Dialectical and historical pdf stalin

Continue Born to Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in modest parents in Gori, Georgia, Joseph Stalin first became interested in Marxism when he was studying for the priesthood. These studies suddenly ended with his expulsion for revolutionary activities aimed at overthrowing the king. After various periods of arrest and escape or imprisonment, he became a follower of Lenin. From 1903 to 1913 he wrote revolutionary materials. Around 1913 he took the name Stalin, a man of steel. The editor of the Communist newspaper Pravda, in 1917, he led the newspaper and began his rise to power in the Communist Party, eventually becoming a leading member of the triumvirate that ruled the USSR after Lenin's death. During his dictatorship that followed, many of his former comrades died in the purges he initiated. During World War II, after Nazi Germany violated the mutual non-aggression agreement it signed with Russia, Stalin joined the Allies. During and after the Allied victory, he met with other Allied leaders---Cerkill, Roosevelt, and Truman--- at the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences. The post-war capture of Eastern Europe helped start the Cold War. After his death, Stalin received the funeral of the state hero and was buried next to Lenin on Red Square in Moscow. In 1961, after Nikita Khrushchev condemned him and his policies, his body was transferred to the cemetery of heroes at the Kremlin wall. In March 1969, about two years after Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva caused a sensation when she left the USSR and her family to seek asylum in the United States, Pravda began releasing excerpts from Mikhail Sholokhov's new novel, They Fought for Their Country, which meant Stalin was unaware of his secret police activities in the 1930s purges. Svetlana also prepared work on --- Letters to a Friend: A Memoir. In it, she cast a new light on Stalin's personal life and his mother's suicide. She refrains from expressing active hostility towards her father and believes that he was to some extent deceived by Beria, the head of his secret police. Of Stalin's many biographical studies, however, one of the most fascinating is that of Leo Trotsky. In the introduction to the 1967 edition, Bertram D. Wolfe writes: In all literature there is no more dramatic relationship between the author and the subject... It's like Robespierre makes the life of Fouche, Kurbsky Ivan the Terrible, Muenzer Martin Luther. Part of the series onMarcism-Leninism Concepts Administrative-Command System Aggravation of Class Struggle under Socialism Anti-Fascism Anti-Amperialism Anti-Revisionism Central Planning Soviet-type Economic Planning Collective Leadership Collectivization Commander Heights Economic Democratic Centralism Dialectical Logic Dialectical Labour foco Marxist-Leninist atheism One-way State Party of People's Democracy People's Democracy Proletarian Internationalism Self-criticism Social-fascism Socialism in one country Socialist patriotism Soviet Yugoslav State Socialist Theory of the productive forces of the Third Period Vanguardism War of national liberation Variants of Hevarism Ho Minh Hoxhaism Husakism Chuche Kadarism Khrushchev Maoism Gonzalo Thought Prachanda Way Shining Path National Titoism Stalinism People Ernst Telman Joseph Stalin Gonchigiin Bumtsend Jose Diaz Palmino Togliatti Ho Chi Minh Va Nguyen Giop Count Browder Nikita Khrushchev Walter Ulbricht Mao Jizudun Josip Bros Tito Lazar Khoja Che Guevara Fidel Castro Salvador Allende Agostinho Netu Kim Il Saint Nicolae Cachushescu Samora Masel Thomas Sankara Mathieu Kereku Alfonso Abimael Guzman Theoretical works Basics of Leninist dialectism and historical materialism History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Economic problems of socialism in the USSR Criticism of the Soviet Union Ism-Leninism Guerrilla War History of the Soviet Union 1927-1953 1953-1964 1964-1982 1982-1991 Great break collectivization in the Soviet Union Industrialization in the Soviet Union The Great Cleansing of the Spanish Civil War World War World War World War World War By the Greek Civil War Cold War East Bloc Of China Revolution 1949-1976 1976-1989 1989-2002 2002- 2010s Korean War Cuban Revolution After the de-Stalinization of the Warsaw Pact of the non-aligned movement of the Vietnam War Sino-Soviet split of the Hungarian revolution 1956 The great leap forward of the Portuguese colonial war Black Power movement Nicaraguan Revolution Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Naxalite rebels CPP-NPA-NDF uprising Maoist insurgency in Turkey Internal conflict in Peru Nepal Revolution Civil War 1989. 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The work first appeared in 1938, based both on the philosophical works of Vladimir Lenin, and on a new Short Course on the history of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Later it became the state doctrine of the Soviet Union. The name refers to materialism and historical materialism. The synopsis of Stalin's article is divided into three parts, and is very systematically presented: A: sketches of the Marxist dialectical method, unlike the metaphysics Nature's single whole Nature is in constant motion The development of nature is the transition of quantity as natural phenomena possess internal contradictions, as part of their struggle, and cannot be reformist, but rather revolutionary B: sketches of Marxist philosophical materialism as opposed to idealism The world is materialistic in nature Being objective Knowledge of natural laws is studied by practice, laws of social development, objective truth, analog biology, socialism - it is science C: Historical materialism What is the main defining force in society? The way material is produced, not the geographical environment or population growth. The real party of the proletariat controls the laws of the development of the production Schematic picture of history: A. Primitive communal / primitive communism B. Slavery K. Feudalism D. Capitalism E. Socialism (where evolution instead of revolution) See also the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Notes External Relations Dialectical and Historical Materialism in marxists.org. This article, related to the Soviet Union, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a political book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte extracted from Part of the series omarxism Theoretical works Economic and PhilosophicalManscripts 1844 Scriptures on Feuerbach German ideology of wages of labor and capital Communist manifesto of the eighteenth Brumer Napoleon Grundrisse der Kritikder Political sconomy Contribution to the critic of the political economy Das Capital Criticism of Goth Program of Nature Philosophy Economic determinism Method of historical materialism Marx dialectical Marx Philosophy of Nature Economics Capital (accumulation) Crisis theory Raw Exploitation Factors production Means labor Means production The mode of production of the Asian-capitalist socialist law values Production forces Scientific Socialism Surplus product Surplus cost-form Wages Wages Of the Basis of Alienation and Add-on Bourgeoisie Class Of Class Struggle Communist Society Commodity Fetishism Communist Society Cultural Hegemony Dictatorship of the Proletariat Exploitation Free Association General Intelligence Human Nature Ideology Immiseration Lumpenproletariat Metabolic Rift Proletariat Private Property Relationship Produced Reification State Theory Social Metabolism History of Working Class and Marxism Philosophy in the Soviet Union Primitive accumulation of the Proletarian Revolution Proletarian Revolution Young Marx Aspects Of Aesthetics Archaeologists Criminology Cultural Analysis Feminism Theory Geography Geography Literary Criticism of Marxism and Religion Options Analytical Austro Budapest School Classics Democratic Socialism Eurocommunism Frankfurt School of Freudian Hegelian Humanist Impulsiveness Instrumental Libertarian Autonomy Council communism De Leonism Left communism Bordigism Leninism Marxism-Leninism Maoism Trotskyism neo-gramstianism Neo-Neue Marx-Lectur Open Orthodox post- Revisionist School of Social Democracy Structural Western people Karl Marx Bebel Bernstein De Leon Kautsky Eleanor Marx Debs Hardy Plekhanovs Of The Getty Trotsky Borokhov Lukoch Korsh Ho Gramsci Benjamin Mao Horkheimer Ibarruri Reich Aragon Brecht Lefebvre Rubeir Rubel Rublet CondolNe Mills Hobsbaum Altosser Pasolini zinn Miliband Parenti Bauman Guevara Castro Debord Harvey Wolf Sankara Communism History of Communism Left Politics The New Left Old Left Social Anarcho-Communism Socialism Libertarian Revolutionary Utopian Related Category - Karl Marx Scheme of Communism Portal Philosophy Portal Socialism portal Socialism portalvte is a philosophy of science and nature, developed in Europe and based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist dialectic emphasizes the importance of real conditions, in terms of class, labor and socio-economic interaction. This contrasts with the Hegelian dialect, which emphasizes that contradictions in material by analyzing them and synthesizing the solution, while preserving their essence. Marx suggested that decisions in such material conditions, riddled with contradictions, may be in new forms of public organization. Dialectical materialism accepts the evolution of the natural world and the emergence of new qualities of being at new stages of evolution. As S.A. Jordan noted, Engels constantly used the metaphysical understanding that a higher level of arises and is rooted in the lower; that a higher level represents a new order of being with its irreparable laws; and that this process of evolutionary progress is governed by development laws that reflect the basic properties of matter in motion as a whole. The wording of the Soviet version of dialectical and historical materialism in the 1930s by Joseph Stalin and his associates (as, for example, in Stalin's book Dialectical and Historical Materialism) became the official Soviet interpretation of Marxism. The term Marx and Engels never used the word dialectic materialism in their writings. The term was coined in 1887 by Joseph Dietzgen, a socialist who corresponded with Marx, during and after the failed German revolution of 1848. The accidental mention of the term dialectic materialism is also contained in the biography of Friedrich Engels by the philosopher Karl Kautsky, written in the same year. Marx himself spoke of the materialistic concept of history, which Engels later called historical materialism. Engels also explained the material dialectic in his dialectic of nature in 1883. Georgi Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, first used the term dialectic materialism in 1891 in his writings about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Marx. Stalin further delineated and defined dialectical and historical materialism as a worldview of Marxism-Leninism, as well as a method of studying society and its history. The historical von Marx and Engels began their adult life as young Hegelians, one of several groups of intellectuals inspired by the philosopher Hegel. Marx's doctoral thesis The Difference Between Democritan and the Epicurean Philosophy of Nature was related to the atomism of Epicurus and Democritus, which is considered to be the basis of materialistic philosophy. Marx was also familiar with Lucretia's theory of wedgemen. Marx and Engels concluded that Hegelian philosophy, at least in the interpretation of their former colleagues, was too abstract and misused in attempts to explain social injustices in newly industrialized countries such as Germany, France and the United Kingdom, which were alleged in the early 1840s to be of growing concern. Unlike the traditional Hegelian dialectic of the time, which emphasized the idealistic observation that human depends on the Perception, Marx developed Marxist dialectic, which emphasized the materialistic view that the world had specific forms of socio-economic interactions and that those in turn defined socio-political reality. While some Hegelians blamed religious alienation (alienation from the traditional consolations of religion) for social ailments, Marx and Engels concluded that alienation from economic and political autonomy combined with exploitation and poverty was the real culprit. In accordance with dialectical ideas, Marx and Engels have thus created an alternative theory, not only about why the world is what it is, but also about what actions people should take to make it what it should be. In Metherbach (1845) Marx wrote: Philosophers interpreted the world only differently. The point, however, is to change it. Dialectical materialism is thus closely associated with the historical materialism of Marx and Engels (and is sometimes seen as a synonym). Marx rejected the language of thesis, antithesis, synthesis. Dialectical materialism is one aspect of the broader subject of materialism that the primacy of the material world affirms: in short, matter precedes thought. Materialism is a realistic philosophy of science that believes that the world is material; that all phenomena in the universe consist of matter in motion in which all things are interdependent and interconnected and develop in accordance with natural law; that the world exists outside of us and regardless of our perception of it; that thought is a reflection of the material world in the brain, and that the world is in principle to know. Marx criticized classical materialism as another idealistic philosophy - idealistic because of his transhistorical understanding of material contexts. The young Hegelian Ludwig Feuerbach rejected Hegel's idealistic philosophy and the promotion of materialism. Despite Feuerbach's strong influence, Marx dismissed Foirdah's version of materialism as inconsistent. Engels's writings, especially Anti-Phring (1878) and The Dialectics of Nature (1875-1882), were the source of the main doctrines of dialectical materialism. Dialectics of Marx Main article: Marxist dialectic Concept of dialectical materialism arises from Marx's assertions in the second postal edition to his magnum opus, Das Kapital. There Marks says he intends to use Hegelian dialectic, but in a revised form. He defends Hegel from those who consider him a dead dog and then says, I openly swore to myself as a disciple of this mighty Hegel thinker. Marx attributes Hegel to being the first to present the form of work in a complex and conscious manner. But then he criticizes Hegel for turning the dialectic upside down: With him, it's on its head. It should be turned right If you find a rational core in a mystical shell. Marx's criticism of Hegel argues that Hegel's dialectic is going astray, dealing with ideas, with the human mind. Hegel's dialectic, Marx says, is inappropriate about the process of the human brain; it focuses on ideas. Hegel's thought is actually sometimes called dialectical idealism, and Hegel himself is considered among a number of other philosophers known as German idealists. Marx, on the other hand, believed that dialectic should not deal with the mental world of ideas, but with the material world, the world of production and other economic activity. For Marx, human history cannot be incorporated into any neat a priori scheme. He openly rejects the idea of Hegel's followers that history can be understood as a separate, metaphysical object, the bearer of which are real human beings. To interpret history as if previous social entities had somehow sought the current state of affairs was wrong to understand the historical movement by which successive generations have transformed the results of the generations that preceded it. Marx's rejection of this kind of telelogy was one of the reasons for his enthusiastic (though not entirely uncritical) acceptance of Charles Darwin's natural selection theory. For Marx, dialectic is not a formula for generating predetermined results, but a method of empirical study of social processes in terms of interrelations, development and transformation. In his introduction to the publication of Penguin Capital Marx, Ernest Mandel writes: When the dialectic method is applied to the study of economic problems, economic phenomena are considered not separately from each other, piece by piece, but in their internal communication as an integrated aggregate, structured around, and the main prevailing mode of production. Marx's own writings are almost exclusively related to understanding human history in terms of systemic processes based on modes of production (in a broad sense, the ways in which societies are organized to use their technological powers to interact with their material environments). This is called historical materialism. More narrowly, within this general theory of history, much of Marx's writing is devoted to the analysis of the specific structure and development of the capitalist economy. For his part, Engels takes a dialectical approach to the natural world as a whole, arguing that modern science increasingly recognizes the need to view natural processes in terms of interconnectedness, development and transformation. Some scholars doubt that Engels' nature dialectic is a legitimate extension of Marx's approach to social processes. Other scholars claim that, that humans are natural beings in an evolving, mutual connection with the rest of nature, Marx's own writings do not pay proper attention to the way in which human agency is limited by factors such as biology, geography, and ecology. The dialectic of Engels Engels postulated three laws of dialectic from his reading Hegel's Logic Science. Engels explained these laws as materialistic dialectic in his work Dialectics of Nature: The Law of Unity and Conflict of Opposites Act of adoption of quantitative changes in the Law of Denial First Law, which arises with mainly ionian philosopher , : It is in this dialectic, as it is understood here, that is, in the clinging of the opposition in their unity, or positive in the negative, that the speculative thought consists. This is the most important aspect of dialectic.- Hegel, Science of Logic, No. 69, (p. 56 in Miller's edition) The separation of a single whole and the cognition of its contradictory parts is the essence (one of the basic, if not basic, characteristics or features) of dialectic. That's how Hegel also poses a question.- Collected works by Lenin: Volume 38, p. 359: On the subject of dialectic. Hegel's second law took from ancient Greek philosophers, in particular the heap paradox, and Aristotle's explanation, and this equates to what scientists call the phases of transitions. This can be traced back to the ancient Ionic philosophers, especially the Anaximemen, from whom Aristotle, Hegel and Engels inherited this concept. For all these authors, one of the main illustrations is phase water transitions. In addition, efforts have been made to apply this mechanism to social phenomena, resulting in an increase in the population resulting in changes in the social structure. The law on quantitative changes in qualitative changes can also be applied to the process of social change and class conflict. The third law, denial of denial, originated with Hegel. Although Hegel coined the term denial of denial, he gained his fame from Marx using it in capital. There, Marx wrote: The ringing of capitalist private property sounds. Expropriators are expropriated. The capitalist method of appropriation, the result of the capitalist mode of production, produces capitalist private property. This is the first denial of the antithesis of private property. First denial, or antithesis, nullifies the thesis, which in this case is feudalism, the economic system that preceded capitalism. ... But capitalist production generates, with the inexorability of the law of nature, its own denial. It's final. synthesis is a denial of denial. Mr. Jordan notes: Engels has consistently used the metaphysical understanding that a higher level of existence arises and is rooted in the lower; that a higher level represents a new order of being with its irreparable laws; and that this process of evolutionary progress is governed by development laws that reflect the basic properties of matter in motion as a whole. Contribution of Lenin Part series onLeninism School of Thought Bolshevism Trotskyism Bordigism Marxism-Leninism Concepts Anti-Imperialism Democratic Centralism Dialectical Materialism Double Power Labor Aristocracy National-Liberation Revolutionary Defeatist Revolutionary Situation Self-Self- Definition of Soviet Democracy Transfer Belt Vanguardism World Revolution People Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory zinoviev Leon Trotsky Andrey Bubnov Nikolai Bukharin Grigory Sokolnikov Gyorgny Lukich Amadeo Bordig Ho Chi Min Theoretical works What to do? Materialism and empirio-critical imperialism, The Supreme Stage of Capitalism History of the State and Revolution and the history of class consciousness of the Bolsheviks Communist International National Delimitation New Economic Policy Russian Civil War Russian Civil War February Revolution Red Army Red Terror Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviks) Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Soviet Russia Soviet Union War Communism Linked themes of Anti-Leninism Marxism Libertarianism Left Luxembourgism They: Defining a concept in itself (the thing itself should be considered in its relationship and in its development); The contradictory nature of the thing itself (the other in itself), the contradictory forces and trends in each phenomenon; Combining analysis and synthesis. Lenin develops them in a further series of notes, and seems to argue that the transition of quantity into quality and vice versa is an example of unity and opposition, expressed tentatively, as not only the , but the transitions of each definition, quality, feature, side, property in any other (in its opposite?). In his essay On Dialectics Lenin stated: Development is a fight of opposites. He stated: The unity (coincidence, identity, equal action) of opposites is conditional, temporary, temporary, relative. The struggle of mutually exclusive opposites is absolute, just as development and movement are absolute. In materialism and empiricritism (1908) Lenin explained dialectic materialism by three aus: (i) materialistic inversion of Hegelian dialectic, (ii) historicality principles ordered class struggle, and (iii) convergence laws of evolution in physics (Helmholtz), biology (Darwin), and in the political economy (Marx). Thus, Lenin is philosophically positioned between historical historian (Labriola) and deterministic Marxism, a political position close to social Darwinism (Kautsky). Moreover, the discoveries of the end of the century in physics (X-rays, electrons) and the beginning of quantum mechanics, philosophically challenged by previous ideas about matter and materialism, thus, matter seemed to disappear. Lenin disagreed: Matter disappears means that the limit within which we still have known matter disappears, and that our knowledge penetrates deeper; the properties of matter disappear, which previously seemed absolute, immutable and primary, and which are now identified as relative and characteristic only of certain states of matter. For the only property of matter, with the recognition of which philosophical materialism is associated, is the property of objective reality existing outside the mind. Lenin developed the work of Engels, who said that with every epochal discovery, even in the natural sciences, materialism must change its form. One of Lenin's problems was distancing materialism as a viable philosophical worldview, from the vulgar materialism expressed in the statement, the brain distinguishes thoughts in the same way that the liver secretes bile (attributed to 18th-century doctor Pierre Jean George Cabanis); metaphysical materialism (matter consisting of immutable particles); and 19th-century mechanical materialism (matter as random molecules interacting according to the laws of mechanics). The philosophical solution proposed by Lenin (and Engels) was dialectic materialism, in which matter is defined as objective reality, theoretically in line with (new) changes taking place in science. Lenin revised Feuerbach's philosophy and came to the conclusion that it corresponds to dialectic materialism. The contribution of Lukix, Minister of Culture in the Brief Government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919), published History and Class of Consciousness (1923), in which he defined dialectical materialism as a knowledge of society as a whole, whose knowledge in itself was the class of consciousness of the proletariat. In the first chapter of What is Orthodox Marxism?, Lukas defined Orthodoxy as allegiance to the Marxist method rather than loyalty to dogmas: Orthodox Marxism therefore does not imply an uncritical recognition of the results of Marx's research. This is neither a belief in a given speech nor an exegesis of a sacred book. On the contrary, Orthodoxy refers exclusively to the method. It is a scientific belief that dialectic materialism is a road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded, deepened, only on the line laid out by its founders. (No.1) In his later works and actions, Lukasz became the leader of democratic Marxism. He changed many of his language in 1923 and continued to develop Marxist onthology and played an active role in the democratic movements in Hungary in the 1956 and 1960s. He and his associates sharply criticized the wording of dialectic materialism in the Soviet Union, which was exported to those countries under his control. In the 1960s, his associates became known as the Budapest School. Philosophical criticism of the Marxist revisionism of the Bulbs offered an intellectual return to the Marxist method. So did Louis Altusser, who later defined Marxism and Psychoanalysis as conflict science; What political factions and revisionism are inherent in Marxist theory and political practice, because dialectic materialism is a philosophical product of class struggle: for this reason the task of Orthodox Marxism, its victory over revisionism and utopianism can never mean defeat once and for all false trends. This is a constantly renewed struggle against the insidious influence of bourgeois ideology on the idea of the proletariat. Marxist Orthodoxy is not the custodian of traditions, it is an eternally vigilant prophet who proclaims the connection between the tasks of the immediate present and the totality of the historical process. (No5) ... the premise of dialectical materialism, we remember: It is not the consciousness of man that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness ... Only when the core of existence is revealed as a social process can existence be seen as a product, albeit still an unconscious product, of human activity. (No.5) Philosophically aligned with Marx is a critique of the individualist, bourgeois philosophy of the subject, which is based on a voluntary and conscious subject. Against this ideology stands the primacy of social relations. Existence - and therefore the world - is a product of human activity, but it can only be seen by accepting the primacy of the social process in the individual consciousness. This type of consciousness is a consequence of ideological hoaxes. At the 5th Congress of the Communist International (July 1924), Grigory Sinoviev officially denounced Lukich's unorthodox definition of Orthodox Marxism as solely derived from loyalty to the Marxist method and not to the dogmas of the Communist Party; and condemned the philosophical events of the German Marxist theorist Karl Korch. Stalin's contribution In the 1930s Stalin and his associates formulated a version of dialectical and historical materialism, which became the official Soviet interpretation of Marxism. It was codified in Stalin's work, dialectic and historical materialism (1938), and in the textbooks used compulsory education in the Soviet Union and throughout the Eastern Bloc. It was exported to China as an official interpretation of Marxism, but, in its Soviet formulation, has since been widely rejected there. (quote necessary) Mao's contribution to On Contradiction (1937) mao Tse-tung laid out a version of dialectical materialism in which two of Engels's three basic laws of dialectic, conversion of quantity into quality and denial of denial as a sub-sis (rather than the basic laws of his own) first law, unity and interpenetation of opposites. As a heuristic in biology and elsewhere, science historian Lauren Graham detailed the role of dialectic materialism in the Soviet Union in such diverse disciplines as biology, psychology, chemistry, cybernetics, quantum mechanics and cosmology. He concluded that despite Lysenko's period in genetics and restrictions on free investigation imposed by the political authorities, dialectical materialism had a positive impact on the work of many Soviet scientists. Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Levontin and the late Stephen J. Gould, have tried to use dialectic materialism in their approach. They see dialectic as a precautionary game in their work. From Levontin's point of view, we get this idea: Dialectical materialism is not and has never been a software method for solving specific physical problems. Rather, dialectical analysis provides an overview and a set of warning signs against specific forms of dogmatism and narrowness of thought. He tells us: Remember that history can leave an important mark. Remember that the conditions are changing and that the conditions required to start a process can be destroyed by the process itself. Don't forget to pay attention to real objects in time and space and not to lose them in completely idealized abstractions. Remember that the qualitative effects of context and interaction can be lost when things are isolated. Above all, remember that all other warnings are just reminders and warning signs, the application of which to various circumstances of the real world is conditional. Gould shared similar views on the heuristic role of dialectical materialism. He wrote that: ... dialectical thinking should be taken more seriously by Western scholars rather than discarded, because some second world countries have built a cardboard version as an official political doctrine. [39] ... when presented as guidelines for the philosophy of change, rather than as a dogmatic commandment true to Fiat, the three classic laws of dialectic embody a holistic vision that examines change as an interaction between the components of full systems and sees the components themselves not as faces, but but both products and inputs. Thus, the law of mutual opposites captures the inseparable interdependence of components: quantity-to- quality conversion protects the systemic view of changes, leading to additional input into state changes, and denial of denial describes the direction given to the story, since complex systems cannot return exactly to previous states. This heuristic was also applied to the theory of punctual equilibrium proposed by Gould and Neil Eldredge. They wrote that history, as Hegel said, moves upwards in a spiral of denial, and that interspersed with equilibria is a model for the intermittent rate of change (in) the process of species formation and deployment during geological time. They noted that the law of quantity-to-quality keeps that new quality a leap, as the slow accumulation of quantitative changes, a long time resisted by a stable system, finally forces it quickly from one state to another, a phenomenon described in some disciplines as a paradigm shift. In addition to the oft-quoted example of turning water into high-temperature vapor, Gould and Eldredge noted another analogy in information theory, with its jargon of equilibrium, stable state and homeostasis supported by negative feedback, and extremely rapid transitions that occur with positive feedback. Thus, Levontin, Gould and Eldredge were more interested in dialectical materialism as hierarchical than in the dogmatic form of truth or statement about their politics. However, they found a willingness for critics to grab key statements and portray interspersed equilibrium, and exercises associated with it, such as public exhibitions like a Marxist conspiracy. Philosophical assessments Some critics oppose dialectical materialism because of its adherence to a purely materialistic worldview, while others object to the dialectical method he uses. There are critics, such as Marxist Alain Badiou, who dispute how the concept is interpreted. Joseph Needham, an influential science historian and Christian who nevertheless was a proponent of dialectical materialism, suggested that a more appropriate term might be dialectic organism. Leszek Koshakowski, writing in The Main Currents of Marxism (1976), argued that dialectic materialism is partly composed of truisms without specific Marxist content, partly philosophical dogma, partly nonsense, and partly statements that, depending on how they are interpreted, can be any of these things. H.B. Acton described the credo as a philosophical farrago. Max Eastman argued that dialectic materialism has no psychological basis. Allen Wood claimed that in his form as the official Soviet philosophy dialectic materialism materialism be superficial because creativity or critical thinking is impossible in an authoritarian environment. Nevertheless, he believed that the basic goals and principles of dialectic materialism harmonized with rational scientific thought. The economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises wrote a critique of Marxist materialism, which he published as part of his 1957 work Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution. See also the Books Of the Basics of Marxism-Leninism Concepts of Classical Marxism Dialectical Marxist Philosophy of Nature Methodological Orthodox Marxism Parametric Determinism Philosophical Realism Philosophy in the Soviet Union People Alexander Spirkin Fidel Castro Ludovico Ludovico Heimonat Maurice Cornfort Schulamith Firestone Theodore Oyserman Links a b Jordan, page 167. a b c d Wood, Allen (2005). Ted Honderich, Oxford Philosophy Companion. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Erich Otm. Marx's conception of man. Marxists.org. Received on 6 September 2018. Pascal Charbonnut, Histoire des philosophies mat'rialistes, Syllepse, 2007, page 477. Karl Kautsky: Friedrich Engels (1887). Marxists.org. 23 November 2003. Cm. Plekhanova, On the sixtieth anniversary of Hegel's death (1891). Also see Plekhanov, Essays on the History of Materialism (1893) and Plekhanov, The Development of the MonistIan View on History (1895). As mentioned in his 1938 article, Dialectical and Historical Materialism - b c Sperber, Jonathan (2013), Karl Marx: The Life of the Nineteenth Century, W.W. Norton and Co., ISBN 9780871403544. a b c Hunt, Tristram (2009), General Marx: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, Metropolitan/Henry Holt and Co., ISBN 9780805080254, OCLC 263983621. Bhaskar 1979 - b Feuerbach, Ludwig in marxists.org. Access to access on April 18, 2016. a b Nicolas Cercic, Marxism and Alienation, press office of Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1990, p. 57: Although Marx rejected the abstract materialism of Fowardach, Lenin says that Feuerbach's views are consistently materialistic, implying that the concept of Feuerdach's causality is fully consistent with dialectical materialism. - Karl Marx, Capital: Criticism of the Political Economy, Ed. by Frederick Engels (New York: Modern Library, date not published in 1906). a b Marx, page 25. K. Marks and F. Engels, Holy Family (Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign Languages, 1956), p. 107. Karl Marx, Poverty philosophy (London: Martin Lawrence, 1936), p. 102. Taylor, Angus (1989). The significance of Darwinian theory for Marx and Engels. Philosophy of social sciences. 19 (4): 409–423. Ernest Mandel, Introduction to Karl Marx, Capital, Volume 1 (Harmondsworth, United Kingdom: Penguin, 1976), p. 18. Jordan (1967). Alfred Schmidt, Concept of Nature in Marx (London: NLB, 1971). Thomas, Paul (1976). Marx and science. Political research. 24 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1976.tb00090.x. Terrell Carver, Engels: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Sebastiano Timpanaro, on materialism (London: NLB, 1975). Ted Benton, Ed., Greening Marxism (New York: Guildford Press, 1996). Engels, F. (7th place, 1973). Dialectics of Nature (Translator, Clements Dutt). New York: International Publishers. (Original work published in 1940). See also Nature dialectic and cf. for example. The Doctrine of The Flow and Unity of Opposites in heraflite's entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The science of logic. 718ff, (p. 335 in Miller's edition; see also page 368-70). The sudden transformation into a change in the quality of change, which seemed to be merely quantitative, had already caught the attention of ancient people, who illustrated on popular examples the contradiction arising from ignorance of this fact; they are familiar under the names bald and heap. These elenchi, according to Aristotle's explanation, are ways in which one is forced to say the opposite of what one has previously claimed... Guthrie, V.K.K. Milesian: Anaximeans. History of Greek philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. 116. Carneiro, R.L. (2000). Transition from quantity to quality: a forgotten cause-and-effect mechanism for accounting for social evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (23): 12926–12931. doi:10.1073/pnas.240462397. PMC 18866. PMID 11050189. Marks, Capital, 32, 837. Summary of Hegel's dialectic (Collected works by Lenin No. 38, p. 221-222). Marxists.org. received on August 9, 2012. Lenin, Vladimir. On the issue of dialectic. Frederick Engels. Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy. Marxists.org. received on August 9, 2012. Louis Altusser, Marx and Freud, in The Scriptures on Psychoanalysis, Stock / IMEC, 1993 (French edition) - Lauren R. Graham, Science, Philosophy and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987). Beatty, J. (2009). Levontin, Richard. In Michael Ruse; Joseph Travis( Evolution: First Four Billion Years. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press Harvard University Press page 685. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. Gould, Stephen Jay (1990). Nurturing nature. Hedgehog in the Storm: Essays about books and ideas. London: Penguin. page 153. Gould, S.J. (1990), p.154 - Gould, Stephen Jay; Eldredge, Niles (1977). Equilibrium: The pace and way of evolution revised (PDF). Paleobiology. 3 (2): 115–151 [145]. doi:10.1017/s0094837300005224. Gould, S.J., Eldredge, N. (1977) p.146 - Gould, S.J. (1995). Stephen J. Gould: A picture of a life story. In Brockman, J. Third culture. New York: Simon and Schuster. page 60. ISBN 978-0-684-80359-3. Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00613- 3. In his account of one ad-hominem of absurdity, Gould declares on page 984 I swear that I am not exaggerating against the accusations of a Marxist conspiracy. Sizek, Slava (2013). Less than nothing. New York: Verso. ISBN 9781844678976.p.44 - Joseph Needham, Forms of Understanding (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976), p. 278. Koshakovsky, Leszek (2005). The main currents of Marxism. New York: W. W. Norton and company. page 909. ISBN 9780393329438. Acton, H.B. (1955). The illusion of an era. Indianapolis: Liberty Foundation Inc. page 257. ISBN 9780865973947. Oler, Hugo (1941). Dialectical materialism. Chicago: Demos Press.p.12 Further reading This section of further reading may contain inappropriate or excessive suggestions that may not follow Wikipedia's recommendations. Please make sure that only a reasonable number of balanced, relevant, reliable and visible further reading suggestions are given; removing less relevant or redundant publications from the same perspective where appropriate. Consider using the relevant texts as sources or creating a separate bibliographical article. (September 2019) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) V.G. Afanasyev, Afanasyev's Dialectical Materialism, Marxist Philosophy (Chapter 4 to Chapter 9) Louis Altusser, About Materialistic Dialectic Efthygios Bitzakis, Physics of Modernity and Materialism of Dialectics, Digital Social, 1973 (in French). Pascal Charbonnut, Histoire des philosophies mat'rialistes, Syllepse, 2007 (ISBN 978-2849501245) (second edition, Kime, 2013) (French) Maurice Cornforth, materialism and dialectic dialectic for children Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy Friedrich Engels, Anti-During The science of Marxism is the scientific dialectical methodology of Gosh, Shibdas. Some aspects of Marxism and dialectic materialism. Ghosh, Shibdas. About the theory of knowledge, dialectic materialism and revolutionary life. Ira Gollobin, Dialectical Materialism: Its Laws, Categories and Practices, Petras Press, NY, 1986. Grant, Ted; Woods, Alan (1995), Cause of Rebellion, Marxist Philosophy and Modern Science, London: Wellred, ISBN 978-1-900007-00-9 replication text on Marxist.com Grant, Ted; Woods, Alan (2003), Dialectical Philosophy and Modern Science, Mind in Vol.2 (American ed.), Algora Publishing, ISBN 978-0-87586- 158-6 Hollitscher, Walter (March 1953). Dialectical materialism and physicist. Bulletin of atomic scientists. 9 (2): 54–57. Bibkod:1953Buts... 9b.. 54H. doi:10.1080/00963402.1953.11457380. Ioan, Petra, Logic and Dialectics A.I. Kuza University Press, Yashi 1998. Jameson, Fredrik. Walesa Dialectics. London and New York: Verso, 2009. Jordan, Origin of dialectical materialism Lefebvre, Henri; John Sturrock (translator) (2009), Dialectic Materialism, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-5618-9 First published 1940 Press University of France as Le Mat'riamelis Dialectics. The first English translation published in 1968 by Jonathan Cape LLC by V.I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism by V. I. Lenin, on the subject of the dialectic of Gyorgy Lukich, the history and class of consciousness of Oizerman, T.I.; H. Campbell Creighton, M.A. (translator, Oxon) (1988), Major Trends in Philosophy. Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy., Moscow: Publisher of Progress, ISBN 978-5-000506-1, obtained on October 30, 2010. The book was awarded the Plekhanov Prize in 1979 by the decision of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. CS1 maint: several names: list of authors (link) Oizerman, Dialectical materialism and history of philosophy Bertell Allman, Dance of dialectic: Steps in the method of Marx Bertell Allman and Tony Smith (ed.), Dialectics for the New Century, Palgrave Macmillan, England. Anton Pannecock, Materialism and Historical Materialism Philosophy in the USSR: Problems of Dialectical Materialism by Joseph Stalin, Dialectic and Historical Materialism by Aviste Sanchez-Palencia, Promenade of Dialectic dans les sciences, Hermann, 476p., 2012 (ISBN 978-2705682729) (French) Alexander Spirkin, Hermann, Spiritin, Alexander (1900). The basics of philosophy. Sergey Syrovatkin (trans.). Moscow: Publishers of progress. ISBN 978-5-01-002582-3. Archive from the original (DjVu, PDF, etc.) on November 6, 2011 This systematic exposition of dialectical and historical materialism was awarded at the competition of textbooks for students of higher education institutions; first published in Russian language under the name zenith. Tucker, Robert, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1961). Extracted from the j. v. stalin september 1938 dialectical and historical materialism

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