DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on Some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (Iems): Detonation, Blast Impulse and TNT Equivalence Parameters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on Some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (Iems): Detonation, Blast Impulse and TNT Equivalence Parameters ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG An International Open Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal 2019, Vol. 35, No.(6): Pg. 1813-1823 www.orientjchem.org Studies on some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs): Detonation, Blast Impulse and TNT Equivalence Parameters KANNAN GAJENDRAN BALACHANDAR1 and ARUMUGAM THANGAMANI1* 1Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-641 021, Tamil Nadu, India. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350626 (Received: October 18, 2019; Accepted: November 20, 2019) ABSTRACT This work reports the computational analysis of the physicochemical, detonation, blast peak over pressure, blast impulse and TNT equivalence parameters of some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs) such as ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, C4, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP), which are used in bombing incidents all over the world in the form of Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIEDs) or Person-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (PBIEDs). The blast impulse, peak over pressure, TNT equivalence and detonation parameters reported in this manuscript will be useful to assess the threat quotient caused by these IEMs, of great help for the energetic materials researchers, technologists and scientists to undertake further research work in the field and for the security agencies to understand the severity of the damage during explosion. This paper also accounts for the available detection technologies to fabricate an explosive detection device for its effective identification and detection. Keywords: Ammonium nitrate, Urea nitrate, C4, Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), Triacetone triperoxide (TATP). INTRODUCTION of inflicting terror is by carrying out bomb blasts causing death and destruction. As per the FBI bomb Peace in the world is disrupted in the data center, more than 71% of all terrorist activities name of religion, hatred, animosity, struggle indicate the use of explosives and incendiary agents for power, prosperity, economic aggression, in the form of bombs or Improvised-Explosive political gains etc. The biggest threat to peace and Devices (IEDs). co-existence is terrorism. Terrorism is an act by which a single person or an organization creates The global threat envisages a quick terror in the minds of common people to achieve transformation from conventional improvised his/its motive. Terrorism is wide spread and all explosive devices to improvised chemical devices. nations are taking sincere efforts to curb the menace Terrorists, extremists and antisocial elements often to save mankind from its clutches. The simple means prefer IEDs because the ingredients, instructions and This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC- BY). Published by Oriental Scientific Publishing Company © 2018 THANGAMANI, BALACHANDAR., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 35(6), 1813-1823 (2019) 1814 components to design IEDs are readily available. buildings. Oklahoma City bombings in 1995, blasts There is an urgent need to keep a close watch on in Paris in 2000, bombings and suicide attacks in the developments in the area of improvised energetic Brussels 2016, Manchester arena bombings in 2017, materials (IEMs), including the type of material explosion in Barcelona in 2017 and Easter blasts in reported in various literature and progress made by Srilanka in 2019 are instances where TATP was used. the world research community in the detection of Apart from that, “the shoe bomber and underwear improvised energetic materials. It is also important bomber” were evidences of the merits of TATP that to take stock of the preventive measures and can pass security checks without detection2. preparedness of the world community to face the threat of IEMs. It is also equally important to know In spite of various advanced identification how safely one can dispose of the detected IED filled technologies, on February 2, 2016, a terrorist was with IEMs. able to board a plane with a sophisticated laptop bomb creating havoc. In October 2010, an innovative This paper discusses the traits of a few bomb maker constructed a very difficult-to-identify explosive ingredients extensively used by terrorists IED, involving printer cartridges using PETN. to fabricate bombs. Security agencies in the airport failed to identify or detect it either by X-ray scanner or by sniffer dogs. In the present scenario, a highly motivated It was recovered only through human intelligence. person with a little knowledge of chemistry can The advanced imaging technology (AIT) machines fabricate a variety of bombs using some cumbersome would detect surgically implanted devices because mechanisms. The greatest advantage the terrorists of the signs of incisions but failed to identify the IEDs have is that they can be prepared at home with implanted in rectum3. The challenges in identifying simple available apparatuses and unrestricted and diffusing these bombs cannot be overcome until commonly used precursor materials. According to the physicochemical properties of these energetic United Nations International Ammunition Technical materials are fully known to the researchers and Guidelines (IATG)1, an IEM charge can be made from the security forces working on it. The physical and home-made explosives (Example from fertilisers chemical characteristics, detonation properties, blast containing nitrates), military explosives (such as peak over pressure and blast impulse have a role ammunition diverted from storage or transport, or in the design of an explosive detection device. The materials recovered from Explosive Remnants of detonation behavior of TATP, HMTD and ANFO was War or Unexploded Ordnance, UXO) or civilian investigated, involving thermo-chemical calculations explosives (such as dynamite, trinitro toluene (TNT) using kinetic CHEETAH code and reactive flow or black powder). models using AUTODYN code4. Studies about the detonation properties, relative performance, blast Ammonium nitrate and urea nitrate are effects and shock waves were done for the explosive commonly available ingredients that can be used to mixtures of TATP and ammonium nitrate with added make bombs easily. It is reported that ammonium water and for the mixture of TATP and urea nitrate nitrate and gelatin were used in several bomb by means of Cheetah code5. blasts in Mumbai, India. In 13th July, 2011 Mumbai bombings, the National Investigation Agency found On occurrence of a blast, the primary task the use of IEDs based on Ammonium Nitrate Fuel of the investigating agency is to ascertain the type Oil (ANFO) with some Molotov cocktails. C4 is a and amount of explosive used. This can be achieved plastic explosive which is very challenging to detect. by estimating the TNT equivalence (TNTeq). TNTeq This explosive was used in U.S.S Cole incident represents the weight of TNT, which yields the same in 2000 and Bali night club bombings in 2002. amount of energy as a mass unit of the considered Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) and explosive. It is used to express the power of the triacetone triperoxide (TATP) are frequently used nuclear weapons in kilotons and megatons. The blast peroxide-based explosives. TATP is used frequently effects of a large number of secondary explosives because it is easy to make using household supplies. are characterized by comparing them with the effects It is often prepared in makeshift laboratories found of TNT. TNTeq is dependent on scaled distance. inside apartments, homes and other residential The results of TNTeq from blast peak over pressure THANGAMANI, BALACHANDAR., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 35(6), 1813-1823 (2019) 1815 are higher than those from the blast impulse. TNTeq life. They may be stored under suitable conditions is very much essential to estimate the effective along with other suitable raw materials in order to explosive weight (EEW), which is a basic parameter to improve their shelf life. These materials are also highly determine the safety distances. There are numerous sensitive to moisture (Example: TATP, HMTD, etc.). methods to determine TNT equivalence, but they do not yield the same values. TNT equivalence for an IEMs from Military explosives explosive varies with distance. According to DOD The antisocial elements who have access standard, TNTeq is determined by the comparison of to military explosives prepare improvised energetic values of blast over pressure and impulse of various materials with different combinations, which are explosives to TNT6,7. reported to possess density of the order of 0.8-1.1 g/cm3 (Example: Chechen mix: such as ammoniac An overview of IEMs saltpetre, sugar, aluminium powder, and RDX). Typical Compositions of Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs) IEMs from civilian application explosives and pyrotechnics IEMs characteristics1: These types of IEMs are very easy to produce on the ground and the raw materials are (a) They contain organic or inorganic salts easily available and inexpensive. The power output with energetic groups such as, perchlorate, of these IEMs is believed to be half of the well-known chlorate, nitrate etc. in combinations, along explosive trinitrotoluene. The average density is of 3 with fuel functional groups such as -CH2. They the order of 0.8-1.1 g/cm . The IEDs of this category can also be derived from the existing organic have detonating mass of more than 1000 grams. substances with nitramine and nitro- nitroxy-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Punked the Warped Tech of a Victorian World That Never Was
    THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 10.08 STEAM PUNKED THE WARPED TECH OF A VICTORIAN WORLD THAT NEVER WAS www.spectrum.ieee.org volume 45 number 10 north american 10.08 UPDATE 13 OPEN-SOURCE VOTING Can open-source software save electronic voting? By Mark Anderson 14 VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY 16 CAR TALK 18 KEEPING MEMS MOVING 20 HOME FUEL CELLS TO SELL IN JAPAN OPINION 22 48 9 SPECTRAL LINES Is the United States ready for digital television? The transition may not be so smooth. By Tekla S. Perry 10 FORUM Futurist Ray Kurzweil gets the last word on the singularity. 21 TECHNICALLY SPEAKING New words are needed to reprocess old electronics. By Paul McFedries DEPARTMENTS 4 BACK STORY 28 On the road to Tikrit. SPARKS FLY: COVER STORY 6 CONTRIBUTORS Engineers build community and 22 HANDS ON more at TechShop 48 THE STEAMPUNK TechShop, a high-tech hands-on [top left]; strange workshop, is expanding—perhaps to steam-powered CONTRAPTORS a city near you. By David Schneider critters inhabit Do-it-yourself enthusiasts are drawing on the aesthetics of the I-Wei Huang’s CAREERS garage [top right]; 19th-century Victorian era to create fantastic brass-adorned, steam-driven 24 Sam Altman is only 23 and on and solar panels machines. All hail the steampunk subculture. By Erico Guizzo leave from Stanford, but his software on a U.S. Air Force base harvest may already be on your cellphone. energy from the 28 A LESS WELL-OILED WAR MACHINE By Susan Karlin sun [bottom]. One of the world’s most profligate users of energy, the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tatp, Tnt, and Rdx)
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2010 Development Of Reductive Metal Systems For The Degradation Of Energetic Compounds (tatp, Tnt, And Rdx) Rebecca L. Albo University of Central Florida Part of the Chemistry Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Albo, Rebecca L., "Development Of Reductive Metal Systems For The Degradation Of Energetic Compounds (tatp, Tnt, And Rdx)" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1552. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1552 DEVELOPMENT OF REDUCTIVE METAL SYSTEMS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF ENERGETIC COMPOUNDS (TATP, TNT, AND RDX) by REBECCA L. FIDLER ALBO B.S. University of Central Florida, 2005 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2010 Major Professor: Cherie L. Geiger © 2010 Rebecca Albo ii ABSTRACT Triacetone triperoxide (TATP), a cyclic peroxide explosive, is frequently used by terrorists and amateur chemists due to the ease of synthesis and the availability of reagents. TATP is extremely sensitive to shock, heat, and friction thus a safe and rapid method for treating TATP is needed. The major objective of this dissertation was to develop in situ methodologies that could safely degrade TATP in various field situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary-Explosives
    Improvised Primary Explosives © 1998 Dirk Goldmann No part of the added copyrighted parts (except brief passages that a reviewer may quote in a review) may be reproduced in any form unless the reproduced material includes the following two sentences: The copyrighted material may be reproduced without obtaining permission from anyone, provided: (1) all copyrighted material is reproduced full-scale. WARNING! Explosives are danegerous. In most countries it's forbidden to make them. Use your mind. You as an explosives expert should know that. 2 CONTENTS Primary Explosives ACETONE PEROXIDE 4 DDNP/DINOL 6 DOUBLE SALTS 7 HMTD 9 LEAD AZIDE 11 LEAD PICRATE 13 MEKAP 14 MERCURY FULMINATE 15 "MILK BOOSTER" 16 NITROMANNITE 17 SODIUM AZIDE 19 TACC 20 Exotic and Friction Primers LEAD NITROANILATE 22 NITROGEN SULFIDE 24 NITROSOGUANIDINE 25 TETRACENE 27 CHLORATE-FRICTION PRIMERS 28 CHLORATE-TRIMERCURY-ACETYLIDE 29 TRIHYDRAZINE-ZINC (II) NITRATE 29 Fun and Touch Explosives CHLORATE IMPACT EXPLOSIVES 31 COPPER ACETYLIDE 32 DIAMMINESILVER II CHLORATE 33 FULMINATING COPPER 33 FULMINATING GOLD 34 FULMINATING MERCURY 35 FULMINATING SILVER 35 NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE 36 NITROGEN TRIIODIDE 37 SILVER ACETYLIDE 38 SILVER FULMINATE 38 "YELLOW POWDER" 40 Latest Additions 41 End 3 PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES ACETONE PEROXIDE Synonyms: tricycloacetone peroxide, acetontriperoxide, peroxyacetone, acetone hydrogen explosive FORMULA: C9H18O6 VoD: 3570 m/s @ 0.92 g/cc. 5300 m/s @ 1.18 g/cc. EQUIVALENCE: 1 gram = No. 8 cap .75 g. = No. 6 cap SENSITIVITY: Very sensitive to friction, flame and shock; burns violently and can detonate even in small amounts when dry. DRAWBACKS: in 10 days at room temp. 50 % sublimates; it is best made immediately before use.
    [Show full text]
  • Tatp) Precursors and Synthetic By-Products
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 The Forensic Analysis Of Triacetone Triperoxide (tatp) Precursors And Synthetic By-products Kimberly Painter University of Central Florida Part of the Chemistry Commons, and the Forensic Science and Technology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Painter, Kimberly, "The Forensic Analysis Of Triacetone Triperoxide (tatp) Precursors And Synthetic By- products" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4047. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4047 THE FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE (TATP) PRECURSORS AND SYNTHETIC BY-PRODUCTS by KIMBERLY LYNNE PAINTER B.S. University of South Carolina, 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Chemistry in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2009 © 2009 Kimberly L. Painter ii ABSTRACT Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) is a primary high explosive that can be synthesized using commercially available starting materials and has grown in use among terrorists over the past several years. Additives present in the precursors were investigated to see if they carry through the TATP synthesis and can be detected in the final product potentially aiding in the identification of the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES
    Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES This chapter classifies commercial blasting compounds according to their explosive class and type. Initiating devices are listed and described as well. Military explosives are treated separately. The ingredi- ents and more significant properties of each explosive are tabulated and briefly discussed. Data are sum- marized from various handbooks, textbooks, and manufacturers’ technical data sheets. THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES In general, an explosive has four basic characteristics: (1) It is a chemical compound or mixture ignited by heat, shock, impact, friction, or a combination of these conditions; (2) Upon ignition, it decom- poses rapidly in a detonation; (3) There is a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high-pressure gases that expand rapidly with sufficient force to overcome confining forces; and (4) The energy released by the detonation of explosives produces four basic effects; (a) rock fragmentation; (b) rock displacement; (c) ground vibration; and (d) air blast. A general theory of explosives is that the detonation of the explosives charge causes a high-velocity shock wave and a tremendous release of gas. The shock wave cracks and crushes the rock near the explosives and creates thousands of cracks in the rock. These cracks are then filled with the expanding gases. The gases continue to fill and expand the cracks until the gas pressure is too weak to expand the cracks any further, or are vented from the rock. The ingredients in explosives manufactured are classified as: Explosive bases. An explosive base is a solid or a liquid which, upon application or heat or shock, breaks down very rapidly into gaseous products, with an accompanying release of heat energy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of High Performance Liquid
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-23-2010 The evelopmeD nt of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Analysis of Improvised Explosives Megan N. Bottegal Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI10041603 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Bottegal, Megan N., "The eD velopment of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Analysis of Improvised Explosives" (2010). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 154. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/154 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZED HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEMS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Megan Nicole Bottegal 2010 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Megan Nicole Bottegal, and entitled The Development of Optimized High Performance Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Anlysis of Improvised Explosives, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Jose Almirall ____________________________________ John Berry ____________________________________ William Hearn ____________________________________ Fenfei Leng ____________________________________ DeEtta Mills ____________________________________ Bruce McCord, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 23, 2010 The dissertation of Megan Nicole Bottegal is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Potentially Explosive Chemicals*
    Potentially Explosive Chemicals* Chemical Name CAS # Not 1,1’-Diazoaminonaphthalene Assigned 1,1-Dinitroethane 000600-40-8 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate 006659-60-5 1,2-Diazidoethane 000629-13-0 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 000602-96-0 1,3-Diazopropane 005239-06-5 Not 1,3-Dinitro-4,5-dinitrosobenzene Assigned Not 1,3-dinitro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Assigned Not 1,4-Dinitro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylolbutanetetranitrate Assigned Not 1,7-Octadiene-3,5-Diyne-1,8-Dimethoxy-9-Octadecynoic acid Assigned 1,8 –dihydroxy 2,4,5,7-tetranitroanthraquinone 000517-92-0 Not 1,9-Dinitroxy pentamethylene-2,4,6,8-tetramine Assigned 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 000585-79-5 Not 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitro-3,3'-dihydroxyazobenzene Assigned 2,2-di-(4,4,-di-tert-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane 001705-60-8 2,2-Dinitrostilbene 006275-02-1 2,3,4,6- tetranitrophenol 000641-16-7 Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl methyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso nitrobenzene Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso-1,4-dinitrobenzene Assigned 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazo benzene 029306-57-8 Not 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-diazabenzene Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl trimethylol methyl nitramine trinitrate Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitroso-3-methyl nitraminoanisole Assigned 2,4-Dinitro-1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene 000608-50-4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 000119-26-6 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol 000519-44-8 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diydroperoxy hexane 2-Nitro-2-methylpropanol nitrate 024884-69-3 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 000609-99-4 Not 3-Azido-1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0052835 A1 KLUNKER Et Al
    US 2016.0052835A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0052835 A1 KLUNKER et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 25, 2016 (54) DETONATOR-SENSITIVE ASSEMBLED (30) Foreign Application Priority Data BOOSTER CHARGES FOR USE IN BLASTING ENGINEERING AND THE USE Nov. 14, 2012 (DE) ...................... 10 2012 110955.9 THEREOF (71) Applicant: EST ENERGETICS GMBH, Rothenburg (DE) Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. (72) Inventors: Jirgen KLUNKER, Niesky (DE): C06B 23/00 (2006.01) Konrad ZIEGLER, Bernburg Saale F42D3/00 (2006.01) (DE) C06B 25/34 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: EST ENERGETICS GMBH, (52) U.S. Cl. Rothenburg (DE) CPC ............... C06B 23/003 (2013.01); C06B 25/34 (2013.01); F42D 3/00 (2013.01) (21) Appl. No.: 14/442,197 (22) PCT Fled: Nov. 12, 2013 (57) ABSTRACT PCT NO.: PCT/EP2013/0736.58 (86) This invention relates to detonator-sensitive assembled S371 (c)(1), booster charges for use in blasting engineering. The booster (2) Date: May 12, 2015 charge comprises nitroalkane and a cavity-forming agent. US 2016/0052835 A1 Feb. 25, 2016 DETONATOR-SENSITIVE ASSEMBLED dispersed microspheres. The microspheres can be hollow BOOSTER CHARGES FOR USE IN glass microspheres, resin beads, ceramic beads, etc. BLASTING ENGINEERING AND THE USE 0008 Further disclosed, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,334,476A, is an THEREOF initial explosive charge for granular or liquid explosives, with 0001. The invention concerns detonator-sensitive an interior channel to hold the ignition device, whereby the assembled booster charges for use in blasting engineering. interior channel exhibits a small wall thickness so as to 0002 Insensitive, non-toxic and inexpensive explosives, improve the detonation.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Reactive Chemicals
    LIST OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS Chemical Prefix Chemical Name Reactive Reactive Reactive CAS# Chemical Chemical Chemical Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2 Stimulus 3 111-90-0 "CARBITOL" SOLVENT D 111-15-9 "CELLOSOLVE" ACETATE D 110-80-5 "CELLOSOLVE" SOLVENT D 2- (2,4,6-TRINITROPHENYL)ETHYL ACETATE (1% IN ACETONE & BENZENE S 12427-38-2 AAMANGAN W 88-85-7 AATOX S 40487-42-1 AC 92553 S 105-57-7 ACETAL D 75-07-0 ACETALDEHYDE D 105-57-7 ACETALDEHYDE, DIETHYL ACETAL D 108-05-4 ACETIC ACID ETHENYL ESTER D 108-05-4 ACETIC ACID VINYL ESTER D 75-07-0 ACETIC ALDEHYDE D 101-25-7 ACETO DNPT T 126-84-1 ACETONE DIETHYL ACETAL D 108-05-4 ACETOXYETHYLENE D 108-05-4 1- ACETOXYETHYLENE D 37187-22-7 ACETYL ACETONE PEROXIDE, <=32% AS A PASTE T 37187-22-7 ACETYL ACETONE PEROXIDE, <=42% T 37187-22-7 ACETYL ACETONE PEROXIDE, >42% T S 644-31-5 ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE (SOLID OR MORE THAN 45% IN SOLUTION) T S 644-31-5 ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE, <=45% T 506-96-7 ACETYL BROMIDE W 75-36-5 ACETYL CHLORIDE W ACETYL CYCLOHEXANE SULFONYL PEROXIDE (>82% WITH <12% WATER) T S 3179-56-4 ACETYL CYCLOHEXANE SULFONYL PEROXIDE, <=32% T 3179-56-4 ACETYL CYCLOHEXANE SULFONYL PEROXIDE, <=82% T 674-82-8 ACETYL KETENE (POISON INHALATION HAZARD) D 110-22-5 ACETYL PEROXIDE, <=27% T 110-22-5 ACETYL PEROXIDE, SOLID, OR MORE THAN 27% IN SOLUTION T S 927-86-6 ACETYLCHOLINE PERCHLORATE O S 74-86-2 ACETYLENE D 74-86-2 ACETYLENE (LIQUID) D ACETYLENE SILVER NITRATE D 107-02-08 ACRALDEHYDE (POISON INHALATION HAZARD) D 79-10-7 ACROLEIC ACID D 107-02-08 ACROLEIN, INHIBITED (POISON INHALATION HAZARD) D 107-02-08 ACRYLALDEHYDE (POISON INHALATION HAZARD) D 79-10-7 ACRYLIC ACID D 141-32-2 ACRYLIC ACID BUTYL ESTER D 140-88-5 ACRYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER D 96-33-3 ACRYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER D Stimulus - Stimuli is the thermal, physical or chemical input needed to induce a hazardous reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 INITIATION
    Chapter 6 INITIATION COMPONENTS USED IN ELECTRIC BLASTING The electric power source used to initiate a blast may be a twist or push type generator blasting machine and a remote radio device, a condenser discharge machine, or an AC power line through a blasting switch. Never use batteries directly; only a blasting machine or blasting switch provides the current and time control necessary to prevent cap arcing and misfires. The generator type blasting machine converts the mechanical energy of the blaster’s hand motion into electrical energy and then closes the contacts to the firing circuit when the peak electric energy is generated. A condenser discharge machine uses dry-cell batteries to charge a set of capacitors. When the fire button is pushed, the stored electrical energy in these capacitors is discharged into the firing circuit. The remote detona- tion system can be activated and controlled with the commonly used King radio that has been retrofitted with a dual tone modulated frequency chip (DTMF). The entire remote detonation system allows the blaster-in- charge more flexibility in selecting a location to initiate the blast. No alterations or repairs of an electric blasting machine should be attempted, unless by the manufacturer. Ordinary maintenance by the blaster should be limited to changing the batteries in the condenser discharge type machines and to lubricating the moving parts in the generator type. The LEAD WIRE, or the FIRING LINE as it is sometimes called, connects the power source to the blasting circuit. It should be a two-conductor, insulated, solid copper wire (with exception of the multiconduc- tor cable for a sequential blasting machine) and be at least 14-gauge thickness.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaction Kinetics of Acetone Peroxide Formation and Structure Investigations Using Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction
    Reaction Kinetics of Acetone Peroxide Formation and Structure Investigations Using Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction L. JENSEN, P. M. MORTENSEN, R. TRANE, P. HARRIS, and R. W. BERG* Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (P.M.M., R.T., P.H., R.W.B.); and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (L.J., P.M.M., R.T.) Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been prepared in order to study the century by Wolffenstein,3 who noted that a mixture of acetone effect of pH and temperature on the reaction kinetics. Raman spectra of and hydrogen peroxide over a period of 3 weeks would liquid mixtures of acetone and hydrogen peroxide were recorded versus precipitate into an explosive white compound. Later Milas and time throughout the experiments. The spectral data of the liquid phases Golubovic4 discovered that the reaction rate as well as the yield indicate that at 25 8C the reaction between acetone and hydrogen peroxide would be significantly increased by adding acid to the proceeds to form intermediates within one day. Based on the assumption that a likely reaction path involves a sequence of reaction steps between reactants. However, even though the synthesis has been known acetone and hydrogen peroxide, calculations of Raman spectra were for a long time, the exact course of the reaction is not known. performed using a density functional theory (DFT)/Hartree–Fock In this paper we report an investigation on TATP approach. It was not possible from this to assess with certainty which crystallization with focus on the effect of temperature and pH intermediate products formed most extensively in an acetone/hydrogen on the reaction kinetics.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Security-Relevant Substances Via Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometric Methods Using Ambient Pressure Laser Desorption
    Detection of Security-Relevant Substances via Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometric Methods Using Ambient Pressure Laser Desorption Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Rostock vorgelegt von Sven Ehlert geb. am 20. August 1982 in Rostock Rostock, April 2014 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand in der Zeit von Oktober 2008 bis April 2014 in der Arbeitsgruppe Analytische Chemie des Instituts für Chemie an der Universität Rostock im gemeinsamen Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum der Universität Rostock und des Helmholtz Zentrums München. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Zimmermann (Universität Rostock – Institut für Chemie, Analytische Chemie) 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Armin Wisthaler (University of Oslo – Department of Chemistry) Datum der Verteidigung: 08.07.2014 Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei allen bedanken, die mich direkt oder indirekt bei der Anfertigung dieser Arbeit unterstützt haben. Zunächst gilt mein Dank Prof. Dr. Ralf Zimmermann für das äußerst spannende und anwendungsnahe Thema, die Aufnahme in die Arbeitsgruppe und die freundschaftliche Betreuung. Dr. Martin Sklorz möchte ich danken, der mir geholfen hat, mich in dem Thema trotz der recht kurzen Einarbeitungszeit zu Recht zu finden und auch für Fragen und Diskussionen immer zur Verfügung stand. Darüber hinaus möchte ich mich natürlich auch für die gute Zusammenarbeit bei den aktiven und ehemaligen Kollegen der gesamten Arbeitsgruppe bedanken, namentlich herausgehoben Maren, Jasper, Christian, Christoph, Martin, Claudia, Sabine, Harald und all den anderen. Dem BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) und dem VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) danke ich für die Finanzierung und Betreuung des „“afe Iside Projektes. Michael Pütz (BKA), Guido Törber (Schindler Endoskopie Technologie), Bert Ungethüm (Airsense Analytics GmbH) möchte ich für die gute Zusammenarbeit und die Möglichkeiten im Projekt danken.
    [Show full text]