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Surplus Arms in South America a Survey June 2009 Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc 1202 Geneva, Switzerland SURPLUS ARMS t +41 22 908 5777 f +41 22 732 2738 IN SOUTH AMERICA e [email protected] A SURVEY w www.smallarmssurvey.org ow are small arms and light weapons distributed in South America? This report examines owner- Contents ship among the armed forces, law enforcement H Overview agencies and public in the 12 independent countries of the region. The project was made possible by a grant from the Summary recommendations US Department of State, Office of Weapons Removal and Summary findings Abatement. Table I. Estimated South American military The project was undertaken by the Small Arms Survey small arms and surpluses, 2007 in cooperation with the Conflict Analysis Resource Center Table II. Estimated South American military (CERAC) of Bogotá, Colombia. This report was written by small arms, requirements, and surpluses, by Aaron Karp based on original research by Katherine Aguirre country and service Tobón, Arturo Contreras, Pablo Dreyfus, Brodie Ferguson, MANPADS in South America Enrique Arbulú Obando, Yadaira Orsini, Carolina Sampó, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento, Nicolás Urrutia, and Loreto Table III. Publicly reported South American MANPADS Correa Vera. Aaron Karp would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of Jorge Restrepo, CERAC Director, Country summaries Tania Inowlocki, who edited the report, and Rick Jones, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, who laid it out. Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela Methodology The data in this report is derived from country submissions when possible, and estimates when necessary. Estimates are extrapolated from each country’s identified procurement, highest modern personnel totals, and strategic doctrine. Except where noted, the military small arms and light weapons data presented here is not official, comprehensive or conclusive; it is for general evaluation and comparison only. The complete methodology used here is described in Chapter 2 of the Small Arms Survey 2006. Small arms are state-owned hand- guns, submachine guns, rifles, shot- guns, and light and medium machine guns. Firearms are civilian-owned handguns, submachine guns, rifles, Chilean anti-aircraft squad members parade with Mistral missiles during Army and shotguns. Day celebrations in September 2007 in Santiago. © David Lillo/AFP/Getty Images 1 Bibliography Map of South America Air Fleet Journal. 2005. ‘Igla for Israel, Strelets for Syria.’ No. 2. 7 June, International pp. 48–50. Moscow: Air Fleet Journal. boundary Capital city Dreyfus, Pablo et al. 2003. Small Arms Control in Mercosur. Latin America Series No. 3. London and Rio de Janeiro: International Alert and Viva Caribbean Sea Rio. June. Forecast International. 2000. ‘Blowpipe/ Javelin.’ April. Caracas IISS (International Institute for VENEZUELA G Georgetown U Paramaribo S S Y Strategic Studies). 2007. The Military Bogotá U Cayenne A R N FRENCH Balance 2007. London: Routledge. I COLOMBIA A N GUIANA (Fra) A SIPRI. 2008. Arms Trade Data Base. M Last accessed July. <http://www. Quito sipri.org/contents/armstrad/at_ ECUADOR db.html> Small Arms Survey. 2004. Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk. BRAZIL Oxford: Oxford University Press. PERU Lima Brasília La Paz BOLIVIA P A PA C RA N G U I A A C Y F Asunción E I H H C C O I URUGUAYURUGUAY O Santiago Buenos Aires C L Montevideo I C T E ARGENTINA E N A A N L T A Falklands/Malvinas 0 1,000km 0 500 miles 2 Surplus Arms in South America A Survey OVERVIEW ong at the forefront of international small arms as military small arms and light weapons are diverted to issues, public debate and activism in South America criminals and guerrillas, fuelling insurgencies and civil L have largely focused on matters surrounding civilian violence. This report focuses primarily on issues surround- firearms, estimated here to total between 21.7 and 26.8 ing surplus military small arms and light weapons in the million. The reasons for this civilian preoccupation are region. Law enforcement and civilian firearms inventories principally linked to chronic gun violence. South America and issues are recognized here as well, to insure a balanced has 14 per cent of the global population, and roughly 3.5 overall perspective. to 4 per cent of the world’s civilian firearms, but it suffers The region’s military establishments do not have a strong from roughly 40 per cent of all homicides committed with record of identifying or eliminating their surplus small firearms. arms, light weapons, or ammunition. South America holds Military small arms are rarely part of public debate, some of the world’s largest military small arms and light largely because of a strong culture of national security weapons surpluses. Military inventories are not exception- secrecy in South America. But military small arms policy ally large in absolute terms, but they are a major element has attracted much closer scrutiny in recent years, especially in global surplus problems. Among the 12 independent A Bolivian army soldier stands guard in the Munaypata neighbourhood of La Paz during the Gas War in October 2003. © Juan Karita/AP Photo 3 countries of South America, there are an estimated 3.6 Summary findings million military small arms as of 2007, 1.5 per cent of the What creates surpluses? The greatest force reducing global total. Of these, approximately 1.3 million, more than demand for military small arms in South America is the one-third, are surplus. decline in the size of the region’s armed forces. Most of its military surpluses are the unintended result of force reduction. Summary recommendations Further reductions in military personnel are to be s The formal small arms and light weapons requirements expected. Potentially harmful effects can be anticipated: of South American active-duty forces should be surpluses can be secured and destroyed systematically to available to national civilian leaders and the public. prevent theft and resale. s Inventories of military small arms and light weapons, What is the greatest threat posed by a surplus of military including obsolescent small arms, and ammunition small arms? The greatest threat posed by surplus small should be made publicly available. arms in South America is not war between states but civil s Reserve forces should be kept at the lowest levels violence, especially crime. Surplus military small arms possible to avoid exaggerating military small arms and are most dangerous when sold or lost to civilians. light weapons requirements. s Excess military small arms, light weapons, and ammu- How much is surplus? Of a total of approximately 3.6 nition should be destroyed under civilian supervision million modern military small arms in South America as and public scrutiny. of 2007, the region’s armed forces have legitimate require- ments for as many as 2.3 million, as summarized in Table I s Countries where surplus military small arms destruction and listed in more detail in Table II. is a special priority include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, The remaining 1.3 million military small arms are indis- Guyana, Paraguay, and Peru. putably superfluous to any reasonable military requirement. s Older-generation man-portable air defence systems Surpluses may be even higher if less generous standards (MANPADS) should be destroyed. Storage of newer are applied to military requirements. MANPADS should be made highly secure and accountable. Regional armed forces usually are unwilling to acknowl- s Countries where MANPADS destruction is a special edge surplus weapons and ammunition, viewing excess priority include Argentina, Ecuador, and Peru. as a national security asset. A soldier organizes seized weapons to be destroyed in Sogamoso, Colombia, in July 2007, marking International Gun Destruction Day. © William Fernando Martinez/AP Photo 4 Which countries have surplus small arms? Three-quarters them for reserve organizations. Large reserve organiza- of South America’s surplus is located in two countries: tions—which in South America often only exist on paper— Argentina and Brazil. Argentina alone is home to an conceal military small arms surpluses. estimated 552,000 unneeded military small arms (425,000 There is no direct evidence of countries exaggerating modern), the region’s largest absolutely and second-largest their reserves specifically to justify large material require- proportionately. Brazil, Chile, and Peru also have excep- ments. But in many cases—as in Brazil, Ecuador, and tionally large surplus stockpiles in absolute terms, but Paraguay among them—reserves increased as active they do not approach Argentina proportionately. personnel declined. Whether by design or effect, inflating Argentina stands out partially because it has reduced reserves justifies keeping equipment that otherwise its armed forces more than any other country in the region. should be eliminated. Unlike many of its neighbours, Argentina does not conceal The worst example is Venezuela, which recently its surpluses behind an inflated reserve system. If other established a Territorial Guard with a goal of 1.5 million countries were equally frank, the regional surpluses would members. Even if never completed, this creates a perma- be substantially larger and more equally distributed. nently unfulfilled requirement for small arms, ensuring Massive force cuts have left Guyana unable to make that Venezuela will never be compelled to declare any of reasonable use of roughly 83 per cent of the weapons in its official weapons
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