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We Call It Survival

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We Call It Survival WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 1 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 2 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 We Call It Survival THE LIFE STORY OF ABRAHAM OKPIK I think that a child, from the beginning, is a special gift to everyone of us, whether we are in Alaska or Greenland or in other parts of the world. It was always a special gift to all of us that when people get older like me, the new generation will carry on our culture, language and values. – Abraham Okpik WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 3 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 4 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 We Call It Survival THE LIFE STORY OF ABRAHAM OKPIK Abraham Okpik Edited by Louis McComber Life Stories of Northern Leaders Volume One WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 5 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 Life Stories of Northern Leaders Series Volume One We Call It Survival Copyright @ 2005 Nunavut Arctic College, Louis McComber Photographs courtesy: The National Archives of Canada, The Northwest Territories Archives, Elijah Allen, Kathy Okpik, René Fumoleau, Louis McComber. Maps design by Julie Dussault with the contribution of Eileen Devinney from the Alaska National Park Service. Front cover photograph courtesy: Karim (Kimo) Rholim. Back cover photograph courtesy: Elijah Allen. Boating on the Cumberland Sound out of Pangnirtung. From left to right: Rose Okpik, Kathy Okpik, Kevin Okpik, Abe Okpik, Josh Hunter (back), unidentified boy, Kilabuk Kullualik (front), Wendy Hunter (front). Front and back cover design: Stéphane Cloutier. Printed in Montréal by MARQUIS imprimeur Inc. All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication, reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system, without written consent of the publisher is an infringement of the copyright law. ISBN: 1-896-204-71-6 Published by the Language and Culture Program of Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, with the generous support of the Northwest Territories Department of Education, Culture and Employment; the Nunavut Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth. The publication of We Call It Survival completes the first phase of the project Inuit Voices in the Making of Nunavut, a project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada For order information: Nunavut Arctic College P.O. Box 600 Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0 WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 6 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................... 9 Introduction: Memories from a Storyteller ................ 13 Chapter One Childhood in the Mackenzie Delta ......................... 27 Chapter Two First Contacts with Christianity .............................. 43 Chapter Three From Noatak River to the Mackenzie Delta .......... 57 Chapter Four Naming ..................................................................... 81 Chapter Five All Saints Residential School ...................................... 93 Chapter Six From All Saints Residential School to Trapping in the Delta .............................................................. 103 Chapter Seven From the Trap Line to the Edmonton Hospitals ... 115 Chapter Eight The DEW Line: 1954 .............................................. 135 WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 7 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:150:38:15 Chapter Nine Working with the Federal Government .................. 157 Chapter Ten The Emergence of Aboriginal Political Leadership ..... 179 Chapter Eleven Project Surname ....................................................... 203 Chapter Twelve You Call It Supernatural; For Us It is Survival ...... 225 Chapter Thirteen Working with the Language ..................................... 247 Chapter Fourteen The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline ............................... 255 Chapter Fifteen Looking Ahead ......................................................... 271 Chapter Sixteen The Co-operative Alternative .................................. 289 Chapter Seventeen The Beginning of Aboriginal Political Organizations .. 309 Chapter Eighteen A Special Way of Communicating .......................... 327 Chapter Nineteen Put Your Mind in the Right Direction ................... 343 Glossary ........................................................................ 359 References .................................................................... 367 Index ............................................................................ 371 WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 8 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:160:38:16 Acknowledgements Abe Okpik travelled extensively geographically, culturally and intellectually, and this book is the culmination of his journey and his unique contribution to northern history. It was stimulating to meet with Abe; he always had the right word and the right smile to make everyone around him feel good. When I was interviewing Abe, I was fas- cinated by his story, and later, reading the transcripts of the interviews over and over again for editing, I was still captivated. So, here is your book, Abe: thank you for working with me! An essential contributor to this project from beginning to end has been Susan Sammons, from Nunavut Arctic College’s Language and Culture Program. I offer many thanks to Susan for her dedicated work on Abe’s book: she put in untold hours patiently editing the manuscript. It was Susan who agreed to publish Abe’s biography as a Nunavut Arctic College publication and, most importantly, helped to find the funding to have it printed. I gratefully acknowledge Noel McDermott, instruc- tor in the Nunavut Teacher Education Program. Noel deeply believes in the importance of putting in writing the incredible cultural heritage of the Inuit, and he has been instrumental in the publication of dozens of children’s books in Inuktitut. He has supported this project from the beginning and worked on the manuscript to transpose into written style what was at first the transcript of a number of conversations. WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 9 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:160:38:16 10 WE CALL IT SURVIVAL Another person deserving my gratitude is Lynn Peplinski, the coordinator of the Iqaluit Research Institute at Nunavut Arctic College in 1997. I am also happy to thank Louis-Jacques Dorais, pro- fessor of anthropology at Université Laval. One of the difficulties was to find northern experts who could help with the verification of details such as people’s names or place names. Louis-Jacques not only diligently read the manuscript but suggested the proper spellings for many of the Inuktitut words and names. Thank you also to the first year students in the Lan- guage and Culture Program at Nunavut Arctic College for providing the Inuktitut translation of the manuscript: Anthony Ittuksardjuat, Marykulu MacMunn, Johnny Manning and Letia Qiatsuk. Thanks are also due to Maaki Kakkik for translating other parts of the book and proof- reading the Inuktitut version. I must also mention the excellent work of Saali Mikijuk for keyboarding several pages of the manuscript. Many of Abe’s relatives helped by providing photo- graphs and verifying details. Kathy Okpik, Abe’s daughter, shared her unflagging interest in the project. In Inuvik, Abe’s youngest brother Elijah Allen and his wife Mabel gener- ously invited me to their house and spent hours answering my questions. I also enjoyed my conversations with Victor Allen, Abe’s cousin, and Rosie Albert, Abe’s niece, both from Inuvik; they have a remarkable interest in oral history. It was always a pleasure to discuss the project with Victor’s daughter Judy Mahoney, who now lives in Iqaluit. I would also like to acknowledge the particular contri- bution of Karim (Kimo) Rholim who, back in 1997, took the beautiful picture of Abe that is on the cover. Equally important is the contribution of Stéphane Cloutier who artfully designed the cover page. The book would not be complete without the maps prepared by Julie Dussault with the generous collaboration of Eileen Devinney of the Alaska National Park Service. WWee CCallall aanglais-4englais-4e eepr.inddpr.indd 1100 22005-09-29005-09-29 220:38:160:38:16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 Gordon Emberley’s help on wartime aircraft was also very useful. I would also like to thank Brent Michaluk from the CBC radio archives for providing information on early radio broadcasting. Many people deserve thanks for helping to solve specific issues: Ernest Benedict, Charles Choque o.m.i., René Fumeleau o.m.i., Kenn Harper, George Koneak, Russell Moses, Murielle Nagy of Université Laval, William Schneider of Alaska Fairbanks University, Holly A. Dobbins from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, and Loretta Sabirsh from the Northwest Territories Legislature Archives. The project was first supported by a financial contribution from the Northwest Territories Department of Education, Culture and Employment and later by a grant from Nunavut’s Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth. This financial support is greatly appreciated. At the beginning of 1999, Inuit in the newly created territory of Nunavut had the opportunity to correct the official spelling of their names at no cost for a period of eighteen months. Some people chose to do this; many did not. In view
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