DOCSLIB.ORG

1 a Different Path: the Minority Muslim Experience

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 a Different Path: the Minority Muslim Experience A DIFFERENT PATH: THE MINORITY MUSLIM EXPERIENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Submitted by John Goodman to the University of Exeter As a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Arab and Islamic Studies, January 2020. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no Quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature…………………… ……………………… 1 Table of Contents. Abstract 5 Acknowledgements 7 Names of Places and People – Usage and Spelling 9 Reference Maps 11 Chapter 1. Introduction and historical context. 13 • The Cham migration to and settlement in Cambodia. • The Malay states and their relationship to Siamese power and British colonial ambitions along the Malay and Burmese borders in the 19th Century. • Cham and Chvea in the French colonial era and post French withdrawal as Vietnam and Cambodia develop their national identities. Chapter 2. Literature Review. 33 • Approaches to Muslims in Thailand and the Mekong Delta. • Themes of nation abuilding and Multiculturalism. Chapter 3. The trauma of new state development. 52 • Life for the Cham under the Khmer Rouge – 1975-79 – systematic genocide or class enemies? • War in Vietnam and the new Communist society – where did this leave the Cham, compared to other national ethnic minorities? • After the absolute monarchy – the emergence of Thai nationalism – from tolerance to Thai mono-culturalism and back again. Chapter 4. How state and minority relations evolve up to the present day. 76 • Rebirth of resilient and autonomous communities. • The link between Buddhism and the state – a religion and a dominating philosophy. • The alienation of Thai Malay Muslims from the modern Thai state. • Economic development in the region – how are the minorities affected? 2 Chapter 5. Congruence between Islam and Malay/Cham minority status. 98 • The role of education as a determinant of identity development. • The role of the clergy and the mosQue in providing legal and family advice and mediation. • Mutual perspectives of morality and social interaction. • Perceptions of Islam as being synonymous with separatism, lack of allegiance to the state and violent behaviour. Chapter 6. Global change – and how it affects Muslims in SE Asia. 128 • The changing media landscape and how it covers Muslims. • Patterns of work, roles and opportunities. • Migration trends, and how they differ for Muslims in this region. • Gender-specific differences in the communities. • The growth of populism in politics. Chapter 7. Form, practice and connectivity of religion. 157 • Old versus New Islam – the Kaum Nua, Kaum Muda, Tablighi Jamaat and Wahhabi movements in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. • Traditional regional Islam and the interaction with new trends and currents. • Religious structure within the region. • The influence of outside organisations from the Muslim world. Chapter 8. Involvement in politics and civil society. 186 • Specific political movements among the Muslim population. • Structure, motivation and effectiveness of armed separatists. • The role of Muslims within mainstream political parties. • Local NGO activity and effectiveness. • Involvement of outside bodies – countries, ASEAN, OIC, UN, etc. Chapter 9. The interface with Buddhism (and other regional religions). 215 • The official Buddhist structure – development and impact on Muslim society. 3 • The practice of Buddhism in society – both as an organised religion and lay practice and attitudes. • Religious freedom in Vietnam in theory and practice. Chapter 10. Minorities in a monocultural society. 243 • Monoculturalism versus Multiculturalism – definitions. • M versus M characteristics of SEA countries – again in theory and practice • How do SEA countries compare with ostensibly multicultural societies in the West, on this axis? Chapter 11. Conclusions. 270 • The future – repression, growth, separatism, participation? How does this compare to the situation of Muslim minorities in the West? • How will this affect the Thai Malays? • Whither the Cham in Cambodia and in Vietnam? • What can East and West learn from each other? Appendix 1 – Data from the Quantitative online survey undertaken in Thailand in 2018. 280 Appendix 2 – Sample discussion guides from Cambodia, Thailand (Pattani/Narathiwat and Satun) and Vietnam. 283 Bibliography. 285 4 A DIFFERENT PATH: THE MINORITY MUSLIM EXPERIENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. ABSTRACT. This thesis looks at the three significant Muslim minority communities in Vietnam, Cambodia and Southern Thailand from the perspective of living in a predominantly monocultural, non-Muslim society, and how they function economically, socially, religiously and politically in this context. It particularly focuses on the time period from 1945 to the present day, from the end of the Second World War and the post-colonial era as this is a significant break-point and begins the recent era of local societies. The end of the Second World War brought about significant change in all three countries. All three had been occupied by the Japanese. (Thailand had joined an alliance with the Japanese, but this was a face-saving accommodation, leading to de facto Japanese government and rule.) After the Japanese defeat, the French colonial power attempted to reassert itself in Indo-China, followed by a similar American exercise of influence. In Thailand, a return to independence saw Thailand become a close ally and client state of the USA, a bulwark against Communist insurgency in the rest of Southeast Asia. By 1975 all three states were free of foreign control, and pursued policies of self-determination and independent development, albeit in dramatically different ways. I examine this situation from Muslim perspectives, from the governing policies of the states themselves and from the viewpoint of the non-Muslim majority citizens of the states. I endeavour to identify common themes and strategies and divergent reactions to their lived environment. I seek to answer the Question: how have long-existing Muslim minorities come to terms with their environment in the societies of Southeast Asia that have a dominant, if not monocultural ethos, what will this mean for their future in the region, and what is its impact on the Muslim and global community? There are two distinct and clearly identifiable ethnic groups – the lowland Cham of Vietnam and Cambodia’s Mekong Delta and the Malay Muslims of the Southern border provinces of Thailand. The first group are ethnically homogenous, although split 5 in two by a political border that can be rigid but is also a fluid means of communication and economic activity. The second are also ethnically homogenous, but exist within the borders of modern Thailand, where they vary from the majority population in language, economic status, allegiance to and treatment by the Thai state. By understanding the way in which these groups exist, survive, accommodate (or resist) their non-Muslim state and government structures, I draw conclusions about the success and future development of these societies – and of course, their failures. There are also interesting lessons to learn for multicultural societies coming to terms with Muslim minorities, and other Muslims working to develop in a non-Muslim environment. Although these groups are relatively small and have a low profile in the Muslim world, they are also deeply rooted, having been resident in their areas for significantly longer than the modern states that now surround them. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. First I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Exeter, Professor Sajjad Rizvi for his invaluable guidance and constructive suggestions. As a result of his comments my research and reading took many different and fascinating paths that would otherwise have been left unexamined. I would also like to thank Dr. Philipp Bruckmayr of the University of Vienna, the leading authority on the Cham of Cambodia, for his insights and help in looking at this neglected corner of the Islamic world. Dr. Ross Porter of Exeter was also most helpful in suggesting an anthropological approach to the Question. My fieldwork would have been Quite impossible without the help of my local assistants who acted as recruiters, translators and logistical managers. They were Ly Hanafy in Cambodia, Nguyen Ho Phong in Vietnam and Medina Adulyarat in Thailand. Khun Medina in particular was an endless source of help, information, suggestions and companionship during our visits to Pattani, Satun and Narathiwat provinces. In all I interviewed around 150 local people in the three countries. Although they cannot be named, I would like to put on record my gratitude for their openness, honesty and thoughtfulness in their interviews. I was fortunate to interview and obtain guidance from local academics and experts in both Cambodia and Thailand. In Bangkok they were Dr. Phansasiri Kularb of Chulalongkorn University, Dr. Phrae Sirisakdamkoeng of Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, her graduate student Thitimat Kamwong, and Professor Suwilai Premsrirat of Mahidol University. In Pattani I benefited greatly from the comments and insights of Dr. Srisompob Jitpriromsri, Dr. Samatcha Nilaphatama, Dr. Walakkamol Changkamol and Dr. Soraya Jamjuree, all of whom are associated with Prince of Songkla University and who are 7 also
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islam at the Margins: the Muslims of Indochina
    CIAS Discussion Paper No.3 Islam at the Margins: The Muslims of Indochina Edited by OMAR FAROUK Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO 2008 Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Islam at the Margins: The Muslims of Indochina 1 Contents Preface ……………………………………………………………………3 Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO Introduction ……………………………………………………………...5 OMAR FAROUK The Cham Muslims in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam ………………7 Rie NAKAMURA Bani Islam Cham in Vietnam ………………………………………….24 Ba Trung PHU The Baweans of Ho Chi Minh City ……………………………………34 Malte STOKHOF Dynamics of Faith: Imam Musa in the Revival of Islamic Teaching in Cambodia ………59 MOHAMAD ZAIN Bin Musa The Re-organization of Islam in Cambodia and Laos………………..70 OMAR FAROUK The Chams and the Malay World …………………………………….86 Kanji NISHIO Notes on the Contributors……………………………………………...94 Workshop Program …………………………………………………....96 CIAS Discussion Paper No.3 © Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan TEL: +81-75-753-9603 FAX: +81-75-753-9602 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cias.kyoto-u.ac.jp March, 2008 2 CIAS Discussion Paper No.3 Preface I think it would be no exaggeration to suggest that Southeast Asian nations are boom- ing, not only because of their rapid economic development but also because of their long experiences of maintaining harmony and tolerance between the diverse ethnic and religious components of their populations. The Southeast Asian Muslims, for example, once re- garded as being peripheral to the world of Islam, are now becoming recognized as model Muslim leaders with exceptional abilities to manage difficult tasks such as their own coun- try‟s economic development, the Islamic financial system, democratization and even aero- nautics.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Islam in Southeast Asia
    Teaching Islam in Southeast Asia By Nelly van Doorn-Harder Teaching about Islam in Southeast Asia is simultaneously one of the most delightful and most frus- trating activities in which to engage. The sheer richness of history, culture, literature, and locally- developed expressions and interpretations of Islam allow a teacher to show a side of Islamic faith and culture that seldom reaches a class focused on the Middle East. Architecture, art, fashion, media, education, and folk festivities provide wonderful illustrations for show and tell. he frustrating part is the paucity of material suitable for POINTS OF HISTORIC IMPORTANCE the level of high school and college students. In spite of There is evidence of Islamic influences as early as the eighth centu- T its accessibility, the area used to be among the stepchil- ry, but it was in the thirteenth century that lasting processes of dren of Islamic studies. After 9/11 several publishers Islamization started through the activities of Arab Muslim mer- have started to include Southeast Asia in their textbooks about Islam, chants. The kingdom of Aceh at the northern tip of Sumatra is yet few books or articles are at an introductory level. However, known to be the first Islamic-inspired political structure where the works are being commissioned as we speak. In the meantime, teach- sultan applied Islamic law. With local rulers embracing Islam, the ers can take refuge in articles, book chapters, newspaper articles, and religion spread rapidly and took over political, educational, and legal entries from encyclopedias, many of which have updated their systems. At the same time, Islam developed a cosmopolitan charac- scholarship with more information about Islam in Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linguistic Background to SE Asian Sea Nomadism
    The linguistic background to SE Asian sea nomadism Chapter in: Sea nomads of SE Asia past and present. Bérénice Bellina, Roger M. Blench & Jean-Christophe Galipaud eds. Singapore: NUS Press. Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Department of History, University of Jos Correspondence to: 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: Cambridge, March 21, 2017 Roger Blench Linguistic context of SE Asian sea peoples Submission version TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. The broad picture 3 3. The Samalic [Bajau] languages 4 4. The Orang Laut languages 5 5. The Andaman Sea languages 6 6. The Vezo hypothesis 9 7. Should we include river nomads? 10 8. Boat-people along the coast of China 10 9. Historical interpretation 11 References 13 TABLES Table 1. Linguistic affiliation of sea nomad populations 3 Table 2. Sailfish in Moklen/Moken 7 Table 3. Big-eye scad in Moklen/Moken 8 Table 4. Lake → ocean in Moklen 8 Table 5. Gill-net in Moklen/Moken 8 Table 6. Hearth on boat in Moklen/Moken 8 Table 7. Fishtrap in Moklen/Moken 8 Table 8. ‘Bracelet’ in Moklen/Moken 8 Table 9. Vezo fish names and their corresponding Malayopolynesian etymologies 9 FIGURES Figure 1. The Samalic languages 5 Figure 2. Schematic model of trade mosaic in the trans-Isthmian region 12 PHOTOS Photo 1. Orang Laut settlement in Riau 5 Photo 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia Pacific Land Berhad 12200-M
    Malaysia Pacific Land Berhad 12200-M Unlocking our hidden POTENTIAL in pursuit of continuous GROWTH Annual Report 2003 EM & J ...we will continue our effort to improve the occupancy rate by focusing on our marketing strategies and approach. Contents Notice of Annual General Meeting 2 Statement Accompanying Notice of Annual General Meeting 3 Corporate Information 4 Board of Directors & Profile 5 Chairman’s Statement 8 Board Audit & Risk Management Committee 11 Corporate Governance 14 Statement on Internal Control 18 Financial Statements 19 Other Information 51 Form of Proxy cover rationale The theme which focuses on a hand holding a key represents the approach MPL carried out throughout its operations and the role our people play. Setting clear and inspiring goals and introducing the necessary changes, we always strive to surpass ourselves to maintain as a trusted partner and acquire an advantage best positioned to weather the regions prevailing economic storm & flourish in the new operating environment that is beginning to emerge. Our top priority is to provide value to our customers and ultimately gain profitable returns to our shareholders.Thus, unlocking the hidden potential of the Group and bringing out new opportunities that are waiting to be explored. Notice of Annual General Meeting NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Thirty-First Annual General Meeting of MALAYSIA PACIFIC LAND BERHAD (the “Company”) will be held at the Theatrette, Level 1,Wisma Hong Leong, 18 Jalan Perak, 50450 Kuala Lumpur on Tuesday, 23 December 2003 at 10.30 a.m. in order: 1. To receive and consider the audited financial statements together with the reports of the Directors and Auditors thereon for the year ended 30 June 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014-2015 Report on Police Violence in the Umbrella Movement
    ! ! ! ! ! 2014-2015 Report on Police Violence in the Umbrella Movement A report of the State Violence Database Project in Hong Kong Compiled by The Professional Commons and Hong Kong In-Media ! ! ! Table!of!Contents! ! About!us! ! About!the!research! ! Maps!/!Glossary! ! Executive!Summary! ! 1.! Report!on!physical!injury!and!mental!trauma!...........................................................................................!13! 1.1! Physical!injury!....................................................................................................................................!13! 1.1.1! Injury!caused!by!police’s!direct!smacking,!beating!and!disperse!actions!..................................!14! 1.1.2! Excessive!use!of!force!during!the!arrest!process!.......................................................................!24! 1.1.3! Connivance!at!violence,!causing!injury!to!many!.......................................................................!28! 1.1.4! Delay!of!rescue!and!assault!on!medical!volunteers!..................................................................!33! 1.1.5! Police’s!use!of!violence!or!connivance!at!violence!against!journalists!......................................!35! 1.2! Psychological!trauma!.........................................................................................................................!39! 1.2.1! Psychological!trauma!caused!by!use!of!tear!gas!by!the!police!..................................................!39! 1.2.2! Psychological!trauma!resulting!from!violence!...........................................................................!41!
    [Show full text]
  • A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles
    A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles Patricia Cheesman Textiles, as part of Southeast Asian traditional clothing and material culture, feature as ethnic identification markers in anthropological studies. Textile scholars struggle with the extremely complex variety of textiles of the Tai peoples and presume that each Tai ethnic group has its own unique dress and textile style. This method of classification assumes what Leach calls “an academic fiction … that in a normal ethnographic situation one ordinarily finds distinct tribes distributed about the map in an orderly fashion with clear-cut boundaries between them” (Leach 1964: 290). Instead, we find different ethnic Tai groups living in the same region wearing the same clothing and the same ethnic group in different regions wearing different clothing. For example: the textiles of the Tai Phuan peoples in Vientiane are different to those of the Tai Phuan in Xiang Khoang or Nam Nguem or Sukhothai. At the same time, the Lao and Tai Lue living in the same region in northern Vietnam weave and wear the same textiles. Some may try to explain the phenomena by calling it “stylistic influence”, but the reality is much more profound. The complete repertoire of a people’s style of dress can be exchanged for another and the common element is geography, not ethnicity. The subject of this paper is to bring to light forty years of in-depth research on Tai textiles and clothing in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Thailand and Vietnam to demonstrate that clothing and the historical transformation of practices of social production of textiles are best classified not by ethnicity, but by geographical provenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis Working Environment Among of Malaysian Seafarer's
    International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-10 Issue-4, February 2021 Analysis Working Environment Among of Malaysian Seafarer's Mohd Redza Bin Mahmud ABSTRACT: Malaysian shipping industry is facing a crewing However, even though the number of ships is increasing, there crisis the seriousness of which does not seem to have registered as exists a large chasm with regards to the supply of seafarers. It a priority by the industry given the fact that the current deficit of was a known fact in the early days for seafarers to be able to about 10,000 could leap-fold to unprecedented levels in the next set foot ashore and to enjoy the cultures of the ports his ship couple of years. The global shipping industry must come to grips quickly with the realities and the concerns on the emerging has berthed at. Those days, ports were normally located shortages and the demand for well-trained and experienced besides the town the ships call at. However, due to improved seafarers as the biggest challenge facing the shipping industry land infrastructure and transportation and to prevent local itself. The worldwide population of seafarers serving on citizens from being subjected to dangerous exposure of internationally trading merchant ships today is estimated to be in hazards of a ship may be carrying even security threaten to the order of 400,000 officers and 825,000 ratings. As far as ratings ship crews; ports are now built further away from town and are concerned they are, in the majority recruited from developing cities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethnography of Tai Yai in Yunnan
    LAK CHANG A reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong LAK CHANG A reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong Yos Santasombat Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Cover: The bride (right) dressed for the first time as a married woman. Previously published by Pandanus Books National Library in Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Santasombat, Yos. Lak Chang : a reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong. Author: Yos Santasombat. Title: Lak chang : a reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong / Yos Santasombat. ISBN: 9781921536380 (pbk.) 9781921536397 (pdf) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Tai (Southeast Asian people)--China--Yunnan Province. Other Authors/Contributors: Thai-Yunnan Project. Dewey Number: 306.089959105135 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. First edition © 2001 Pandanus Books This edition © 2008 ANU E Press iv For my father CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 Historical Studies of the Tai Yai: A Brief Sketch 3 The Ethnography of Tai Yai in Yunnan 8 Ethnic Identity and the Construction of an Imagined Tai Community 12 Scope and Purpose of this Study 16 Chapter One: The Setting 19 Daikong and the Chinese Revolution 20 Land Reform 22 Tai Peasants and Cooperative Farming 23 The Commune 27 Daikong and the Cultural Revolution 31 Lak
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Indonesian Islam?
    M. Laffan, draft paper prepared for discussion at the UCLA symposium ‘Islam and Southeast Asia’, May 15 2006 What is Indonesian Islam? Michael Laffan, History Department, Princeton University* Abstract This paper is a preliminary essay thinking about the concept of an Indonesian Islam. After considering the impact of the ideas of Geertz and Benda in shaping the current contours of what is assumed to fit within this category, and how their notions were built on the principle that the region was far more multivocal in the past than the present, it turns to consider whether, prior to the existance of Indonesia, there was ever such a notion as Jawi Islam and questions what modern Indonesians make of their own Islamic history and its impact on the making of their religious subjectivities. What about Indonesian Islam? Before I begin I would like to present you with three recent statements reflecting either directly or indirectly on assumptions about Indonesian Islam. The first is the response of an Australian academic to the situation in Aceh after the 2004 tsunami, the second and third have been made of late by Indonesian scholars The traditionalist Muslims of Aceh, with their mystical, Sufistic approach to life and faith, are a world away from the fundamentalist Islamists of Saudi Arabia and some other Arab states. The Acehnese have never been particularly open to the bigoted "reformism" of radical Islamist groups linked to Saudi Arabia. … Perhaps it is for this reason that aid for Aceh has been so slow coming from wealthy Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia.1 * This, admittedly in-house, piece presented at the UCLA Colloquium on Islam and Southeast Asia: Local, National and Transnational Studies on May 15, 2006, is very much a tentative first stab in the direction I am taking in my current project on the Making of Indonesian Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Article in A
    yber C yberO rient, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, 2021 , pp. 259-289 Emerging Islamic Representations in the Cambodian Muslim Social Media Scene: Complex Divides and Muted Debates Zoltan Pall Austrian Academy of Sciences Alberto Pérez Pereiro National University of Singapore Abstract: This article explores the characteristics and structure of the Cambodian Muslim social media scene and considers what they tell us about the sociopolitical setting of the country’s Muslim minority. It focuses on how the relationship between Islamic actors of the Cambodian Muslim minority, that is, groups, movements and institutions, and their offline environment shape their online representations and proselytization activities. It particularly considers the observation that theological debate is almost absent in this Islamic social media scene compared to that of other Southeast Asian Muslim societies and attempts to find answers to the question of why this is the case. The article particularly examines the Facebook pages of various Islamic groups and explains the sociopolitical factors and language politics that inform the ways in which they formulate the contents and style of their posts. It shows how the close connections between the political and the religious fields in an authoritarian setting, where the state strongly discourages social discord, have the effect of largely muting debates on social media. Zoltan Pall, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1200 Hollandstraße Austria. 11-13, E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Cambodia, Islam, social media, divides Introduction Corresponding author: The multiplicity of actors within Cambodia’s Muslim minority has led to competing efforts to define what a good Muslim is – efforts that are now increasingly made on social media.
    [Show full text]
  • Cijhar 22 FINAL.Pmd
    1 1 Vijayanagara as Reflected Through its Numismatics *Dr. N.C. Sujatha Abstract Vijayanagara an out-and-out an economic state which ushered broad outlay of trade and commerce, production and manufacture for over- seas markets. Its coinage had played definitely a greater role in tremendous economic activity that went on not just in India, but also across the continent. Its cities were bustled with traders and merchandise for several countries of Europe and Africa. The soundness of their economy depended on a stable currency system. The present paper discusses the aspects relating to the coinage of Vijayanagara Empire and we could enumerate from these coins about their administration. Its currency system is a wonderful source for the study of its over-all activities of administration, social needs, religious preferences, vibrant trade and commerce and traditional agriculture and irrigation Key words : Empire, Administration, Numismatics, Currency, trade, commerce, routes, revenue, land-grants, mint, commercial, brisk, travellers, aesthetic, fineness, abundant, flourishing, gadyana, Kasu, Varaha, Honnu, panam, Pardai, enforcement, Foundation of Vijayanagara Empire in a.d.1336 is an epoch in the History of South India. It was one of the great empires founded and ruled for three hundred years, and was widely extended over peninsular India. It stood as a bulwark against the recurring invasions from the Northern India. The rule Vijayanagara is the most enthralling period for military exploits, daring conquests, spread of a sound administration. Numismatics is an important source for the study of history. At any given time, the coins in circulation can throw lot of light on then prevalent situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Register in Eastern Cham: Phonological, Phonetic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
    REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marc Brunelle August 2005 © 2005 Marc Brunelle REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES Marc Brunelle, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2005 The Chamic language family is often cited as a test case for contact linguistics. Although Chamic languages are Austronesian, they are claimed to have converged with Mon-Khmer languages and adopted features from their closest neighbors. A good example of such a convergence is the realization of phonological register in Cham dialects. In many Southeast Asian languages, the loss of the voicing contrast in onsets has led to the development of two registers, bundles of features that initially included pitch, voice quality, vowel quality and durational differences and that are typically realized on rimes. While Cambodian Cham realizes register mainly through vowel quality, just like Khmer, the registers of the Cham dialect spoken in south- central Vietnam (Eastern Cham) are claimed to have evolved into tone, a property that plays a central role in Vietnamese phonology. This dissertation evaluates the hypothesis that contact with Vietnamese is responsible for the recent evolution of Eastern Cham register by exploring the nature of the sound system of Eastern Cham from phonetic, phonological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Proponents of the view that Eastern Cham has a complex tone system claim that tones arose from the phonemicization of register allophones conditioned by codas after the weakening or deletion of coda stops and laryngeals.
    [Show full text]