Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88060-2 — the Ottoman Road to War in 1914 Mustafa Aksakal Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88060-2 — The Ottoman Road to War in 1914 Mustafa Aksakal Index More Information

Index

Abdulhamid II, Sultan, 9, 24–5, 58 battleships. see Breslau, SMS; dreadnoughts, Adana massacres (1909), 9 Ottoman order for; Goeben, SMS; Adrianople (Edirne), impact on attitudes Greece; purchase of American of recovery of, 23–4 battleships Ahenk (newspaper), 21 Baykara, Tuncer, 14–15 Ahmad, Feroz, 14 Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet, History of the Turkish Ahmed Hilmi, S¸ehbenderzade, 29–31 Revolution,11–13 Ahmed I˙zzet Pasha, 188 Bedirhan, Abdürrezak, 88 Ahmed Res¸idBey, 106, 121 Benckendorff, A. K. Ahmed Rıza Bey, 59, 62 and Liman von Sanders affair, 81 Ahmed Saib, 25 doubts regarding Ottoman neutrality, 131 Akçuraog˘lu Yusuf (later Yusuf Akçura), intervention over British–Ottoman 55–6 dreadnought sale, 126–7 Ali Fethi Bey, 121 proposed Russian–British alliance, 47 Ali Fethi, Bulgarian reaction to Ottoman Berchtold, Leopold, count von naval attack, 184 attitude to Ottoman–Romanian Anatolia alliance, 89 as Turkish homeland, 30–1 promotion of German–Ottoman alliance, ethnic cleansing, 48–9 93–4, 95 see also Will Turkey Survive in Anatolia? rejection of Habsburg–Ottoman (Naci˙ Ismail) alliance, 84 Armstrong. see dreadnoughts, Ottoman support for German–Ottoman treaty order for extension, 184–5 Asquith, H.H., 81, 126 Berlin Congress (July 13, 1878), 5, 72–3 Austria-Hungary Bernhard von Eggeling, Russia and and German–Ottoman alliance, 93–4 Ottoman war, 82 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 58–9 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von issue of Ottoman loan, 62 attitude to Ottoman neutrality, 116 refusal of alliance, 61, 84 German–Ottoman negotiations during July Crisis, 100–1 bab-ı âli baskını (the Raid on the Sublime initial rejection of German–Ottoman Porte), 79 treaty extension, 185 Baghdad Railway on Entente attack on Straits, 117 and German investments in Syria, 57 report on implications of First Balkan disagreements settled, 83 War, 71 London’s hindrances to extension of, 60 report on German–Ottoman alliance, strategic importance, 69–70 70–1 use to colonize Anatolia, 27 requires declaration of war before further Balkan Wars funding, 150–1 psychological impact in Ottoman Empire, suggestion of attack on Suez Canal, 147–8 21–3 telegram ordering Ottoman naval attack see also First Balkan War (1912–13) in Black Sea, 155–6

208

Index 209

Bompard, Maurice, 112, 181 official statement on Black Sea naval Bratianu, Ion, 87 attack, 181–2 Breslau, SMS on national position in 1914, 19 and balance of power, 117–18 rejection of funding for Suez Canal arrival at Istanbul, 91 expedition, 17 arrival at the Straits, 110–18 response to confiscation of Ottoman “purchase” of, 118 dreadnoughts, 109 requested by Enver, 103–4, 113 written orders for naval attack on Britain Russia, 176 and Arab nationalism, 66 Cemil Bey attitudes towards in contemporary and Goeben going to Istanbul, 103 literature, 34 meetings with Moltke and Falkenhayn, military mission in Istanbul. see Limpus 105–6 naval mission negotiations regarding Bulgaria, 119–20 refusal of Anglo–Ottoman alliance, 59, 77 news of German need for Ottoman rejection of Ottoman reform proposals, 60 help, 165 response to Ottoman mobilization, 126 request for Dardanelles cannons, 149–50 responsibility for hostilities, 54–5 request for German naval mission, 136 seizure of Ottoman territories, 57 Charykov, M., 82–3 withholding of loans, 60 Chios, 5, 42 Büyük Duygu (journal), 36–8 see also Talat Pasha, (Mehmed), proposed Bulgaria Bulgarian–Ottoman–Romanian alliance with Central Powers, 122 alliance and attack on Thrace after alliance, 121 Churchill, Winston, 91–2, 126 declaration of independence, 58 Constantinople Agreement (1915), 55 likelihood of Ottoman alliance, 94–5 covert operations neutrality, 156–7 by Ottomans, against Russia, 89 position in Greek–Ottoman war, 52–3 by Russia, against Ottoman Empire, 88 rumored Ottoman alliance, 43 Crete, announced unification with Greece, 58 see also Radoslavov, Vasil CUP (Ottoman Committee of Union and Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance, 120, 122–3 Progress) coup against Grand Vezir Kâmil Pasha, 79 Cami (Abdurrahman Cami Baykut), 33–6 rise to power, 9 Capelle, Eduard von, 136 vote for war, 182 capitulations, 14 Carol I, king of Romania, 87 Demidov, E.P., 49 Caucasus Desk (Tes¸kilat-ı Mahsusa), 89 Doumergue, Gaston, views on Straits Cavid Bey question, 3–4 agreement of loan from France, 85 dreadnoughts, Ottoman order for exclusion from German–Ottoman loan, 167 and balance of power in Eastern mission to obtain loans, 60 Mediterranean, 49, 110–11 potential to redirect Ottoman policy, 171 attempt to reassure Russia regarding, 86 protest at outbreak of war, 180–1 demands for compensation for, 91 urges cabinet to demobilize, 169 Greek plans for pre-emptive war before Cemal Pasha delivery, 87 alliance attempt with the Entente, 90 Greek plans for war to prevent delivery, 43 and Black Sea operation decision, 159 non-delivery and seizure of Russian approval of naval attack on Russia, merchandise, 108–9 171–2 provoking Russian–British alliance, 47 Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance Russia blocking collection of, 61, 126–7 negotiations, 120 Russian opposition to, 45–6 congratulatory note over naval attack on Russia, 181 Eberhardt, Admiral, 134–5, 173–4 negotiations after start of First World Edirne (Adrianople), recovery of, 23–4 War, 91–2 education, and military effectiveness, 32–3

210 Index

Emanuelidi Efendi, 52 request for arms while promising future Enver Pasha action, 123, 138 Aegean islands dispute, 46 request for German naval mission, 135–6 against declaration of jihad,16–17 resignation letter, 188 and Bulgarian entry against Entente, 121 response to Kaiser Wilhelm II’s demand and German ships in the Straits, 115 for action, 137–8 arguments justifying German loan, 168–9 seizure of Entente ships and citizens, 186 attempt to make Balkan action submission of war plan, 172 conditional on Bulgaria, 154 successful recovery of Edirne attempts to postpone Ottoman (Adrianople), 23 intervention, 111, 112, 119–20 support of Liman’s proposed Odessa Black Sea operation, 157, 162 attack, 155 Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance negotiations, war ministry budget, 22 120, 122–3 ethnic cleansing, 43–4, 47–8, 51–2 complaint about Liman von Sanders, 17–18, 139–40 Fahreddin Bey, and alliance with Russia, congratulatory note over naval attack on 129–30 Russia, 181 Falkenhayn, Erich von congratulatory telegram from Goltz, 17 approval of Ottoman war plan, 172, 173 CUP coup against Grand Vezir Kâmil instruction to Liman on Ottoman Pasha, 79 action, 156 death, 15–16 meeting Cemil Bey, 105–6 false claim of Romanian offer of alliance, 85 “No aid without hostilities” statement, 149 German refusal of loan, September 10, Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria, 119 147–50 First Balkan War (1912–13), 22–3, 71 German–Ottoman alliance negotiations Fischer, Fritz, 64 during July Crisis, 96–8, 99, 101, France 102–3 agreement of Ottoman loan, 84–5 grandiosity, 15 intentions for French rule in Syria, 55 historical view of, 1–17, 190 postponement of Ottoman loan, 80–1 holy war rhetoric, 35–6 letter calling for revenge, 38 Germanos V, 53 naval attack on Russia German–Ottoman alliance attempt to delay, 176–7 casus foederis,99 authorization for, 177 crisis over Ottoman inaction, August concerns over, 174–5 1914, 137–41 ordered by Enver, 63, 64 crisis over Ottoman inaction, September proposal, 170–1 1914, 156–63 report to Said Halim of Russian existence revealed to Bulgaria, 120 “attack”, 180–1 main provisions, 100, 102 written orders, 176 mention of, 99, 100–1 negotiations after start of First World negotiations during July Crisis, 93–102 War, 91–2 reasons for, 191–3 note from Said Halim Pasha on likelihood Russian knowledge of, 110 of war, 10–11 September 10, 147–52 offer of Black Sea naval demonstration, signing of, 102–4 148–9 treaty extension, 184–5 Ottoman mobilization, 104–10 Germany pledged support for Vienna, 96 attitudes towards in contemporary power conflict with Said Halim, 106–7 literature, 34–5 preference for Caucasus campaign, 148 consideration of alliance, 35 proposal of alliance with Russia, hopes from Ottoman entry into war, 127–8, 129 156, 166 rejection of funding for Suez Canal initial rejection of alliance, 62 expedition, 17 investments in Syria, 57

Index 211

military mission in Istanbul, see Liman Greece von Sanders mission Aegean islands dispute, 43 naval mission in Istanbul in August attempt to play on Russian fears over 1914, see Usedom mission Straits, 49 plans for interim administration in Great Power recognition of sovereignty Istanbul, 78 over Aegean islands, 46–7 protectorate over Ottoman Empire, 90–1 June 12 demands, 50–1 role in Ottoman entry into non-support from Serbia, 50 war, 62–72 purchase of American battleships, 111 supply of warships and funds, 62 rejection of Romanian mediation, 43–4 use of German ships by Ottomans, 106 Russian concern over Aegean islands war plans, 144–5 dispute, 44–6, 49–50, 51 Giers, M. N. Greek–Ottoman negotiations, 144 Aegean islands dispute, 43–4 Grey, Sir Edward and Russian occupation of eastern and Istanbul as international city, 78–9 Anatolia, 75 and Liman von Sanders mission, 80–1 apparent belief in Ottoman neutrality, 112 defense of Limpus mission, 46 ascribed Strait’s closure to German justifying war with Ottomans, 134 military mission, 108 on Egypt, 68 at Livadia meeting, 86–7 refusal of British–Ottoman alliance, 59 attempts to contain Ottoman–Greek warning to Istanbul, 131 crisis, 51–2 Gulkevich, K. N., 44–5, 77 concern at Ottoman pre-emptive war Gwinner, Arthur, 167 against Russia, 127 concern over pushing Ottomans into Hafız Hakkı,32–3 war, 135 Halil Bey departure from Istanbul, 181 call for nationalist movement, 27 intercepted telegram, 92 claims in memoirs, 10 knowledge of Ottoman war plan, 173–4 delegation to Berlin, 176–7 note on Straits’ annexation, 4 Greek–Ottoman negotiations, 144 proposed trade of Limnos for Ottoman proposal for naval attack on Russia, 170–1 neutrality, 45 hareket-i intibahiye,19 recommending forcing open the Straits, Helfferich, Karl, 167 49–50 Helphand, Alexander (pseud.), 54–5 suggestion of pre-emptive Russian action, Hilmi Pasha, 46–7, 89 101–2 History of the Turkish Revolution (Bayur), 11–13 support for Enver’s proposed Russian- How Germany Revived and How It Is Ottoman alliance, 127–9, 130–1 Preparing for War (Recai), 31–2 Goeben, SMS Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, 84 and balance of power, 117–18 Hüseyin Kâzım Bey, 53–4 arrival at Istanbul, 91 Humann, Hans arrival at the Straits, 110–18 and Halil Bey’s visit to Berlin, 160–3 Ottoman “purchase” of, 118 and Ottoman Egypt expedition, 150 requested by Enver, 103–4, 110, 113 cabinet reversal of Black Sea operation requested by Said Halim, 113 decision, 158 rumors of sale to Ottoman navy, 35 concerns over naval attack on Russia, 178 shelling of Sevastopol, 179 Enver’s arguments on German loan, 168–9 Goltz, Colmar von der on conciliatory note after naval attack on annexationist thinking, 65 Russia, 182–3 congratulatory telegram on declaration of requested clarification of Souchon’s war, 17 position, 159 on German–Ottoman alliance, 69–70 sent to ask Enver about Liman reform of the Ottoman army, 69 conversations, 139–40 report on implications of First Balkan written orders for naval attack on War, 71 Russia, 176

212 Index

Hussein–McMahon Correspondence Lichnowsky, Karl Max, Fürst von, (1915–16), 55 comparison of Liman mission with Limpus mission, 80 I˙brahim Hakkı Pasha, and Baghdad Railway Liman von Sanders mission extension, 60 crisis surrounding, 3, 80–3 Idaho, USS, 111 German-Ottoman alliance treaty imposed historical amnesia, 13 stipulations, 99, 100, 104 intellectual/emotional climate within negotiations for, 79 Ottoman Empire, 29–36 resulting in increased German attitudes to position of Ottoman Empire influence, 63 and the International Order, 21–9 Liman von Sanders, Otto overview, 19–21, 39–41 anger at delay in Ottoman intervention, international law, Ottoman loss of faith in, 112–13, 138–9 21–2 on German–Ottoman alliance, 94 Italy, challenges to Ottoman proposal to attack Odessa, 155 territories, 57 report of plans for Ottoman attack on Izmir, 43–4 Russian army, 137 Izvolskii, A. P., 3–4, 82–3, 84–5 report on signing of German–Ottoman I˙zzet Pasha, 85 alliance, 110 request for officers to attack Suez Jagow, Gottlieb von Canal, 148 and Black Sea naval demonstration, 149 support of Enver’s request for SMS and coercion of Ottomans into Goeben, 110 war, 163 view sought for German–Ottoman approval of funding for Egypt alliance, 102–3 expedition, 150 Wangenheim evaluation of proposals to attitude to British declaration of coerce Ottomans into war, 163 war, 112 Limnos demand for action from Ottomans, 140 proposed trade for Ottoman neutrality, 45 fear of formal partition, 68 strategic importance, 42 German interest in Turkey, 67 Limnos (battleship), 111 German–Ottoman treaty extension, Limpus naval mission 185 assignment to desk jobs, 91 reaction to Russian proposal for eastern comparison with Liman von Sanders Anatolia, 73–4 mission, 80, 81 rejection of German–Ottoman Limpus, Arthur Henry, 46 alliance, 94 Livadia meeting, 85–7 Joll, James, 18 Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, 79, 99–100, 166–7 Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vezir, 11, Mahmud S¸evket Pasha, 11, 79 59, 79 Mallet, Sir Louis, 77, 181 Kampen, Wilhelm van, 66 Mediterranean Squadron Kavalla, 52 (Mittelmeerdivision, MMD), 71–2 Kâzım Karabekir, 20–1 Mehmed V Res¸ad,Sultan, 16–17, 104–5 Kilkis (battleship), 111 Mentes¸e,Halil, see Halil Bey Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 1st Earl Midhat Çiftlig˘i, 104 Kitchener of Khartoum, 68, 126 Mississippi, USS, 111 Kokovtsov, V. N., 81 Moltke, Helmuth von, the younger Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich, 143–4, cable demanding Ottoman action, 145 147, 164–5 creation of German war plans, 144–5 Kubanetz (gunboat), sinking, 179 meeting Cemil Bey, 105–6 Kühlmann, Richard von, 178 submission of Ottoman war plan, 172 view of the war, 64 Laffert, Karl von, 139, 141–2 Müdafaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti (Society for Leontiev, General, 126–9, 130–1 National Defense), 38

Index 213

Mühlmann, Carl, 64–5 seizure of Entente ships and citizens, 186 Mustafa Kemal, 15, 122 trial of wartime cabinet members, Mutius, Gerhard von, 70–1 188–90 Mytilene, xiii, 5, 42, 44–5, 46, 85–7, 144 war plan, 172–3 see also Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance; Naci I˙smail (pseud.), 25, 28–9 German–Ottoman alliance; Greek- National Aid Society (Osmanlı Donanma ve Ottoman negotiations; naval attack Muavenet-i Milliye Cemiyeti), 53 on Russia by Ottoman Empire naval attack on Russia by Ottoman Empire Ottoman Future, The acceptance by Berlin, 171, 173 Its Enemies and Its Friends (Cami), 33 approval of Said Halim, 172 Ottoman Public Debt Administration, 59 attempts to delay, 171–2, 174, 176–7 concerns over, 174–5, 177–8 Pallavicini, Johann von conciliatory note, 183 advised of Ottoman–Russian events, 178–82 friendship, 84 final authorization for, 177 advising against sending Goeben and plan detail, 173 Breslau into Black Sea, 124 proposal, 170–1 Central Powers protectorate over Russian knowledge of, 173–4 Ottoman Empire, 68 written orders, 176 endorsement of Said Halim’s insistence Nazım Bey, Dr., 1908 London mission, 59 on Bulgarian guarantee, 114 Nazım Pasha, death during CUP coup, 79 on Ottoman intervention and Italy, 174 Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 134 promotion of German–Ottoman alliance, Noradonkyan Efendi, 62, 79 95, 96 Said Halim’s concerns over naval attack Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress on Russia, 171–2 (CUP), see CUP (Ottoman support for German–Ottoman treaty Committee of Union and Progress) extension, 184–5 Ottoman Empire Pan-Islamism alliance attempts with the Entente, 90, as fabrication of the Triple Entente, 35 127–35 German ideas of, 16 alliance with Germany, 91–2 Parvus (pseud. of Alexander Helphand), cabinet meeting procedures, 162 54–5 covert operations against Russia, 89 Pohl, Hugo von, 151 CUP vote for war, 182 Poklevskii, S. A., 82 declarations of war, 183–4 “post-war amnesia”,13 Entente guarantee of territorial integrity, Prut (minelayer), sinking of, 179, 180 3–4 entry into 1914 war Radoslavov, Vasil, 52–3, 151, 184 Bayur’s view, 11–13 Raid on the Sublime Porte, 79 historians’ view, 1, 13 Recai, 31–2 psychological climate, 13–18, 191 Res¸adiye, see dreadnoughts, Ottoman this book’s view, 1–11, 193 order for expulsion from Europe, 1 Romania financial situation, 59–60 Enver Pasha’s proposal for Romanian Great Power directive on military mediation, 46 activities, 78–9 on intervention in Greek–Ottoman international position after Balkan Wars, war, 87 77–9 refusal of alliance, 62 military weakness, 57–9 Rum mobilization, 104–10 expulsion from Ottoman Empire, 47–8, multi-national fleet off Istanbul, 78 51–2 policy alternatives, September 1914, impossibility of coexistence with 153–4 Muslims, 53 search for allies, 59, 61–2, 84, 85–7 Rumeli,5

214 Index

Russia on German squadron’s entry to Straits, approval of warship to cruise Anatolian 114–15 coast, 50 pledged support for Vienna, 96 Balkan league as holding measure, 92 power conflict with Enver, 106–7 Black Sea fleet superiority, 110–11 reasons for German–Ottoman alliance, blocking collection of dreadnoughts, 61 192–3 concern over Aegean islands dispute, refusal of responsibility for hostile action, 44–6, 49–50, 51 180–1 concerns over Ottoman naval strength, 61 resignation threat, 158, 162 covert operations against Ottoman suggestion for German naval base in Sea Empire, 88 of Marmara, 168 deal with Austria–Hungary over Bosnia- suspicion of Enver’s memorandum on Herzegovina, 58 Russian “attack”, 180–1 dependence on Straits, 42 view of German–Ottoman alliance and knowledge of Ottoman war plan, 173–4 Ottoman recovery, 153 Livadia meeting, 85–7 Sazonov, S. D. obstacles to Ottoman reform, 60–1 Aegean islands dispute, 44–5 preparations for war with Ottomans, conditions for reforms in eastern 132–3 Anatolia, 60–1 promotion of Kurdish rebellion, 88 intervention over dreadnought sale, 45–6, reform proposal for eastern Anatolia, 126–7 72–7 keeping Ottomans outside the war, 130 response to Ottoman seizure of Russian knowledge of Ottoman war plan, merchandise, 109 173–4 retaliation for Ottoman naval attack, on intervention upon closure of the 183–4, 186 Straits, 87 seizure of Ottoman territories, 57 on military intervention in eastern see also Giers, M. N.; Sazonov, S. D. Anatolia, 74, 76 opposition to Istanbul as international Said Halim Pasha, (Mehmed) city, 78–9 acquisition of Goeben and Breslau, 116 Ottoman territorial acquisition, 78 Aegean islands dispute, 44–5 policy on Straits’ annexation, 4 attempt to enlist British support, 59 reaction to Liman von Sanders mission, 80 attempts to force Bulgarian–Ottoman rejection of Russian–Ottoman alliance, alliance, 113–14 128–9 attempts to postpone Ottoman war with Turkey, cause of, 134–5 intervention, 112–13 warnings of Balkan war escalation, 88 Bayur’s view of, 11 Schlieffen, Alfred von, 144–5 Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance negotiations, Sebiha, N., 38 120, 122–3 Serbia, would not support Greece in war, 50 concerns over naval attack on Russia, social Darwinism, 30 171–2 see also Büyük Duygu (journal) efforts for Habsburg–Ottoman alliance, 84 Society for National Defense (Müdafaa-i ethnic cleansing, 48–9 Milliye Cemiyeti), 38 exploitation of July Crisis, 114 Souchon, Wilhelm German–Ottoman negotiations during clarification of Porte’s position regarding, July Crisis, 95, 99–100, 101–2 159–60 meeting with Giers during July Crisis, complaint to Enver about Cemal 101–2 Pasha, 159 meeting with Wangenheim over Black Sea complaint to Said Halim over Black Sea operation, 160–1 operation, 159 negotiation of German–Ottoman treaty Entente attack on Straits, 117 extension, 185 instruction to break out of Straits, 117 note to Enver Pasha on likelihood of war, instruction to take action in Black Sea, 10–11 151, 157, 165–6

Index 215

instruction to take Goeben to ethnic cleansing, 43–4, 48 Istanbul, 110 formal hearing on Greek Orthodox on necessity of Goeben to hold the Ottomans, 52 Straits, 124 Greek–Ottoman negotiations, 144 report of British jamming radio Livadia meeting, 85–7, 90 signals, 143 on alliance or neutrality, 163 sabotage by British naval mission, 46 pledged support for Vienna, 96 Wangenheim’s report on Ottoman postwar power, 188 neutrality, 169–70 proposal for naval attack on Russia, 170–1 written orders for naval attack on proposed Bulgarian–Ottoman–Romanian Russia, 176 alliance, 87 see also naval attack on Russia by Ottoman reasons for German–Ottoman alliance, Empire 191–2 sources, 10 seizure of Entente ships and citizens, 186 Straits support of collection of war-taxes from closure of, 107–8 non-Ottomans, 108 conditions for German squadron’s entry, Tanin (newspaper), 20 114–15 terminology, x–xi defensibility of, 117, 124, 125–6, 141–2 Tes¸kilat-ı Mahsusa (Caucasus Desk), 89 definition of, 107 Tevfik Pasha, 60, 77, 113 Russian ambassador’s note on Thrace, 43–4 annexation, 4 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 136, 142–3 Russia’s dependence on, 42 Toshev, Andrei, 45, 120, 174–5 Sublime Porte Treaty of Bucharest, 52 1914 foreign policy challenges, 3 Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878), Raid on, 79 72–3 Sublime Porte’s intelligence service, Triple Entente, attitudes towards in Russian ambassador’s note on contemporary literature, 34 Straits’ annexation, 4 Trumpener, Ulrich, 63–4 Suez Canal German–Ottoman campaign against, 147 Ubeydullah Efendi, 23–4 see also Wangenheim, Baron Hans von, Usedom mission, 135–7 suggestion to attack Egypt Usedom, Guido von, 143, 153, 158 Sukhomlinov, V. A., proposal to mass Russian troops in Ottoman Vardar, Galip, 190 territory, 76 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 46–7 Sultan Osman, see dreadnoughts, Ottoman Vickers, see dreadnoughts, Ottoman order for order for surnames, xiii Vorontsov-Dashkov, Prince I. I., 88 Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916), 55 Syria, British challenge to Ottoman Wangenheim, Baron Hans von authority, 57 and German squadron’s entry to Straits, Szögyény, Ladislaus, count von, and 114–15 German–Ottoman alliance, 94 color-coded maps, 67 endorsement of Enver pan-Islamic, Talat Pasha, (Mehmed) 137–8 and Black Sea operation endorsement of Said Halim’s insistence decision, 158 on Bulgarian guarantee, 114 Bayur’s view of, 11 Enver’s false claim of Romanian offer of Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance negotiations, alliance, 85 120, 122–3 fear of formal partition, 68 claiming Balkan obstacles to Ottoman German–Ottoman alliance negotiations intervention, 146 during July Crisis, 95, 96–101, 102–4 CUP coup against Grand Vezir Kâmil misgivings over naval attack on Russia, Pasha, 79 170–1, 175

216 Index

Wangenheim, Baron Hans von (cont.) German–Ottoman alliance negotiations on balance of powers in the Balkans, during July Crisis, 98–9, 100 124–5 instructions to Liman on Enver, 140 on German–Ottoman alliance, 94 on Ottoman alliance, 62, 68–9, 70 promotion of Ottoman action in Black Ottoman naval attack in Black Sea, 151, Sea, 160–1 155–6 proposed Bulgarian–Ottoman–Romanian promotion of pan-Islamist ideology, 16, 66 alliance, 89 reform of Ottoman army, 69 reaction to Bulgarian–Ottoman alliance, Russian troops on Ottoman border and 122–3 partition, 75 relationship with Enver Pasha, 17–18 selected Liman as head of German report of Enver’s reversal on Black Sea military mission to Istanbul, 79 operation, 158 view of the war, 64 suggestion to attack Egypt, 146 Will Turkey Survive in Anatolia? (Naci support for Enver regarding Liman, 139 I˙smail), 25–7, 28–9 support for German–Ottoman treaty women, attitudes toward, 32, 37 extension, 184, 185 support of delayed Ottoman intervention, Young Turk Revolution (1908), 24 111, 112, 123–5, 142, 143, 146–7, 148–9, 151, 161, 163–4, 169–70, Zekeriya Köyü, 104 174–5 Zimmermann, Arthur support of Enver’s request for SMS agreement for German–Ottoman loan, Goeben, 110 166–8 warning of Russian provocateurs in funding of Egypt expedition, 150 eastern Anatolia, 74–5 report of Enver’s reversal on Black Sea war ministry, budget approved without operation, 158 debate, 22 support for German–Ottoman treaty Wilhelm II, Kaiser extension, 185 and First Balkan War, 71 urged approval of Ottoman war plan, 173 annexationist thinking, 65 Wangenheim’s report on benefits of demands for Ottoman action, 137–8 Ottoman neutrality, 169–70