Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's Literature Based on Klingberg's Model

Journal of Language and Translation Volume 10, Number 3, 2020, (pp.145-155)

Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's Literature based on Klingberg's Model

Alireza Bahremand * ¹ M.A. in English translation, Member of the Faculty of English Language and Literature, College of Literature and Humanities, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Iran

Received: 17.8.2020 Accepted: 19.9.2020

Abstract This research sought to identify the translation strategies adopted by the translator in Persian translation of 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based on Klingberg's model (1986). To achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative content analysis design was selected for it. The corpus of the study consisted of 60 pages of the novel 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' and its Persian translation by Sara Farazi (2019). This work was representative of children's literature. The pages were randomly selected as the corpus of the study. For data collection purposes, after the selection of the English novel and its Persian translation, the researcher and an expert in translation qualitatively analyzed the English texts and translations to identify the strategies used in the Persian translations of the selected pages. They did this by comparing the English and Persian texts based on Klingberg‟s model (1986). Finally, they identified the most frequent translation strategy used in the English to Persian translation of the novel by calculating the frequency and percentages of the identified translation strategies. Having analyzed the data, the researcher found that the following strategies were used in the Persian translation of “Whatever after, Fairest of all” written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based on Klingberg‟s model (1986): added explanation, deletion, localization, and substitution. Moreover, it was found that the most frequent strategy used in the Persian translation of 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mly- nowski' based on Klingberg‟s model (1986) was substitution. The main implication of the study is that translators use different strategies when translating children's literature, as an attempt to convey the correct meaning of the source text through adapting source culture with target culture.

Keywords: Children's literature, Klingberg‟s Model (1986), Translation, Translation Strategies

INTRODUCTION Research Society for Children's Literature A genre translation of which is of high impor- (IRSCL), which was devoted to the translation of tance is children's literature. Research on transla- children's books, as a starting point for the re- tion of children's literature dates back search in this area. Generally, children‟s litera- to the1970s.(Lathey, 2006) Lathey (2006) re- ture is characterized by some elements that make gards the third symposium of the International it different from adult literature .(Farzaneh & Haratyan, 2017,p:149-160) Children‟s literature, *Corresponding Author‟s Email: [email protected] which is appropriate for children, has some cha-

146 Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's … racteristics such as proportionality, mental pro- this limitation of knowledge is due to the fact that portionality, educational proportionality, artistic children are not aware of other cultures, languag- embodiment, etc. found by literary, psychological es and geographies. and educational studies (Farzaneh & Haratyan, As mentioned, a way to cope with the prob- 2017,p:149-160) These characteristics have led to lems and difficulties of translation, translators use the inevitable use of translation strategies by different strategies when translating. However, translators when translating children‟s literature. inappropriate use of translation strategies has led Different classifications of translation strategies to the low quality translations with many errors have been proposed for translation of children in the market. What complicates the matters more literature among which Newark's (1988) strate- is that equivalents of most of the items, particu- gies, Davies‟ strategies(Shehab Abood, 2018), larly culture-specific items, cannot be found in Aixela's strategies ,(Yousefi, 2017,p:62-75) bilingual dictionaries; therefore, as a common Klingberg‟s strategies (1986), etc. can be men- strategy, many translators intentionally delete tioned. This study is concerned with the classifi- them or use deletion strategy .(Saberi, 2015) This cation proposed by Klingberg (1986). can lead to generation of translations which do As implied in the previous paragraph, A not completely and correctly convey the meaning prominent figure in the translation of children's of the source text (ST). literature is Klingberg (1986) who is often re- Furthermore, reviewing the existing litera- ferred to as the father of Swedish research into ture, it is revealed that while some studies have children's literature .(Dukmak, 2012) In his mod- addressed the English translation of children‟s el, similar to other models in the realm of transla- literature based on some models, missing in the tion of children‟s literature,(Klingberg, literature is a study on translation strategies in 1986) enumerated the following strategies for English to Persian translation of 'Whatever after, translation: added explanation, rewording, expla- Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski', as a natory translation, explanation outside the text, popular children's work, based on Klingberg‟s substitution of an equivalent in the culture of the model. 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by target language, substitution of a rough equiva- 'Sarah Mlynowski' is considered as popular since lent in the culture of the target language, simpli- it is one of the bestsellers as admitted by different fication, deletion and localization. These strate- publications. These stimulated the researcher to gies will be explained in the section on the theo- address the translation strategies used in the Per- retical framework of the study. sian translation of children's literature based on Klingberg's model. This is the gap this study Statement of the Problem aimed to fill. To fulfill the purpose of the present Abundance of children's literature has turned study, the following research questions were ad- them into an important element in different lan- dressed: guages. However, translating for adults or for RQ1: What translation strategies have been children, is a challenging task. What makes the adopted by the translator in the Persian situation more difficult is that a clear boundary translation of 'Whatever after, Fairest of cannot be determined between the problems as- all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based sociated with children's literature and adults' lite- on Klingberg‟s model? rature .(Asghari & Salmani, 2016,p:965- RQ2: What translation strategies have been 971)Generally, to solve the problems associated adopted by the translator with the high- with translating children's literature, translators est frequency in the Persian translation should resort to different translation strategies so of 'whatever after, Fairest of all' written that the limitation of children‟s knowledge can be by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based on Kling- compensated for. According to Lathey (2006), berg‟s model?

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 3, 2020 147 LITERATURE REVIEW • Deletion: Omitting the CSI for ideological Theoretical Issues or stylistic reasons. The main theoretical approaches to the transla- • Autonomous creation: a non-existing refer- tion of children's literature include those of ence in the source text is added to the text Klingberg (1986), Aixela (1996) and Davies in translation. (2003). All the three models offer a set of strategies for translation of children‟s literature. They Davies’s Model are explained in the following: Davies (2003, as cited in Shehab Abood, 2018, p. 35) proposed the following seven strategies in his Aixela’s Model model: Aixela's (1996, as cited in Yousefi, 2017) model • Preservation: Davies distinguishes two focuses on cultural items and their treatment in types of preservation in his study. The translation. He has proposed the following strate- first is maintaining the 'reference to an gies for translation of children‟s literature: entity which has no close equivalent in • Orthographic adaptation: that is transcrip- the target culture' in translation without tion and transliteration of the cultural ref- any change. The second type of preser- erence when the target language uses a vation is when the source term is given a different alphabet from the source. literal translation without any added ex- • Linguistic (non-cultural) translation: the planation. reference is given a denotatively close • Addition: Under addition, Davies in- translation to the original, but it can still cludes cases where the original refer- be recognized as belonging to the source ence is preserved but supplemented with culture. additional information judged necessary • Extra textual gloss: one of the above men- by the translator. This addition could be tioned procedures is used. However, included directly in the main text, or some extra explanation is provided out- provided outside the text as in footnotes. side the text in the form of a footnote, • Omission: A problematic cultural refer- endnote, glossary, etc. ence may be deleted altogether in trans- • Intertextual gloss: this is similar to the pre- lation, 'so that no trace of it is found. vious case, but the explanation is in- • Globalization: Davies uses the term cluded within the text as an 'indistinct 'globalization' in the sense it is used in part of the text, so as not to disturb the the software localization and globaliza- reader's attention'. tion industry. Thus it means 'replacing • Synonymy: the culture-specific item (CSI) culture-specific references with ones is replaced by a synonym in order to which are more neutral or general, in the avoid repeating it. sense that they are accessible to au- • Limited universalization: replacing the CSI diences from a wider range of cultural for another reference also belonging to background. the source culture but is considered less • Localization: In contrast to globalization, specific and closer to the reader's under- the translator may 'try to anchor a refer- standing. ence firmly in the culture of the target • Absolute universalization: replacing the CSI audience' rather than 'aiming for culture- for a neutral reference for the readers de- free descriptions'. leting any foreign connotations. • Transformation: Transformation covers • Naturalization: replacing the source CSI by cases where the CSI is totally changed one that belongs to the target culture. in a way that could be considered dis-

148 Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's … torting to the original. results, although the translators have used differ- • Creation: This is the case where a new ent kinds of strategies in the translation of Mark CSI not present in the original is intro- Twain‟s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, no sig- duced in the translation. nificant differences were found in the strategies used by the translators. Haghshenas (2012) inves- Klingberg’s Model tigated the strategies used in English-Persian While Klingberg (1986) is a strong supporter of translation of children's literature based on Venu- the literal translation approach, he distinguishes ti's (1995) categorization of translation strategies. nine different strategies for translation of child- To this aim, twelve western children books and ren‟s literature: their Persian translations were compared. The Added Explanation: The cultural element in results showed that foreignization strategy was the source text is retained but a short explanation the most common strategy used by translators. In is added within the text. a study by Ebrahimi and Lesan Toosi (2013), Rewording: What the source text says is ex- translation strategies used in the English transla- pressed but without use of cultural element. tions of the collocations in Sa‟di's „Bustan‟ were Explanatory Translation: The function or use examined. Through data analysis, it was revealed of cultural element is given instead of the foreign that the most frequent strategy used by the trans- name for it. lators was literal translation. Sadeghi and Farjad Explanation outside the Text: The explanation (2014) investigated translation strategies used in may be given in the form of a footnote, a preface English into Persian translation of idiomatic ex- or the like. pressions based on Baker's (1992) classification Substitution of Equivalence in the Culture of of strategies. Data analysis demonstrated that the the TL. strategies used by the participants do not conform Substitution of a Rough Equivalent in the Cul- to Baker's (1992) classification of strategies. Be- ture of the TL. sides, it was shown that factors such as subject‟s Simplification: A more general concept is prior knowledge of target and source idioms and used instead of a specific one, for instance the the context of use of idioms influence the choice genus instead of the species. of strategies. Sabzalipour and Pishkar (2015) Deletion: Words, sentences, paragraphs or conducted a study on the English into Persian chapters are deleted. translation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Localization: The whole cultural setting of the Prince based on Fernandes (2006) and Farahzad‟s source text is moved closer to the readers of the (1995) model of translating strategies. The results target text. of the study showed that the most frequent strategy used has been transliteration strategy. Besides, Empirical Studies on Translation Strategies it was shown that all of Fernandes‟s (2006) strat- In Makinen‟s (2010) study, translation strategies egies have been applied by the translator except used in the Finnish and German translations of transcription, transposition and conventionality. personal names in the three first Harry Potter Alharthi (2010, as cited in Babaee Dugulsara & books was explored. (Makinen, 2010)This study Sanaee, 2016) addressed translation strategies was mainly concerned with translation of differ- used by Arab translators when translating Sein- ent names as the cultural markers. According to feld. The findings indicated that eight types of the results, adaptation was the most-frequently- strategies were used in the corpus, using different used strategy in the translations. Newton-Bruzza strategies under the influence of parameters such (2011) analyzed translations of the novel Mark as cultural and linguistic differences between the Twain‟s Adventures of Huckleberry source and target languages and cultures, inter- Finn.(Newton-Bruzza, 2011) According to the semiotic redundancy, inter-textuality, media-

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 3, 2020 149 specific constraints, viewers‟ knowledge of the Sharei (2017) sought to examine translation strat- show, and the simplicity of the humor in the egies in Persian translation of the novel 'The Old source text. Scholtes (2016) conducted a research Man and the Sea' by Najaf Daryabandari and to determine whether or not there is a significant Mohammad Taghi Faramarzi based on Vinay and difference in the use of translation strategies in Darbelnet‟s model. It was found that modulation translation of wordplay. The analyzed corpus literal translation were the most frequent strategy included instances of wordplay in animated Dis- in Najaf Daryabandari‟s and Faramarzi‟s transla- ney films. To achieve the objectives, the re- tions, respectively. Furthermore, adaptation strat- searcher watched and analyzed several Disney egy was used in Faramarzi‟s translation but not in films. Results of data analysis showed that the Daryabandari‟s translation. Ahmadi (2017) at- most frequent strategy used in translation of sub- tempted to investigate translation strategies in titles was literal translation. However, paraphrase translation of idioms from English into Persian was the most frequent strategy used in transla- using Baker's model (1992). The findings showed tions of dub. Leshkovich (2016) analyzed transla- that four strategies of Baker's model were used in tion strategies used in the translation of selected translating idioms and paraphrase was the most episodes in the American sitcom Friends. To common strategy. Bahraman and Erfaniyan Qon- reach this objective, a qualitative study was con- suli (2017) investigated Persian to English trans- ducted in the way that several episodes were cho- lations of the Shahnameh based on Newmark‟s sen and the translation of linguistic and culture- model to identify translation strategies used by specific features in them were analyzed to identi- the translators in translating this work. The re- fy the strategies of translation used in translations searcher found the used of following strategies in of different kinds of jokes. It was demonstrated the translations: Functional Equivalent, Modula- that word-for-word strategy was used more fre- tion, Cultural Equivalent and Naturalization. quently than the other strategies. Abbasi and It can be clearly seen in the literature that no Koosha (2016) aimed to investigate the frequen- study, to the best knowledge of the researcher, cy of the use of two strategies, namely, expansion has been conducted on translation strategies in and reduction, in the two English translations of English to Persian translation of 'Whatever after, book one of Masnavi. For this purpose, 300 lines Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski', as a of Masnavi by Rumi (2014) along with its two bestseller in children's literature, based corresponding English translations by Nicholson on Klingberg‟s model. This study was an attempt (2004) and Whinfield (2001) were critically ana- to bridge this gap. lyzed based on Nida and Taber's (2003) theoretical framework. Based on the findings of the METHODS present study, both translators applied the expan- In line with the objectives of this study, that is, sion strategy more than the reduction. In a study investigating translation strategies in the Persian by Daghoughi and Hashemian (2016), translation translation of 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' writ- strategies used in translation of cultural items was ten by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based on Klingberg‟s investigated in English translation of Jalal Al- model, a qualitative content analysis design was Ahmad‟s By the Pen by Ghanoonparvar (1988) appropriate for it because the content of Persian based on Newmark‟s model. To this aim, first, and English texts were analyzed qualitatively. the researcher analyzed the source and target This type of design “has made a significant con- texts based on Newmark‟s model to identify tribution both to translation practice and to trans- translation strategies used in translations. Results lation theory. In translation practice, corpora showed that functional equivalent was the most have had a decisive impact as concerns the work frequently used strategy, and modulation and pa- of translation professionals, learners and users.” raphrase were the least frequently used ones. (Zanettin, 2013, p. 20)

150 Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's … Corpus target language, substitution of a rough equiva- The corpus of this study included 60 pages of the lent in the culture of the target language, simpli- novel 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by fication, deletion and localization. In cases of 'Sarah Mlynowski' and its Persian translation by disagreements, the raters consulted with a third Sara Farazi. The novel was written in 90 pages expert to reach a consensus. It is worth mention- from which 60 pages were randomly selected as ing that the researcher selected the English novel the corpus of the study through simple random 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah sampling (i.e., selecting 60 page numbers ran- Mlynowski' because it was one of the bestsellers domly from the whole page numbers). The novel in children's literature, as formally admitted by 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah some publications. The Persian translation of the Mlynowski' was published in 2012 by Scholastic novel has also been re-published for nine times in Press in New York. The Persian translation of the Iran. novel by Sara Farazi was released in 2019 by DATA ANALYSIS Porteghal Publication. Given that in this study, The qualitative analysis of the data included the English and Persian texts were compared with content analysis of the English and Persian texts each other, parallel corpus was used. by the raters to identify the translation strategies used in the translations based on Klingberg‟s Procedure (1986) model. To do the statistical procedures on For data collection purposes, after the selection the collected data, the frequency and percentage of the English novel 'Whatever after, Fairest of of the translation strategies were calculated by all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' and its Persian descriptive statistics. translation by Sara Farazi, first, the researcher randomly selected 60 pages of the novel. In the RESULTS next stage, the translation strategies used in the Content analysis of the data revealed that the fol- English translations of the selected pages of the lowing strategies were used in the Persian trans- novel were identified based on Klingberg‟s lation of the English novel: added explanation, (1986) model by the researcher and an expert in deletion, localization, and substitution. Explana- translation. They did this by comparing the Eng- tions of these strategies were provided in the lish and Persian texts based on Klingberg‟s theoretical framework section. (1986) model. It is worth repeating that Kling- Some examples of the translation strategies berg (1986) proposed the following strategies for used in the Persian translation of the English translation: added explanation, rewording, expla- novel are presented in Table 1: natory translation, explanation outside the text, substitution of an equivalent in the culture of the

Table 1. Translation Strategies in the Persian Translation of the English Novel Source Text (ST) Target Text (TT) Translation Strategy Substitution گزگن بَ ُْا tag Substitution ُز کی تک بیارٍ eenie meenie miney Added explanation ًَ عالی ًیست Not Added explanation پٌج ثاًیَ five Localization پٌی Penny Localization کزٍ اسبی بَ ًام پٌی Penny‟s pony, Penny‟s pony, Penny‟s pony Added explanation حاال تْ گزگی You‟re it Added explanation کزٍ اسب خاًْم Penny‟s pony Added explanation پس هي االى یخ سدم ّ دیگَ I‟m frozen

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 3, 2020 151 ًوتًْن فزار کٌن Added explanation هي گزگ بْدم I was it Added explanation گزفتوت ّ بِت دست سدم I tagged you Added explanation بایذ بَ یکی دیگَ دست بشًی تا Now you have to tag someone else to make اّى گزگ بشَ. them be it Added explanation ّاسَ ُویي اسوش گزگن بَ That‟s why the game is called it.” I blink. “I ُْاست ”.mean, tag Substitution گزگ بعذی freeze tag you should get to do a happy dance …………. Deletion Substitution ًبایذ گزگ بشی You should not have to be the new it Localization اسویت ّیل Smithville Substitution ُوَ ی ًْشابَ ُا Coke, Pepsi, and Orange Crush Substitution ًْشیذًی soda Substitution ًْشابَ، ًْشابَ، ًْشابَ Pop! Pop! Pop Coke pops on your tongue. It doesn‟t soda on ………….. Deletion your tongue. Substitution ساًذّیچ هْس لَ شذٍ gloppy banana mush Added Explanation ّقتی بزادرم ًوی گذارد بخْابن My annoying wake-up playing tag …………. Deletion Abby! Abby! Abby! ...... Deletion Jonah …………….. Deletion broccoli …………………. Deletion chocolate cookie ………………. Deletion jack-in-the-box ...... Deletion Localization هًْالیشا the Mona Lisa Substitution هاهاى Mom Substitution بابا Dad Crumbs ...... Deletion Substitution آقای هحتزم mister glow-in-the-dark ………….. Deletion Substitution ُیسسسسسس، آرّم Shush Added Explanation ساعتن خیلی دقیق است ّ ثاًیَ I have a supercool timer on my watch ُا را هی شوارد Substitution گزگن بَ ُْا باسی هی کٌین I‟ve been tagged Localization اسویت ّیل Smithville Substitution ُوَ ی ًْشابَ ُا Coke, Pepsi, and Orange Crush Substitution ًْشیذًی soda Substitution ًْشابَ، ًْشابَ، ًْشابَ Pop! Pop! Pop Coke pops on your tongue. It doesn‟t soda on ………….. Deletion your tongue.

Table 2 shows the frequencies and percentag- translation of the novel. es of the translation strategies used in the English

152 Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's … Table 2. lipour and Pishkar (2015), Sharei, Yazdanmehr Frequencies and Percentages of Translation and Firooziyan Pour Esfahani (2017) according Strategies to whom different translation strategies are used Strategy Type Frequency Perce n- by translators in translating different genres. This tage finding can be justified by saying that since children's knowledge is limited in different as- pects, conveying the correct meaning of the Added explanation 21 25.92% source text to them is a complex task calling for Deletion 19 23.45% the use of different strategies. This can also be Localization 15 18.51% justified by arguing that due to cultural differenc- Substitution 26 32.09% es and since there is no exact equivalence for some English cultural items in the Persian cul-

ture, the translator has been obliged to use differ- As seen in Table 2, totally, 81 cases of the use ent strategies to prevent from some problems of strategies were identified in the analyzed trans- such as cultural crisis in children who are the lation. To be more specific, there were 21 cases main audience of children's literature. Closely of added explanation, 19 cases of deletion, 15 tied with this issue, it has been argued that when cases of localization, and 26 cases of substitution. translating between different languages, transla- As seen above, among the four types of the tors cannot neglect the cultural differences exist- strategies identified in the translation, the most ing between the ST and the TT (Seif Sheshnavi & frequent strategy was substitution with the fre- Deedari, 2014) and to adapt the source culture quency of 26 and the percentage of 32.09%. with the target culture, they are inevitable to ben- Added explanation was the second-most frequent efit different strategies. This issue is of high im- strategy with the frequency of 21 and the percen- portance in translating children's literature since tage of 25.92%. The third-most frequent strategy children are prone to imitate target culture due to was deletion with the frequency and percentage the nature of their age. of 19 and 23.45%, respectively. Finally, the The other finding of the present study was that fourth position regarding the frequency belonged among the four types of strategies used, the most to localization with the frequency of 15 and the frequent strategy was substitution. This finding is percentage of 18.51%. consistent with Christensen (2014) wherein re-

placement was identified as a frequent strategy in DISCUSSIONS English-Danish translations. (Christensen, To discuss about the results, it should be said that 2014)This is also in line with the report of Sa- the collected data were analyzed to explore the bermahani and Ghazizade (2017) who investi- strategies used in the Persian translation of the gated English to Persian translation of children‟s English novel 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' writ- literature based on Aixelá, Davies, Fernandes, ten by 'Sarah Mlynowski'. The results of data and Klingberg models and concluded that substi- analysis showed the use of four types of strate- tution is a frequently applied strategy in transla- gies in the Persian translation of the novel based tion of children literature. A justification .(Ehsani on Klingberg‟s model. They included added ex- & Zohrabi, 2014,p:420-424) Therefore, transla- planation, deletion, localization, and substitution. tors use this strategy very much when translating That different strategies were used in the Persian different genres. Another possible justification translation of the novel is consistent with the re- for this finding is that expressing the intention of sults reported by Bai (2018), Dastmard, Gowhary the author in the terms of the TT makes the TT and Azizifar (2016), Habtoor and Al-Qahtani more comprehensible for the audience. (2018), Kafipour (2016), Larasati (2013), Sabza

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 3, 2020 153 CONCLUSION Contribution to new knowledge To conclude the study, as argued before, research One implication of the results is for translators in on the translation of children's literature is not the sense that they become aware of the transla- new and it dates back to the1970s. Therefore, it tion strategies used in the Persian translation of has been touched in the existing literature. But, the English novel 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' the volume of works done in this area in Iranian written by 'Sarah Mlynowski'. To be more partic- context is not rich. Among the huge amounts of ular, they become informed of the efficiency of works in the scope of children's literature, the used strategies and therefore, can decide to 'Whatever after, Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah use these strategies in their translations or try the Mlynowski' is a popular novel for all ages includ- other strategies. The other implication is that ing children. However, the researcher found no translation students become familiar with Kling- study on the Persian translation of this novel berg‟s model and the strategies proposed in the based on Klingberg‟s model. These led the re- model and how this model is applied in the Per- searcher to start this work with the aim of inves- sian translation of the novel 'Whatever after, tigating translation strategies used by the transla- Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski'. To tor in the Persian translation of 'Whatever after, be more specific, since Klingberg‟s model is a Fairest of all' written by 'Sarah Mlynowski' based popular and detailed model in the area of transla- on Klingberg's model. Results of data analysis tion of children‟s literature, this awareness can showed that four types of the strategies have been help them as future translators in translating used in the English to Persian translation of the children‟s literature. The other implication of the novel: added explanation, deletion, localization results is that those involved in the industry of and substitution. Also, it was found in this study children literature take new insights about the that substitution was the most frequent strategy strategies used in translation of a popular work of used by the translator. this genre.

154 Translation Strategies in English to Persian Translation of Children's … References Social and Behavioral Sciences,, 98, Ahmadi, M. (2017). A contrastive analysis of 420-424. idioms and idiomatic expressions in three Farzaneh, N., & Haratyan, F. (2017). English and Persian novels for translation Chesterman‟s professional norms in purposes. Language Art, 4(2), 103-116. Children‟s story translation: Lion, Witch Asghari, M., & Salmani, B. (2016). Cultural- and the Wardrobe. Chesterman’s context adaptation in translation of professional norms in Children’s story children's short stories from English to translation: Lion, Witch and the Persian. Theory and Practice in Wardrobe, 3(2), 149-160. Language Studies, 5(6), 965-971. Habtoor, H. A., & Al-Qahtani, A. A. (2018). Babaee Dugulsara, F., & Sanaee, S. (2016). A English cultural expressions translation: study on the translation of simile in some Strategies used in rendering Narnia of Hafiz's sonnets. International Journal Chronicles into Arabic. Theory and of Language Learning and Applied Practice in Language Studies, 8(8), Linguistics World (IJLLALW), 3(13), 12- 1015-1023. 22. Haghshenas, Z. (2012). A cross- cultural study of Bai, Z. (2018). On translation strategies of animal symbolism in the Persian. Journal English movie titles. Journal of of Educational and Social Research, Language Teaching and Research, 11(1), 131-146. 119-124. Klingberg, G. (1986). Children's fiction in the Christensen, L. S. W. (2014). A study of the hands of the translators. Lund: Bloms strategies employed in the rendering of Boktryckeri Ab. technical language. Department of Larasati, D. A. (2013). An analysis on the Business Communication, School of translation of the collocations in Negeri Business and Social Sciences. 5 Menara. Sarjana Pendidikan thesis. Dastmard, K., Gowhary, H., & Azizifar, A. Satya Wacana Christian University. (2016).). Investigating patterns of Faculty of Language and Literature. reciprocal englishpersian translation of Lathey, G. (2006). The translation of children 's collocations by Iranian EFL Learners. . literature: A reader. Clevedon, Buffalo, Theory and Practice in Language Toronto: Multilingual Matters. Studies, 11(6), 2140-2150. Leshkovich, A. (2016). Translation of humor in Dukmak, W. (2012). The treatment of cultural media from English speech to Swedish items in the translation of children's subtitles: A pilot study of selected literature. Doctoral dissertation. The episodes in the Sitcom friends. B.A. University of Leeds, School of Modern thesis. Goteborgs University. Languages and Cultures. Makinen, K. (2010). Harry Potter and the Ebrahimi, S., & Lesan Toosi, F. (2013). An challenges of translation: treatment of analysis of English translation of personal names in the finnish and collocations in Sa‟di‟s Orchard: A german translations of the three first comparative study. Theory and Practice harry potter books by J. K. Rowling. in Language Studies, 1(3), 82-87. Master thesis. University of Jyväskylä. Ehsani, F., & Zohrabi, K. (2014). Assessing Jyväskylä. Translation of Advertising Text (English- Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. persian) based on House's Functional- New York: Prentice Hall. Pragmatic Model of TQA. Procedia - Newton-Bruzza. (2011). Culture marked: Racist epithets in translations of Mark Twain's

Journal of language and translation, Volume 10, Number 3, 2020 155 adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Master Seif Sheshnavi, M., & Deedari, R. (2014). thesis. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Investigating translation strategies of Barcelona. culture-specific items in alignment with Saberi, D. (2015). Translators’ strategies for the Nord‟s binary translation typology. A translation of cultural markers from case study of unaccustomed earth. English into Persian in a literary text. Journal of Language and Translation, MA thesis. University of Putra Malaysia. 2(4), 85-94. The School of Graduate Studies. Sharei, S., Yazdanmehr, E., & Firooziyan Pour Sabzalipour, M., & Pishkar, K. (2015). Esfahani, A. (2017). Translation of Translation strategies of proper nouns in anthroponyms in children‟s cartoons: A children‟s literature. Journal of Applied comparative analysis of English linguistics and language research, 6(2), dialogues and Persian subtitles. Journal 73-79. of Language and Translation,, 4(7), 21- Sadeghi, B., & Farjad, A. (2014). Translation 31. strategies of English idioms by EFL Shehab Abood, A. (2018). Translation of culture- learners: Baker‟s model in focus. specific reference in Shakespeare's International Journal of Language Hamlet into Arabic. Master thesis. Learning and Applied Linguistics World University of Anbar, College of (IJLLALW), 3(6), 247-259. Education for Humanities, Department of Scholtes, E. (2016). Translating humor: A case English. study of the subtitling and dubbing of Yousefi, S. (2017). Translation of cultural wordplay in animated Disney films. specific items: A case study of Gulistan Master Thesis for MA Linguistics: of Saadi. Journal of Applied Linguistics Translation in Theory and Practice. and Language Research, 5(4), 62-75. Leiden University.

Biodata Mr Alireza Bahremand holds a master degree in English Translation. He is a member of the Faculty of English Language and Literature, Col- lege of Literature and Humanities, Velayat Uni- versity, Iranshahr, Iran. His main interests are English translation and teaching translation. Email: [email protected]