Art Tradition

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Art Tradition Les fêtes de fin d'année au Japon Le mois de décembre est donc ponctué par de nombreuses fêtes appelées Bonenkaï ("oublions l'année") et qui regroupent les amis, les relations professionnelles et la famille. L'occasion de passer des soirées animées à répétition. Noël étant une fête à caractère religieux et les chrétiens étant en minorité au Japon, le 25 décembre est néanmoins l'occasion pour les amoureux de se retrouver et d'offrir des cadeaux entourés de cordes rouges et blanches décoratives. Le mois de décembre est aussi le moment où se préparent les Nengajô (cartes de voeux traditionnelles) qui sont envoyées à la famille et aux connaissances. Plus de 5 milliards de cartes ont d'ailleurs été envoyées l'année dernière au Japon ! Vient ensuite la période Oshôgatsu qui regroupe les fêtes du nouvel an qui se déroulent du 1er au 3 janvier. Les premières visites aux temples et aux sanctuaires ont alors lieu ( Hatsumôde ) et le copieux repas du nouvel an ( Osechi ryôri ) marque le réveillon que nous connaissons. Pendant les célébrations du nouvel an, les enfants reçoivent des étrennes ( Otoshidama ) et participent (ils sont de moins en moins nombreux chaque année...) aux jeux traditionnels, à savoir le Tako age (cerf-volant) ou bien encore le Uta karuta (un jeu de cartes). Le 2 janvier Kakizomé fête la première calligraphie de l'année et le 7 janvier, Nanakusa représente la fête des 7 herbes. C'est entre le 7 et le 14 janvier que les décorations du nouvel an sont détruites lors d'une cérémonie appelée Dondoyaki . Le Sumo Selon une vieille légende, il y a 2500 ans, deux dieux Take Mikazuchi et Take Minaka s'affrontèrent pour la possession de l'île Japonaise. C'est la divinité Mikazuchi qui remporta ce rude combat et qui fit de l'île japonaise la terre des Japonais, au détriment des Coréens. D'autres données historiques affirment que la pratique du sumô remonterait aux premiers siècles de notre ère, opposant le chef Coréen des provinces Izumo au chef Japonais des provinces Yamato. La lutte de Sumô commémorerait donc la victoire du chef Japonais. Débutant en étant des manifestations totalement religieuses au caractère chamanique, elle était pratiquée dans les villages comme un rituel religieux pour amadouer les dieux shintô pour avoir de bonnes récoltes avenirs. Ce n'est qu'à l'ère Heian (794-1185) que le sumô devint un sport reconnu comme étant un loisir. Des combattants de tout le pays viennent alors pour participer aux nombreux tournois organisés. C'est dans l'ère Edo que le sumô pris des règles strictes et qu'il devint un sport à part entière. C'est sous l'influence de la religion bouddhisme zen que ce sport se popularisa à travers le Japon et devint une tradition nationale, qui continue toujours... Les estampes Apparues en 1618, dans l'ère Genna, les estampes japonaises disparurent presque aussi vite 200 ans plus tard, dans l'ère de Meiji. Les estampes japonaises aussi connues sous le nom de ukiyo-e "image du monde flottant" sont des gravures sur bois. Véritable chef-d'œuvre, elles demandaient une forte collaboration entre les peintres, les graveurs et les imprimeurs. Ayant besoin d'au moins dix planches pour pouvoir colorer ce lourd ouvrage, cela pouvait prendre bien du temps avant d'être complètement finit. D'abord dessinée sur une feuille de riz et ensuite collée à un bloc de bois taillé selon la forme désirée, le dessin est ensuite gravé sur le bois. Après avoir enduit d'encre la gravure, nous pouvons ensuite procéder à l'imprimerie. Représentant généralement des acteurs célèbres ou de jolies femmes (probablement des courtisanes), les estampes peuvent également dévoiler des moeurs et des paysages de l'époque Edo tout à fait magnifiques. Cette forme d'art influença beaucoup de peintres et d'écrivains dont Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh et Emile Zola. La cérémonie du thé Importé en Chine au 12e siècle, le thé vert fut tout d'abord bu en infusion par l'élite aristocratique comme médicament et par les moines bouddhistes afin de les stimuler pour ne pas qu'ils s'endorment lors de la méditation. Ce n'est que plus tard que la dégustation du thé pris de l'ampleur et s'est répandue à travers le pays. Au 15e siècle, le thé devint un art sous l'influence du peintre Nôami qui développa d'une façon courtoise de le servir. Par la suite, des maîtres du thé bouddhistes zen établirent des règles rigoureuses au Chadô pour qu'il atteigne une dimension spirituelle. Ce transformant en une discipline spirituelle selon le concept zen du wabi, la cérémonie du thé recherche de la sérénité spirituelle suivant une extrême simplicité. Cependant, dans l'ère Meiji, la cérémonie du thé fut délaissée pour n'être pratiquée que par les femmes. C'est seulement après la guerre qu'elle fut reprise pour que maintenant des millions de gens y participent. Calligraphie La calligraphie fut intégrée au Japon dans le 6e siècle et pratiquée par les moines bouddhistes qui étudiaient les écritures bouddhiques rédigées en chinois. Très vite, des gens, se faisant professionnels en ce domaine, firent leur apparition. Au 10e siècle, la calligraphie commença à se découvrir un style totalement japonais sur une base chinoise. Ce pratiquant maintenant à tout âge, des concours sont organisés dans les écoles. Utilisant un pinceau avec, généralement un manche en bambou et des poils de blaireau, nous faisons notre calligraphie avec un bâton d'encre de Chine induit d'eau, sur du papier de riz appelé hanshi. La calligraphie ne trouve d'autre but que d'avoir une belle écriture et de lui donner vie. S'exprimant dans la forme, la taille et la position des caractères tracés, le dégradé de l'encre et l'épaisseur des traits, nous n'avons besoin que de créativité et d'application pour représenter cette art splendide. Ikebana Importé d'Inde, c'est au 6e siècle que le Japon adopta l'ikebana, un art floral religieux. Etant une pratique d'offrandes à Bouddha et aux morts, l'ikebana devint une présentation rituelle, nommé Rikka au 15e siècle. Le style Rikka consiste à faire des paysages miniatures avec sept tiges. Symbolisant la profondeur spatiale, plusieurs écoles se formèrent pour permettre d'explorer les limites de cet art. Intégrée à la cérémonie du thé et renommée Chabana au 16e siècle, la présentation des fleurs et des branchages fut réinventée par de nombreux maîtres du thé, toujours en suivant la "règle du triangle". Ceci donna naissance à l'ikebana. Pendant l'ère Edo( 1602-1868), cet art floral ne fut pratiqué que par des moines bouddhistes et des courtisanes impériales. Il se popularisa, quelques temps plus tard, auprès des Samouraï, des femmes et des marchands. À l'ère Meiji (1868-1912), les échanges commerciaux firent naître un nouveau style ; le style Moribana notamment, inventé par Ohara Unshin, permet l'utilisation d'une plus grande diversité de matériaux et la création paysagée aux allures plus naturelles. Fondant une école (Sôgetsu) en 1927, Teshigahara Sôfû encouragea la créativité libre et l'art floral moderne. Maintenant réunissant 20 millions d'adeptes à cet art magnifique, l'ikebana est enseigné au Japon et même aux États- Unis. L'ikebana n'est pas prêt de disparaître et de cesser de nous éblouir ! Bonsaï Cet art est une façon de rassembler toute l'œuvre d'une technique de culture en pot d'arbre et arbustes miniatures. Le bonsaï a été importé au Japon par un moine bouddhiste dans l'ère Kamakura (1185-1333). Diverses écoles apparurent pour développer l'art des divers styles de ce petit arbre ; penché, chute d'eau, etc. Gyotaku Gyo signifiant poison et taku empreinte, le gyotaku est un art consistant en la représentation d'une image de poisson sur du papier ou de la soie. Plutôt dur de fixer une date de l'origine des Gyotaku, les deux exemplaires les plus anciens remonteraient à l'air EDO(1862). Le poison symboliserait le bonheur et un des exemplaires aurait été fait pour un guerrier du nom de Naotsuna Ujiie. La première méthode se fait sur un support à papier nommé WASHI, où l'on obtient le motif renversé, et de l'encre de Chine. L'encre doit être inévitablement appliquée dans le sens des écailles pour ensuite étendre une feuille sur le poison et être frottée avec la main, toujours dans le sens des écailles. Ensuite, il ne reste qu'à peindre l'œil au pinceau. Cette méthode servait souvent pour immortaliser une prise dont les pêcheurs étaient fiers. Souvent affichés dans les poissonneries, les Gyotaku sont souvent accompagnés d'un texte relevant la date, le poids, le nom du poison et le lieu où il a été pêché. La deuxième méthode fut créé par Koyoo Inada en 1948. Ceci représenta plutôt un forme d'art des plus poétique. Appliquant de l'encre en transparence pour donner l'aspect désiré, le papier WASHI fut remplacé par un papier de soie. Cette méthode demande de l'application et de la maîtrise. .
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