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Settlement Succession in the Tensas Basin. Yvonne Phillips Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Settlement Succession in the Tensas Basin. Yvonne Phillips Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1953 Settlement Succession in the Tensas Basin. Yvonne Phillips Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Phillips, Yvonne, "Settlement Succession in the Tensas Basin." (1953). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 8041. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/8041 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SETTLEMENT SUCCESSION IN THE TENSAS BASIN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography by Yvonne Phillips B# A#, Northwestern State College of Louisiana, 19^1*7 M* A#, Louisiana State University, 1950 September, 1952 UMI Number: DP69419 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI DP69419 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the course of gathering the material for this dissertation and in its preparation, the writer has re­ ceived aid from so many individuals that to acknowledge all of them by name would be virtually impossible* The MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the master 's and doctor*s degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library are available for inspection. Use of any thesis is limited by the rights of the author. Bibliographical references may be noted, but passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission. Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work. A library which borrows this thesis for use by its clientele is expected to make sure that the borrower is aware of the above restrictions. LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ly acknowledges the help of the Staff of the Hill Memorial Library at Louisiana State University, and of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the course of gathering the material for this dissertation and in its preparation, the writer has re­ ceived aid from so many individuals that to acknowledge all of them by name would be virtually impossible* The writer1s gratitude to the hundreds of people who were interviewed and who cooperated with her in the field work is hereby expressed* A full measure of credit must go to the Office of Naval Research for sponsoring the research project of which this paper Is a part. Without the help of that organization and its personnel, the completion of this paper would have presented almost prohibitive difficul­ ties of cost and time* Appreciation is expressed to Dr* Pred B* Kniffen who directed the research and the preparation of this paper, to the other members of the Department of Geography of Louisiana State University, and to the graduate students at the University who were associated with the writer in the initial phases of the research# For aid in library research, the author grateful­ ly acknowledges the help of the Staff of the Hill Memorial Library at Louisiana State University, and of Miss Irens Pops, Refsrsnce Librarian, Seharlie M. Russell Library, Northwestern State College* The author is indebted to Mr. Marshall Carver of Natchitoches for the use of the American State Papers. This acknowledgment would be incomplete without a special word of appreciation to Dr. John S* Kyser who introduced the author to geography in the first place and whose interest and encouragement in her progress have never diminished. His advice and practical help in all phases of the preparation of this paper from photography to methodology and even proof-reading have been invaluable* Finally, to the author's parents, Mr* and Mrs. »T. M. Phillips, go heartfelt thanks for their spiritual and financial assistance* As long-time residents In the Tensas Basin, their excellent memory and observant nature have aided me as nothing else could* iii TABLE OP CO ITT ENTS CHAPTER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................ ii LIST............. OP TABLES ................... viii LIST.............. OP MAPS .................... ix LIST OP PHOTOGRAPHS ................ xi ABSTRACT .................................. xix I. SCOPE ANDMETHODOLOGY .................... 1 Purpose and area of s t u d y ........... 1 Evolution of study .................... 5 Elements to be studied .... 8 Research procedure . ............. 10 Organization of dissertation ••••••.•••. l6 II. THE TENSAS BASIN PRIOR TO 1830 .......... 21 Indian settlement................ 23 Conditions of white settlement ........ 2\\. The Natchez settlement ...... 27 Early land grants in the Tensas Basin •• 29 The Vidalia settlement . ...... .......... 32 Expansion of settlement from Vidalia ... 3^ The Lake Providence settlement .... ... 35 Squatter settlement . ...... ............ 38 Characteristics of settlement: buildings and crops *................. Ifl V CHAPTER PAGE Characteristics of settlement: transportation.................... I4.7 Summary . ...................... 53 III. THE TENSAS BASIN: I8 3O to i860 ......... 55 Pattern of settlement............. .. 58 Development of the plantation system •• 6l Characteristics of settlement: houses . 6I4. Characteristics of settlement: outbuildings, fences, fields ....... 714- Characteristics of settlement: transportation ..................... 80 Summary ...................... ...... 91 IV. THE TENSAS BASIN: i860 to I8 9 0 ..... 93 The Civil War ................ 93 Economic conditions during reconstruction ..................... 96 Results of the Y/ar: the share-cropper s y s t e m ........................ 100 Results of the war: land-ownership .... 103 Results of the war: contraction of settlement I0I4. Restoration and expansion of transportation ................ 106 Vi CHAPTER PAGE Su m m a r y ............................. 110 V. THE TENSAS BASIN: I89O to 1930 ........ 112 Railroad construction ............... 113 The settlement pattern .............. llk Lumberlng ........................... 118 Charactoristics of settlement: buildings ......................... 122 Characteristics of settlement: agriculture .............. 127 Summary ............................. 139 VI. THE TENSAS BASIN: 1930 to 1 9 $ 0 ....... ll|.l The introduction of livestock •••••••• llj-3 Land syndicates ......... ll|.5> The small farm movement .......... ll}7 The P. S. A. f a r m ................... lf?2 Natural gas .......... 15>3 The modern road system ........... 15>1|- Characteristics of settlement: houses .... *......... 1^6 Characteristics of settlement: outbuildings ...................... 163 Characteristics of settlement: churches ••••••.... l6£ vii CHAPTER PAGE Characteristics of settlement: field3 .. 167 Summary..................... ...... 170 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.............. 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................. 179 APPENDIX .. A. MAPS .................................... 1B6 B. PHOTOGRAPHS ............................. 21g C. CASE STUDIES ............................ 396 D. THE NFV/ELL MEMORIAL .................. k^-3 E. GLOSSARY V ........................... I|-17 LIST OP TABLES TABLE PAGE I, Size of the Early Land Grant Settlements in the Tensas B a s i n .................. 36 II. Population of Tensas Basin Parishes by Decades ............. ............. 5 6 III. Bice Production in the Tensas Ba s i n 136 LIST OP MAPS ixxrXLt General Locational Map of Louisiana .. .< 187 The Tensas B a s i n .................. .. 188 Settlement in the Tensas Basin about 18 03 ............................... 189 Trails and Roads in the Tensas Basin 1820 ............................... 190 Transportation in the Tensas Basin i8 6 0 ........................................... 191 Transportation in the Tensas Basin 1885 ........................................... 192 Transportation in the Tensas Basin 1910 ............................. 193 Transportation in the Tensas Basin 1930 ............................... 19k Distribution of the Open Passage House .............................. 19? Distribution of the Built-in Porch House .................. * 196 Distribution of the Shotgun House ..... 197 Distribution of the Bungalow ........ 198 Distribution of Log Outbuildings ..... 199 X MAP PAGE XIV. Number of Hip-roof Barns per Twenty Rural Dwellings .................... 200 XV. Rural Dwellings with Pour or More Barns *............................. 201 XVI. Number of Cultivated Fields per Twenty Rural Dwellings .................... 202 XVII. Number of Pa3 turos per Twenty Rural Dwellings ........... *............. 203 XVIII. Number of Gardens per Twenty Rural Dwellings ••••••..«................. 20if XIX. Number of
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