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Mmubn000001 052672816.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/113428 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-10 and may be subject to change. Popular Leadership and Collective Behavior in the Late Roman Republic (ca. 80 - 50 B.C.) Paul J.J. Vanderbroeck Popular Leadership and Collective Behavior in the Late Roman Republic (ca. 80-50 B.C.) Popular Leadership and Collective Behavior in the Late Roman Republic (ca. 80-50 B.C.) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de Letteren aan de Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.dr. B.M.F, van lersel volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 3 december 1987 des morgens te 10.30 uur precies door: Paul Johannes Josef Vandcrbroeck geboren te Sittard J.C. Gieben, Publisher Amsterdam 1987 Promotor: Prof.Dr. L. de Blois No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photopnnt, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. © by P.J.J. Vanderbrocck, 1987 ISBN 90 5063 001 4 Printed in The Netherlands Parentibus 3 Contents Preface 6 Abbreviations 9 Introduction 10 Tiieoretical Starting-Points 10 Rome in the Late Republic: The Ρ reconditions for Collective Behavior 16 1. Leadership 23 Top Leaders 26 Assistant Leaders 34 Intermediate Leaders 52 2. Participation 67 Plebs Urbana and Plebs Rustica .67 Tfie Spectators at the Games 77 Patronage and the Development of a Public Clientele 81 Plebs Contionalis .86 Tlie Participants and their Susceptibility to Popular Policy 93 3. Mobilization 104 Communication and Propaganda 104 Organization 112 Symbols 116 Precipitating Incidents 120 Opportunity: Time and Place 121 The Role of Leadership 124 Image building 130 Conclusions 139 4. Collective Behavior 142 Public Manifestations 142 Demonstrations 143 Assemblies 144 Collective Violence 146 Repression 153 5. Politics 161 Impact 161 The Strategy of tfie Leadership 163 Politicization and the Absence of a Social Movement 165 4 6. Sources 174 The Negative ¡mage of the Demagogue 174 The Positive/Neutral Image of the Demagogue 177 The Image of the Demagogue and the Sources of the Late Republic 178 Appian and Sallust 182 Demagogos and Popularis 185 The Image of the Crowd 187 The Problem of Perception 188 Epilogue 193 The Achievement of Augustus 193 Appendices A. Prosopography of Assistant Leaders 198 B. Collective Behavior 78-49 B.C 218 C. The Negative Image of the Demagogue in Fourth-Century Greek Authors 268 D. The Negative Image of the Demagogue in the Sources on the Roman Republic from 80-50 B.C 269 E. The Negative Image of the Demagogue in Appian and Sallust 272 Bibliography 274 Index 278 Samenvatting 282 Curriculum Vitae 284 5 Preface The first century B.C. was a turbulent period in Roman history. It was a period of transformation and political conflict. It is also a very well documented period. All this has resulted in a continuous and large flow of publications. Is it then necessary to add yet another comprehensive study of the late Roman Republic? In the city of Rome during the late Republic, crowds of citizens frequently acted under the leadership of members of the Roman upper class. Aspects thereof have been researched by modem historians in various monographs and articles. A systematic study of popular leadership and crowd behavior in the late Roman Republic and the interaction between these two phenomena, however, is still lacking. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between popular leadership and collective behavior in the political process of the late Roman Republic. The focus will be on the period from circa 80 to 50 B.C., i.e. from the death of Sulla (78) until the beginning of the second civil war (49), which marked the end of the Republican polity. During the final 30 years of the Republic, the processes of change, which had been in operation for several centuries as a result of the continuous expansion of the Roman empire, reached their peak and had their repercussions on all aspects of Roman society. Furthermore, this is the best documented period of Roman history, especially because of the rich amount of contemporary sources. That is why this period is best suited for a detailed analysis of the problems which have been researched here. I will deal only with the events in the city of Rome, since it was the center of politics. Besides, there are very few data about comparable events elsewhere during the same period. One might wonder whether the sources are representative. This book deals with conflicts, which means that they had news value already in the late Roman Republic. We may therefore assume that at least the successful and spectacular - violent as well as nonviolent - events will have been recorded and, considering the relatively large density of the sources, will have come down to us. Moreover, many of the contemporary sources are eyewitness reports by participating observers. Our data, therefore, should be considered representative, albeit not complete. Another problem is the prejudice of the sources. Many data are derived from the writings of Cicero, which are known to be subjective. Nevertheless, the Ciceronian source material is valuable, because Cicero's political viewpoints are known to us and because he was a sharp and able observer. Furthermore, Chapter 6 especially addresses the problem of the biased literary tradition. 6 Throughout the book I will regularly refer to preceding and later periods of Roman history for a better understanding of the events between 80 and 50. Considering the subject of my research, I have opted for a sociological phrasing of the questions. The first section of the Introduction summarizes some important sociological theories for readers who are unfamiliar with the social sciences. I hope that the results of this book will offer social scientists and historians who deal with other periods additional reference material for their own research. Here and there, especially in the notes, I have indicated what direction such further comparative study could take. For this reading public, I have also included some general information on Roman history, especially in the second part of the Introduction. This study has been arranged by topic, but a chronological survey of the events is offered in Appendix B. After the Introduction, the chapters will successively treat leadership, participation, mobilization, collective behavior, and the role of these factors in the political process. The last chapter offers an analysis of the treatment of popular leadership and collective behavior in the ancient sources. At the end of the book, five appendices have been included, which will be referred to regularly in this study, but which perhaps also may serve as reference material for future research. Some technical information for the reading of this book: all dates are B.C., unless otherwise indicated or evidently belonging to later periods. For the classical authors reference is made to the editions in the Loeb Classical Library, whenever possible. The translations of classical authors are mostly after Loeb, with slight modifications. This research was made possible in part thanks to financial assistance from the Netherlands organization for the Advancement of Pure Research, the Fulbright-Hays program, and the Nijmegen University Fund Foundation. Many individuals have contributed to the realization of this project and have encouraged and counseled me in multifarious ways. Some of them I should like to mention by name. In Paris I have been much inspired by cooperation with Professor Claude Nicolet and his élèves, among whom I would like to mention Jean-Louis Ferrary, Jean-Marc Flambard, and Hélène Leclerc. At the University of Michigan I have experienced fruitful cooperation with Professors John H. D'Arms, John W. Eadie, and others - students and faculty - in the Departments of Classical Studies, History, and Sociology. I should also like to thank emeritus Professor G.J.D. Aalders H.Wzn. who has provided me with support and advice in the course of my research. I thank Professor H.F.M. Peeters for having introduced me to interdisciplinary history. Professor Bruce W. Frier most kindly went over the manuscript and corrected the translation. Among my colleagues in the Department of Classics in Nijmegen, I thank those who have put their expertise at my disposal. I would like to thank all, including those who have not been mentioned by name, for their support and 7 encouragement. I should like to finish with the familiar, yet not unnecessary phrase that no one, except myself, is to be held responsible for the views expressed in this book or any remaining errors. The book is dedicated to my parents, who have granted me the opportunity to pursue my interests, and who have never doubted a successful result. Nijmegen, June 1987 8 Abbreviations Αο-χ Appendix A, optimates, no. χ. Ap-x Appendix A, populares, no. x. B-x Appendix B, case no. x. ILLRP DEGRASSI, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae. LGRR GRUEN, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. LlNTOTT LlNTOTT, Violence in Republican Rome MARTCN MARTIN, Die Popularen in der Geschichte der späten Republik. MRR BROUGHTON, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. NMRS WISEMAN, New Men in the Roman Senate. OÉ NlCOLET, L'Ordre équestre à l'époque républicaine. RE PAULY-WISSOWA, Realencyclopädie der classischen A Itertumswissenschaft. RPA MEIER, Res publica amissa. SWRP SHATZMAN, Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics. Abbreviations of classical authors and their works are as much as possible according to the list of abbreviations in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition.
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