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The Emerging Modern Greek Nation and British Romantic Literature

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The Emerging Modern Greek Nation and British Romantic Literature The Emerging Modern Greek Nation and British Romantic Literature by Alexander Grammatikos A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Language and Literature Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017, Alexander Grammatikos Abstract This dissertation contributes to the field of British Romantic Hellenism (and Romanticism more broadly) by emphasizing the diversity and complexity of Romantic- era writers’ attitudes towards, and portrayals of, Modern Greece, especially the ways that early nineteenth-century British literature about contemporary Greece helped to strengthen British-Greek intercultural relations and, ultimately, to situate Greece within a European sphere of influence. My study primarily focuses on fictional works because, as I demonstrate, Romantic literature, more than any other network of discourses of the early nineteenth century, intervened in debates about Modern Greece not merely by documenting facts but by creating realities, portraying imagined Greek-British encounters that encouraged readers to envisage new social, political, geographical, and cultural vistas and alliances for both Greece and Britain. As I argue, British Romantic writers’ representations of cross-cultural relations between Greeks and Britons gesture toward their growing sense of, and concern with, Britain’s international conduct and reputation, especially after 1815 when Britain was transforming into a dominant imperial power. The writers I examine use Modern Greece and Hellenism to interrogate and understand their country’s role not only within Greece, but also within a transnational, global world, the geopolitical dynamics of which were in flux. In discussing Greek- British Romantic-era intercultural relations, my study focuses on the wide range of private and public political positions available to British Romantic writers and emphasizes that the Greek War of Independence and Greece’s subsequent liberation were not isolated national events, but instead the outcome of the political, cultural, and literary debates and discourses taking place for at least half a century in Europe and Greece. By ii rooting my literary analysis in the historical, cultural, and geopolitical, I provide an account of British Romantic Hellenism that emphasizes the ways in which British writers engaged with a variety of discourses in reproducing versions of Greece that concretized the country. Greece is no longer merely the (imagined) topos of a glorified ancient people or of a degraded modern populace, but repositioned by British Romantic writers as a country integral to the modern, global world of the early nineteenth century. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the intellectual, emotional, and financial support I have received from various family members, friends, professors, colleagues, and institutions during my academic studies. Paul Keen—thank you for encouraging me to pursue my literary interests, for helping me to both shape and refine my ideas, and for celebrating my successes. You have been a great supervisor and friend. Julie Murray—I have appreciated your intellectual generosity and personal warmth over the last six years. Thank you for being an amazing mentor and friend. Andrew Wallace— your astute and very kind feedback on my writing has been tremendously beneficial. Thank you, too, to John Osborne and Jonathan Sachs for agreeing to join my dissertation committee and for offering feedback on my work. This dissertation was supported financially through a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Doctoral Fellowship, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship, a Graduate Research and Innovative Thinking Award, an Alfred and Isabel Bader Student Travel Award, a George Alexopoulos Memorial Scholarship, and a Gordon J. Wood Graduate Scholarship in English. The Carleton University, Simon Fraser University, and University of Athens libraries provided me with most of the materials necessary to write this dissertation; thank you to the many staff members at all of these institutions that have helped me over the years. My early passion for Romantic Hellenism began at Simon Fraser University with my BA Honours supervisor Michelle Levy and was further pursued during my MA studies at The University of York with Stephen Minta and Jane Moody. I am grateful to all three of these professors for their knowledge, mentorship, and faith in my abilities. iv My fellow Carleton PhD students—some of whom have themselves now finished their degrees—have been the best of academic colleagues and friends. I especially want to thank Chris Doody, Emma Peacocke, Kim Sigouin, Aliesha Hosein, Andrew Connolly, Adam Benn, and Shaun Stevenson. Thank you to Maria Schoina, Kandice Sharren, Eirini Kotsovili, Hugh Reid, and Roderick Beaton for providing me with insightful feedback and suggestions on my writing and to Aleks Jovanovic for reading every chapter of this dissertation and enlightening me with your extensive knowledge of the Byzantine Empire. From “When is that event happening again?” to “Have I missed the deadline?”, Lana Keon, the English Department’s Graduate Administrator, has always dealt with my questions and concerns with great patience and skill. Thank you, Lana. My family and friends have always supported me, even if they weren’t always certain what it was I was studying. Thank you to my Mom and Dad who worked hard to ensure that their children would have the opportunity to go to university. Thank you to Terry and Lynn for always asking how the writing was going. Unfortunately I cannot name all of my friends here, but thanks Pete, Buffy, Mike, Samantha, Pamela, Nastazia, Aleks, Christo, and Haley for keeping me grounded and for making me laugh. And finally, thank you Shawna. We have gone on this long academic journey together and I couldn’t have asked for a better partner. Throughout our relationship, you have inspired me to become a better learner and person. I could not have done any of this without you. v Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi Epigraph ......................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 Discovering Modern Greece ...........................................................................................1 East Becomes West: Making a European Greece ...........................................................8 Methodology and Chapter Outline ................................................................................15 Chapter One Caught Between East and West: Negotiating Modern Greek Identity in Ida of Athens and Anastasius .....................................................................................................22 Ida’s Bicultural Identity .................................................................................................26 The Advantages and Drawbacks of Transcultural Relationships .................................34 Greece-West Estrangement in Anastasius .....................................................................42 Anastasius Negotiates His Greek Identity ....................................................................50 Hybridized Greece .........................................................................................................60 Chapter Two “Let Us Look At Them As They Are”: Lord Byron and Modern Greek Language, Literature, and Print Culture .........................................................................................63 The Edinburgh Review and Modern Greek Print, Literature, and Language ................70 Byron’s Response to the Edinburgh Review .................................................................74 Language Debates and Greek National Identity in the Early Nineteenth Century .......85 vi “Note III” and the “Appendix,” Childe Harold II, and Greek-British Cultural Relations ............................................................................................................................................90 Chapter Three There’s No Place Like Homeland: Victimized Greek Women, The Greek War of Independence, and the Limits of European Philhellenism...........................................99 Captive Greek Women and the Limits of British Philhellenism .................................102 “Riddles of Death Thebes Never Knew”: The Chorus of Greek Captive Women in Hellas ...................................................................................................................106 “Zoë Mou, Sas Agapo”: Greek-British Relations and Western Dominance in Reine Canziani ...............................................................................................................126 “Man May Not Fetter, Nor Ocean Tame / The Might and Wrath of the Rushing Flame!”: Greek Female Self-Determinism in “The Bride of the Greek Isle” .....142 Symbols of the Nation ................................................................................................157
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