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Vorlesung Geschichte Ägyptens in Griechisch-Römischer Zeit I

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Vorlesung Geschichte Ägyptens in Griechisch-Römischer Zeit I Vorlesung Geschichte Ägyptens in griechisch-römischer Zeit I Ägypten unter den Ptolemäern Thomas Kruse Vorgeschichte I: Ägypten in spätdynastischer Zeit • Die Grundlagen: König als zentraler Bezugs-punkt der Religion erfordert Einbindung der Fremdherrscher • Kampf zwischen König u. Priester um Vorherrschaft • Die libyschen Könige der 22.-24. Dynastie, Scheschonq I. v. Tanis (ca. 945-924) • 8. Jh. Eroberung durch Nubier (Äthiopier), Pi(anchi) (ca. 745-713) – Im Delta konkurrierende Fürsten, Tefnachte v. Sais (ca. 728-720), Schabaka (701-690) Vorgeschichte I: Ägypten in spätdynastischer Zeit • 671 Eroberung durch Asarhaddon (681-669); Assyrer werden nicht Pharaonen, sondern die Fürsten der Saitendynastie Necho v. Sais (672-664) u. Psammetich (664-610) • Psammetich wird vom ganzen Land als Pharao anerkannt u. beendet Vasallenverhältnis zu den Assyrern; wirbt als erster griech. Söldner an • Ägyptische Außenpolitik richtet sich auf das Mittelmeer u. Griechenland; Amasis (570-526); Zypern wird Teil d. Reiches; Bündnis mit Kyrene; griech. Kolonie Naukratis Vorgeschichte I: Ägypten in spätdynastischer Zeit • Bedrohung durch Expansion Persiens; Bündnisse mit Polykrates v. Samos, Kroisos v. Sardeis, Nabonid v. Babylon, Sparta • 525 Eroberung Ägyptens durch den Perserkönig Kambyses (530-522) – Ägypten wird eine Satrapie des pers. Reiches • Besonderheiten der Saitenzeit: Machimoi – griech. Söldner; Herausbildung der demotischen Schrift (dhmotikå grãmmata) Vorgeschichte II: Ägypten unter persischer Herrschaft • Antipersische Stimmung der ägyptischen Bevölkerung?; Udjahorresnet u. die Konzeption der Königsideologie • Charakteristika pers. Herrschaft: persische Verwaltungsbeamte (Satrap, frataraka), Garnisonen (v.a. Pelusion, Elephantine), semitische Söldner; Kodifikation des äg. Rechts • Wiedergewinnung der Unabhängigkeit durch Amyrtaios (404-399); Abwehr pers. Rückeroberungsversuche; gelingt schließlich gegen Nektanebos II. (361/60-343) Vorgeschichte III: Ägypten unter Alexander d. Gr. • 333 Sieg über Dareios III. in d. Schlacht v. Issos; 332 Einmarsch in Ägypten, kampflose Übergabe durch die Perser (wg. der Invasion d. Amyntas 336?) • Krönung Alexanders zum Pharao • 331 Gründung Alexandrias • Reise in die Oase Siwah u. die göttliche Abstammung Alexanders Alexander d.Gr. Alexandermosaik Pompei Alexanderportrait Istanbul Alexandria und sein Umland Alexandria Vorgeschichte III: Ägypten unter Alexander d. Gr. • Verwaltung: nomarchai (Doloaspis u. Petisis), Gauvorsteher, Sonderverwaltung d. libyschen u. arab. Grenzgebiete • Makedonisches Besatzungsheer in Ober- (Peukestas) u. Unterägypten (Balakros) • Finanzverwaltung unter Kleomenes v. Naukratis, der nach dem Abzug des Königs der wichtigste Mann in Ägypten wird • Frühj. 331 Abzug Alexanders aus Ägypten • 10. Juni 323 Tod Alexanders in Babylon Das Problem der Herrschaftsnachfolge • Konflikt zw. Somatophylakes, Hetairenreiterei u. Phalanx (Pezhetairoi); Rhoxane; (Philipp III.) Arrhidaios. • Kompromiß: Samtherrschaft Philipp III. Arrhidaios u. (erhoffter) Sohn d. Rhoxane (d. spätere Alexander IV.) • Aufgabenverteilung: Perdikkas (Vormund, epimeletes, „Reichsverweser“), Krateros (prostates), Antipatros (Stratege v. Europa); Seleukos (Chiliarch); Kassandros (Aufsicht über Somatophylakes u. pers. Truppen); Seleukos (Adelsreiterei) Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • Satrapienverteilung v. Babylon: Ptolemaios (Ägypten); Antigonos Monophthalmos (Großphrygien, Pampyhlien, Lykien); Eumenes (Kappadokien); Lysimachos (Thrakien) • Ptolemaios S.d. Lagos, geb. vermutl. 367/66, Truppenkommandeur u. Somatophylax Alexanders • Beseitigung des Kleomenes v. Naukratis • Einmischung in den inneren Konflikt in Kyrene; Ophellas; diagramma: Kyrene wird ägyptischer Außenbesitz Das Reich Alexanders d. Gr. Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • Die Koalitions- (oder Diadochen-)kriege: Erhaltung des Gesamtreiches vs. Eigenständigkeitsbestrebungen einzelner Diadochen • 1. Koalitionskrieg (320): Antipatros, Krateros, Ptolemaios, Antigonos, Lysimachos gegen Perdikkas • Ptolemaios entführt Alexanders Leichnam • Sommer 320: Sieg Ptolemaios’ über Perdikkas; Eumenes besiegt Krateros (Herbst 320) Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • Konferenz v. Triparadeios: Antipatros (Vormund, Reichsverweser); Antigonos (Stratege v. Asien, Reichsfeldherr); Kassandros (Befehlshaber d. Reiterei); Ptolemaios (bestätigt); Seleukos (Babylonien); Könige nach Europa • Verlegung der Hauptstadt v. Memphis nach Alexandria? • 319/18 Besetzung v. Koile-Syrien; Heirat mit Eurydike Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • 2. Koalitionskrieg (319-315): Ernennung d. Polyperchon z. Reichsverweser; Koalition d. Kassandros, Lysimachos, Ptolemaios, Antigonos gegen Polyperchon • Polyperchon u. die ehrgeizigen Frauen: Olympias u. Eurydike (Ehefrau Philipps III.); das pol. Mittel der Freiheitsproklamation für Griechenland • Herbst 317 Ermordung Philipps III. • Frühj. 315 Intervention d. Kassandros in Griechenland u. Ermordung d. Olympias Der Satrap Ptolemaios • „Zu der Zeit, zu der Alexandros, der Sohn des Alexandros im 7. Jahr König ist, zu der Zeit, zu der Ptolemaios im 14. Jahr Satrap ist, im Monat Dios.“ ÉAlejãndrou toË ÉAlejãndrou basileÊontow ¶tei •bdÒmƒ Ptolema¤ou satrapeÊontow ¶tei tessareskaidekãtou mhnÚw D¤ou P.Eleph. 1 (311/10 v.Chr.) Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • Winter 316/15: Antigonos besiegt Eumenes, baut Machtbereich in Asien aus u. erkennt Kassandros nicht an; Konflikt mit Seleukos, der zu Ptolemaios flieht • 3. Koalitionskrieg (314-311): Seleukos, Ptolemaios, Kassandros, Lysimachos gegen Antigonos • Heeresversammlung v. Tyros: Antigonos erklärt sich zum Reichsverweser; Freiheitsproklamation • 313 Ptolemaios gewinnt Zypern Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • 312 Revolte der Kyrenaika; Expedition nach Syrien; Sieg über Demetrios bei Gaza, aber Rückzug aus Syrien vor den überlegenen Truppen des Antigonos • 311 Seleukos erobert seine Satrapie Babylonien zurück • 311 Friedensschluß: Anerkennung der Machtposition d. Antigonos in Asien; Ptolemaios’ Besitz Syriens wird nicht anerkannt; Kassandros Stratege v. Europa bis zur Volljährigkeit Alexanders IV.; Seleukos? Vorgeschichte IV: Der Satrap Ptolemaios • 310 (od. 309) Ermordung Alexanders IV. u. der Rhoxane: Interregnum • Ptolemaios unternimmt Flottenexpeditionen nach Kleinasien (310), Griechenland (308); Feldzug d. Ophellas v. Kyrene gegen Karthago, danach Loslösung der Kyrenaika bis 300. • 306 erfolgreicher Angriff d. Demetrios auf Zypern, das bis 295/94 von ihm beherrscht wird Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • 306 – „Das Jahr der Könige“: Antigonos nimmt den Königstitel an; ihm folgen Ptolemaios, Kassandros, Lysimachos u. Seleukos • Angriff des Antigonos u. Demetrios auf Ägypten scheitert • 305/04 Angriff d. Demetrios auf Rhodos („Poliorketes“), das von Ptolemaios unterstützt wird • 303-302: Demetrios errichtet Machtposition in Griechenland auf Kosten d. Kassandros; Neugründung d. Korinthischen Bundes Ptolemaios I. (Lagou, Soter) König von Ägypten Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • „Zu der Zeit, zu der Ptolemaios im 30. Jahr König ist, im Monat Gorpiaios, während der Priesterschaft Menelaos, des Sohnes des Lagos“ BasileÊontow Ptolema¤ou (¶tei) m mhnÚw Gorpia¤ou §fÉ fler°vw Menelãou toË Lãgou P.Eleph. 2 (285/84 v.Chr.) Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • 4. Koalitionskrieg (303-301): Koalition v. Kassandros, Lysimachos, Ptolemaios, Seleukos gegen Antigonos u. Demetrios • 301: Schlacht v. Ipsos (Phrygien): Niederlage u. Tod des Antigonos, Demetrios behauptet sich in Griechenland; Ptolemaios hatte nicht mitgekämpft und Syrien (außer Tyros u. Sidon) besetzt • Aufteilung des Reiches d. Antigonos: Seleukos (Großphrygien); Lysimachos (die meisten übrigen kleinasiat. Gebiete); Seleukos verzichtet „aus Freundschaft“ auf Syrien; 300 Rückeroberung Kyrenes (Magas) Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • 297: Tod d. Kassandros, in den folgenden Thronwirren sichert sich Demetrios den Thron Makedoniens • 295/94: Ptolemaios erobert Zypern zurück, Tyros u. Sidon zurück; Besetzung Lykiens • 5. Koalitionskrieg (288-285): Lysimachos, Seleukos, Pyrrhos v. Epirus, Ptolemaios gegen Demetrios; 287 aber Separatfrieden d. Ptolemaios mit Demetrios • Ptolemaios legt Besatzung auf Andros (288, Kallias v. Sphettos) u. gewinnt das Protektorat über den Nesiotenbund (287) Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • Familienpolitik: Ehefrauen: • 1. Artakama (pers. Prinzessin) • 2. Eurydike (T.d. Antipatros), Kinder: Ptolemaios Keraunos, Meleagros, Lysandra, Ptolemais • 3. Berenike (Witwe eines maked. Adligen), Kinder: Arsinoe (geb. 316 verh. mit Lysimachos), Philotera, Ptolemaios Philadelphos (geb. 308; verh. mit T. d. Lysimachos, Thronfolger, st. 285/84 Mitregent) Ptolemaios König von Ägypten • Griechische Besiedelung, Militärsiedler (Kleruchen) • Geschlossenes ägyptisches Münzsystem • Alexandria: Regierungssitz u. kult. Zentrum (Museion, Demetrios v. Phaleron) • Die beiden weiteren griechischen Poleis: Naukratis u. Ptolemais • Die Ägypter: schmale Oberschicht (Priester, Beamte) – Landbevölkerung • Gute Beziehungen Ptolemaios’ I. zu den Priestern („Satrapenstele“, Manetho) Das Nildelta Dekret der Priester v. Buto von 311 (sog. „Satrapenstele) Herrscherideologie • Problem der Legitimation gegenüber Makedonen/Griechen u. Ägyptern • Griechischer Basileus – Ägyptischer Pharao • Das ägyptische Konzept: Der König als Sachwalter der Götter • Die Krönung in Memphis • Die äg. Königstitulatur als Ausdruck spezifischer Beziehungen zu den Göttern: Horusname, Herrinnenname, Goldname, Thronname • Vertreibung der Perser als legitimatorisches
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