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MARINE GEOLOGY and SEDIMENTATION of MILNE BAY, NEW GUINEA. by D. Jongsma B.Sc

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MARINE GEOLOGY and SEDIMENTATION of MILNE BAY, NEW GUINEA. by D. Jongsma B.Sc MARINE GEOLOGY AND SEDIMENTATION OF MILNE BAY, NEW GUINEA. by D. Jongsma B.Sc.(Hons). A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the University of New South Wales. Date: 10th January, 1970. MEMORANDUM The following dissertation is the result of twelve months independent research in the School of Applied Geology at the University of New South Wales, and the Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra, under the supervision of Dr. A.N. Carter. Where the work of others, whether published, unpublished or personally communicated, has been referred to or made use of, the fullest acknowledgement has been given. Date: 8 -5 - i<^ jo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses his thanks to Dr. A.N Carter for his supervision in the preparation of this thesis. The assistance of Associate Professor F C. Loughnan, Dr. A.D. Albani, and Mr. G. Melville at the University of New South Wales is also gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks goes to Dr. H.A. Jones and Dr. N.H. Fisher at the Bureau of Mineral Resources, for providing the opportunity to undertake this project. The helpful suggestions of Dr. P.J. Cook and the assistance of Mr. T. Nicholas, Mr. R.N. England and the laboratory staff at the B.M.R. is also gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore thanks go to the technical staff in the Marine Geological Section of the B.M.R, in particular Messrs D. Warren, R. Dulski and M. Tratt for their part in this project. To Dr. C.V.G. Phipps and Professor W.G.H Maxwell of Sydney University thanks is expressed for making avialable the settling tube facilities. Drafting and typing facilities kindly supplied by the Bureau of Mineral Resources are also gratefully acknowledged. SUMMARY Milne Bay is a graben structure which originated during the formation of the Owen Stanley fault lineament on shore and the Pocklington Shear zone which runs east to Guadalcanal. The bay floor has been sinking in Quaternary times and a thick succession of marine sediments has collected within the bay. A (?)Pleistocene unconformity observed in the sparker records indicates rapid sub­ mergence in the central southern part of the bay. It is suggested that ultramafic basement material; derived from the upper mantle or lower oceanic crust due to collision of the simatic oceanic material with the sialic core of Papua, is at present sinking. A trough running parallel to East Cape Peninsula shows a similar trend to structural features on the D'Entrecasteaux Islands to the north. This trend is postulated to have originated during the left lateral shear of the region, which caused the offset of the Owen Stanley Metamorphic Belt. Bottom sediments are dominantly fine grained and poorly sorted. Deltaic progradation of terriginous material takes place in the western part of the bay, and calcareous sediments derived from marginal reefs accumulate on the slope and shoals to the east. Owing to a restricted bottom circulation a reducing environment occurs in the central region resulting in the deposition of calcareous sediments with a high organic content. LAY-OUT OF THESIS This thesis is divided into three parts. Part I is introductory giving the physical, oceanographical, and geological setting of Milne Bay. Part II contains a discussion of sparker traverses taken in the bay, while Part III is concerned with the sedimentology of Milne Bay based on surface sediment samples. Plates, figures and tables are distributed throughout the text except for Plate 1 which is found in the map pocket on the inside back cover. Appendices are found in the back of the thesis. LIST OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION (i) Locality of Area 1 (ii) Survey details 1 (iii) Purposes and scope of the investigation 2 (iv) Previous work 3 PART I GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL SETTING 4 1. GEOLOGY 4 (i) Regional geology 4 (a) Owen Stanley Metamorphic Belt 5 (b) Papuan Ophiolite Province 6 (c) Cape Vogel Basin 8 (ii) Local geology around Milne Bay 8 (a) Dawa Dawa Beds 9 (b) Recent deposits 9 (c) Intrusive Rocks 10 (iii) Geological History and Structure 11 of the area 2. GEOPHYSICAL DATA 13 3. TOPOGRAPHY AND COASTAL MORPHOLOGY 13 4. CLIMATE 14 5. OCEANOGRAPHY 16 6. BATHYMETRY 17 (a) Regional Bathymetry 17 (b) Milne Bay Bathymetry 18 PART II SPARKER TRAVERSES 21 (i) Introduction 21 (ii) Traverse 1 22 (iii) Traverse 2 23 (iv) Traverse 6 24 (v) Traverse 7 25 (vi) Traverse 3 27 (vii) Traverse 4 27 (viii) Traverse 5 28 (xi) Structure and sedimentation 29 PART III SEDIMENTS OF MILNE BAY 34 1. INTRODUCTION 34 2. COLOUR OF THE SEDIMENT 35 3. TEXTURAL DISTRIBUTION 36 4. GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS 38 (a) Introduction 38 (b) Sample statistics 39 (c) Discussion of the sample cumulative curves. 41 (i) Modality of the distributions 41 (ii) Gaps in the size distribution 42 (d) Sedimentary parameters of Milne Bay Samples 44 (i) Graphic Mean 44 (ii) Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation 44 (iii) Inclusive Graphic Skewness 48 (iv) Graphic Kurtosis 49 (e) Sources of sediment 49 (f) Geological significance of the parameters 51 4. CALCIMETRY 53 (i) Analytical Method 53 (ii) Results 54 (iii) Distribution of Ca Co^ percentage 54 5. OXIDISABLE MATTER 55 6. MINERAL COMPOSITION 57 (a) X-Ray Mineral identification 57 (b) Sand fraction study 57 (i) Contribution of organisms 57 (ii) Heavy Mineral Analysis 58 (iii) Light mineral Analysis 60 (c) Clay mineral analysis 61 (i) Method of study 61 (ii) Results 63 (iii) Discussion of Clay Mineral Results 63 7. GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 64 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REGARDING SEDIMENTS IN MILNE BAY 67 REFERENCES 68 7. Gravity Map 13a 8. Regional Bathymetry 17a 9. Sparker Traverses 21a 10. Structure Contours on Unconformity inMilne Bay 30a 11. A. Isopachs on Recent sediments in Milne Bay 30b 11. B Structure of Milne Bay 31a 12. Sediment Sample Stations 34a 13. Flow diagram of sample treatment 34b 14. Sediment of colour distribution 35 15. Textural classification diagram 36a 16. Textural distribution in Milne Bay 36b 17. Graphic calculation of parameters 39a 18. Frequency curve for sample 310 39b 19. Cumulative curves 41a 20. Cumulative curves 41b 21. Cumulative curves 41c 22. Graphic mean size distribution 44a 23. Mean size versus Sorting graph 45a 24. Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation 45b 25. Inclusive Graphic Skewness distribution 48a 26. Graphic kurtosis distribution 49a 27. Nomograph used in calculation of Carbonate Content 54a 28. Distribution of Carbonate Content 54b 29. Distribution of Oxidisable material 55a 30. Clay mineral structures 63a TABLES 1. Rainfall at Samarai 15 2. Sedimentary Parameters 40 3. Gaps in Cumulative curves 43 4. Scales for sorting 46 5. Verbal Limits on Skewness 46 6. Verbal Limits on Kurtosis 47 7. Clay mineral Classification 62 3. Average sediment composition 66 PLATES 1. Milne Bay Bathymetry (pocket) 2. Traverse 1 22a 3. Traverse 2 23a 4. Traverse 6 24a 5. Traverse 7 25a 6. Traverse 3 27a 7. Traverse 4 and 5 23 FIGURES 1. Locality diagram la 2 Principal structural units 4a 3. Regional Geology of Papua 5a 4. Evolution of Papuan Ultramafic Belt 7a 5. Local geology of Milne Bay area 8a 8. Pocklington Fault 12a APPENDICES 1. Station Data and Sample attributes 2 X-Ray diffraction results 3. Clay mineral results 4. Direct reading optical spectrograph results INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION (i) Locality of Area under study Milne Bay is located between latitudes 10°15fS and 10°35'S and longitudes 150°20'E and 151°15'E (Fig. 1). The bay is bounded by two peninsulas which form the southeasternmost part of the mainland of New Guinea. It has an area of approximately 2000 sq. km and a maxi­ mum depth of just over 560m. In form it is a steep sided flat floored basin and connexion with the open sea to the east is impaired by a sill at 300m. depth. (ii) Survey details This report deals with sparker records and surface sediments taken during the beginning of 1968 by the Marine Geology Group of the Bureau of Mineral Resources. A total of 5 days was speent in the area collecting samples and running sparker traverses. Seven sparker traverses were run across the bay, see Fig. (9), and a total number of 30 bottom samples were recovered from various localities in the bay (Fig. 12). The chartered survey vessel, the Kos II is an ex-whale chaser, a steel ship of 125 feet overall length. It was built in 1929 and is powered by a triple expansion steam engine driving a single screw. 14** I4«° ISO* IOO 200 100 Km SOLOMON CONAL SC A Fig. I - LOCALITY DIAGRAM P/A/26 2 -2- (iii) Purpose and Scope of the Investigation Milne Bay is of particular interest from a Marine Geological point of view. It forms part of a region which was and still is subject to much tectonic activity. As a result of this tectonic activity, the relief on the mainland of Papua New Guinea is extremely high, while the adjacent ocean basins are deep with very steep sided slopes. The continental shelf around Papua New Guinea is either completely absent or in the very early stages of formation. The extreme relief and high precipitation results in rapid denu­ dation and the supply of large amounts of sediment to the marine environment. The transportation and areal reach of these sediments is of much interest to the sedimentologist in reconstructing ancient environments. Furthermore at this latitude coral reef growth and organic life is at a peak also forming sources of sediment for Milne Bay. Milne Bay is a restricted basin since circulation of bottom water with the open sea is impaired by a sill.
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