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The Language of Keitai-Mail: the Sociolinguistics of Japanese Mobile E-Mail

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The Language of Keitai-Mail: the Sociolinguistics of Japanese Mobile E-Mail The language of Keitai-mail: The sociolinguistics of Japanese mobile e-mail Noboru Sakai A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in December 2011 The School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies i Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the General Award Rules of The University of Queensland, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Statement of Contributions to Jointly Authored Works Contained in the Thesis No jointly authored works. Statement of Contributions by Others to the Thesis as a Whole No contributions by others. Statement of Parts of the Thesis Submitted to Qualify for the Award of Another Degree None. Published Works by the Author Incorporated into the Thesis None. Additional Published Works by the Author Relevant to the Thesis but not Forming Part of it Sakai, N. (2007). The theoretical study of motivational transfer and entertainment use in self-study CALL. Retrieved from Asian EFL journal, http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Thesis_Sakai.pdf – minor quotation in Chapter 10. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my principal adviser Professor Nanette Gottlieb. This study started from her heart-felt welcome to me to her research project, and throughout all stages of this project, she steadily supported me in all aspects of research and candidature. Without her excellent supervision, this thesis would have not been completed within the timeframe because of its broad perspectives, or it would have ended up a poor quality thesis. It is my treasure that I could have very valuable discussions with her frequently and it improved my research and myself. I cannot express my gratitude with such few words when I think of her thoughtful support that enabled my growth in research and academics, but I would like to say that it is my great fortune in my life that I can research under Prof. Gottlieb‟s supervision. I would also like to show my appreciation to my associate advisors: Dr. Yuriko Nagata and Dr. Michael Harrington. Dr Nagata gave valuable suggestions in Japanese language, Japanese culture and history, and a wide range of research related matters including ethics of human-involvement research. Dr Harrington advised me on quantitative research methods and statistical techniques. The help by Dr. Nagata and Dr. Harrington significantly enhances my research quality and broadness, and this thesis could not have been of this width and depth without their expertise. I am, again, very fortunate to have a chance to research under this advisory team of strong expertise in a very wide range of disciplines, and this is an honour to be able to research at the University of Queensland. This thesis was also supported by numerous individuals who are not related to me academically. I firstly wish to express my gratitude to my friends at The University of Queensland. In particular, I show my grateful thanks to Dr. Mayuko Inagawa, Dr. Ken-ichi Hashimoto and Dr. Jun B Matoba, who willingly advised me on matters related to being a PhD candidate as a senior student, and for giving me thoughtful support for this project from their specialised positions. I would also like to show my appreciation to Yukari Nagasawa, Satomi Matsumura, Kazumi Daido and Yui Daido for their aid of instruction in each regional dialect and insights into the modern Japanese language and Keitai-mail communication. To complete my research, there were many participants who willingly offered their data and gave their time to answer my questions. In addition, many of my friends gave me heart-felt support in regards to my data collection in Japan. In particular, I would like to show my thanks to Akane Kishimoto, Kana Yatsunami, Hatsuko Yoshimura, Hiroko Yoshimura, Taeko Yoshimura, Reiko Shimuzu, Natsuko Suzuki, Koki Tomita, Makoto Abe and Toru Akahane for their support in research help and life in Japan in general. As for helping me in my daily life in Australia, I wish to say thanks to my Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Australia friends for their thoughtful encouragement through this project as well as life in Australia in general. In particular, I would like to say a special thank you to the following iii individuals. Ben McLellan, Kazuki McLellan, Suzu Muraki, Miho Ito, Chiho Sato, Toshihiro Maruyama, Koich Morizumi, Koshi Tsai, Lily Tsai and Joyce Leung. Furthermore, my grateful thanks go to my life mentor Dr. Daisaku Ikeda, the founder of Soka University, where I studied, as well as the president of SGI. His thoughtful, continuous support and encouragement throughout my lifetime have contributed to my growth, and have allowed me to have courage and confidence, which led to the completion of this project. This thesis is an integration of knowledge and skills which I have acquired through my life. No need to say the PhD supervision by the School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies, I also would like to acknowledge the MA on Applied Linguistics program offered by the school and the university. I did not imagine I would research as a PhD candidate in my life when I first visited the University of Queensland as a MA student, but because of the excellent program on the MA, I was able to naturally acquire research skills through this coursework program, which is the baseline of my PhD research and without this experience, I would have never pursued the pathway of a research scholar. This thesis applies many advanced IT techniques, and the reason I can handle this study is also thanks to my former education as an IT student, so I would like to acknowledge my appreciation for my former academic institution, the Faculty of Engineering at Soka University, Japan. In addition, I also would like to acknowledge the staff in the faculty of the World Language Centre, Soka University. Their excellent academic curriculum and instruction cultivated the foundation of my language ability on research in English medium education. In particular, I show special thanks to Prof. Richmond Stroupe, Mr. Shin‟ichi Hashimoto, and Ms. Pamela Yamamoto (currently working at the University of Southern California language academy) for their continuous support during my former academic engagement, as well as after graduation. This research project was supported by several scholarships and a research grant: The University of Queensland, the Faculty of Arts International Scholarship covered the tuition fees. A living allowance was provided by Nanette Gottlieb‟s Australian Professorial Fellowship, funded by the Australian Research Council. In addition, Tokyo Foundation also supported my data collection in Japan. I am thankful for these forms of financial support. Lastly, I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family – my mother Akemi Sakai and my grandmother Tsuya Sakai, and my late grandfather Shigeaki Sakai – for their understanding and thoughtful support. Noboru Sakai December 2011 iv Abstract Keitai-mail, e-mails exchanged through mobile phones, have become a major communication tool in Japanese daily life. In order to elucidate this aspect of the language and literacy practices of today‟s rapidly advancing information technology era, this study explores Japanese Keitai-mail practice among young people (prior to the smart-phone generation) and is the first study to analyse a very large data corpus of raw Keitai-mail texts. As a significant aspect of language and literacy practice for Japanese young people, Japanese Keitai-mail have received increasing attention not only from scholars in linguistics (e.g., Miyake, 2007; Kimura, 2002; Miyamoto & Kotera, 2004) but also from government institutions involved in promotion of the national language (e.g., the Agency for Cultural Affairs (Bunkachō)). Their studies can be summarised as showing that Keitai-mail feature influences of 1) the technology itself, i.e., the specifications or physical properties of the communication medium (e.g., Sasahara, 2002; Sasaki & Ishikawa, 2006); 2) the conscious and unconscious motivations of Keitai-mail users in their Keitai-mail communication (e.g., Sugitani, 2007; Tomari, 2004; Uchida, 2004), and 3) language use and creation by young people themselves found in areas not limited to Keitai-mail (e.g., Horasawa, 2000; Kuwamoto, 2000; Senuma, 2005). The present study thus focuses on these three aspects as its baseline of investigation, using both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse its data corpus. For the former, certain criteria from conversation analysis and discourse analysis (Fairclough‟s 2003 criteria) are applied. The study investigates 43,295 Keitai-mail exchanged for the purpose of personal communication by 60 young people aged 18 to 30 who are familiar with Keitai-mail practices.
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