Homemade Explosives

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Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center 302 W. Washington St., Room E-243, Indianapolis, IN 46204 Phone: 866-400-4432; Fax: 317-234-4749; Email: [email protected]

INFORMATION BULLETIN April 24, 2015

Homemade Explosives

Information cut-off date: April 21, 2015

(U//FOUO) Simulated explosion of the vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) employed in the foiled Times Square Bombing of 2010. Source: (Lubin, 2010).

(U//FOUO) Scope

(U//FOUO) The Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center (IIFC) has prepared the following information bulletin to inform law enforcement and private sector security personnel concerning the risk originating from the production of homemade explosives using ingredients widely available to the common consumer. This product does not discuss commercially manufactured or prefabricated explosives. Only open sources were used.

(U//FOUO) The IIFC collects information on criminal and terrorism related matters without regard to race, religion, national origin, or gender. Reference to individual members of political, ethnic, or religious groups in this product is not meant to imply that all members of the group are terrorists or criminals. Criminals/terrorists represent a small minority in the larger social context. PN: 58763-0424

(U//FOUO) Key Findings

(U//FOUO) Individuals hoping to use homemade explosives to harm the United States and our allies remain highly motivated and innovative as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the thwarted Belgian terrorist attacks of 2015 reveal.

(U//FOUO) A number of extremely destructive explosive compounds such as triacetone- triperoxide (TATP), hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), and urea nitrate can be manufactured using products available on the legitimate consumer market.

(U//FOUO) Malicious actors have used these three explosive compounds in a number of successful and thwarted attacks, meaning the following examples are not exclusive. TATP was found in a raid on a suspected Belgian safe house of a terror cell in January 2015; HMTD was used as a detonator in the London transit bombings of 7 July 2005; and lastly, urea nitrate was used in the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing.

(U//FOUO) Common materials used to manufacture one or more of these explosives include:  Hydrogen peroxide (a common hair product, disinfectant, or bleaching agent)  Acetone (commonly found in nail polish remover)  Nitric acid (a fertilizer ingredient also found in industrial waste)  Urea (commonly found in deicer or urine)

(U//FOUO) Terrorist training manuals outlining the detailed process of homemade explosives manufacturing are widely available through open sources.

(U//FOUO) Local Analysis

(U//FOUO) Indiana Code IC-35-47.5-5-2 (b) states that a person who knowingly or intentionally possesses, manufactures, transports, distributes, possesses with intent to distribute, or offers to distribute a destructive device, unless authorized by law, commits a Level 5 felony (Indiana Code, 2014).

(U//FOUO) Successful bombings using TATP, HMTD, and urea nitrate were used against critical infrastructure and transportation systems, to devastating effects.

(U//FOUO) Analyst Note: The precursor chemicals needed to manufacture the explosives TATP, HMTD, and urea nitrate are widely available throughout the Indiana legitimate consumer market. Grocery stores, big box retailers, drug stores, and chemical suppliers sell the necessary ingredients to manufacture these substances.

IIFC MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center is to collect, evaluate, analyze and disseminate information and intelligence data regarding criminal and terrorist activity in the State of Indiana while following Fair Information Practices to ensure the rights and privacy of citizens. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Page 2 of 13

(U//FOUO) The majority of plants that produce nitric acid, a key ingredient in the manufacture of urea nitrate, are located in the Midwest, South Central, and Gulf States due to a high demand for fertilizers in these areas. At least four nitric acid plants are located within 250 miles of the Indianapolis area (THOMASNET.com, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) Background

(U//FOUO) Triacetone-triperoxide (TATP) was discovered by German Scientist Richard Wolffenstein in 1895. TATP, an organic peroxide based explosive, is 83% as powerful as the equivalent amount of TNT. TATP has been nicknamed “the Mother of Satan” because many terrorists and security forces have been maimed or killed while handling this highly unstable substance (Kristijan, Keinan, & Tarsi, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) Triacetone-triperoxide (TATP) in powder form. Source: (Ahura Scientific).

(U//FOUO) TATP is a highly sensitive improvised primary explosive, easily manufactured by mixing hydrogen peroxide and acetone with the addition of an acid, such as sulfuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid (National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.). This explosive is typically found in white crystalline powder form and has a distinct smell of bleach (Perthnow, 2013).

(U//FOUO) TATP may be used as a detonator to set off more stable secondary explosives (Pyronfo, n.d.). It may also be used alone as a main explosive due to its destructive nature and high sensitivity to friction, heat, and shock.

(U//FOUO) Analyst Note: The ingredients needed to manufacture TATP are commonly produced consumer goods:  Hydrogen peroxide (a hair product, disinfectant, or bleaching agent)  Acetone (a common ingredient in nail polish remover)  An acid (such as hydrochloric acid—also known as muriatic acid—can be ordered online or found in swimming pool maintenance stores, among others) IIFC MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center is to collect, evaluate, analyze and disseminate information and intelligence data regarding criminal and terrorist activity in the State of Indiana while following Fair Information Practices to ensure the rights and privacy of citizens. UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Page 3 of 13

(U//FOUO) TATP poses a major threat to security services and law enforcement because its ingredients don’t contain the nitrate or nitro contents found in standard explosives such as TNT, C4, and RDX; making it extremely difficult to detect using conventional methods such as metal detectors and puffer booths (Dobson, 2010; Jean, 2007).

(U//FOUO) In 2001, a terrorist attempted to detonate an explosive device containing TATP on a flight from Paris, France to Miami, Florida. Passengers and crew aboard the flight subdued the man after a flight attendant noticed he had attempted to light a fuse protruding from his shoe with a match (CNN, 2009).

(U//FOUO) In October 2005, a college student died when the TATP he was carrying exploded outside a college football game (Johnson, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) On 15 January 2015, Belgian commandos raided the safe house of a terror cell suspected to be associated with a known terrorist organization after wiretaps of phone conversations and listening devices indicated the cell was in the final stages of planning a major terrorist attack in Belgium. Inside, Belgian police discovered the chemicals necessary to manufacture TATP, thwarting an imminent terrorist attack (Cruickshank, 2015).

(U//FOUO) Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) is an improvised primary explosive, typically found in powder form and often produced using three precursors: hydrogen peroxide, hexamine, and a weak acid (Johnson, n.d.; National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) An alternative mixture used in the production of HMTD includes a combination of formaldehyde solution, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium sulfate (Nordin, 2005). Additional alternative ingredients exist as well. (U//FOUO) Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) in powder form. Source: (National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) Terrorist training manuals describing the detailed production method and use of HMTD are available through open sources (Interagency Threat Assessment Group (ITACG); Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis (DHS I&A); Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Analysis Section, 2009).

(U//FOUO) HMTD is highly sensitive to electrostatic discharge, impact, and friction. (National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) Analyst Note: The high sensitivity of HMTD means it can be detonated by the spark from an electric source such as a battery, the flame from a lighter or match, or the friction produced by feet walking through an HMTD laden room.

(U//FOUO) HMTD’s blast strength is estimated at 60% of the equivalent amount of TNT. Due to its destructive nature and high sensitivity, HMTD may be used as either a primary or main explosive that doesn’t acquire the assistance of a blasting cap. The danger of peroxide based explosives (such as TATP and HMTD) is not only their explosive performance but also their ease of detonation, as well as the ease in which malicious actors may acquire the materials to manufacture them (Marshal & Oxley, 2011).

(U//FOUO) The following ingredients used to manufacture HMTD can be easily acquired at local convenience stores (Interagency Threat Assessment Group (ITACG); Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis (DHS I&A); Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Analysis Section, 2009):  Citric acid (typically found in food additives, water softener, and powdered drinks)  Hexamine (often acquired through the purchase of camp stove fuel tablets)  Hydrogen peroxide (an easily purchased disinfectant or bleaching agent)

(U//FOUO) In July 2005, four suicide bombers struck central London, killing 52 people and injuring over 770 others. Three bombs went off on underground trains and a final explosion occurred nearly an hour later on a double decker bus in Tavistock Square (BBC News, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) The four suicide bombers who carried out the London bombings used HMTD to detonate a highly potent main explosive consisting of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and black pepper (Gardham, 2007). (U//FOUO) The number 30 bus a suicide bomber destroyed (U//FOUO) The suspected terrorists purchased large in the London transit bombings of 7 July 2005 using amounts of hydrogen peroxide in the months before homemade explosives. Thirteen passengers were killed. Source: (Martin, 2011). the attacks –a key ingredient in the manufacture of HMTD and the main explosive. Vendors failed to raise concerns as to why these men were purchasing hydrogen peroxide in such large quantities (McVeigh, 2011).

(U//FOUO) Household objects, including a 9 volt battery, light bulb, wire, and aluminum foil were used to manufacture the HMTD detonator devices responsible for the 2005 London Bombings (McVeigh, 2011).

(U//FOUO) Urea nitrate is a high energy explosive compound produced by combining dissolved urea fertilizer with nitric acid (National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.). Urea nitrate is categorized as a secondary explosive, meaning it often requires a small explosive charge (such as a blasting cap, TATP, or HMTD) to detonate. However, it may also detonate without assistance if subjected to prolonged heating or contact with some other chemicals (Riddel, 2015).

(U//FOUO) Urea nitrate is favored by amateur terrorists because it is fairly easily derived from urea fertilizers or made by combining nitric and uric acids. Nitric acid can (U//FOUO) This test tube contains urea nitrate in the be acquired as waste from several industrial processes, form of a white crystalline substance. Source: while urea is a common fertilizer or driveway deicer and (Almog & S. Zitrin, 2015; National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.). can also be obtained from urine. Thus, this material provides similar explosive power to TNT at a lower comparative cost (Lucas, n.d.; Reciprocal Net, n.d.).

(U//FOUO) Nitric acid, a vital component in the manufacture of fertilizer and urea nitrate, is widely available throughout the United States. Because of a high demand for fertilizer in agricultural regions such as the Midwest, South Central, and Gulf States, a majority of the nitric acid plants in the U.S. are located in these areas. In 1991 alone, there were approximately 65 nitric acid manufacturing plants in the United States with a total capacity of 11 million tons of nitric acid production per year (Environmental Protection Agency , 1993).

(U//FOUO) In February 1993, a terrorist detonated a vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) containing between 1,200 and 1,500 pounds of urea nitrate on the second level of the parking basement below Trade Tower One in New York City with the alleged aim of knocking the North Tower (Trade Tower One) into the South Tower. The resulting blast crater was 150 feet in diameter and five floors deep. The Federal Bureau of Investigation later spoke of the VBIED used in the bombing as “the largest by weight and by damage of any improvised explosive device that we’ve seen since the inception of forensic explosive identification” (Knight, n.d.; Greenspan, 2013).

(U//FOUO) Analyst Note: Although the amount of urea nitrate used in the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing was unusually large, much smaller amounts of the explosive have been used in improvised explosive devices (IEDs) by malicious actors worldwide, to devastating effects.

(U//FOUO) IEDs are capable of causing substantial casualties and irreparable damage. These devices often contain the following components: an initiator, switch, main charge, power source, and a container. In addition, “enhancements” such as glass, nails, or metal fragments may be added to increase the number of projectiles propelled by the explosion (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, n.d.).

(U/FOUO) In May 2010, a suspected terrorist attempted to detonate a VBIED in Times Square in New York City. The vehicle used in the attempted VBIED attack contained 250 pounds of urea based fertilizer packed in a gun locker. If the fertilizer had been mixed with nitric acid, (hence creating urea nitrate) the resulting explosion would have destroyed the vehicle and caused mass casualties (West & Stewart, 2010). Two street vendors spotted smoke seeping from the parked vehicle and alerted police, foiling the attempted bomb plot (Siemaszko, 2014).

(U//FOUO) Diagram of the VBIED used in the attempted bombing of Times Square in New York City in May 2010. (Notice the 250 lbs. [approximate] of urea based fertilizer used). Source: (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010).

(U//FOUO) Detection

(U//FOUO) The following materials are known ingredients for manufacturing TATP and HMTD (Johnson, n.d.):

 Hydrogen peroxide antiseptic  Hair coloring  Wood bleach  Acetone  Ethanol  Nitro methane  Sulfuric acid  Citric acid  Hexamine (solid fuel for camp stoves)

(U//FOUO) A combination of the following indicators could be evidence of explosives manufacturing (Johnson, n.d.):

 Foul odors/ caustic fumes  Paint discoloration  Metal corrosion  Structural damage  Strong chemical odors from exterior drains/sewers  Multiple fans in multiple windows  Dead vegetation  Refrigerators and coolers

(U//FOUO) Additional suspicious activity indicative of explosives manufacturing (specifically concerning urea nitrate) (J. Gilmore Childers, Esq. Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP , 1998):

 Obtaining a storage locker or shed and utilizing it to store large amounts of the aforementioned materials  Highly frequent or unusual visits to a storage facility or shed  Calling various chemical companies to obtain known explosive materials  The delivery of bomb making materials to a storage facility or shed (possibly on multiple occasions by chemical companies). These bomb making materials may include: urea, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ethyl alcohol, sodium carbonate, smokeless powder, potassium nitrate, methyl alcohol, aluminum metal powder, and ferric oxide.

(U//FOUO) Suspicious Activity Reporting

(U//FOUO) The IIFC encourages security personnel to be aware of the following suspicious behaviors that are believed to be precursors to possible criminal/terroristic activity:

 Surveillance  Elicitation  Tests of security  Fundraising  Acquiring of supplies  Suspicious people/objects that appear out of place  Dry runs  Deploying assets or positioning of people

(U//FOUO) Stay ALERT! Look for the Following:

 Alone and nervous  Loose and bulky clothing  Exposed wiring  Rigid mid-section  Tightened hands or clenched fists

(U//FOUO) The IIFC would like to emphasize the importance of reporting suspicious activity. If you believe you have witnessed any type of suspicious activity or behavior, contact the IIFC at (877) 226-1026 or [email protected]. Remember, “If You See Something, Say Something!”

(U//FOUO) This product was developed by the IIFC for release to private sector security officials. If you have any questions or comments regarding the content or dissemination of this bulletin, please contact IIFC Private Sector Liaison Coordinator, Blake Martindale, at (317) 234- 6431 or [email protected].

(U//FOUO) Sources

Ahura Scientific. (n.d.). TATP Fact Sheet: Safety Risks for First Responders. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from interspectech.ru: http://www.interspectech.ru/DOC/helpful/FirstDefender%20TruDefender/FDFactSheet_TATPFirstRespon ders_31July2009.pdf

Almog, J., & S.Zitrin. (2015). Urea Nitrate. In J. C. Maurice Marshall, Aspects of Explosives Detection (p. 302). Elsevier.

BBC News. (n.d.). 7 July Bombings. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from news.bbc.co.uk: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/what_happened/html/

CNN. (2009, December 25). Shoe Bomber: Tale of another failed terrorist attack . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from cnn.com : http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/25/richard.reid.shoe.bomber/

Cruickshank, P. (2015, February 13). Inside the ISIS plot to attack the heart of Europe . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from cnn.com: http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/13/europe/europe-belgium-isis-plot/

Dobson, L. R. (2010, December 12). Ultrasonic Activation of Triacetone Triperoxide . Retrieved March 5 , 2015, from digitalcommons.unl.edu: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=chemistrydiss

Environmental Protection Agency . (1993, July ). Nitric Acid . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from epa.gov: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch08/final/c08s08.pdf

Explosive-Bomb. (n.d.). Urea Nitrate Explosive. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from Explosive-bomb.blogspot.com: http://explosive-bomb.blogspot.com/2008/04/urea-nitrate-explosive.html

Federal Bureau of Investigation . (2010, May ). The Times Square Case - Terror Suspect Arrested; Case Continues . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from fbi.gov: http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2010/may/timessquare_050410/times-square-case

Gardham, D. (2007, July 11). "We've never seen a bomb like 21/7 devices" . Retrieved March 6, 2015, from telegraph.co.uk: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557106/Weve-never-seen-a-bomb-like-217- devices.html

Greenspan, J. (2013, February 26). Remembering the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing--History in the Headlines. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from www.history.com: http://www.history.com/news/remembering-the-1993- world-trade-center-bombing

Indiana Code. (2014, July 1). IC 35-47.5-5: Chapter 5. Offenses Relating to Regulated Explosives. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from www.in.gov: http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/2010/title35/ar47.5/ch5.html

This information should be considered UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Further distribution of this document is restricted to approved agencies only, unless prior approval from the Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center is obtained. Persons or organizations violating distribution restrictions will be prohibited from receiving future documents and will be removed from distribution lists. NO REPORT OR SEGMENT THEREOF MAY BE RELEASED TO ANY MEDIA SOURCES. Interagency Threat Assessment Group (ITACG); Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis (DHS I&A); Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Analysis Section. (2009, 16). Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine as a Possible Homemade Explosive.

J. Gilmore Childers, Esq. Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP . (1998). 1998 Congressional Hearings Intelligence and Security . Retrieved March 6, 2015, from fas.org: http://fas.org/irp/congress/1998_hr/s980224c.htm

Jean, G. (2007, March). U.S. airports still lack technologies to detect liquid explosives. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from www.nationaldefensemagazine.org: http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2007/March/Pages/U2697.S2697.airports2697.aspx

Johnson, R. (n.d.). Hydrogen Peroxide Bomb. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from bluesheepdog.com: http://www.bluesheepdog.com/hydrogen-peroxide-bomb/

Knight, J. (n.d.). World Trade Center, 1993 Terrorist Attack. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from faqs.org: http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Vo-Z/World-Trade-Center-1993-Terrorist-Attack.html

Kristijan, Keinan, E., & Tarsi, Y. (n.d.). TATP: Countering the Mother of Satan. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from thefutureofthings.com: http://thefutureofthings.com/3035-tatp-countering-the-mother-of-satan

Lubin, G. (2010, October 6). FBI Blows Up Car In A Field To Simulate What Times Square Bomb Would Have Done. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from www.businessinsider.com: http://www.businessinsider.com.au/times-square-bomb-faisal-shahzad-simulation-2010-10#ever-wanted- to-see-a-nissan-pathfinder-get-blown-up-1

Lucas, R. (n.d.). Before You Deice With Urea..... Retrieved March 6, 2015, from wvca.us: http://www.wvca.us/bay/files/bay_resources_homeowners/220_PWP%20Deicing%20article%20by%20Su zy_Lucas_WVDEP_accepted.pdf

Marshal, M., & Oxley, J. (2011). Peroxide explosives. In M. Marshal, & J. Oxley, Aspects of Explosives Detection (p. 302). Elsevier.

Martin, A. (2011, January 27). The moment 7/7 terrorist charged bus bomb: CCTV captures fanatic buying 4.49 battery and adjusting 11lb explosive backpack in front of station SECURITY GUARD. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from dailymail.com: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1351298/The-moment-7-7- terrorist-charged-bomb-CCTV-captures-fanatic-buying-4-49-battery-adjusts-11lb-explosive-backpack-- SECURITY-GUARD.html

McVeigh, K. (2011, February 1). July 7 bomb factory revealed at inquest. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from theguardian.com: http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/feb/01/july7-uksecurity

National Counterterrorism Center. (n.d.). Common Explosives. Retrieved February 27, 2015, from nctc.gov: http://www.nctc.gov/site/technical/common_explosives.html

Nordin, J. (2005, December 26). Homemade Explosives. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from aristatek.com: http://www.aristatek.com/newsletter/0512December/TechSpeak.aspx

Perthnow. (2013, October 31). Facts about the explosive TATP. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from perthnow.com.au: http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/facts-about-the-explosive-tatp/story-fnhocxo3- 1226750768234

This information should be considered UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Further distribution of this document is restricted to approved agencies only, unless prior approval from the Indiana Intelligence Fusion Center is obtained. Persons or organizations violating distribution restrictions will be prohibited from receiving future documents and will be removed from distribution lists. NO REPORT OR SEGMENT THEREOF MAY BE RELEASED TO ANY MEDIA SOURCES. Pyronfo. (n.d.). Primary Explosives & Detonators. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from pyronfo.com: http://www.pyronfo.com/primary-explosives-detonators

Reciprocal Net. (n.d.). Urea nitrate is a loose compound of urea, the diamide of carbonic acid and nitrate. Retrieved February 27, 2015, from reciprocalnet.org: http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsamplebasic.jsp?sampleId=27343952

Reshef, E. (2014, August 14). Major drug store to ID customers buying products with acetone . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from koco.com : http://www.koco.com/news/oklahomanews/okc/major-drug-store-to-id-customers- buying-products-with-acetone/21465284

Riddel, P. (2015, January 23). What is Urea Nitrate? (J. Seminara, Editor) Retrieved February 27, 2015, from WiseGeek.com: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-urea-nitrate.htm

Siemaszko, C. (2014, December 16). Taliban group that killed 130 Pakistani schookids once tried to bomb New York City's Times Square . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from nydailynews.com : http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pakistan-talibans-killed-130-kids-bomb-nyc-article-1.2047480

THOMASNET.com. (n.d.). Nitric Acid Suppliers in or near 46202. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from thomasnet.com: http://www.thomasnet.com/local.html?which=prod&cov=NA&what=Nitric+Acid&heading=251801&cov= NA&radius=250&zip=46202&navsec=modify&x=14&y=18

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2014, November 13). Bomb-Making Materials Awareness Program. Retrieved March 6, 2015, from dhs.gov: http://www.dhs.gov/bomb-making-materials-awareness-program

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.). News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis. Retrieved February 27, 2015, from dhs.gov: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/prep_ied_fact_sheet.pdf

West, B., & Stewart, S. (2010, May 6). Uncomfortable Truths and the Times Square Attack . Retrieved March 5, 2015, from stratfor.com : https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100505_uncomfortable_truths_times_square_attack

(U) Tracked by: HSEC-8.1, HSEC-8.2, HSEC-8.3, HSEC-8.8

Homemade Explosives (April 24, 2015) PN: 58763-0424

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