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Mariasuzanafigueiredoassismac Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião Mestrado em Ciência da Religião Maria Suzana Figueiredo Assis Macedo LOUVOR A UMA SÓ VOZ: CHRISTIAN DE CHERGÉ E O DIÁLOGO ISLAMO-CRISTÃO Juiz de Fora 2012 Maria Suzana Figueiredo Assis Macedo Louvor a uma só voz: Christian de Chergé e o diálogo islamo-cristão Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciência da Religião, área de concentração: Religião Comparada e Perspectivas de Diálogo, da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Faustino Luiz Couto Teixeira Juiz de Fora 2012 Maria Suzana Figueiredo Assis Macedo Louvor a uma só voz: Christian de Chergé e o diálogo islamo-cristão Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Área de Concentração em Religião Comparada e Perspectivas de Diálogo, do Instituto de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência da Religião. Aprovada em ______ de __________________ de 2013. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Faustino Luiz Couto Teixeira (Orientador) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Volney José Berkenbrock Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sandro Roberto da Costa Instituto Teológico Franciscano Ao meu marido Conrado e aos meus filhos Isabella, Patrícia e Helio Ricardo, pelo ambiente dialogal que sempre proporcionaram em minha vida. Aos meus pais, que sempre possibilitaram estudos aos filhos. Aos meus irmãos, cunhados e sobrinhos, pelos momentos descontraídos e também de discussões com relação às diversas temáticas da religião. A todos aqueles que trabalham em prol do diálogo inter-religioso até o dom da própria vida. AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, pelo dom da vida e pela força para continuar a caminhada. A meu mestre e orientador Faustino Teixeira, que acreditou em meu potencial e sempre proporcionou oportunidades únicas de aprendizagem e crescimento tanto na vida acadêmica quanto na vida pessoal. Aos amigos do grupo de orientação que me acolheram com carinho, cuja amizade, observações e incentivo tiveram grande importância durante toda a pesquisa. Aos inesquecíveis amigos da Especialização 2010 e aos novos amigos que surgiram durante a caminhada. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora pelos ensinamentos e esclarecimentos. De modo especial a Emerson Sena da Silveira pela amizade e pelos muitos questionamentos que fizeram progredir o projeto inicial da pesquisa. A Antonio Celestino Rosa, secretário da pós-graduação que sempre esteve pronto a ajudar com eficiência e disposição. A meu querido marido Conrado, pelo amor, carinho, paciência, companheirismo, incentivo e dedicação, sem reclamar das minhas ausências. Aos meus queridos filhos, Isabella, Patrícia e Helio Ricardo, pelo amor, apoio e por acreditarem em minha capacidade nos estudos. A toda minha família que esteve sempre presente em todos os momentos. A Padre José Augusto Carneiro (JAC), pároco da Catedral São Pedro de Alcântara, em Petrópolis, comunidade eclesial a que pertenço, pelo apoio e incentivo. Aos professores e funcionários do Instituto Teológico Franciscano, em Petrópolis, pelo carinho e disponibilidade desde a graduação. O acesso à Biblioteca foi de importância inestimável para a elaboração deste trabalho. Aos componentes da banca examinadora, prof. Dr. Sandro Roberto da Costa e prof. Dr. Volney José Berkenbrock que aceitaram, prontamente, o convite para avaliar a apresentação desta dissertação. Ao CNPq pela concessão de bolsa de estudo para o Mestrado, o que contribuiu, de maneira incomensurável, para esta pesquisa. Ma mort, évidemment, donnera raison à ceux qui m‟ont rapidement traité de naïf, ou d‟idéaliste: “Qu‟il dise maintenant ce qu‟il en pense!” Mais ceux-là doivent savoir que será enfin libérée ma plus lancinante curiosité. Voici que je pourrai, s‟il plaît à Dieu, plonger mon regard dans celui du Père pour contempler avec lui ses enfants de l‟islam tels qu‟il les voit, tout iluminés de la gloire du Christ, fruits de sa Passion, investis par le don de l‟Esprit dont la joie secrète sera toujours d‟établir la communion et de rétablir la ressemblance, en jouant avec les différences. (Christian de Chergé, Testament Spirituel) RESUMO Diante da necessidade de abertura ao diálogo com o outro diferente, principalmente na época atual, notadamente marcada pela pluralidade religiosa e pelos conflitos existentes em muitos países em nome das religiões, o diálogo inter- religioso torna-se um grande desafio e ao mesmo tempo o possibilitador da paz entre os fiéis das várias tradições religiosas. Esta pesquisa versa sobre o diálogo inter-religioso e o lugar que ele ocupou na vida do monge cisterciense Christian de Chergé, na Argélia. Frei Christian é despertado desde cedo para a abertura dialogal com os muçulmanos e ele encorajou esse diálogo na comunidade cisterciense de Notre Dame de l‟Atlas. Segue a pista dos grandes precursores da tradição monástica cristã do diálogo Oriente-Ocidente. Sua vida e vocação na Argélia demonstram a entrega a Deus e ao irmão em busca de uma vivência pacífica entre as diferentes crenças. A experiência inter-religiosa vivida na Trapa de Tibhirine, onde proferiu os votos monásticos, inclui a formação de um grupo de oração e reflexão islamo-cristão denominado Ribât-el-Sâlam (O Laço da Paz). De Chergé sempre se perguntou sobre o lugar do Islã no desígnio de Deus e esta questão estava tão arraigada em sua reflexão que ele a retoma em seu Testamento Espiritual. Christian de Chergé é mais um modelo que pode ser seguido na abertura dialogal inter-religiosa. Palavras Chave: Diálogo inter-religioso. Cisterciense. Cristianismo. Islã. Argélia. RÉSUMÉ Face à la nécessité d‟une ouverture au dialogue avec l‟autre, en particulier dans le contexte actuel, notamment marqué par la pluralité religieuse et les conflits dans les nombreux pays au nom des religions, le dialogue interreligieux devient un grand défi et possibilite en même temps la paix parmi les croyants de différentes traditions religieuses. Cette recherche est sur le dialogue interreligieux et la place qu‟il occupait dans la vie du moine cistercien Christian de Chergé en Algérie. Frère Christian s‟est aussitôt éveillé à l‟ouverture du dialogue avec les musulmans et a encouragé ce dialogue dans la communauté cistercienne de Notre-Dame de l‟Atlas. À la suite des grands pionniers de la tradition monastique chrétienne du dialogue Orient-Occident, sa vie et sa vocation en Algérie montrent un engagement envers Dieu et envers le prochain. Il cherche une vie pacifique parmi les différentes croyantes. L‟expérience interreligieuse vécue dans la Trappe de Tibhirine où il a prononcé les voeux monastiques, comprend aussi la formation d‟un groupe de prière et de réflexion islamo-chrétien appelé Ribât-el-Sâlam (Le Lien de la Paix). De Chergé s‟est toujours interrogé sur la place de l‟Islam dans le dessin de Dieu et cette question était si bien ancrée dans sa pensée qu‟il la reprise dans son Testament Spirituel. Christian de Chergé est donc un modèle qui peut être suivi à l‟ouverture du dialogue interreligieux. Mots-clés: Dialogue interreligieux. Cistercien. Christianisme. Islam. Algérie. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................... 10 1 PERSPECTIVAS DO DIÁLOGO INTER-RELIGIOSO ...................... 16 1.1 Dificuldades e desafios ....................................................................... 17 1.2 Diálogo islamo-cristão ........................................................................ 31 1.3 Identidade cristã na dinâmica dialogal .................................................. 46 2 VIDA CRISTÃ EM TERRA ESTRANGEIRA ..................................... 63 2.1 Diálogo Oriente-Ocidente na tradição monástica cristã ........................... 64 2.2 Traços precursores do diálogo islamo-cristão no Maghreb ..................... 83 2.3 Os cistercienses e a “instável estabilidade” em solo argelino .............. 101 3 CHRISTIAN DE CHERGÉ E A EXPERIÊNCIA COM O ISLÃ ....... 121 3.1 Vida e vocação na Argélia .................................................................. 122 3.2 Oração, hospitalidade e visitação ....................................................... 140 3.3 Artesão do diálogo ............................................................................ 159 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................ 180 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................... 185 ANEXOS 1 Carta do Ribât-el-Salâm ........................................................................ 199 2 Ilustrações .......................................................................................... 200 3 Quand un À-Dieu s’envisage ................................................................. 207 10 INTRODUÇÃO A exigência de abertura ao diálogo é “necessidade de uma cultura caracterizada pela pluralidade” 1 cujas “ordens de valores e as reservas de sentido não são mais propriedade comum de todos os membros da sociedade” 2 e onde as “antigas certezas religiosas” cedem lugar às dúvidas.3 A globalização4 possibilitou no mundo uma grande migração de pessoas pertencentes a culturas e religiões diversas que têm que conviver com uma proximidade que, talvez
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