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Water Resources of Madison Parish, Louisiana

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Water Resources of Madison Parish, Louisiana Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Water Resources of Madison Parish, Louisiana Introduction Withdrawals for agricultural use—composed of general irrigation, rice irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture— Information concerning the availability, use, and quality of accounted for about 96 percent (48.86 Mgal/d) of the total water in Madison Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1), is critical for proper water withdrawn (table 2). Other categories of use included water-supply management. The purpose of this fact sheet is to public supply and rural domestic. Water-use data collected at present information that can be used by water managers, parish 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2010 and again in 2014 indicated residents, and others for stewardship of this vital resource. In that water withdrawals peaked in 2014 (fig. 2). The relatively 2014, 50.66 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were large increase in water use from 2005 to 2010 is largely withdrawn in Madison Parish: 44.37 Mgal/d from groundwater attributable to a change in the methods used for estimation of sources and 6.30 Mgal/d from surface-water sources1 (table 1). general irrigation land usage. General irrigation withdrawals from groundwater increased from 11.13 Mgal/d in 2005 to 28.28 Mgal/d in 2010 (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 1Water-withdrawal data are based on estimated or reported site-specific data 2016a). and aggregated data, which are distributed to sources. For a full description of water-use estimate methodology, see “Data Collection” in Sargent (2011). Tabulation of numbers in text and tables may result in different totals because of rounding; nonrounded numbers are used for calculation of totals. MADISON PARISH ARKANSAS EXPLANATION 91°10' Approximate altitude of base of fresh Lower Mississippi- TEXAS Greenville subbasin groundwater, in feet (modified from 91°30' 91°20' Cockfield MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA Smoot, 1988)—Deepest freshwater aquifer 91°00' contained within the alluvial aquifer, WEST CARROLL LOUISIANA GULF OF MEXICO except where noted. Datum is National 32°40' PARISH EAST CARROLL Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) 91°40' 17 PARISH Above NGVD 29 Bayou 65 Deer-Steele 90°50' subbasin 0 to 50 Macon Bayou Despair subbasin Eagle Lake Below NGVD 29 RICHLAND PARISH 0 to 49 Cockfield aquifer Joes MISSISSIPPI 50 to 99 Bayou Lower 100 to 199 Yazoo 32°30' 07370000 w 400 to 499 o u l subbasin l o 1,000 and deeper A i y 20 W a Sparta Approximate area where little to no Delhi Tendal Ma-64 B aquifer fresh groundwater is available 07369500 Tallulah A' R Approximate boundary of area showing o u Mound Vicksburg Fr-358 n n deepest freshwater contained within o da c w the underlying Cockfield and Sparta a ay B Delta 07289000 M a aquifers 32°20' Bayou y Alluvial u Mothiglam o FRANKLIN o Tensas River u aquifer River subbasin boundary y r a e PARISH v B Tensas subbasin i A A' Line of section (see fig. 3) MADISON PARISH R TENSAS RIVER ou i Well for which hydrograph is shown l Bay p il p Ma-64 NATIONAL LLowerower i (see fig. 4) M s s Mississippi- i WILDLIFE s U.S. Geological Survey surface-water s REFUGE Natchez i 07370000 streamflow site and number subbasin M 32°10' TENSAS PARISH U.S. Geological Survey surface-water- 07369500 quality site and number (see table 4) 0 5 10 MILES Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey digital data Albers Equal-Area Conic projection North American Datum of 1983 0 5 10 KILOMETERS Figure 1. Location of study area, Madison Parish, Louisiana. U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2019-3018 U.S. Geological Survey September 2019 Table 1. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by Groundwater Resources source in Madison Parish, Louisiana, 2014 (Collier, 2018). The primary freshwater-bearing aquifer in Madison Parish is the Aquifer or Mississippi River alluvial aquifer (figs. 1 and 3). The Sparta aquifer Groundwater Surface water surface-water body may also contain freshwater in small areas along the eastern border of the parish (fig. 1), and the Cockfield aquifer may also contain a Mississippi River alluvial 44.37 limited amount of freshwater in the northwestern and northeastern aquifer corners; however, these resources are not discussed further herein Miscellaneous streams 6.30 because of their limited extents in Madison Parish. The base of fresh Total 44.37 6.30 groundwater (water with a chloride concentration of 250 milligrams per liter [mg/L] or less) is present primarily in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer at an altitude that ranges from above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) in the northwestern corner of the parish to deeper than 100 feet (ft) below NGVD 29 in the northeastern corner of the parish. The base of freshwater is present Table 2. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by use in most of the parish between zero and 100 ft below NGVD 29. category in Madison Parish, Louisiana, 2014 (Collier, 2018). Historically, the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer has contained little to no freshwater in a small area northwest of Tallulah (fig. 1; Smoot, [<, less than] 1988). Use category Groundwater Surface water Total Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer Public supply 1.79 0.00 1.79 The Mississippi River alluvial aquifer, which extends across Rural domestic 0.02 0.00 0.02 Madison Parish, is a large regional aquifer that underlies various Livestock <0.01 <0.01 0.01 States and is called the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer Rice irrigation 10.98 2.74 13.72 in many places and publications (Saucier, 1994). The Mississippi River alluvial aquifer is composed of the sand and gravel component General irrigation 31.28 3.48 34.76 of sediments deposited primarily by the Mississippi River. These Aquaculture 0.29 0.07 0.36 deposits generally grade from silt and clay at land surface to coarse Total 44.37 6.30 50.66 sand and gravel at the base. The thickness of the Mississippi River alluvial deposit ranges from less than 100 ft in the southwestern part of the parish to greater than 180 ft in the eastern part near Delta. The altitude of the base of the aquifer ranges from less than 20 ft below NGVD 29 in a small area northwest of Tallulah to greater than 80 ft 60 below NGVD 29 near Delta (Whitfield, 1975). The primary source of recharge for the alluvial aquifer is the infiltration of precipitation, with secondary sources of recharge from EXPLANATION streams and rivers during high stage. Groundwater discharge is by 50 Groundwater way of natural flow into streams and rivers, evapotranspiration, and y Surface water a well withdrawals. In Madison Parish, the direction of groundwater d r movement in the alluvial aquifer has been generally towards the e p south, southeast, or southwest, depending on location (Whitfield, s n o 40 l 1975; Seanor and Smoot, 1995). l a g In 1990, a regional survey of water-level altitudes indicated that n o water levels in wells screened in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer i l l i ranged from less than 50 ft above NGVD 29 in the southwestern part m 30 n i of the parish to greater than 70 ft above NGVD 29 in the northeastern , l a part of the parish (Seanor and Smoot, 1995). Water levels at well w a r Ma-64 (USGS site number 322614091122001), located near Tallulah d h t (fig. 1), often fluctuated more than 4 ft seasonally and declined less i 20 w l than about 10 ft during 1975–2016 (fig. 4). Water levels at well a u Fr-358 (fig. 1; USGS site number 322210091290901), located near n n A the border with Franklin Parish and south of Delhi also fluctuated 10 seasonally and declined less than 10 ft during 1975–2016 (fig. 4). Groundwater use in Madison Parish increased during 1975–2014 from 9.04 Mgal/d to 44.37 Mgal/d (USGS, 2016a). State well-registration records listed 603 active water wells 0 screened in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in Madison Parish 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 in 2016: 526 irrigation wells, 61 domestic wells, 14 public-supply Year wells, and 2 industrial wells. Depths of these wells ranged from 27 to 153 ft below land surface, and reported yields ranged from 3 to Figure 2. Water withdrawals in Madison Parish, Louisiana, 3,500 gallons per minute (gal/min) (Louisiana Department of Natural 1960–2014 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2016a; Collier, 2018). Resources, 2016). In 2014, about 44.37 Mgal/d were withdrawn from the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer: 0.29 Mgal/d for aquaculture, 0.02 Mgal/d for rural domestic, 31.28 Mgal/d for general irrigation, less than 0.01 Mgal/d for livestock, 10.98 Mgal/d for rice irrigation, and 1.79 Mgal/d for public supply (Collier, 2018). WEST EAST A A' BEND IN SECTION PARISH EXPLANATION PARISH MADISON RICHLAND Hydrogeologic unit (modified LOUISIANA from Whitfield, 1975 and MISSISSIPPI Mississippi River Smoot, 1988) Mississippi River Aquifer containing alluvial aquifer Mississippi River levee surficial confining unit freshwater—Freshwater FEET Bayou Macon FEET Roundaway Bayou Joes Bayou Bayou Tensas Bayou Tensas Bayou Despair Joes Bayou Joes Bayou Willow Bayou Willow Cow Bayou contains a chloride 100 100 concentration of NGVD 29 Mississippi River alluvial aquifer NGVD 29 250 milligrams per liter or less 100 100 Aquifer containing saltwater Confining unit 200 200 Vicksburg Jackson confining unit Hydrogeologic contact 300 Cockfield aquifer 300 (modified from Whitfield, 1975)—Separates 400 400 hydrogeologic units Approximate freshwater/ 500 500 saltwater interface (modified from Whitfield, 600 600 1975 and Smoot, 1988) 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES NGVD 29, National Geodetic Vertical Datum 0 1 2 3 4 5 KILOMETERS of 1929 VERTICAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED Figure 3.
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