the Cat." Below the lake appear the words "Erie - Nation du from 1634 until his death in 1642. Inasmuch as "conclusive Chat" ["Erie - Nation of the Cat"], while immediately to the documentation" was not available for any of these, the west of the lake appear the words "Gens de Feu" ["People judges decided that Le Prix de Lac Erie could not be of Fire"] and to the east, "Iroquois" and the names of the awarded, that "the puzzle still existed." five nations then comprising that confederation. This much seems evident: sometime between the con- Clearly, some Frenchman t (or Frenchmen) had dis- struction of the Champlain map of 1632, on which Lake covered Lake Erie and the lands about it well before 1669, Erie does not appear, and the Taunton/Ragueneau map of but who? One of America's best-known historians of the 1640 on which it does, French contact with Lake Erie nineteenth century, Francis has suggested Parkman, the probably was made. Specifically by whom is coureur-de-bois, Etienne Brule, protege of something we young the may never know.

36 TIMELINE