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Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual

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Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual Information Circular 8925 Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual By Richard A. Dick, Larry R. Fletcher, and Dennis V. D'Andrea US Department of Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Kenneth K. Eltschlager Mining/Blasting Engineer 3 Parkway Center Pittsburgh, PA 15220 Phone 412.937.2169 Fax 412.937.3012 [email protected] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR James G. Watt, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Horton, Director As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water re• sources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major re· sponsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. This publication has been cataloged as follows: Dick, Richard A Explosives and blasting procedures manual, (Bureau of Mines Information circular ; 8925) Supt. of Docs. no.: I 28.27:8925. 1. Blasting-Handbooks, manuals, etc, 2. Explosives-Haodbooks, manuals, etc, I. Fletcher, Larry R. II. D'Andrea, Dennis V. Ill, Title, IV. Series: Information circular (United States, Bureau of Mines) ; 8925, TN295,U4 [TN279] 622s [622'.23] 82·600353 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Prin£ing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ...................................................................... 1 Chapter 2.-lnitiation and Priming-Con. Introduction ................................................................ 2 Priming........................................................................ 43 Chapter 1.-Explosives Products Types of explosive used.......................................... 43 Primer makeup........................................................ 45 Chemistry and physics of explosives .. .... .................... 3 Primer location ... .. .... .. ...... ...... ... ..... ............. ... .. .. .... 46 Types of explosives and blasting agents .......... .......... 4 Multiple priming ........ .... ........................................... 47 Nitroglycerin-based high explosives........................ 5 References.................................................................. 47 Dry blasting agents ........................................ ,......... 7 Slurries.................................................................... 9 Chapter 3.-Biasthole Loading Two-component explosives..................................... 10 Permissible explosives . .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ..... .... .. ... .. ... 11 Checking the blasthole........... .... .... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 Primers and boosters ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .... ..... .... .. ... .. .... 1 1 General loading procedures........................................ 49 Liquid oxygen explosive and black powder............. 13 Small-diameter blastholes........................................... 50 Properties of explosives.............................................. 14 Cartridged products................................................. 50 Strength.................................................................... 14 Bulk dry blasting agents ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ....... ... .. ... .. ... 50 Detonation velocity ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .... ... .. .......... ............ 14 Bulk slurries............................................................. 52 Density .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. ..... .. .. .... ... ... .... .... ......... 14 Permissible blasting ..................... ....... .......... ..... .... 52 Water resistance...................................................... 15 Large-diameter blastholes............................. ... ........... 52 Fume class .............................................................., 15 Packaged products.................................................. 52 Detonation pressure .... .......... ........ ... .. ... ..... ... .... ...... 16 Bulk dry blasting agents .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... ........... ..... ... .. 53 Borehole pressure................................................... 16 Bulk slurries............................................................. 54 Sensitivity and sensitiveness................................... 16 References.................................................................. 56 Explosive selection criteria.......................................... 17 Explosive cost ........ ......... ................................. ........ 17 Chapter 4.-Biast Design Charge diameter...................................................... 16. Cost of drilling........................................................... 16 Properties and geology of the rock mass,,................. 57 Fragmentation difficulties......................................... 18 Characterizing the rock mass .............. ::.................. 57 Water conditions...................................................... 18 Rock density and hardness..................................... 57 Adequacy of ventilation........................................... 18 Voids and incompetent zones ................................. 57 Atmospheric temperature ........ ................................ 19 Jointing.................................................................... 58 Propagating ground................................................. 19. Bedding................................................................... 58 Storage considerations ........................................... , 19 Surface blasting.......................................................... 59 Sensitivity considerations ..... .... ..... .................. ........ 19 Blasthole diameter................................................... 59 Explosive atmospheres ........................................... 20 Types of blast patterns............................................ 61. References.................................................................. 20 Burden..................................................................... 61 Subdrilling................................................................ 62 Chapter 2.-lnitiation and Priming Collar distance (stemming)...................................... 62 Spacing................................................................... 63 Initiation systems .. ..... .... .... ......... ................................ 21 Hole depth............................................................... 64 Delay series .. .... .... ......... .... ..... .... ..... .... ....................... 21 Delays..................................................................... 64 Electric initiation .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ... .. ... 22 Powder factor .... .... ..... .... .... ..... ... .. ...... .. .. ..... .... ..... ... 65 Types of circuits .... .. .. .. ......................... ................... 23 Secondary blasting ............................................ :..... 65 Circuit calculations .... .. ............. ..... .......................... 25 Underground blasting.................................................. 66- Power sources......................................................... ··25 0penlng cuts . ........ .... .. ........... ....... ... .... ........ ...... ... 66 Circuit testing........................................................... 28 Blasting rounds........................................................ 68 Extraneous electricity . .. .. .. ... .... .. .... .... .... .. ... .. ..... .... .. 30 Delays..................................................................... 69 Additional considerations......................................... 30 Powder factor .. .. ........ .... ......... .... ... .. .. .... .... .. .. ... .. .... 70 Detonating cord initiation .. ...... ... .. ... .. ... ............ ... .. ... .. 30 Underground coal mine blasting ...................... ...... ..... 70 Detonating cord products........................................ 31 Controlled blasting techniques.................................... 70 Field application ...................................................... 31 Line drilling ............... .......... .. .. .. .. .• .. .. ... ........... .... .... 70 Delay systems......................................................... 33 Presplitting... ..... ... .... ................ ... ....... ... ..... ... .. .... ... 71 General considerations ........................................... 34 Smooth blasting....................................................... 73 Detaline system....................................................... 34 Cushion blasting...................................................... 74 Cap-and-fuse initiation ...................... .......................... 35 References ............ :..................................................... 74 Components............................................................ 35 Field applications..................................................... 35 Delays..................................................................... 36 Chapter 5.-Environf1lental Effects of Blasting General considerations ... .. .. .. ... ... ..
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