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Southeastern Tanzanian Benedictine Monasteries: Filling a Void of Governmental Services for the Poorest Regions The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-1-2018 Southeastern Tanzanian Benedictine Monasteries: Filling a Void of Governmental Services for the Poorest Regions John Christie-Searles University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Christie-Searles, John, "Southeastern Tanzanian Benedictine Monasteries: Filling a Void of Governmental Services for the Poorest Regions" (2018). Dissertations. 1502. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1502 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Southeastern Tanzanian Benedictine Monasteries: Filling a Void of Governmental Services for the Poorest Regions by John Brigance Christie-Searles A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts & Sciences and the Department of Political Science, International Development & International Affairs at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by: Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie, Committee Chair Dr. Bruce Venarde Dr. Robert Pauly Dr. Tom Lansford ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie Dr. Edward Sayre Dr. Karen S. Coats Committee Chair Department Chair Dean of the Graduate School May 2018 COPYRIGHT BY John Brigance Christie-Searles 2018 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT This research illuminates the partnership of a particular civil society actor, Benedictine monasteries, in achieving developmental goals and delivery outcomes for education and health in Tanzania. Faith based organizations (FBOs) like these Benedictine monasteries quietly persevered with their work. These monasteries without governmental support were able to achieve similar results in areas of Tanzania deprived of infrastructure and consistent governmental administrative attention. Monastic apostolate fervor is similar to the professionalism exhibited by international aid organizations and nongovernmental organizations in their desire to meet the needs of the poor. Motivations are complex and varied from evangelization to political and strategic agendas to economic paradigm promulgation (socialism, capitalism, and communism). The analysis used mixed-methods for the purpose of testing the hypotheses. There are two dependent variables: educational attainment and infant mortality. These two variables are chosen because of linkages to government spending and government activities associated with educational attainment and infant mortality is well documented. Regression analysis was used to test outcomes in health and education based on the independent variables of rural percentage of population, population, Benedictine presence, and per capita income by region. Case studies will focus on four distinct regions within Tanzania, two in the north (Mwanza and Shinyanga) and two in the south (Rukwa and Ruvuma). Benedictine monasteries indeed fill the void of governmental services in Rukwa and Ruvuma regions and support the achievement of higher educational attainment and lower infant mortality rates in those regions. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researcher would like to thank the following Benedictine communities, St. Ottillien, Mvimwa Abbey, Hanga Abbey, Ndanda Abbey, Peramiho Abbbey, Benedictine Sisters of Erie, Alliance for International Monasticism, St. Meinrad Abbey, St. Johns Abbey. A special gratitude goes to Abbot Primate Notker who provided assistance with data collection. Fr. Amani, I thank you profusely for sharing your time, knowledge, and friendship with me. This research would not have come to fruition without the support of Christ in the Desert Monastery; I thank Abbot Phillip, Prior Benedict, and all my dear brothers who have put up with me and my writing. Br. Leander and Sub-Prior Caedmon read drafts of the research; both were models of perseverance with my research. The President, Provosts, Political Science Department, Global Health Studies, Black Studies, faculty, staff of Allegheny College in Meadville, PA provided the researcher a supportive academic environment and collegial support, both were greatly appreciated. Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie, Amanda St. Marie, Dr. Bruce Venarde, Dr. Robert J. Pauly, Dr. David Butler, Dr. Shahdad Naghshpour have encouraged the research and the researcher throughout. iii DEDICATION May the favor of the Lord our God rest on us; establish the work of our hands for us— yes, establish the work of our hands. Psalm 90:17 To my parents Harry Vonzell Searles and Arthur Jean Searles, to Drs. Stephen and Jean Carr, who opened their home to me and believed in me more than I believed in myself, to Dr. Barry Shapiro and Dr. Dave Roncolato, for picking me up at my lowest point, to Dick Thompson for teaching me and keeping the rhythm of the double bass, to Gabriel, Themba, and Laura-Jean, my beloved three headed Cerberus, I love you! to Jennifer Christie and her family, to Melvin Searles, who helped me improve my golf game while studying and researching and housed and fed me during trips from Meadville to Gulfport, MS, to the generations of family members who have left this life but to whom I owe much gratitude for having persevered, I have grown even closer to you through research of slavery in the South and pursuing a PhD at University of Southern Mississippi, to Yale Skipworth my esteemed colleague at USM and “twin,” to John White, Gayle George, and Bonita Ellison and her family, soldiers in the fight, to the host of saints, especially in my adopted home of Meadville, who have prayed for this dissertation to come to completion, and to the Civic Symphony Orchestra and Jazz Band and students of Allegheny College who kept me young, energized and musical. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I -Setting .......................................................................................................... 1 Origins of the Benedictine Tradition .............................................................................. 2 The Rule and the prescriptions of the Church ................................................................ 9 Traditions in education and health ................................................................................ 12 Monasticism in the Modern Age................................................................................... 16 From Ancient European beginnings to African Reception ........................................... 17 The Tanzanian Approach .............................................................................................. 21 The Emergence of African Benedictine Monasticism .................................................. 24 The Rule is Passed On .................................................................................................. 27 Research Design............................................................................................................ 27 Background ................................................................................................................... 30 Education .................................................................................................................. 30 Health ........................................................................................................................ 34 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 36 v CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 38 Civil Society and Economic Development ................................................................... 40 Monastic Identity .......................................................................................................... 50 German Monastic Identity ............................................................................................ 51 Development Theories .................................................................................................. 55 Five Prominent Theories ............................................................................................... 59 Linear ........................................................................................................................ 60 Structural-Change ..................................................................................................... 61 Dependency............................................................................................................... 61 Neoclassical .............................................................................................................
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