WESTERNWASHINGTON FRESHWATER WETLANDS

PhaseV: WesternClallam County

LindaM. Kunze WetlandEcologist

WashingtonNatural Heritage Program Divisionof Landand Water Conservation DepartmentofNatural Resources Olympia, Washington

Reportto

WashingtonDepartment of Ecology Olympia,Washington

ContractNo. 60090036

June1990 ABSTRACT

This study identifieshighquality native wetlandswhichoccur in thelowlands ' ofwestern ClallamCounty, Washington. It focuses onimpounded sphagnum and non-sphagnumfreshwater wet1 ands which have rootedvascular plantvegetation. Thereport incl udes:

1. A listand descriptionsof relatively pristine native wetlands.

2. A listand descriptionsof wetlands which havebeen disturbed but havebeen or may be restored.

3. A classificationof native vegetated wetlands in thearea. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My thanksto Robert Chandler,then Superintendentof the OlympicNational Park, and John Aho, ScienceDirector, for permissionto inventorypark lands. Specialthanks to Kevin MacCartney,manager of the Lake Ozettearea of the park, and park staffwho providedtransportation around Lake Ozetteand valuableinformation on settlementactivity and landusein the area.

I appreciatedthe supportand interestof the Departmentof Natural Resources, Olympic Regionstaff. I was impressedwith the interestin wetlandsshown by the technicalstaff and appreciatethe staff supportprovided me by the mechanicsand officeworkers.

Specialrecognition is due those brave soulswho spent time in the fieldwith me. First, Bill Leonardwho went waist deep in water lookingfor the elusive spottedfrog, then spenta day thrashingthrough and crawlingunder evergreen huckleberry and sala1 in searchof equally elusi ve forestedwet1 ands. Second, to Andy McMill an, WashingtonDepartment of Ecologycontract officer for this project,who decidedto get his feet wet andgain firsthandknowledge of the field effortfor thisproject. Third, to Mark Sheehan,Program Manager for the WashingtonNatural HeritageProgram, and John Gamon, the Program'srare p1 ant specia1 i st, who spent a day he1ping me conductrare plant inventories.

I admiringlyacknowledge those researcherswhose work in this region precedes mine. Althoughbeautiful and rewardingto work in, this region requires dedicationand perseveranceto survey. Parti cularly I acknowledge the omnipresentNel sa and Buck Buckingham.

My gratefulthanks to Janet Anthony, Barry Troutmanand Lisa Egtvedtfor good companyand conversationa long way from home. And to Gordon White, my husband, for his acceptanceand support ofmy work and transientfield biologist'sl ife style.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ...... ii Acknowledgments ...... iii

Tableofcontents ...... v List of Figures ...... vii Introduction ...... 1 Study Area ...... 1 Methodology ...... 3 Initial Site Selection ...... 3 Fieldsurveys ...... 4 Classification ...... 4 Final Site Selection Criteria ...... 5 Site Lists ...... 7 Condition ...... 8 Site Descriptions First Tier Site Descriptions ...... 9 A1 lens Slough ...... 11 BigJoesLake ...... 15 Cape Alava Prairie ...... 19 Ericsons Lagoon ...... 21 IversonBog ...... 25 Mannys Prairie ...... 29 Murdock Bog ...... 31 Rooses Prairie ...... 33 Trout Creek Bog ...... 37 Tyee Bogs ...... 41 Second Tier Site Descriptions ...... 43 Ahlstrom's Prairie ...... 45 Cub Creek ...... 49 Dickey Flats ...... 53 Elk Lake ...... 55 Ericsons Pond ...... 59 JamesPond ...... 63 JoyceScour ...... 67 North Fork Crooked Creek ...... 69 OldRoyal Pond ...... 73 Quinn Creek ...... 77 SooesMarsh ...... 79 South End ...... 83 Swan Bay ...... 87 Thunder Bench ...... 91 Thunder Lake...... 95 UmbrellaBay...... 99 Wentworth Lake ...... 103 Willoughby Lake ...... 107 Woo1.grassNarsh ...... 109

Glossary ...... 111

Bibliography ...... 113

Appendix A. PreliminaryClassification of Olympic PeninsulaFreshwater Wetlands ...... 115 Appendix B. Olympic PeninsulaFreshwater Wet1 and Community Descriptions ...... 119

Appendix C. Plant Species Scientificand Common Names ... 151 StudyArea LIST OF FIGURES

Figure ...... 2 Figure Location ofFirst and Second TierSites 6 Figure ..... AllensSlough LocationMap Figure ...... 10 Figure Big JoesLake LocationMap ...... 14 Figure CapeA1 ava PrairieLocation Map ...... 18 Figure EricsonsLagoon Location Map...... 20 Figure IversonBog LocationMap Figure ...... 24 Figure Mannys PrairieLocation Map...... 28 Figure MurdockBog LocationMap ...... 30 Figure Rooses PrairieLocation Map ...... 32 Figure TroutCreek Bog LocationMap Figure ...... 36 Figure TyeeBogs LocationMap ...... 40 Figure Ah1strom' s PrairieLocation Map ...... 44 Figure CubCreek LocationMap ...... 48 Figure DickeyFlats LocationMap ...... 52 Figure Elk LakeLocation Map ...... 54 Figure Figure EricsonsPond Location Map...... 58 Figure JamesPond Location Map ...... 62 Figure Joyce ScourLocation Map ...... 66 Figure NorthFork CrookedCreek Location Map ...... 68 Figure Old RoyalPond Location Map ...... 72 Figure QuinnCreek Location Map ...... 76 Figure SooesMarsh Location ...... Map 78 Figure SouthEnd Location Map...... 82 Figure SwanBay LocationMap ...... 86 Figure ThunderBench Location Map ...... 90 Figure ThunderLake LocationMap ...... 94 UmbrellaBay LocationMap ...... 98 WentworthLake Location Map ...... 102 Willoughby Lake Location...... Map 106 Wool-grass Marsh LocationMap ...... 108

INTRODUCTION

Over the lastseveral years, thepub1 ic has becomemore aware of thevalues and functionsof wetlands.At thesame time, information has becomeavailable on theamount and rateof destructionof these systems.The result has beena heightenedpub1 ic concernabout theprotection and rehabilitation of wet1and systems.

TheWashington Departmentof Ecology determined a need for wetland studies whichwould classify and describewetl and types,identify high qua1 ity native systems,and identifywetlands which, though disturbed,have thepotenti a1 to be restored.To satisfypart of this need, the Departmentof Ecology con- tractedwith the Department of NaturalResources, Natural Heritage Program to inventory wetlandslocated on theOlympic Peninsul a.

Thisstudy focuseson native, freshwater, sphagnumand non-sphagnum wetlands whichare vegetated by rootedvascular plants. It concentrateson pondedand semi-impoundedsystems. The report provides a listand descriptionsof "pristine" native wetlands(firsttier), thatis, those siteswhich most resemble wetlandswhich occupiedthe area prior Europeanto settlement. It also providesa list and descriptionsof wetlands which have beendisturbed but which havebeen, or may be ableto be restored(second tier) . Theseare wet1ands which sti 11 resemble and functionas presettlement systems but have beenaltered or disturbed.The disturbance may affectonly an isolated portionof thewetland, or thewetland may have recovered(orbe in the processof recovering).

A classificationof native, vegetated wetland communities was developed based on a compilationof datain theNatural Heritage Information System, in the literatureand from thisfield study.

Althougha largepercentage of the impoundedwetlands located in western Cla1 1 am Countywere reviewed,not a11 couldbe surveyed withinthe scope of thisstudy. Withfurther work,it is probable thatmore sitescould be added to thislist of highquality wetlands.

STUDYAREA

Thestudy area includesthelands below 2,000feet in westernClallam County. It includesstate, private and NationalPark landsand excludesIndian and NationalForest 1ands (figure 1).

Thestudy area falls within the Coast Range, which is definedas occurring betweenthe Straitof Juande Fucato the north,and theKlamath Mountains to the south, thePacific Oceanto the west,and the Puget-WillametteLowlands to theeast (McKee, 1972). Thisportion of theCoast Range is primarily differentaged marine sedimentaryrock, alluvium, differentiatedglaci a1 outwash,and undifferentiatedglacial till. Theterrain within the study area is uneven,composed of rivervalleys, terracesand roll ingto steephi1 1 s. Thenorthern and northwestern portionsof Clallam County were overriddenby 3 Figure 1: Study Area continentalglaciers which terminatedto the south at the QuileuteRiver. South of the continentalglaciers, the lowlandswere affected by alpine glaciers (Tabor and Cady, 1978).

Western JeffersonCounty has a mild marine climate. Annual average daily minimum andmaximum temperaturesfor Forks are 41" and 58" F respectively (range 33" to 72" F). It is part of the wettest area in the continentalU.S., with up to 180 inches of rain annually (average 118 inches). The eastern end of the study area receives about 60 inches of rain annually.

METHODOLOGY INITIALSITE SELECTION:

Sites for study were initiallyselected by: 1) reviewingU.S.G.S. 7.5 and 15 minute quadranglemaps; 2) reviewingthe latest availableaerial photographs printed at a scale of 1: 12,000; 3) retrievalof data alreadycontained within the Natural Heritage InformationSystem; and 4) reviewingleads providedby researchersand know1edgeabl e 1andowners.

The criteriathat were used in this initialsite selectionwere:

1. The dearee of human-re1ated ~hvsicaldisturbances. Disturbances included: damming, diking, ditching,filling, draining, logging, other vegetationremoval or mining of the substrate. A site continuedto be consideredfor survey if the disturbanceappeared to be relativelyminor or isolated. Otherwise, the existence of any of these disturbancesresulted in the eliminationof a site from further consideration.

2. Ad-iacent land use. Some adjacent land uses are more disruptiveof wetlands than are others. Adjacent land uses include: timber production, pasture, agriculture, industry, power1ine right-of-ways, roads, rai1 roads, recreationaldevel opment, urban development , and rural development. If an adjacent land use was highly disruptive, the wet1and may have beenel imi nated fromfurther consideration.

3. The Dresence and aualitv of an u~landbuffer. Assessment of the qualityof a buffer was based on 1) the widthof the buffer in relationshipto adjacent land uses, 2) the compositionand age of the buffer, and 3) current uses within the buffer. If a buffer did not exist between a wetland and a disruptiveadjacent land use, and the wetland appeared disturbed, then the site was usually eliminated from further considerationfor field survey. If, on the other hand, the site appeared undisturbed, it continuedto be consideredfor field surveys, despite the absence of a buffer.

4. The minimum size for sites to be consideredwas arbitrarilyset at two acres.

Sites selected through this process were then ranked accordingto their ap- parent qua1i ty, and scheduled for field surveys. FIELDSURVEYS:

Fieldsurveys were conducted during the summerof 1989. Existingdata from the NaturalHeritage Information System were collected in previous years. I

Upon visitinga site,a preliminary determination was made toor include eliminatethe sitefrom further consideration. Site inclusion was basedon the coverand frequency valuesof non-native pl ant species, apparenthistor- ical use of the wetland (forinstance as pastureor fortimber harvest), along with the criteriafor initialsite selectionoutlined above.Degraded sites were surveyedif theyrepresented relatively betterexamples of wetland types thathave been degraded throughoutregion. the

For all surveysites, data were collected on physicaland bioticfeatures, hydrology,soils, adjacent 1and use,and historicuse. Physicalfeatures includedtopography, elevation, exposure,specia1 cl imatic conditions,kind or meansof impoundment,and wetland configuration. Dataon hydro1 ogy included waterdepth, apparent waterlevel fluctuation, drainage patterns withinthe wetland's basin,and watersource.

Soils generallywere classified in the fieldas: sphagnumpeat, fibrous peat, heathpeat, woody peat, muck,clays, silts, sands, glacial till, or outwash. Soilsdata were also gathered fromthe U.S. Soil ConservationService (1987). Peatsoil definitions followRigg (1958).

Adjacent1and use and historicuses were determined through site observation, talkingwith ownersof a siteand adjacent areas,agency personnel, people involvedwith thetimber industry, historical records, and aerialphotographs. Of particularuse werestudies by the NationalPark Service of the settlement historyof parklands on the OlympicPeninsula.

The biologic evaluationof a site included a detaileddescription of the vegetation.Assemblages of nativeplant species were identified duringa reconnaissanceof each wetl and. Listsof speciesand theirpercent cover values wererecorded for each assemblage. Pl ant speciesnomencl ature fol 1 ows Hitchcockand Cronquist(1973). Wildlife speciesor their sign were noted.

CLASSIFICATION:

An initialclassification of re1 atively undisturbed, native, wetl and vegetationwas developedfor the lowlandsof thewestern Olympic Peninsula, betweenGrays Harborand the Straitof Juande Fuca (AppendixA). It synthesizedthe data from thefield surveys, the NaturalHeritage Information System,and the 1i terature.

Species covervalues were entered by standin condensedformat and analyzed usingTWINSPAN (Hill, 1979). Standswere the assemblages identifiedin the reconnaissancesurveys.

A wetlandcomuni ty was consideredto be recurringin the 1andscape if three or more standshad similarspecies compositionand cover values. A wetl and communitywas identifiedas notrecurring in the landscape1) if only two standshad similar species compositionand cover values,2) a standhad a species composition dissimilarfrom anyother, or 3) twoor more communities had similar dominantspecies but otherwisevery different species composition' and covervalues. Communities identified in thisway were comparedwith those describedin theliterature. Recurringand non-recurring communities are describedin Appendix6.

FINALSITE SELECTION CRITERIA:

Thefollowing criteriaapplied were to "firsttier" sites, that is, those siteswhich are the most pristine examplesof native wetland systems:

1. No evidenceof human-causedtopographic hydrologicor alteration of thewetland.

2. Exoticplant species occurred infrequentlyif at all.

3. Re1atively 1i ttle known orapparent human-caused disturbanceof the nativevegetation.

4. Existenceof an adequatebuffer atsites where adjacentland usewas potentiallydegrading.

5. No knownmajor waterqua1 ity problems.

If a sitedid notmeet these criteria, it couldstill be listedas a "first tier"site if it was thehighest quality knownexample of a community,or contained particularlyimportant populationsplant ofor animalspecies 1isted as endangered,threatened or sensitivein Washington (WashingtonNatural HeritageProgram, 1990 and WashingtonDepartment of Wi1 dl i fe, Nongame Program, 1988) ,

Thefollowing criteria were applied to "secondtier" sites, that is, those siteswhich were disturbed but havegood potentialfor restoration:

1. No,or isolated,human a1 teration of thewetland topography.

2. No human causeda1teration theof hydro1 ogy of thewetl and, orel se thewetl and appeared to have recoveredthe froma1 teration.

3. Low coverand frequencyof exotic plantspecies.

4. Relatively1ittle human-related disturbanceof thenative vegeta- tion, or excellent recovery frompastdi sturbance.

5. If thewetland systemwas degraded, it stillcontained a viable and highquality exampleof a wetlandcommunity.

6. No known majorwater quality problems. ------,----. ------___--,

Figure 2: Locationof First and Second Tier Sites

6 SITE LISTS

FIRST TIERSITES:

AllensSlough Big Joes Lake Cape Alava Prairie EricsonsLagoon lversonBog Mannys Prairie Nurdock Bog Rooses Prairie Trout Creek Bog Tyee Bogs

SECONDTIER SITES:

Ahlstrom's Prairie Cub Creek Dickey Flats Elk Lake Eri csons Pond James Pond Joyce Scour North ForkCrooked Creek Old Royal Pond QuinnCreek Sooes Marsh South End Swan Bay ThunderBench ThunderLake UmbrellaBay WentworthLake WilloughbyLake Wool-grass Marsh CONDITION

The wetlandsof western Clallam Countyhave receiveda surprising degree of use. Mostof the flood plains alongthe major riverswere settled and farmed " or used to pasture livestockin the past. Manyof thesphagnum bogs and "prairies" were also homesteadedused for andpasture. Most of the forested wetlandshave been clearcut or selectivelylogged. As a result,there are few of thesekinds of wetlandsystems which arein "pristine" condition.

Theriparian and oxbowwetlands are in poorcondition. Past uses introduced exotic (non-native) plantweedyspecies whichare wide spread and persistent in the environment even useswherewere discontinuedas much as 30 yearsago. Selected surveysof these wetlands indicate verythatfew still resemble nativesystems.

Sphagnumbogs and "prairies"were used for pastureand homesteadsbecause they weresome of thefew natural clearings withina land of oncevast forests of gianttrees. Manyof thesehomesteads were shortlived and abandoned more than30 yearsago. Although there werephysical disturbances to bogsthe (grazing,tramp1 ing and attempteddraining mostly), few exotic species were introduced.The lack of exotic speciesand thegeneral failure to substantiallya1ter thehydrology of someof thesewetlands leaves hope that they may recover.Recent logging activitieshave introducedand spreadsome tenacious exotic speciespose whicha threat to the wetlandsin this area.

There are twogeneral categories of forestedwetlands: 1) thosewith commercialtimber values;and 2) those withoutcommercial value. Mostof the formerwetland forests have been logged.Many of the latterhave been selectivelylogged. It maybea centuryor morebefore it is known whether thesesystems can recover.

Mostwetlands which arestill in relativelygood condition in westernClallam County are located withintheNational Park and blocksof landused fortimber production.In mostother areas,the wetlands have been highlydisturbed throughdevelopment and agriculture.

Wetlands withintimber blocks have been affectedby the introductionof exotic plantspecies, logging of smallor forestedwetlands, sedimentation, alterationof their hydrology,and application of biocidesand nutrients. Tier One Sites

ALLENS SLOUGH

LOCATION: Western Clallam County; Sections31 and 32, Township 30 North, Range 15 Westand Section5, Township29 North, Range15 West, Willamette Meridian.Allens Slough is part ofthe Olympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: AllensSlough is a first tiersite. It is in excellent condition, containspopulations of 3 state listplant species, and examplesof 2 sphagnumbog and 3 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Mvricaqale/Carex sitchensis-Sansuisorba officinalis/ S~hasnum spp. community. 2. Pinus contorta-Thuja~licata/Mvri ca sale/S~haqnum spp. community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Mvricasale-S~iraea doualasii/Carex obnu~ta community. 2. S~iraeadoualasii community. 3. Pvrus fusca community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: AllensSlough is located atthe southwest end of LakeOzette at an elevationof about40 feet. It occursalong mostof thelength of . a lowgradient stream and includesa smallpocket bog adjacentto a tributaryof thestream. The main wetlandis composedof 27 acresof shrubdominated wetlandsand 26 acresof bog forest.The pocket bog is aboutone acre.

Themain wetlandreceives waterfrom precipitation, groundwaterdischarge and surfacesheet flow. Seasonally,the area is flooded witha mixture of lake waterand water from theimmediate area. Thepocket bog mostly receives water fromprecipitation. The whole system is wetyear round.

Thesoils vary,but mostlyare composed of sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat. Theforested wetlandsalso havewoody material and areasof muck.

Bioloqical:Most of the shrub dominated wetlandis a mosaicof thetall and short formsof theMvrica sa1elCarex sitchensis-Sansuisorba officinalis/S~haqnumspp.community. The short formof thecommunity is aboutone foottall, species rich and is dominatedby Mvricasale, Sanquisorbaofficinal is, Carex 1 ivida and S~hasnumspp. In areas,Carex sitchensis tall,is lush and codominant.The tall formreaches a height of six feetand is dominatedby Mvricasale and S~hasnumspp. consistently,and Sansuisorbaofficinal is, Triental is arctica,S~iraea doualasiiand Carexsitchensis in places.The tall formgrades into a community codominatedby Pvrus fusca, Mvrica sale, Spiraea douqlasii, Carexsitchensis and S~hasnumspp. Towards themouth of theslough, the vegetation is a mosaicof thetall formof theMvrica aale/Carex sitchensis-Sanauisorba officinalis/ S~hasnumspp. communityand a non-sphagnum community codominatedby tall, denseSoiraea doualasii and Carexobnuota. 1

Aroundmost of theeast and northwest sidesof the wetland, the vegetation is dominatedby Picea sitchensis, Pvrus fuscaand Carex obnuota.Around the rest of thewetland the vegetation is a bog forest dominatedby Thu.lapl icata, Pinus contorta, Mvrica sale, Gaul theri a shallon and Sohasnumspp. Tsusahetero~hyll a, Vaccini um ovatum,tedum uroenlandi cum, Kalmi a occidentalis, Carexphvll omani ca and Lvsi chiturn americanumare abundant throughoutand codominant in places.

CONDITION: AllensSlough isin excellentcondition. There are almostno occurrences ofnon-native plant species and theonly signs of human disturbance are three east-west linesof cut vegetation and shallow"ditches" attributed to surveysof thetownship line. Mostof the drainagebasin for this site fallswithin the National Park boundaryand thewetland receives very1 i ttle recreational use.

BIGJOES LAKE

LOCATION: Western Clallam County; 28,Sections29, 32and 33, Township 30 North, Range14 West,Wil lamette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: BigJoes Lake is a firsttier site. Althoughthe uplands alongtheeast sideof the lake were recently clearcut,a bufferwas left and the wetland vegetationstillappears to be in goodcondition. The site containsexamples of 3 sphagnumbog and 1 freshwater wetland communities.

FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Rhvnchos~oraalbafS~haqnum spp.community. 2. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum qroenlandicum-Vacciniumoxvcoccos/ S~haanumspp. community. 3. Tsuqahetero~hvllafLedum groenlandicum/S~hasnum spp. community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexsitchensis community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:Big Joes Lake is located anat elevationof 152 feet nearthe headwatersof a tributaryof Squaw Creek. The siteis composedof a 13- acre lakesurrounded by a 6.5 acreband of herband shrubdominated wet1ands.

Thesystem as a whole receives water from precipitation,and sheet flow channeled surfaceflow. Thewetland is a floatingbog mat thatis perennially saturatedand receives water from precipitation.Themargin is in contactwith minerotrophic water fromand the inflow lake stream. Theinflow stream isperennial and originates a short distanceto the northeastof the lake. Thewater is veryslow moving. The outflow stream exitsthe lake tothe southwest.

Mostof the wetland soilscomposed are of sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat. Alongthe inflow streamandthe waterward edgeofthe bog mat the soils aremostly fibrouspeat and areperennially flooded.The surroundingup1and soi 1 s aremapped as Klone-Ozette-Teal whit complex and Ozette siltloam.

Bioloaical:The vegetation the onbog matis dominatedby Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum sroenlandicum and S~haanum spp. Theshrubs are moderatelylow growing, up to about3 feet tall,and forman open canopy. Vaccini um oxvcoccos occurs throughoutand is codomi nant in places. At thenorth end of the lake, near inletthe stream, is an ofareavery soft,supersaturated peat dominated by Rhvnchos~ora&. Inlandfrom thisarea is anarea of stunted Thu.ia plicata and Tsusa heterophvlla with Kalmi a occidentalis and Ledumsroenl andicum dominating the understory. The vegetation along the lake margin of the bog mat and along the inlet stream is in contact with minerotrophic water. There is no sphagnum in these areas and the vegetation is codominated by Carex sitchensis and Potentil la ~alustris. 1 CONDITION: The wetland vegetation is in good condition. There are only minor occurrences of weedy plant species. The uplands along the entire east side of the lake were recently clearcut leaving a very narrow buffer from which trees were removed. The uplands along the west side are mature second growth. Access into the lake is difficult and the area appears to receive very little human use,

CAPEALAVA PRAIRIE

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Section 26, Township31 North, Range16 West, Willamette Meridian. Alava CapePrairie is partof theOlympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: CapeAlava Prairie is a first tiersite. It contains examplesof 3 sphagnumbog communitiesand populationsof 2 state-listedplant species. FEATURES: SphagnumBog : 1. Carex1 ivida-Sansuisorba officinal is/Sohasnum spp. community. 2. Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum qroenlandicum-Vacciniumoxvcoccos/ Carexobnu~ta/Sphaqnum spp.community. 3. Tsusahetero~hvll a/Ledum sroenl andi cum/S~haqnum spp. community .

DESCRIPTION: Physical: CapeAlava Prairie is locatedon a moraineat an elevationof about200 feet. It is rectangular,oriented north-south between two ridges.It is about19 acres andis composedof a smalldrainage and a 1arger re1 at i vely flat area.

Thesite receives mostof its water from precipitationand a 1ittle from sheetflow. Thereis no channeledinflow. The flat area is wetyear round. Thedrainage area is supersaturatedyear round and seasonally flooded.It containsa discontinuouschannel and carries waterfrom the site to thesouth.

Thesoi 1 s are sphagnum,fibrous and heath peatwith some woody materi a1 . Theflat area has well developed peat hummocks. Bioloaical: The drainage area hasdiverse vegetation.It is characterizedby an abundanceof Carexpluriflora, Carex livida and Rhvnchos~oram. Lowgrowing Em~etrum nisrum, Kalmia occidentalisand Ledum sroenlandicum are abundantin places. One small area thatis permanently floodedis dominated by Erio~horumchamissoni s.

Theflat area has highly stuntedTsusa hetero~hvlla and Thuja plicata scattered througha low growing shrubland dominated by Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum qroenlandicum and Carexobnu~ta. Em~etrum niqrum and Vacciniumox~coccos have high percent cover values in places.

CONDITION: CapeAlava Prairie appearsto be in good condition.The vegetation appearsundisturbed and only oneoccurrence of an exoticplant species was found. Thewetland and hillsideto the northwestburned in thepast. Burnedsnags and stumps occurin the bog as well as a fewrelictual big trees. Thehillside to thenorthwest mayhave been logged in thepast. Thissite is onlyone quarter mile from an old homestead,and itis possiblethat this area wasused to grazesheep.

ERSCSONSLAGOON

LOCATION : WesternClall am County;Section 8, Township30 North,Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: EricsonsLagoon is a first tiersite. Althoughthere was a homesteadin thisarea, there are nosigns of disturbanceto thesite. Thesite containspopulations of 6 state-listedplant species and has examplesof 2 sphagnumbog and5 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Mvrica qale/Calamasrostiscanadensis/S~hasnum spp. community. 2. Mvricaqale/Carex si tchensi s-Sansui sorba officinalis/ S~haqnum spp. community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexobnu~ta-Juncus nevadensis-Ranuncul us flammul a community. 2. Carexsitchensis community, 3. Mvrica~ale/Aster sp.-Bovkinia ma.ior-Deschamosia caes~itosa community. 4. Pvrusfusca community. 5. Pvrusfusca/Calamasrostis canadensis community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: Ericsons Lagoonis a small1 agoon and wetland systemlocated at thenorthwest end of Ericsons Bay,on the northwest sideof Lake Ozette.It occursat an elevationof about30 feet. Thesite consists of a shallow1-acre pond flanked lakeward twoby spitsthat combined are 0.5 acres. Landward,the pond issurrounded 11by acresof wet1ands whichare a mixtureof sphagnum andfreshwater wetl and communities.

Thewetland system is fed by three streams, waterfrom thelake, precipitationand surfacesheet flow. Thewater level fluctuates widely withthe seasons. The pond is floodedyear round, but is shallow during thesummer. The northernmost stream is braidedand keepsthe wetlands it flowsthrough flooded year round. Therest of thewetland appears to be floodedseasonally, but soilsare wet year round.

Thelagoon bottom is sand graveland cobble overlainby varying depths of organicmaterial and in someplaces soft muck. Thespits and lake shore aremineral soil overlainwith a thindiscontinuous 1ayer of peat. The restof thewetland is a mixtureof sphagnum,fibrous and heathpeat with somewoody material . Bioloaical: The pond is dominatedby Scir~ussubterminal is. Theeastern 1agoon margins and thewaterward zone of seasonally floodedwetl ands alongthe lake shore have firm substratesand are dominated by Juncus balticus, Ranuncul usfl ammul a, Carexobnu~ta and Juncusnevadensi s. On thewest sideof thelagoon, where substrates aresilts softand peat, thevegetation is dominatedby Carexsitchensis and in places Menvathes trifoliata.Around the lagoon is a zonedominated by Mvricasale, Calamaarostiscanadensis and,in places, Sohaanurnspp.

Thelower portion of thenorthern streamcorridor is dominatedby Carex sitchensi s. Fartherupslope, the stream corridor is dominatedby Calamaarostiscanadensis. To thenorth, the wetland makes a sharp transitionto ahighly trampled area dominatedby small Thu.ia 51 icata, Pvrusfusca, Carex sitchensis or Carexobnuota and S~haanumspp. To the northwest,the wetland shiftsto vegetation dominatedby Pvrus fuscaand Calamaqrostiscanadensis. On the westside of thewetland is an areaof lowgrowing vegetationdominated by Mvricasale, Carex 1 ivida, Dodecatheon.ieffrevi and eitherCarex si tchensi s or Carexrostrata. Althoughthere is verylittle living sphagnum in thisarea, the soils are in partsphagnum peat.

Thespits are speciesrich and characterizedby stunted vegetation includingDescham~si a caes~i tosa, Aster sp., Lvco~us unifl orus, Bovkini a ma-lor,Panicum occidentalis and Pl antaso macrocaroa.

CONDITION: EricsonsLagoon appears to be inexcellent condition.There arevery few occurrencesof non-nativeplant species and no signsof humandisturbance exceptfor onetrail through a smallportion of thearea. Therewas a homesteadin thegeneral vicinityin the late1800s and early1900s, and it is probablethat thearea received some use. Someof thevegetation in thearea isunusual, but may bedue to theunusual physical characteristicof Eri csons Lagoon.

Thereis a campgroundnearby (boat access only). Activitiesof campground usersare asmall threat to thesystem at thistime.

IVERSONBOG

LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Sections 9 and 16,Township 29 North,Range 13 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: IversonBog is a first tiersite. It is a goodexample of an unusual sphagnumbog systemand contains examplesof 2 sphagnumbog and 1 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmiaoccidental is-Ledum sroenl andicum/ Xerio~hvll um tenax/ S~hasnumspp. community. 2. S~iraeadouslasii/S~hasnum spp.community.

FreshwaterWetland: 1. Pvrusfusca community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: IversonBog islocated at an elevationof 240 feeton a bench above theSoleduck River. Thewetland is oval shaped.The central portionof thewetland is raised abovethe surrounding perimeter.The wetland consistsof a central3 acredry bog (on theraised portionof thewetland), a 1 acreS~iraea douslasii dominatedlagg, and a surrounding8 acre Pvrus fuscathicket.

Thewetland receives waterfrom precipitation and surfaceflow. Thereis neithera channeledinflow nor outflow.The laggand partof thethicket areseasonally flooded and then remain wetyear round. Therest of the wetland appearsto be seasonallyflooded andthen seasonally dry.

Thesoils in thearea are mapped as Klone-Ozette-Tealwhitcomplex. The wetlandsoils arecomposed of sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat and woody material throughout.There is evidenceof fireat leastin thecentral dry bog area.

Biolosical: The raised central portionof the wetland is dominatedby Kalmiaoccidental is, Ledumqroenl andicum and Xerio~hv1lum tenax. There are densepatches of Pteridiumaauilinum. There is verylittle living sphagnum,instead, several other species of mossdominate the cryptogam 1ayer. SmallPicea si tchensis arescattered throughout.Thisarea burned in thepast, and containsburned stumps and logs.

Thelagg to thenorth is dominatedby low growingS~iraea douslasii, Carexobnu~ta, Gentiana sce~trum and deadS~haanum spp.

Mostof the wetland's perimeter is dominatedby Pyrusfusca. In some placesthe understory is dominatedby Ledumsroenlandicum. In others Gaultheriashallon, Maianthemum dilatata, S~iraea douglasii and polesize Tsuqa heterouhvlla variouslycodominate the understory. This zone is highlytrampled and grazed/browsedby wildlife.

CONDITION: * IversonBog appearsunusual ly undisturbed by humans. The surrounding uplandshave been recently clearcut,but a bufferwas maintainedaround the wetland edge. The firewithin the bog is of unknownorigin, but may we11 have been a natural fire. A trail into the wetlandwas flagged duringthe summer of 1989, probablyby beargrasspickers.

MANNYSPRAIRIE

LOCATI ON : Western ClallamCounty; Section19, Township31 North, Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: Mannys Prairieis a first tier site. It containsexamples of 2 sphagnum bog communitiesand a population of1 state-listedplant species. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmia occidentali s-Ledum groenl andi cum/Gaul theri a shallon/ Pteridium aaui1i numlsohaanum spp. community. 2, Tsusa heterophvlla/Ledum qroenlandicum/Sohasnum spp. community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: Mannys Prairieis locatedon a glacialmoraine at an elevation between200 and240 feet. It is a 56-acre"prairie" with a combination of shrubdominated and stuntedtree dominatedsphagnum bog communities.

Mannys Prairieis locatedover compactedglacial till. The soilsare mapped as Kydaka siltyclay loam. Soilsover most of the area are a mixtureof sphagnum,fibrous and heath peat and have some woody materia1 . In areas along the crestof the site, the soilsare thinand mineral soilsare visible.

The site receiveswater from precipitation.' Areas that have moderately we11 developedpeat soilsare wet year round. Areas that have thin soi1 s are seasonallydry. The site may have a perchedwater table. There is no inflow, but the sitefeeds at least one seasonal stream.

Bioloaical: Most of the site has somewhatstunted Tsuaa heterooh~llaand Thu.ia ~licataand a few Picea sitchensis. The shrublayer is less than 2 feet tall in most cases but in a few areas reaches4 feet. It is generallydominated by Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum aroenlandicum, Pteridiumaauilinum, Carex obnuutaand Suhagnumspp. Blechnumsoicant and low growingGaultheria shallon are abundant.

CONDITION: Mannys Prairieappears to be in good condition. The vegetationis composedalmost completely ofnative plant species. The area burned in the past and there are burned snags up to 18 inchesdbh, There are a few stumpsthat appearto have been cut. In 1989, a trackedvehicle was driven acrossthe northernend of the prairie,damaging the vegetation and disturbingthe soil. The possible introductionand spreadof exotic plant speciesshould be monitoredcarefully along the vehicle'spath.

HURDOCKBOG

LOCATION : Western Clallam County; 30,Section Township 31 North, Range9 West, Wi 11amette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: MurdockBog is a firsttier site, The site containshigh quality examplesof 1 sphagnumbog and1 freshwaterwetland plant communities, and a populationof 1 state-listedplant species. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmiaoccidental is-Ledum sroenl andicum-Vaccini um oxvcoccos/ S~hasnumspp. community. 2. Tsusaheteroohvll a/Ledum aroenl andi cum/S~hasnum spp. communi ty .

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. S~iraeadouslasii-Salix spp./Carex obnu~ta community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:Murdock Bog is theheadwaters aof tributary of Murdock Creek. It is locatedin a basinbetween four hills at an elevationof about775 feet. It consistsof a 4-acresphagnum bog and1-acre lagg.

Thesite receives water from precipitation and surfacerunoff from surroundingslopes. The lagg surrounds the bog and is mostly permanently flooded.The bog shiftsfrom a floatingbog mat thatis easily submerged and always supersaturated,to drier ground thatis wetyear round and may be seasonal ly flooded.Thechanneled outflowis seasonal .

Thesoils in thearea aremapped asMukilteo muck. Thesoils in thelagg aremostly very soft muck but thereis alsofibrous peat, heath material and largewoody material. The soils in thebog aresphagnum, fibrous and heath peatand somelarge woody material.

Bioloaical: The lagg is dominatedby Oenanthe sarmentosa throughout,and in placesby S~iraeadousl asi i and Carexobnu~ta. Thefloating bog mat is characterizedby low growing, scraggly,scattered Ledum sroenlandicum, Vaccinium ox~coccos, Erio~horum chami ssonis,Carex plurifloraand S~haanumspp. This shiftsto firmground dominated by somewhatstunted Tsuqa hetero~hvlla, Ledum sroenlandicum, Gaultheria shallon, Erio~horum chami ssonis and S~haanumspp.

CONDITION: Thewet1 and appearsto bein excellent condition, No exoticplant specieswere observed,and there wereno signsof human-caused disturbance,The surrounding up1 ands are flagged, eitherforroads or logging activities,so this site is threatened.

ROOSESPRAIRIE

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Sections 24 and 25, Township31 North,Range 16 West,Willamette Meridian. Rooses Prairie is partof theOlympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: Rooses Prairieis a first tiersite. It is thehighest quality example of thiskind of system known stillto exist in Washington.It contains examplesof 4 sphagnumbog communities andpopulations of 2 state-1i sted pl ant species. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Carexlivida-Sansuisorba officinalis/Sohasnum spp.community. 2. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum groenl andi cum-Gaul theri a shallon/ Pteridium aauilinum/Sohaanumspp.community. 3. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum groenl andicum-Vaccinium oxvcoccos/ Carexobnu~ta/Sohasnum spp.community . 4. Tsugaheteroohvl 1a/Ledum aroenl andicum/Sohasnum spp. community. DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:Rooses Prairie is locatedon a glacialmoraine at an elevation of about160 feet. It is about74 acresand includesa large flat terrace,an area ofshallow troughs andridges, and a smalldrainage area.

Thearea receives mostof its water fromprecipitation. There is no channeledinflow or outflow.The drainage area alsoreceives waterfrom sheet flowand may receivesome groundwater. The flat terraceis wet yearround. Thedrainage area is supersaturatedyear round and seasonallyflooded. The area ofridges is seasonallydry.

Theridge and trougharea has thin soils,glacial till or outwashis visibleat theground surface.There is somesphagnum, fibrous and heath peatin thisarea. Theterrace and drainagehave well developedpeat hummockscomposed of sphagnum,fibrous and heath peatwith some woody material.

Biolosical:The drainage area is dominatedby Carexphvllomanica and Sohaanumspp. Kalmiaoccidentalis, Sanauisorba officinalisand Carex pluri fl ora are abundant.

Theflat terrace has highly stunted heteroohvllaTsusa and Thujapl icata scattered througha low growing shrubland dominated by Emoetrum nisrum, Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum groenlandicum and Pteridiumaauilinum.

Theridge area hassomewhat stunted Tsusaheteroohvl la and Thu.iaol icata. Kalmia occidentalis, Ledumsroenl andicum, Emoetrum niarum,Gaultheri a shallon,Pteridium aauilinum,Blechnum s~icant and Carexobnu~ta are variously codominantin this area.

CONDITION: Rooses Prairieappears tobe in good condition.The flat terrace in particular appearsto be in excellent condition.Thedrainage area is adjacentto Roose'shomestead and outbuildingsand receivedsome use and effectsfrom the homestead. The ridge areahas cut stumpsand was burned in thepast, Roose grazed sheepin the area.

Inthe absence of fire,the ridge areamay recoverto an exampleof the Thu.ia01 icata-Tsusaheteroohvll afGau1 theri a shalIon-Vaccinium ovatum wet forest.

TROUTCREEK BOG

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Sections 25, 26,35 and 36,Township 31 North, Range15 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: TroutCreek Bog is a first tier site,but if furtherdisturbed, would needto be reducedto asecond tiersite. It containsexamples of 3 sphagnumbog communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Rhvnchosooraa1bals~haqnum spp. community . 2. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum groenl andi cum-Vaccini urn oxvcoccos/ Sphasnumspp. community . 3. Tsusaheteroohvll a/Ledum proenl andicum/Sohaqnum spp. community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: TroutCreek Bog is located on an alluvialold terrace along TroutCreek. It occursat an elevation aboutof 70 feetand is oval in shape. Thebog isabout 12 acrestotal : Fouracres aredominated by herbaceousplant species and lowgrowing shrubs;theremainder is dominatedby stunted conifers.

Thewet1 and receiveswater fromprecipitation and possiblygroundwater or surfacesheet flow. It has nochanneled inflowor outflow, but themain streamchannel and a tributarychannel of TroutCreek flow along its southerndownstream margin. The siteis supersaturatedyear round, and may be floodedseasonally.

Soilsin thearea are mapped as Tealwhitsilt loam,The wetland soils aresphagnum, fibrous and heathpeat with somewoody material.

Biolosical:The central portion ofthe bog isdominated by Vaccinium oxvcoccosand Sohasnumspp. Rhvnchosooraa1ba, Carex1ivida, Carex rostrataand Emoetrum nisrumare alternately dominant species. Kalmia occidentalisand Ledumuroenlandicum, less2 thanfeet tall,are abundant throughout the siteand are codominantin places.

Thestunted bog forestis dominatedby Tsusa heterophvlla, Ledum sroenlandicum and S~haqnumspp. Gaultheria shal lon, Lvsichi tum americanum,Drosera rotundifol ia and stuntedThu.ia pl icata have high percentcover val ues .

CONDITION: TroutCreek Bog isin good condition.Livestock fromproperty to the south,occasionally cross Trout Creekand enter the southernof edge the bog. Theyhave highly degradeda portion of TroutCreek, but thecreek appearsto determost animals.Exotic andweedy plant species are abundantsouth of the creek but thus far are 1imited to the southernedge of the bog and are not abundant,

A secondbog, located southeastof Trout Creek, has been partially convertedto cranberryfields. There is a potentialthat cultivated cranberriescould spread to the northernbog, but the greater threatis that the northernbog may be convertedfor growingcranberries.

TYEEBOGS

LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Sections2 and 3,Township 29 North,Range 13 West,and Section34, Township 30 North, Range 13 West, Willamette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: TyeeBogs is a first tier site.It consists of threesmall wetlands, which have examplesof 3 sphagnum bog communitiesand 3 freshwater wetland communities.

FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum sroenl andi cum-Vacci nium oxvcoccos/ Sohasnumspp. community. 2. Soiraeadouslasii/Sohasnum spp. community. 3. Tsusaheteroohvlla/Ledum ~roenlandicum/Sohasnum spp.community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexobnuota community. 2. Soiraeadousl asi i community. 3. Pvrus fusca community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:Tyee Bogs is located atabout 340 feet elevationa onterrace abovethe Soleduck River. It is composed ofthree small wetlands: a 3- acresphagnum bog,a 4-acre sphagnum bog anda 1-acrefreshwater wetland.

Thewet1 ands receive water mostly from precipitation.Thereare no channeled inflowsor outflows, and thewetlands have no surface connectionwith each other.The 3-acre sphagnum bogis wetyear round and may be floodedseasonally. The 4-acre bog iscomposed of a laggand sphagnumbog. The lagg is floodedmost of theyear and then supersaturated.The sphagnum bog is wetyear round and may be flooded seasonally.The 1-acrefreshwater wetland is in a shallowbasin thatis floodedseasonally. There may be a moisturegradient with the center of thewetland remaining flooded the longest. The remainder of theyear, thesite is supersaturatedto wet.

Thesoils in thearea are mapped as Klone-Ozette-Tealwhitcomplex. The sphagnumbog soils area mixture of sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat with somewoody material. The freshwater wet1 and soi1s area mixtureof fibrousand heath peatand muck.

Biolosical:The 3-acre bog is dominatedby Ledumsroenlandicum, Kalmia occidentalis,Pteridium aauilinum and Sohasnumspp. Gaultheriashallon and stuntedTsusa heteroohvlla have high percent cover values.

Themain body of the4-acre bog is dominatedby Ledumaroenlandicum, Kalmia occidentalisand Sohaanurn spp. Gaultheriashallon, Vaccinium oxvcoccosand stunted Tsusahetero~hvlla have high percent cover values. Thelagg is dominatedby Carexobnu~ta, S~haqnum spp. and Ledum sroenlandicum.S~iraea douqlasii, Carex sitchensis, Kalmia occidentalis and Gentianasce~trum have high percent covervalues.

Thefreshwater wetland has distinct zones, The center is dominatedby Carexobnu~ta and has highpercent cover of Carexvesicaria. The next zoneis dominatedby S~iraeadouqlasi i . Thelandward marginof the wetlandis a thicketof Pvrusfusca.

CONDITION: TyeeBogs appears to be in excellent condition.There are no signsof humandisturbance in thesphagnum bogs,and theuplands withinthe basin are maturesecond growth.The freshwater wetland has oldcut logs within theS~iraea douqlasii zone, but thevegetation appears in good condition.

Thesite is threatenedwith cl earcutting and development. The forests are flaggedfor cutting,and thesite is close to smalla but developing community. Tier Two Sites

AHLSTROM'SPRAIRIE

LOCATION : Western ClallamCounty; Sections 25, 26and 36,Township 31 North,Range 16 West,Willamette Meridian. Ahlstrom's Prairie is partof the Olympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: AhlstromisPrairie is a secondtier site. It contains recovering examplesof 4 sphagnumbog communitiesand populationsof 2 state-1isted pl ant species. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Carexobnu~ta/Sehaqnum spp.community. 2. Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledumgroenlandicum-Gaultheria shallon/ Pteridiumaauilinum/Sehasnum spp. community. 3. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum groen1 andicum-Vacci nium oxvcoccos/ Carexobnueta/Sohaanum spp. community. 4. Tsusaheteroehvl 1a/Ledum sroenl andi cum/S~hasnum spp. community .

DESCRIPTION: Physical: Ahlstrom'sPrairie is locatedon a moraineat an elevationof about160 feet. Thesite occupies 81 acresof ridgesand troughs.

AhlstromisPrairie is mostlyfed by precipitation.The troughs receive water fromsheet flow well.as Depressions withintheridges and the troughsare flooded seasonally, and therest ofthe year their soi 1 s are wet. Onetrough is supersaturatedyear round and seasonallyflooded. Theridges are seasonallydry. Thereare signsof pastfire throughout thesite.

Thesite is composedof ridgesand troughs generallyoriented north- south. Theridges are uneven and havesmall depressions and hummocks. Thesoils on theridges are thinexposing underlying glacialti11 or outwash.The soils are sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat with woody material.The main trough's soils aremostly composedof sphagnum and fi brous peat.

Biolosical:The ridges arerecovering from andfire past grazing. The upper storyis characterizedby young, somewhat stunted Tsusa heterophvlla,Thu.ia elicata and Picea sitchensis.The shrub layeris dominatedby Ledum qroenlandi cum, Gaul theri a shallon and usual1y Pteridiumaauilinum. Kalmia occidentalisand Calamaarostis nutkaensis areabundant but not alwayscodominant. S~haqnum spp. have 0-40% cover.

Thetroughs aredominated throughoutby Sohasnum spp. Someareas are alsodominated by Ledumsroenlandicum, Kalmiaoccidentalis, Vaccinium oxvcoccosand Carexobnu~ta. Other areas are dominatedby low growing Sansuisorbaofficinalis and/or Carex livida, Carex obnu~ta, or Carex rostrata. CONDITION: Ahlstrom'sPrairie is the siteof a historic homestead.Thearea was usedto grazesheep and there are cut stumps throughout.Thewhole area burnedin thepast and may havebeen purposely burnedcreate to pasture. I

Giventhis history, Ahlstrom's Prairie is in goodcondition. The vegetationis dominatedby nativeplant species and exoticand weedy speciesare limitedin numbersand abundance.However, the pre- settlementcharacter of thesite is notdocumented and it's not clearif thecurrent and futuredynamics of the system mimic thoseof the native system.It is possible,that in theabsence of fire,the ridges,and perhapsthe troughs,will shiftto awet Thu.iaplicata-Tsuaa hetero~hvlla/Vacciniumovatum-Gaultheria shallon community.

CUB CREEKMARSH

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Section 3, Township 30 North, Range13 West, and Sections34 and 35,Township 31 North,Range 13 West, Willamette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: CubCreek Marsh is a secondtier site. It is a riparianwetland recoveringfrom past logging activities and contains examplesof 3 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexsitchensis community. 2. S~iraeadousl asi i community. 3. Piceasitchensis-Alnus rubra/Lvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical:Cub Creek Marsh occurs at an elevation aboutof 680 feetalong theuppermost reachof Cub Creek. It lies withina narrowvalley that has moderately steepslopes. The wetland is about 30acres.

Thewetland soils aresaturated supersaturatedto year round and flooded seasonally.The stream channel is welldefined and has steepbanks overhungwith sedges and shrubs. Atthe time ofthe survey,water in the channelwas moving slowly.

Thesoils in thewetland are mapped as Klone-Ozette-Tealwhitcomplex and thesurrounding up1 ands aremapped as Ozettesi 1 t 1oam. Thesoi 1 s contain areasof fibrous peat, heath peat, muckand largeorganic materia1 .

Biolosical: The wet1 and vegetation genera1ly shifts 1andward from a communitydominated by Carexsi tchensi s and Oenanthe sarmentosathe near streamchannel to a mosaicof that communityand SD~raea douslasi i . Near theheadwaters, the vegetation appears to bedominated by S~iraea doualasi i thickets.

Landwardof thepreviously describedvegetation are areas of wet forest that wereat least selectivelycut in thepast. Theseappear to be recoveringtowards an exampleof a Picea sitchensi s-A1 nus rubra/ Lvsichitum americanum communitybut are currently dominated by A1nus rubra,Soiraea doualasii, Carex obnu~ta and Lvsichitumamericanum.

CONDITION: Thewetland appearsto be recovering well frompast disturbance. The forestedwetland was at leastselectively loggedin the past. Alnus rubra,Picea sitchensis,Tsusa hetero~h~lla and Thuja plicata areall --reproducing and, except for Juncuseffusus, there areno exoticplant species. A loggingroad crosses the upper end of thedrainage and marksthe upper end ofthe wetland. The logging road runs parallel to thewetland on the east,and in places,fill androad maintenance activitiesintruded have intothe wetland. I

Thesecond growth forestto the east sideof thewet1 and was being preparedfor logging at thetime of the survey,

DICKEYFLATS

LOCATION : Western Clallam County; Section 14, Township 28 North, Range 15 West, Willamette Meridian. SIGNIFICANCE: Dickey Flats is a second tier site. It was recently disturbed and is threatened with further degradation but still contains good examples of 3 freshwater wetland communities. FEATURES : Freshwater Wetland: 1. Nu~harpol vse~alum community. 2. Carex obnu~tacommunity. 3. Carex sitchensis community. DESCRIPTION: Physical: Dickey Flats is a 4-acre wetland on a terrace above the Dickey River. It occurs at 20 feet elevation near the confluence of the Dickey and QuillayuteRivers. The wetland consists of a small impoundment, stream channel and herb dominated wetlands. The wetland area is permanently flooded. It receives water from precipitation, sheet flow and groundwater discharge. The wetland drains to the southwest into the Dickey River, but the outflow is dammed by beaver. Soils are muck and fibrous peat. Most of the wetland vegetation grows on the pedestaled bases of sedges. Biolosical : The center of the wetland, along the impounded stream channel, is dominated by Nu~harpol vseoal um. In1 and the vegetation is dominated by Carex sitchensi s perched on their pedestaled bases. Landward yet, the vegetation is dominated by Carex obnuota, also extending above water on pedestaled bases. CONDITION: The wetland still appears to be in good condition but may not be for much longer. The uplands and some of the wetland system north and upslope of the wetland were recently clearcut. No buffer was left adjacent to the wetland and the wetland edge was disturbed. Exotic plant species are newly established in the wet ground within the clearcut that feeds into the site, and will probably spread into the site.

ELK LAKE

LOCATION: Western Clallam County; Sections 1, 2, 11 and 12, Township 31 North, Range 15 West, Willamette Meridian. SIGNIFICANCE: Elk Lake is a second tier site. It is hoped that the lake and wetland system will recover from recent clearcutting of the entire upstream drainage and the outflow stream and riparian system. The area still contains remnants of 1 sphagnum bog and 2 freshwater wet1 and communities. FEATURES: Sphagnum Bog: 1. Erio~horumchamissonis/S~ha~num spp. community. Freshwater Wetland: 1. Carex sitchensi s community. 2. Thu.ia plicata/L~sitchitumamericanum community. DESCRIPTION: Phvsical : Elk Lake is the headwaters of Umbrella Creek and is located at about 420 feet elevation. It is a north-south oriented system which consists of a 45-acre lake, about I1 acres of sphagnum bog, and 62 acres of freshwater wetl ands. The system receives water from precipitation, seeps, sheet flow and several small seasonal streams. It has a large channeled outflow which is partially blocked, either by beaver, or as a result of logging activities. The current water level is high. Most of the forested wetland areas around the lake have been flooded, killing the trees. The entire wetl and system is flooded year round. The wetl and soils are mapped as Kydaka silty clay loam. The wetland soil s are a mixture of fibrous peat, muck and 1arge woody materi a1 . The sphagnum bog area has a thin floating mat composed of sphagnum, fibrous and heath peat. Downed trees provide a substrate elevated above the water level . Biolosical: The sphagnum bog areas are located along the waterward edge of the wetland, mostly at the southeast end of the lake. These areas appear to be dominated by Erio~horumchammisonis, and have some scraggly Kalmia occidentalis, Ledum aroenlandicum and bccinium ox~coccos. The freshwater wetland appears to be divided into three zones: The waterward zone is mostly composed of dense, tall Carex sitchensis growing on their pedestaled bases. Landward of this are areas of Thuja 01 icata snag forests. These areas are species rich, but the understory is still dominated by Carex sitchensis. There are areas, that were inaccessible, which appear to be living Thu.ia ~licatawet forests. CONDITION: It is hoped that this wetland system willrecover to something resembling its presettlementcondition, The entire drainage basin for this lake has recentlybeen clearcut. The outflow channel and its associatedwetlands ' were also logged. No buffer was maintained, and logs and woody debris occur throughoutthe stream and wetland system. The water level in the system is elevated, floodingmost of what were forestedwetlands, and inundatingthe sphagnum bog communities. There was no way to get into the area to determinewhy the water level of the lakewas so high. Exotic plant species were not abundant.

ERICSONS POND

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Section 8, Township30 North,Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian. Ericsons Pond is partof the OlympicNational Park

SIGNIFICANCE: EricsonsPond isa secondtier site. The siteis recoveringfrom past disturbance.It containspopulations of 1 state-listedplant and 1 state-listedanimal species aswe11 as examplesof 1 sphagnumbog and 2 freshwaterwet1 and community.

FEATURES: SphagnumBog : 1. Myricaqale/Carex sitchensis-Sanquisorba officinalis/ S~hasnum spp.community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Nuoharpol vse~al um community . 2. Carexsitchensis community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: EricsonsPond is located atan elevationof about40 feeton thewest sideof Lake Ozette.The site is composedof an 8-acreshallow pond surroundedby 4.5 acresof wetlands,and a 2-acresphagnum bog to thesouth.

Thewetland system asa wholehas no channeledinflow, and probably receiveswater from precipitationand surface sheetflow. Thepond systemis separatedfrom Lake Ozette by a berm. Thewater level in the pond is elevatedabove the lake and water seeps throughberm theto the lake. It looksas if there wasin thepast atleast a seasonaloutflow fromthe pond to Lake Ozette.There is a channeledinflow from thebog to thepond.

Thepond is veryshallow and mostof it is permanently flooded.The surrounding wetland is seasonallyand flooded, the substrate is wet year round. Thebog to thesouth is wetyear round, and portionsmay .be seasonal1y fl ooded.

Thesoils in thearea are primarily sphagnumand sedge peat, with heath peatand some woodymaterial. The pond bottom is a mixtureof peatand muckover1 ayi ng sand.

Biolosical:Most of thepond and wetland vegetationappears to be in transition.The pond is dominatedby Nuoharpolvseoalum, but thereare hummocksof peatwith emergent vegetation and remnantsof treesand drier sitevegetation, The wetlands surroundingpond theare dominated by Carexsitchensis on softpeat soils mostly with livingSphagnum spp. but in areaswithout. Small areas aredominated by Kalmiaoccidental is. Thebog to the southis codominatedby Mvricaqale and Carexsitchensis. Thevegetation is lowgrowing and there are openingswhich are dominated by Carexlivida, Carex interior complex,Vaccinium oxvcoccos and Dodecatheonjeffrevi. There is verylittle living sphagnum.

CONDITION: EricsonsPond isalmost exclusively composedof native plant species and appearsto be in goodcondition. However, the area was the siteof a homesteadand may be recovering frompast use. Remnantsof a pierare stillvisible in thenorth end of the shallowpond. Peatdevelopment, remnantsof wetlandvegetation and tree stumpsin thepond indicate that the waterlevel has changed.The wetland vegetation aroundthepond appearsto be in flux,apparently in responseto elevated waterlevel.

JAMES POND

LOCATION: Western ClallamCounty; Section23,Township 28 North,Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian. Part of JamesPond is withinthe Olympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: JamesPond is a secondtier site. A portionof it is in goodcondition and contains examplesof 1 sphagnumbog and 3 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog : 1. S~iraeadous1asiifS~hasnum spp.community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Nu~harpol vse~al um community . 2. Carexobnu~ta communi ty. 3. Piceasi tchensis-Alnus rubra/Lvsichi tum americanumcommunity.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: JamesPond is anoxbow of the QuillayuteRiver. It is located on thenorth side of thecurrent river channel at an elevation aboutof 20 feet,near the river's mouth. Thesite is composedof 13 acresof herband shrubdominated wetl ands and ponds,5 acresof forestedwetl and, and 14 acresof logged wetlands.

Thewetland receives watermostly from precipitationand sheet flow. The pondand someof theherb dominated areas are floodedyear round, althoughthe wateris shallow.Some of thefringing herb dominated wetlandsare flooded mostof the year and thensupersaturated. The shrub and uncut forestedwetlands are seasonallyflooded and then saturatedto supersaturated.The logged wetlands arewet tosupersaturated year round and may be floodedseasonally.

Thesoils are variable.In theponded area, the substrateis firm muck and peat probablyover sand. Thereare pockets deep,of soft muck along thepond margins. The seasonally flooded herband shrubzones are sphagnum,fibrous and/ or heathpeat. Theforested wetl ands gradefrom verysoft fibrous peat and muck,to shallowmuck and 1itter. Largewoody materialprovides an elevated substrate throughouttheportion of the sitethat is withinthe National Park.

Theportion of thesite outside of thepark ishighly disturbedand hard to characterize.But thereis significantamounts ofliving S~hasnum spp. andsome sphagnum peat.

Biolosical : Theponded area grades shoreward fromrooted aquatic vegetation dominatedby Nu~har pol vse~alum to azone codominated by Nu~harpol vse~al um, Potamoqeton natans and anaquatic Sparsani um emersum and HiDDurisvulsaris are abundant. Landward,Carex vesicariaand the aquaticbryophyte are dominant,and Nu~harpolvse~alum is abundant. The next landward zoneis dominated by Carex obnu~ta,the aquaticbryophyte, and Carex vesicaria. The landwardmostcommunity in this progressionis codominatedby SD~raea doualasi i , Carex obnu~taand S~hasnumspp. The permanentlyflooded/supersaturated forested wetland area is dominated by Pvrus fusca, Carex obnu~taand Lvsichitumamericanum, S~iraea doualasi i and Gaultheri a shallon on 1ogs . Tsusa hetero~hvl1a and Picea sitchensistrees and snags are abundant. A drierwet forestarea is dominatedby Picea sitchensis,Pvrus fusca, Rhamnus~urshiana, Gaul theria shallonand Lvsichitumamericanum.

CONDITION: The portionof the oxbow which 1ies within the National Park is in excellent condition. The portionoutside of the Park was recently clearcut,both wetlandand upland. A loggingspur was built acrossthe wetland in threeplaces and a gravel pit was excavatedadjacent to it. Hopefullyexotic plant specieswill not establishin thelogged portion of the oxbow and spreadinto thehigh quality portion. Applicationof biocidesand fertilizersin the logged area is a threatto the high quali ty portion.

JOYCESCOUR

LOCATION : Western ClallamCounty; Section 33, Township31 North,Range 8 West, Willamette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: JoyceScour is a secondtier site. It has beendisturbed in thepast and is threatenedwith further degradation,but is oneof thehigher quality wetlandsin the area.It contains examplesof 3 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexobnupta community. 2. Carexrostrata community. 3. Soiraea dousl asi i community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical: JoyceScour is 1ocated in a northwest-southeastoriented glacial troughor scour adjacentto the Strait of Juande Fuca. It is about8 acresand occursat about300 feetelevation.

Thesite appears to have neitheran inflownor outflow.It receives waterfrom surface sheetflowand precipitation.Some areas appear tobe floodedyear round while othersare seasonallyflooded and then wetto supersaturated. ' Thesoils are mapped as Mukilteomuck. Theyare a mixtureof muck, fibrouspeat and heathpeat, and thereis somewoody material .

Biolosical:The wetland is a mosaicof Spiraeadouslasii thickets, openingsdominated by Carexobnupta and Oenanthe sarmentosaand seasonal ponds dominatedby Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Oenanthe sarmentosa and Nupharpol vseoal um.

CONDITION: JoyceScour is of questionablequal ity forinclusion in thisreport. The wetland is stilldominated by native plantspecies. However, Phal ari s arundinaceais scattered throughoutsite theand may spread uncontrollably, degradingwetl andthe to an unacceptablelevel. The site is included mostlybecause thereare very few relatively high qual ity native wetlands remainingin the lowlandsalong theStrait of Juande Fuca.

Thewetland has beendisturbed in thepast. Thereare signsof past vehicleuse through the wetland and Phalaris arundinaceais scattered throughout. DeadP~rus fusca and Salixsp. plants indicatewater level fluctuationof unknown cause.The uplands areabout tobe logged forthe second time.

NORTHFORK CROOKED CREEK

LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Section 7, Township30 North, Range14 West, Willamette Meridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: North Fork CrookedCreek is a secondtier site.The wetland was disturbedin thepast but appears to have recoveredand well contains examples of 2 freshwaterwet1 and communities.

FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexrostrata-Carex sitchensis community. 2. Tsusahetero~hvlla/Lvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:North Fork CrookedCreek is theheadwaters of a tributary of North Fork Crooked Creek.It occurs atan elevationof 200feet and is composedof a 2-acresedge dominated wetland and 5-acreforested wetland.

Thewet1 and receiveswater from precipitation,flow, sheetchanneled surface flowand probably groundwaterseepage. The tributary channel is braidedthrough the the forested wetland and isa deep,well defined channelthrough the sedge wetland. The wetland is seasonallyflooded and supersaturatedyear round. Thereare signsof pastbeaver activity including decrepit atdams the outflow end of thewetland.

Soilsin thesedge portion of thewetland area mixture of fibrousand sphagnumpeat. Thosein the forested wetlandarevery soft muck. Large woody debrisprovides an elevated surfaceon which typically upland plantsgrow. Thesurrounding upland soils aremapped asKydaka-Zeeka complexand Ozettesilt loam.

Biolosical: The sedge dominatedportion of NorthFork Crooked Creek appearsto be in transition.It is dominatedby a mixtureof Carex rostrata,Carex si tchensi s and Scir~usmi crocar~us, species which are typicalof highnutrient wetlands. But it also has areas withhigh percentcover of S~hasnumspp. and someother plant species typical of lownutrient sphagnumbogs.

Theforested wetland is dominatedby Tsusaheterophvfla and Lvsichitum americanum. Thereis high percent cover of Thujaplicata, Picea sitchensis,Rubus spectabilis, Vaccinium sp., Oenanthe sarmentosaand Gaultheria shal lon.

CONDITION: North Fork Crooked appearsCreek to be recovering from disturbance.past Pastdisturbance is suggestedby an abundanceof Juncus effusus, the presenceof otherexotic plant speciesand an odd mix of sphagnumbog and freshwaterwetland plant species.It is possible thatthe main stream channel once flowedinto the sedge portionof the wetland, A de1ta in the wetlandand the soil surveymap suggestthis scenario.

The forestedwetland was selectivelylogged in the past. It is composed " of native plantspecies and appearsto be recoveringwe1 1 . The forested uplandsto the south of this site have been surveyedand flagged, suggestingthat they will soon be logged for the secondtime.

OLDROYAL POND

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Sections 22 and 23,Township 31 North,Range 14 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: Old RoyalPond is a secondtier site. It is a diversewetland system containing examplesof 3 freshwater wetl and communitiesand a populat i on of 1 state-1isted species. The wetland appears to be recoveringwe11 frompast logging activity.

FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Carexsitchensis community. 2. Spiraeadousl asi i community. 3, Picea sitchensis-Alnusrubra/Lvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical:Old RoyalPond is a 14-acrewetland system located justwest of thetown site of Old Royal.It occursat an elevationof 240feet and is theheadwaters of a tributaryof the HokoRiver.

Thewetland system is composedof a shallow,permanent pond, permanently flooded shruband herbdominated wetlandcommunities, and a forested wetlandthat is a mosaicof permanently floodedand permanently supersaturatedareas. Theoutflow is dammedby beaver,and thepond levelis about3 feet abovethe outflow stream channel.

Soilsare mapped as Ozettesilt loam.They are a mixtureof fibrous peat,heath peat and muck. Largewoody material provides a substrate elevated abovethe soil surface.

Biolosical: The wetl and vegetationgenerally shifts afrom community dominatedby Carexsitchensis near thepond margin, to a Soiraea douslasii thicket, toforested a wetland dominatedby Alnus rubra, Rubus soectabilis, Lvsichi turn americanum andOenanthe sarmentosa. The wet forestwas loggedin thepast and Tsusaheteroohvlla, Picea sitchensis and Thu.ia~licata are reproducing.

Thereis a large area nearthepond that is dominatedby Scirpus c~oerinus.Waterward of thewet forestis anarea codominatedby Carex rostrata,Carex obnupta and Scirousmicrocarpus. There are traces of sphagnumbog vegetationalong the wetland-upland interfacethesouth on sideof thepond.

CONDITION: Old RoyalPond is recovering frompastlogging activities.There are cut stumpsand logsthroughout the wetland,including in thepond. The stumpshave springboard notches indicating that loggingtookplace many yearsago. A loggingroad was builtacross the outlet and waseither removedor washed.away. This is the currentsite of abeaver dam. The waterlevel is high, dueto thebeaver dam.

Givenits disturbance history,wetland the appears to be recoveringwell. It is dominatedby nativeplant species, and appearsto be developing definablewet1 andplant communities. Juncus effusus is theonly observed exoticplant species.

QUINNCREEK

--' LOCATION : Western Clallam County; Section 23, Township 30 North, Range 15 West, Willamette Meridian. A portion of Quinn Creek is located within the Olympic National Park. SIGNIFICANCE: Quinn Creek is a second tier site. Although disturbed in the past, the wetland appears to be recovering, and contains native freshwater wetland vegetation. FEATURES: Freshwater Wetl and: 1. Carex obnuota community. DESCRIPTION: Physical: Quinn Creek is located at an elevation of about 40 feet on the east side of Lake Ozette. It occurs along the lower reach of Quinn Creek, at the southeast end of Boot Bay. The wetland is about 15 acres. The wetland occurs along either side of the creek channel. The water in the channel flows very slowlyand may be partially blocked by beaver dams. The creek overflows its channel during the winter and spring and floods the wet1and. Wetl and soils remain supersaturatedthe rest of the year.

Soils along Quinn Creek are mapped as ~ealwhitsilt loam. The wetland soils contain fibrous peat, muck and large woody debris.

Bi01 osical : The wetl and vegetation a1 ong Quinn Creek is currently dominated by Carex obnuota, and has high percent coverof Scirous microcarpus, Athvrium filix-femina, Lvsichitum americanum and Phvsocar~us caoitatus. CONDITION: Quinn Creek wetland was once a forested wetland system dominatedby Picea sitchensis. The wetland was logged and is now composed of species typical of the understory of forested wetl ands. Picea sitchensi s, Thu.ia pl icata and Tsuqa heteroohvlla are reproducing within the wetl and, suggesting that the system may recover. There are no exotic plant species.

SOOESMARSH ,- LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Sections15,16, 21 and22, Township 32 North, Range15 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: SooesMarsh is a secondtier site. It contains4 freshwaterwetland communitiesand, in particular,contains a largeexample of a forested wet1 and community . FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and : 1. Carexobnu~ta community. 2. Carexsi tchensi s community. 3. Soiraea dous1 asi i community. 4. Picea sitchensis-Alnusrubra/Lvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: SooesMarsh is 1ocated at an elevationof about40 feeton a terracealong the SooesRiver. It lies between the SooesRiver to the southwest,Grimes Creekto the northwest,Miller Creekto thesoutheast and a ridgeto thenortheast. The wetland is about80 acres:59 acres of forested wetlands,17 acres of shruband herbdominated wetlandsand 4 acresof disturbed wetlands.

Mostof thewetl and is supersaturatedyear round and flooded seasonally. . Thedisturbed wetland is floodedyear round: Thewetland receives water from precipitation,small unnamedstreams, surface sheetflowand possiblygroundwater discharge. The system drains to thenorthwest into GrimesCreek.

Thesoils are mapped asTealwhit silt loam. Thewetl and soilsare a mixtureof fibrousand heath peatin the shruband herb dominatedarea and somesphagnum peat. Theforested wetlandhas verysoft muck soilsas well as areasof peat. It haslarge woody debriswhich providesa substrateelevated abovethe soil surface.Soils in thedisturbed area werenot checked.

Bioloqical:The herb dominatedarea is species rich. Low growingCarex obnu~ta,Carex rostrata, Potentill a ~al ustri s, Lvsichitum americanumand Hv~ericumanaqalloides codominate the southeastend of the herb dominated area. Juncusbalticus and Juncus effususare abundantin parts of this area. Tall,lush Carexsitchensis dominates the majorityof the herbaceouswetl and area. Potenti11a ~alustris and Lvsichiturn americanum are codominantand tivoericum anaaalloides i s abundantin p1 aces.

The shrubwetland is dominatedby Spiraeadouslasii and Lvsichitum americanum.The shrub 1 ayer is re1at i vely open.Carex si tchensi s, Potenti11a palustris, Carexrostrata, Athvrium fil ix-femina, Ledum qroenlandicum,Salix spp.and smallAlnus rubraare abundant in places. Theforested wetland along marginthe of theshrub and herb dominated areasis generally dominatedby Alnus rubra, Carex obnuota and Carex sitchensis,and has highpercent cover of Calamasrostis nutkaensisand Lvsichitumamericanum, Thisgrades into the primary wetforest community whichis dominatedby Piceasitchensis, Carex obnuota and Lvsichitum americanum.Alnus rubraand Pvrusfusca are codominantto abundant. Thuja~l icata, Tsusa hetero~hvll a, Oenanthe sarmentosa,Gaultheri a shallonand Glvceriasp. are abundantin places. Forested wet1 ands to thenortheast are similarin composition,but are scrubby,more open,and arecodominated by Thu.ia~l icata, Alnusrubra, Picea si tchensis, Lvsichitum americanumand Glvceria sp. Spiraeadousl asi i , Gaultheri a shallon, Oenanthe sarmentosa,Sciraus mi crocar~us, Carex obnuota, Athvriumfil ix-femina and Carexrostrata are abundantand in placessome arecodominant. This may be a groundwater dischargearea.

CONDITION: SooesMarsh hasbeen disturbed in thepast, but currently appearsto be in goodcondition, The forested wetland appears in particularlygood condition.The herb and shrubdominated wetlandcommunities appearto be in transition.There are remnantsof sphagnum bog vegetation,and an unusualmixture of specieswhich suggest that water and/or nutrient levelshave shifted.

A mainlinelogging road crosses all of thestreams which flow into the wetland.A roadcrosses themain outflow, and the outflowappears to havebeen diverted and partially impoundedby the road. All of the adjacent uplandsand portions of thewetlands have been logged in the past. A large cedarshake mill was locateddirectly north of the wetland.Feral cattle roam this area,and althoughit wouldbe difficult forthem to accessthe wetland,it is possible.

SOUTHEND

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Section 10, Township29 North, Range15 West, Willamette Meridian.South End is partof OlympicNational Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: SouthEnd is a secondtier site.It containsa populationof 1 state- 1isted plantspecies and 5 freshwaterwetl andcommunities, FEATURES: FreshwaterWetl and : 1, Carexobnu~ta-Juncus nevadensi s-Ranuncul us fl ammul a community. 2. Eauisetumfluviati le community. 3. MvricasalelAster sp.-Boykinia major-Deschamosia caes~itosa community . 4, Mvricasale-S~iraea doualasii/Carex obnu~ta community. 5. Pvrus fusca community. DESCRIPTION: Physical: SouthEnd is locatedalong the southeastern shoreof Lake Ozette. About4 acres of wetlands line shorethe atan elevationof about30 feet. Thewetland profile inclines shorewardfromshallowly flooded areas(< 3 feetdeep) to abank which, for themost part, marks theupland-wetland boundary. In onearea thebank is relatively low and is toppedby irregul arlyflooded wetl ands .

Thewetland receives water fromLakeOzette, precipitation and South Creek,Wetl and hydro1ogy rangesfrom the shall owly but permanently floodedzone (< 3 feet deep duringsummer) the toan ecotonal areathat is seasonally floodedbut swept by most waves therest ofthe year. Fartherinland the wetland continues to be seasonallyflooded, but is sweptby waves less frequently theof therestyear.

Thesubstrates are predominantly siltywith sand areas veryof soft silts and organicmatter, Thereare narrowlayers of peatsoils visible in the areaecotonal betweenthepermanently and sesonally floodedwetl ands. Someheath and fibrousmaterial has builtup in theseasonally flooded zone,Surrounding uplandsare mostly mapped asKlone-Ozette-Tealwhit complexand Kydaka-Zeekacomplex with an areaof Ilwaco silt loam.

Biolosical:The vegetation in thepermanently floodedzoneis characterizedby the presence of Eauisetum fluviatile,Lobelia dortmana, S~arqaniumeurvcaroum and Polyqonumsp.

Theseasonally flooded wetlands generallyfroma shiftnarrow band characterizedby Carex obnu~ta, Ranuncul us f1ammul a, Carexsi tchensi s and Carexlenticularis, to fairly open,low growing, species rich M~ricasale and Carexsitchensis dominated communities. Thicketsof Mvrica sale with Salix spp.and Pwrus fuscaare located adjacentto the uplands, Pvrusfusca, Carex obnu~ta and Bovkiniamajor dominate an area thatat leastreceives water from wavesand storms duringthe winter,

CONDITION: Thewetland communities in thisarea arein good condition.Phalaris arundinaceais beginingto spread froman areato theeast that appears to havebeen disturbed in thepast. Theuplands thatlie outside of the Parkboundary and adjacentto thewetlands have recentlybeenclearcut, including theentire drainageof South Creekwhich flows into the wetland.Little or no bufferwas left along the creek. A trailis maintainedbetween the wetland and theend of a loggingspur. Spentgun shellssuggest that thearea is usedfor hunting.

SWAN BAY

LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Sections11, 10,14 and 15,Township 30 North, Range15 West, WillametteMeridian. Swan Bay is partof OlympicNational Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: SwanBay is a second tiersite. It contains populationsof 5 state- 1isted plant species and 9 freshwaterwetland communities. FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Eauisetumfluviatile community. 2. Scir~us acutus communi ty. 3. Sparuaniumeurycarpum community. 4. Carexobnu~ta-Juncus nevadensis-Ranunculus flammula community. 5. Carexsitchensis-Potentilla ~alustris community. 6. Mvricagal e/Aster sp. -Bovki nia ma.ior-Deschampsia caes~i tosa community. 7. Mvrica qale-Spi raea douql asi i/Carex obnu~ta community . 8. Piceasitchensis-Alnus rubra/Lv.sichi tum americanumcommunity. 9. Pvrusfusca community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: TheSwan Bay-Boot Bay areais locatedalong the northeastern shoreof LakeOzette. The wetlands occurat an elevationof about30 . feet. Thewetland profile progresses shorewardfromthe shallowly floodedlake shore to an abrupt benchedge 1 to 2 feethigh which marks the waterward edgeof the seasonally floodedzone. Theelevation theof benchgradual increases shoreward either to abovethe extreme high water markor to asecond bench. Bothbenches are eroding.

Thewetlands receivewater mostly fromthe lake, but alsofrom precipitationand surfaceflow. Wet1 andhydrology ranges from the shallowlybut permanently floodedzone(< 3 feetdeep during the summer) to thewaterward edge of thefirst bench that is seasonally floodedand thenswept by wavesthe rest of the year. Fartherin1and thewetland continuesto be seasonally flooded,but is sweptby waves less frequently therest of theyear. Above secondthe bench, at probablythe landward edgeof thePvrus fuscazone, the area is flooded bywaves and storm events during winter.the The forested wetlands receivewave and storm waterwell intotheir lakeward margin, but mostof the wateris froma perched water table,groundwater and surfacewater.

Thesubstrates arepredominantly sand with someorganic matterin the permanentlyf1 ooded and seasonally floodedwet1 ands. Thereare areas witha 1i ttle peat development,including sphagnum peat. Forested wetlandsand surroundinguplands are mostlymapped asKlone-Ozette- Tealwhitcomplex and Ozettesilt loam withareas of Kydaka-Zeekacomplex and Tealwhitsilt loam. Biolosical: The vegetationin the permanentlyflooded zone is characterizedby the presenceof Eauisetumfluviatile and Lobelia dortmana. Patchesof Scir~usacutus in this zone have many of the same species as found in the Eauisetumfluviatile community but include , speciestypical of more protectedareas. Protectedareas, landwardof the fcirousacutus community, and margins of backwater areasare dominated byCarex sitchensis. Areas dominated byS~araanium eurvcarpum seem to occur in slightlyprotected portions of the bay and tend to have siltiersoils than the previoustwo communities. This communitywas not surveyedwe11 because of water depthand the softnessof the substrate.

The seasonally floodedwetlands generally shift from a narrow band characterizedby low growing herb dominatedvegetation with Juncus nevadensis, Carex obnu~ta,Ranuncul us fl ammula and Carex 1enti cul ari s, to thicketsof Mvricaaale. Landwardof the thicketsare more open, species rich areas dominatedby Mvricasale with Aster sp. and Bovkiniamajor. Within this are small areas with only scattered, low growing shrubs, some sphagnum anda species rich floral assemblage.

The landwardedge of the seasonallyflooded area generallycoincides with the beginningof the Pvrus fusca/Carex obnu~tacommunity. This is a closed canopy communitywith sparse understoryvegetation which is characterizedby Carex obnu~taand includes amixture of typicallyupland and wetland species.

CONDITION: The wetlandcommunities in this area have been affectedby past logging and homesteadactivities, but are still in reasonablecondition in most , places, The forestedwetlands have all been at least selectivelycut in the past but seem to be recovering.

The primarythreat to the herb and shrub dominatedseasonally flooded wetlands and the backwaterareas is the spread of Phalarisarundinacea. Phalarisarundinacea is the dominantspecies in large areas of Swan Bay and is scatteredthroughout the area. There are also concernsabout the effectsof sil tationof the permanentlyflooded wetl ands around the l ake due to loggingactivities within the drainage basin.

THUNDER BENCH

LOCATION : WesternClallam County; Section26,Township 28 North, Range15 West, WillametteMeridian, Most, if notall, of ThunderBench isin the OlympicNational Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: ThunderBench is a second tiersite. It is recoveringfrom past disturbanceand contains examplesof 3 freshwaterwetl and communities. FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Nu~harpol vseoal um community. 2. Carexobnu~ta community. 3. Piceasitchensis-Alnus rubralLvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical:Thunder Bench is 1ocated in theold floodplain of the QuillayuteRiver, nearthe river's mouth. It is locatedat an elevation of about20 feetat thebase of a steep,north facing slope. The site consistsof 8 acresof pondsand herbdominated wetlands, and 10 acresof forestedwetl ands.

Thesite receives water from sheet flow and possiblygroundwater discharge.The herb dominated areasgrade from areas which are permanently floodedand have openwater, to .areas that are seasonally floodedand then supersaturated.Thewater level appears to be controlled by beavers.The forested wetl ands are supersaturatedyear roundand may beflooded seasonally .

Thesoils are muckand fibrouspeat. Large woodydebris provide substrateselevated above thesoil and watersurfaces.

Biolosical: The ponded areas are characterizedby the presence of Nu~har polvseoal um and Potamosetonnatans. The shall ower permanently to seasonally flooded areasdominated are by Carexobnu~ta and Lvsichitum americanum.Small A1 nus rubra,Picea si tchensis and Tsusaheteroohvll a are abundant,Gaultheria shallon is abundant onfallen logs. Thereare lotsof snagsand a fewhalf-dead trees.

Theforested wetl andis dominatedby Piceasi tchensi s, Tsusahetero~hvll a and Lvsichitum americanum.

CONDITION: Theherb dominated wetlandsand ponds appear to be in excellent condition.Exotic plantspecies are scarceand there areno obvious signsof human disturbance. The forested wet1 ands were sef ect ively loggedin thepast but arerecovering well. The greatest threat to this area is spread of Phalaris arundinacea into this wet1and from nearby wetlands. The forested wet1ands may not be threatened, but the herb dominated wetlands and pond margins are prime habitat. 1

Most of this sitelies within the Olympic National Park, but the western tip lies within the QuileuteIndian Reservation.

THUNDERLAKE

LOCATION : Western Clallam County; Sections 1 and 2, Township 29 North, Range 14 West, and Section 30, Township 30 North, Range 14 West, Willamette Meridian. SIGNIFICANCE: Thunder Lake is a second tier site. The shrub and herb dominated wetlands adjacent to the lake are in good condition, but the forested wet1ands have been selectivelylogged and clearcut. The site contains examples of 3 freshwater wetl and communities.

FEATURES: Freshwater Wet1 and: 1. Carex rostrata-Carexsitchensis community. 2. S~iraeadousl asi i community. 3. Picea ssi tchensis-Alnus rubra/Lvsichitum americanum community. DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: Thunder Lake is located at 280 feet elevation near the headwaters of Thunder Creek. It is located in a narrow valley within hilly terrain. The site consists of a 9-acre lake, 4 acres of herb and shrub dominated vegetation encircling thelake, 3 acres of wetland vegetation along the outflow stream, and several acres of disturbed forested wetl and. There is both an inflow and outflow from the lake. Both have broad channels, 10 feet or more wide, which carry very slow moving brown colored water. There is another channel which may be artificial and that has been dammed by beaver. There are signs of beaver activity particularly along the outflow channel. The wetland areas are permanently to seasonally flooded. Seasonally flooded areas appear to remain supersaturated yearround.

The soil in the area is mapped as Klone-Ozette-Tealwhitcomplex. The wetland soils are very soft organic material. There is some fibrous and heath peat. Within the forested wetland zone, substrates are a mosaic of very soft, anoxic, muck, firmer mesic soils and large woody material. Biolosical: Along the outflow channel is a broad riparian zone dominated by Rubus s~ectabilis,Carex obnu~taand Lvsichitum americanum. The vegetation is low growing, apparently kept cropped by wild1ife. Vegetation around the l ake shifts from a pemanently flooded zone dominated by Carex rostrata and Carex sitchensis to a seasonally to permanently flooded zone dominated by S~iraeadousl asi i , Carex rostrata, Carex sitchensis and Lvsichitum americanum. In places, this zone is composed of nearly pure stands of S~iraeadousl asi i . The forested wetland appears to be an example of the Picea sitchensis- Alnus rubra/Lvsichitumamericanum community. It is codominated by Picea sitchensi s, Tsuqa heteroohvlla, A1 nus rubra, Rubus s~ectabi1is, and- Lvsichitumamericanum. Carex obnuota and Oenanthe sarmentosa are codominant in places,

CONDITION: The herb and shrub dominated portions of the wetland appear to be in good condition. Nost of the forested wetland has been clearcut. One area of forested wet1and on the northwest side of the 1ake was selectivelylogged in the past, A narrow line of trees was left between the shrub dominated wetland and recent clearcuts, Exoticplant species established in wet areas in the clearcutsmay spread into the undisturbedwetlands.

An odd channel flanked by berms is located on the northwest side of the lake. Adelta-1 i ke area extends out into the lake from near the channel's mouth. The area has an unusual diversity and high percent cover of exotic plant species. This area appears to receive human use in the form of hunting and fishing, and may be a human-made feature.

UMBRELLABAY

LOCATION: Western Clallam County; Sections3, 4 and 10, Township 30 North, Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian. Most of UmbrellaBay is withinthe Olympic NationalPark.

SIGNIFICANCE: UmbrellaBay is a second tier site.The area contains examplesof 8 freshwaterwetland communities, and a populationof 1 state-listedplant species.

FEATURES: FreshwaterWet1 and: 1. Eauisetumfluviatile community. 2. Nu~harpol vse~al um community. 3. Saaraaniumeurvcaraum community. 4. Carexobnu~ta-Juncus nevadensis-Ranuncul us flammul a community. 5. Carexsitchensis-Potentill a aalustris community. 6. Mvrica sale-SD~ raea dousl asi i/Carex obnu~ta community . 7. S~iraeadoual asi i community. 8. Pvrus fusca community.

DESCRIPTION: Physical:Umbrella Bay is locatedat the northeastend of LakeOzette, at an elevationof about30 feet. It is a veryshallow bay oriented northeast-southwest. There are about8 acres ofpermanently flooded emergentwetlands and 44 acresof seasonallyflooded wetlandsaround the bay.

Waterin the permanently floodedwetland areavaries from a fewinches to 3 or 4 feetdeep during the summer. The herb andshrub dominatedareas areseasonally flooded.Theherb dominated areas receivefrom water wavesyear round. The shrub dominated areas moist,stay but generallydo notreceive water fromwaves during thesummer. The tree dominated areas areflooded at least occasionallyduring thewinter, and the soilsstay wet yearround.

Thebay bottomappears to be sandy nearthe bay's mouth,and gradesto softsilts and organic matterat the northeast end.Theseasonally flooded wetlands appearto be underlain by sand,and havefibrous and heath peat layers.

Bioloaical : Thepermanently floodedareais dominatedby S~arsanium eurvcaraum.It occursin thenortheast halfthe ofbay on silty soils. Intermixedwith it arepatches of Nu~harpolvsepalum. Towards thebay mouthare small areas of theEauisetum fluviatile community.

Thelakeward margin of theseasonally floodedwetlands is dominatedby Carexsitchensis. In areas,this community occurs as hummocksin the ecotonebetween seasonally and permanently flooded zones.Nearthe bay's mouth, thiszone is occupiedby theCarex obnu~ta-Juncus nevadensis- Ranuncul usfl ammul a comunity. Theshrub dominated wetlands ringthat the bay are amixture of Mvrica and Soiraeadouulasii dominated communities. These typically are dense,tall thickets. Intermixedwith,and landwardof theshrub zone, thevegetation is composedof densethickets of Pvrusfusca. The most extensive thicketis at theeast end of thebay.

The1 andwardmost wet1 and communityis dominatedby Piceasi tchensi s and Alnusrubra, and has Carexobnuota in theunderstory. Most of this communityhas beenlogged recently and it is not known ifit will recover.

CONDITION: UmbrellaBay is in questionablecondition. It wasthe site of early settlement activityand at leastthe forested wetlands havebeen effected by loggingactivities. Phalaris arundinaceais establ ishedwithin the seasonally floodedwet1and communities,and exoticsare abundantin the recentlylogged wet forestareas. A privateboat launch area is a conduitfor exotic plant species.

WENTWORTHLAKE

LOCATION: Western Clallam County; Sections 17 and 20, Township29 North, Range 14 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: WentworthLake is a second tier site. Most of the forestedwetlands have been logged and the outflowwetland has beendisturbed, but theherb and shrub dominatedwetlands are in relativelygood condition. The wetland containsexampl es of 2 sphagnumbog and 5 freshwaterwetl and communities.

FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmia occidentali s-Ledum qroenlandicum-Myrica qal e/Sphasnum spp. community. 2. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledumgroenlandicum-Vaccinium oxvcoccos/ S~hasnumspp. community.

FreshwaterWet1 and: 1, Braseniashreberi community. 2. Nu~harpol vseoal urn community. 3. Scir~usacutus community. 4. Myricasal e/Ca1 amaqrostis canadensis community. 5. Picea sitchensis-Alnusrubra/Lvsichitum americanum community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: WentworthLake is locatedat an elevationof about 150 feet and is the headwatersof a tributaryof the West Fork DickeyRiver. The site consistsof a 41-acre lake (29 acres of open water and 12 acres of rootedaquatic vegetation),surrounded by 3.5 acres of shrub dominated vegetationwhich in turn is surrounded by27.5 acres of disturbed forested wetlands,

The 1ake and wetland receive water fromprecipitation, sheet flow and probablyground water. The area is mapped as overlayingcompacted glacial till and having aperched water table. There is no channeled inflow. The outflowchannel is locatedat the northwestend of the lake. The outflowis dammed by beaversin several locationsand the water moves very slowly.

The rootedaquatic zone appears to coincidewith a submergedpeat bench which surroundsthe open water area but is broadest nearthe northwest end of the lake. Adjacentto the submergedbench is a zone elevated above the lakesurface composed of perenniallywet sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat. Some portionsof this zone are seasonallyflooded. The forestedwetland shifts from perenniallysupersaturated to seasonally flooded. The forested wetland soils are probablyKydaka-Zeeka complex. The soils in the surroundinguplands are mapped as Kydaka-Zeekacomplex. Biolosical: Veget'ation over the submerged bench shifts landward from Brasenia shreberi to Nu~harpolvsepalum to Potentilla~alustris. Carex lasiocar~aextends out from the bog margin in places and patches of Scir~usacutus and some sedge tussocks are scattered in this zone.

Mvrica sale is dominant over the shrub zone surrounding the submerged bench. Ledum groenlandicum, Spiraea douslasii and Vaccinium oxvcoccos along with Mvrica sale are indicativeof areas that have Sphasnum spp. Calamaarosti s canadensis, Carex sitchensi s and Potentilla palustri s are indicativeof areas which do not have S~haanumspp.

The wet forest has been disturbed in the past, most of it was clearcut and other portions selectivelylogged. One small area may have been left untouched. Thuja ~licataand Tsuqa heterophvllaare the dominant tree species although there is some Picea sitchensis and Alnus rubra. The understory of the wettest areas of forest are dominated by Lvsichitum americanum and Carex obnu~ta. Drier areas are dominated by Gaultheri a shallon and Lvsichitum americanum and contain more typically up1and plant species.

CONDITION: The lake, submerged bench and shrub dominated wetlands are in good condition. There is a populationof Nvmphaea odoratum that was probably introduced into the lake by humans. A dilapidatedhunterf s cabin is located in the shrub zone on the southeast side of the 1ake, and a boat launch is located on the south side of the lake.

The forested wetlands and wetlands along the outflowstream have been ' badly damaged by logging and road building activities. The forested wetland areas appear to be dominated by native plant species and may recover. Exotic p1ant species, primarily Phalari s arundinacea, have become establishedin the wetlands alongthe outflowstream, mostly where a logging road crosses the stream.

WILLOUGHBYLAKE

LOCATI ON : Western ClallamCounty; Section31, Township 32 North, Range 15 West, WillametteMeridian. WilloughbyLake is part of the Olympic National Park.

SIGNIFICANCE: WilloughbyLake is a second tier site. The site is composedof a small lake and bog which has examples of 2 sphagnumbog communities. The site is recoveringfrom past disturbance.

FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Kalmia occidentali s-Ledum sroenlandicum-Vaccinium ox~coccos/ S~hasnumspp, community. 2. Tsuqa hetero~hvlla/Ledum sroenlandi cum/Sohaanum spp. community .

DESCRIPTION: Physical: WilloughbyLake is located in a saddle between twohills at an elevationof 210 feet. It is composed of a 5-acre oval1 ake and about a 1/2-acre shrub dominatedand almost 2-acre stunted tree dominated sphagnumbog located at the northend of the lake.

The wetland receiveswater from precipitationand may be influencedby lake water. There doesn't appear to be a channeled inflow to the system, but the lakedrains to the northeast. The wetland soils are wet to supersaturatedyear round.

The bog soils are composedof sphagnum, fibrous, heath and woody peat. Fallentrees, elevatedabove the peat, providean additionalsubstrate.

Biolosical: Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum sroenlandicumand S~haanumspp. dominatethe shrub zone. Vacciniumoxvcoccos, Gentiana sce~trum,low growingGaultheria shallon and highly stunted Thuja plicataare abundant.

Somewhat stuntedTsusa heteroohvllaand Thuja olicatadominate the overstoryin the forestedwetl and. Ledum sroenlandicum, Gaultheri a shallon, Pteridiumaauil inum and S~hasnumspp. dominate the understory. Kalmia occidentalisand Cornus canadensisare abundant.

CONDITION: WilloughbyLake appears to be in good condition. There are cut stumps of pole size conifersover much of the wetland. The site receives low levelsof recreationaluse, a path leads from a loggingspur to the east and follows the lakemargin. The disturbanceto the site is expectedto go down as the clearcutto the east and the logging spur become over grown.

WOOL-GRASSHARSH

LOCATION: WesternClallam County; Section21, Township30 North, Range 14 West, WillametteMeridian.

SIGNIFICANCE: Wool-grassMarsh is a secondtier site. The wetland appearsto be recoveringfrom past disturbance,and containsremnants of 3 sphagnumbog communities. FEATURES: SphagnumBog: 1. Carex rostrata/Sohasnumspp. community. 2. SP~raea douslas i i /Sohaanurn spp. community. 3. Thu-iap1 icata-Tsusa hetero~hvlla/Gaul theria shallon/ Lvsichitum americanum/Sohasnumspp. community.

DESCRIPTION: Phvsical: Wool-grass Marsh is locatedat an elevationof about 280 feet in a narrow, steep-sided,north-south oriented trough. It is approximately17 acres and is the headwatersof a small streamwhich flows into Dickey Lake.

The wetlandreceives water from precipitation,surface flow and seasonal streams. The outflow streamis blocked, eitherby a beaverdam or a log jam. Thewetland has a moisturegradient from a shallow,vegetated pond to supersaturatedherb and shrubdominated wetlands to mesic forested wet1ands.

The wetlandsoils are a mixtureof fibrouspeat and anoxicmuck near the outflow. To the south soilsare sphagnum,fibrous and heath peat and muck. To the south, the soilsare firmerand there is more woody material. Logs are scatteredthroughout the siteproviding habitat for typical1y up1and species. Bioloai cal : The wettestareas are dominated by Scirpus cvoerinus. The next wettest areas are codominatedby Carex rostrataand Potentilla palustrisand have high percentcover of Sohasnumspp. A large portion of the wetland is a mosaicof Carex rostrataand Soiraeadoualasii and is codominatedby Sohaanurnspp. The southernportion ofthe wetlandis a recoveringforested wetland. It has high percentcover ofThuja ~licata, Tsusa heteroohvlla,Picea sitchensis, Alnus rubra, Spiraea douslasii , Lvsichitumamericanum, Gaultheria shallon, Carex obnuota and Sohasnum SPP CONDITION: Althoughlogged in the past, Wool -grassHarsh is dominatedby native plant species. Juncuseffusus is the only problemspecies found, and occurs infrequently.The site has a mixtureof high and lownutrient wetlandspecies suggesting that it may be in transition. Logginghas had an impact on the system. Trees cut within the wet1and have springboard notches.The uplandswere clearcutas much as 40 years ago, leavingno bufferaround the wetland. Logs and debrisfrom the uplandsare located withinthe wetland. Logs are scatteredthroughout a the wetlandand many are massed at the north end near the outflow. A road parallelsthe wetland,cutting across seasonal stream channelsthat flow into thewetland. GLOSSARY

Dominant- a plantspecies which covers at least20 percentof an area.

Exotic- a non-nativespecies.

FibrousPeat - peatcomposed of theremains of herbaceous plants,mostly sedges.It contains1ittle if any S~haunumspp.

Freshwater- water with less than 0.5 parts perthousand marine derived salt.

HeathPeat - peat composedof the remains of shrubbyplants.

Humock- a smallmound. Hummockymicrotopography consists of smallmounds, usually composedof sphagnum moss.

Impounded- backed-upor accumulated behindan obstruction. An impounded wetlandis one in whichwater has backed-upor accumulatedbehind an obstructionsuch as a beaver dam.

Lagg- themineral -rich drainage area surroundinga sphagnum bog.

Minerotrophic Water- water that has beenin contactwith mineralsoil.

Muck- peat decomposedto sucha degreethat plant parts can not be distinguished.

Native- indigenousto, ororiginating naturallyWashington; in, remaining or groking in an unaltered natural condition.

Peat- theremains of plants which have accumulatedin water or in wet places.

Pristine- havingnever been disturbed or alteredfrom thenative condition.

Sphagnum Bog- a wetland witha well developedS~haanum moss or peat1 ayer and resultant distinctiveflora.

SphagnumPeat - peatcomposed primarilySphaanum of spp.

WoodyPeat - peatcomposed of particles partiallyof decomposedwood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alt,D.D. and D.W. Hyndman.1984. RoadsideGeology of Washington.Mt. Press Pub.Co., Missoula,Montana. 282p.

Damman,A.W.H. 1986. Hydrology,development, and biogeochemistryof ombrogenouspeat bogswith special reference to nutrient relocationin a westernNewfound1 and bog. Can.J. Bot. 64:384-394.

Hill,M.O. 1979. Twinspan- A FORTRAN programfor arranging multivariate datain an orderedtwo-way table of classificationof individuals and attributes.Cornell Univ. N.Y. 14850. 90p.

Hitchcock,C.L. and A. Cronquist.1978. Floraof the PacificNorthwest: an illustratedmanual. Universityof Wash.Press. 730p.

McKee,B. 1972. Cascadia.Stuart Press, Seattle,Wash. 394p.

Rigg,G.B. 1958 PeatResources of Washington.Wash. Division of Minesand Geology, Bull . No. 44. 272p. Tabor,R.W. and W.M. Cady. 1978. Geologicmap of theOlympic Peninsula, Washington.U.S.G.S. Misc.Invest. Series, Map 1-994

UnitedStates Department of Agriculture.1987. Soil Surveyof Cl a1 1am County Area,Washington. U.S.D.A. Soil ConservationService. 213p.

WashingtonNatural Heritage Program. 1990.Endangered, Threatenedand SensitiveVascular Plants of Washington.Wash. Dept . Nat. Resources, Div. of Landand WaterConservation, OlympiaWash. 51p.

APPENDIXA

PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF OLYMPICPENINSULA FRESHWATERWETLANDS

Thisis an initialclassification of native freshwater wetland vegetation foundon thewestern coastof the Olympic Peninsula, Washington,between Grays Harborand theStrait of Juande Fuca. Thestudy area extendseast to Joyce alongthe north side of thepeninsula. The classification includes sphagnum and non-sphagnumimpounded wetl ands occurringbe1ow 1,500feet el evat ion.

Theclassification is intended to assistin thecharacterization and comparisonof native wetlandson the coastal lowlands of theOlympic Peninsula.It was developed followinga review of the literatureand three yearsof reconnaissancelevel field surveysof relatively undisturbed wetlands.Species cover data wereanalyzed usingTwinspan (Hill, 1979). The resultingclassification should betreated as preliminary,ready for quantitative fieldtesting.

During field surveys,eachsite was characterizedby describing its apparent physicalcharacteristics and plant communities. The communities were identifiedby: 1) dominant species,2) presence or absenceof key indicator species,and 3) observable differencesin envi ronmental conditions, such as soilcharacteristics or hydrology. A rangeof percentcover was recordedfor a1 1 observedspecies in re1ati vely undisturbed and accessiblewetl ands .

Wetland plantcommunities are difficultto define. Discrete communitiesare nottypical. Instead, continuaand mosaics of species appearto be the norm Someof therecognized communitiesthroughout recur theinventory area. Othersdo not recur areor not consistentin their associated species or environmentalcharacteristics.

The classificationbelow has beendivided into two parts.Thefirst includes recurringcommunities, that is,for thosewhich at leastthree examples were found. Thesecond includes communitiesobserved to occurtwo or fewer times, or whichoccurred more frequently but werehighly variablein their associated species composition.

Theclassification is similar to thatused for the May, 1986 Northwest Wetlands Technical Conference convenedby the Washington Department Ecolof ogy in PortTownsend, Washington. The classification differsfrom thatused at theconference in thatit doesnot include informationon soils. It also providesone finer 1 eve1 of resolutionthan did the conferenceclassi fi cat i on; theplant community level. Theclassification is compatible with Cowardin j& a1 1979. -. ? CLASSIFICATIONOFRECURRING COMMUNITIES:

I, Low Elevation SphagnumBog

A. Non-macrophyte I. bog pond.

B. HerbDominated 1. Carex1 ivida-Sansui sorba officinalis/Sohaanum spp. community . 2. Carexrostrata/S~hasnum spp. community . 3. Carexrostrata-Carex sitchensi s-Sanquisorba officinal is/ Sohasnumspp. community . 5. Juncussuoini formi s/S~hasnum spp. community . 6. Rhvnchosooraa1ba/Sohaqnum spp, community .

C. ShrubDominated 1. Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum aroenlandicum/Xero~hvllum tenax/ Sohasnumspp. community . 2. Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum uroenlandicum-Gaultheria shallon/ Pteridiumaauilinum/Sohasnum spp. community. 3. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum aroenl andicum-Mvri ca sal e/Sohaqnum spp.community. 4. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledumgroenlandicum-Vaccinium oxvcoccos/ Sohaanumspp. community. 5. Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum qroenl andi cum-Vaccini um oxvcoccos/ Carexobnuota/Sohasnum spp. community. 6. Mvricaaale/Carex rostrata-Ne~hro~hvllidium crista-aalli- Sanauisorba officinal isf Sohasnum spp. community . 7. Mvricasale/Carex sitchensis-Sanquisorba officinalis/ Sohaanum spp.community. 8. Soiraea dousl asi i/Sohasnum spp. community.

D. TreeDominated 1. PinuscontortalLedum aroenlandicum/Sohasnum spp,community. 2. Pinuscontorta-Thuja olicata/Mvrica aal e/Sohaqnum spp. comunity . 3. Thu,iap1 i cata-Tsu~a heteroohvl 1a/Gaul theri a shallon/ Lvsichitum ameri canum/Sohasnum spp, community . 4. Tsusaheteroohvll a/Ledum sroenl andicumlSohaonum spp. community.

II, Low Elevation FreshwaterWet1and A. PermanentlyFlooded 1. Non-macrophyte a. pond.

2. Macrophyte a. Eauisetum fluviatilecommunity. b. Nu~haroolvseoal um comunity. c. Scirousacutus comunity. d. S~arsanium eurvcaroum comuni ty. B. SaturatedSoils or SeasonallyFlooded 1. Herb Dominated a. Carexobnupta community. b. Carexobnupta-Juncus nevadensi s-Ranuncul flus ammul a community. c. Carexsitchensis-Potentill a ~alustri s community.

2. ShrubDominated a. M~ricaqalelAster sp. -Bovkinia ma.ior-Deschampsia caes~itosacommunity. b. M~ricasale]Lvsichitum americanum community. c. Mvricaale-Spiraea douslasii/Carex obnu~ta community. d. SD~raea dousl asi i community.

3. TreeDominated a. Piceasi tchensis-Alnus rubrafL~sichitum americanum community. CLASSIFICATIONNON-RECURRING OF COMMUNITIES:

I. Low Elevation SphagnumBog

A. Non-macrophyte none

B. HerbDominated 1. Carexobnu~ta/S~hasnum spp.comuni ty. 2. Erio~horumchamissonis/Sohasnum spp.community.

C. ShrubDominated 1. M~ricasale/Cal amasrosti s canadensi s/S~hasnum spp. community .

D. TreeDominated 1. none

11. LowElevation Freshwater Wetland

A. Permanent1y Fl ooded 1. Non-macrophyte a, none

2. Macrophyte a. Braseniaschreberi community. b. Scir~ussubterminal is community.

B. SaturatedSoils or SeasonallyFlooded 1. HerbDominated a. Carexrostrata community. b. Carexrostrata-Carex sitchensi s community . c. Carexsitchensis community.

2. ShrubDominated a. SD~raea dousl asi i -Sal ix spp./Carex obnu~ta communi ty. 3. TreeDominated a. Pvrus fuscacommunity. b. Pvrusfusca/Cal amasrosti s canadensi s community. c. Thu.iaPI icata/Lvsichi tumamericanum community. APPENDIXB

OLYMPIC PENINSULA FRESHWATERWFTLAND COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS

Thefollowing wet1 and community descriptions provideinformation physicalon and floristic characteristicsof each community1isted in thepreceding classification.Included are species listswhich distinguish between the dominantor characteristic species("Indicator Species"), andthose which are mi noror uncharacteristic ("OtherSpecies").

The community descriptionspresented are in twomajor groups, thefirst includesthose communities which wereobserved torecur in thelandscape, whilethe second includesthose which werenot observed torecur. Withineach of these majorcategories aretwo subheadings: sphagnum bog and freshwater (non-sphagnum)wetland communities. The descriptions listedare in the same orderas in theclassification (Appendix A).

RECURRING COMMUNITIES

LOWELEVATION SPHAGNUM BOG COMMUNITIES

A sphagnumbog is characterizedby the presence ofsphagnum mossspecies (Suhasnumspp. ) and sphagnumpeat. Bogs have lowpH and lownutrient avail a- bility. Theytypically arefed byprecipitation, which is lownutrient water. Thisset of conditions gives risean unusual to flora, many specieswhich of areunique to sphagnumbogs.

Throughout mostof the western Washingtonlowlands, sphagnum bogs occur in depressionsor basins.Their surfaces are flatto convex and theyreceive wateronly from precipitation. However, on thewest sideof the Olympic Mountains bogsoccur on slopesas well asin basins.The abi 1 ity to develop sloping bogsis dueto thehigh precipitationlevaporation ratiofound on the westside of theOlympic Peninsula. These slopingbogs are probably in contactwith some minerotrophic water (water that has beenin contactwith mineralsoil) andhave higher nutrient levels thanbogs fed exclusivelyby rainwater (Damman, 1986).

BogPond: Typicallythese aresmall ponds orlakes located in smallbasins and boundedon at least oneside by sphagnumpeat. ThepH of thewater is 5.5 or less. The wateris usuallybrown to red brownin color. Often theseponds are surroundedby mats of sphagnumwhich slowlyextend out overthe water's surfaceand finallyfill the basin. Theseponds frequently overlayfibrous, heath,woody, and sphagnumpeat.

Smallseasonal to permanent ponds occuralso withinsloping bogson thewest sideof the OlympicPeninsula. These ponds typically1ie perpendicular to the slopeand catch waterflowing over thebog surfaceand seepingdownhill throughthe peat. Theyare typicallyoblong and onlya fewsquare feet in area. Theseasonal ponds often supportpopulations of Juncussu~iniformis. Carex1 ivida-Sansuisorba officinal isfS~haqnum spp, communi ty: This community occursmostly in western Jeffersonand Clallam Counties. It occurson supersaturatedpeat along seeps and seasonaldrainages, Soil s are mixturea of sphagnum,fibrous and heathpeat, and oftencontain some woody material. ,

Thisis a difficult communityto characterize. Cover of vascular plantsis oftensparse, and woody species highlyare stunted.S~haqnum spp. arethe only consistently dominantin species thecommunity. Kalmiaoccidental is, Ledum sroenlandicum,Vaccinium ox~coccos, Sanauisorba officinalis, Carex 1ivida and Carexinterior complexa11 occur in moststands but with wide rangingcover values. Carex obnu~ta, Rhvnchosoora alba and highlystunted Thu.iaol icata arefrequent associated species.El atanthera di1 atata, Tofieldiasl utinosa and Gentianadousl asiana have high fidelity to this communitybut havelow percent cover values and are not alwayspresent.

Thiscommunity is similarto theKalmia occidentalis-Ledum groenlandicum- Vacciniumox~coccos/S~ha~num spp. communi ty,but is wetter,has 1ower percent coverof woodyspecies, and higher frequencyand percent cover of herbaceous speciestypical of slightly wetter environments,specifical ly Sansuisorba officinalis,Rhvnchos~ora alba, Carex livida, Carex interior complex and Carex obnuota.

IndicatorSpecies : Carexinterior complex Carex1 ivida Kalmiaoccidental is Ledum groenlandicum Sanguisorba officinalis Sphagnumspp. Vaccinium oxycoccos OtherSpeci es : Agrostissp. Linnaea borealis Agrostis aequivalvis Lysichitum ameri canum Agrostis oregonensis Menyanthestri fol iata Agrostisscabra Nephrophyllidium crista-galli Anemoneoregana var. fel ix Panicum occidentalis Blechnum spi cant Picea sitchensis Boykini a spp. Pinus mont icol a Calamagrostisnutkaensis Platanthera di1 atatum Camassiasp. Pteridiumaquil inum Carexobnupta Pyrus fusca Carexpl urifl ora Rhamnuspurshi ana Carexrostrata Rhynchosporaa1ba Cladina rangiferina Spiraeadougl as i i Cornuscanadensi s Spiranthes romanzoff iana Deschampsiacaespitosa Thujapl icata Droserarotundifolia Tofieldiaglutinosa Empetrumnigrum Tri entalis arctica Eriophorumchamissonis Trisetum canescens Gaultheria shal Ion Tsugaheterophylla Gentiana dougl asi ana Vacciniumcf uliginosum Gentiana sceptrum Veratrumsp. Hypericum anagallo.ides Violapalustris Juncusensifolius Xerophyllumtenax Juncussupiniformis

CarexrostratafS~haqnum spp,comuni ty: This communityoccurs in western Jeffersonand ClallamCounties. It occurson mixedsphagnum and fibrouspeat soilswhich are permanently flooded with a fewinches of water,or are supersaturated.Typically it occursin a shadedportion of a site.

Thisis a low growing,species rich communityThe Thu.ia plicata are highly stunted,usually reaching aonly few feet tall.

This community intergradeswiththe Carex 1 ivida-Sansui sorba officinal is/ S~haanumspp. community. It is easily distinguished fromlatter theby the predominanceof Carex rostrata.

Indicator Species: Carexrostrata Sphagnumspp. Other Species: Agrostissp. Ledum groenlandi cum Agrostis scabra Li nnaea borealis Anemoneoregana var. fel ix Nephrophyllidium crista-gall i Blechnum spicant Pinuscontorta Boykinia cfel ata Pinus mont icol a Camassiasp. Pteridiumaquilinum Carexinterior compl ex Rhamnuspurshi ana Carexlivida Rhynchosporaa1ba Deschampsiacaespitosa Sanguisorba officinalis Droserarotundi fol i a Thuja plicata Gentiana sceptrum Trientalisarctica Hypericum anagalloides Vacciniumoxycoccos Kalmia occidentalis Violasp.

Carexrostrata-Carex sitchensi s-Sanqui sorba officinal is/SDhaqnum spp. community:Surveyed examplesof this community are located in Grays Harbor Countyin Mvricasale bogs. Thecommunity is often associated slow,with seasonally flowingwater, and may be affectedby minerotrophicwater. It is wetyear round and seasonallyflooded. Soils are amixture of sphagnumand fibrouspeat,

Thevegetation lushis and formstall dense stands dominatedby sedges. Carex rostratais alwaysa dominantspecies. Carex sitchensis is usually codominant,but occasionally havecan verylow percent cover. Gentiana sce~trum,Sansui sorba officinal is and S~hasnumspp. are usual ly presentand can be codominant.A subsetof standshave anabundance of Carexobnu~ta.

Thiscomuni ty is similarto theMvrica salelcarex sitchensi s-Sansui sorba officinalislS~hasnumspp.community. It differsin not having Mvricasale and in beingless speciesrich. IndicatorSpecies : Carexrostrata Carexsitchensis Gentiana sceptrum Sanguisorbaofficinalis Sphagnum spp. OtherSpecies : Carexobnupta Juncusbal ti cus Deschampsia caespitosa Hyricagale Droserarotundi fo1 i a Trientalis arctica Eriophorumchamissonis Vacciniumoxycoccos

Juncussu~iniformis/S~ha~num spp,community: This community occurs in western Jefferson Countyand one sitein westernClallam County.It is foundin small seasonally floodeddepressions ponds.or Thesurface layer of peatdries duringthe summerin mostcases, but the underlyingpeat is saturated.The substrateis a mixtureof decomposed fibrousand sphagnum peat.

The communityis clearlyidentified by the abundanceof Juncus su~iniformis and lackof othervegetation. Carex 1 ivida and Rhvnchos~oraalba typically occuraround the margins of thiscommunity within the studyarea. A1 though thedepressions/ponds occur within sphagnumpeat, there is seldomany living S~hasnumspp. Theseareas may be elk wallows.

Indicator Species: Juncussupi ni formi s OtherSpecies : Carexlivida Hypericum anagalloides Carexrostrata Rhynchosporaa1ba

Rhvnchos~oraa1ba/S~ha~num spp,community: Thi s communityoccurs throughout the studyarea. It is typicallyfound in a band alongthe quakingmargin of a sphagnummat adjacentto openwater, in wet depressionsor along seeps.Soils are supersaturated sphagnumand peat, may be seasonally flooded.The substrateis softand often sinkswhen steppedon.

Rhvnchos~oraalba is dominantin thiscommunity. Kalmia occidentalis and Vaccini um oxvcoccosfrequently occur. Shrub species,when found, have a short growthform, usually not exceeding2 feet. Frequentlythere are noliving S~hasnumspp. Alongseeps, this community is usuallyin a mosaicwith other communities.

Thiscommunity is mostsimilar to theCarex livida-Sansuisorba officinalis/ Sohaanumspp. community, but is easily distinguishedby its dominanceby Rhvnchos~oraa1ba. IndicatorSpecies : Rhynchosporaa1ba

OtherSpecies: Agrostis sp. Kalmia occidentalis Agrostis scabra Ledumgroenlandicum Boykiniacf major Lysichitum americanum

Carexinterior complex Nephrophyllidium crista-gall i Carex1 ivida Nupharpolysepal um Carexrostrata Sanguisorba officinalis Droserarotundi fol ia Sphagnumspp. Empetrumnigrum Thujapl icata Eriophorumchami ssonis Tofieldia glutinosa Gentiana sceptrum Vacciniumoxycoccos Juncusacuminatus

Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum qroenl andi cum/Xerophvll um tenax/Sphaqnum spp. community:This is a dry bog communitywhich occurs in westernJefferson and ClallamCounties. It is seasonally dryand seasonallysaturated. It can be seasonallyflooded. Substrates are amixture of heath, fibrousand sphagnum peat,and thereis largewoody material in somesites. Mineral soil is sometimes visibleat the soil surfaceand there areoften signs of pastfire.

The vegetationin this communityis not lush.The shrubs are generally scraggly andform an open canopy2-4 feet tall . Thecornmuni ty is depauperate. Kalmiaoccidentalis, Ledum sroenlandicum and Xero~hvllumtenax are codominant. Pteridium aauilinumis always present and sometimes codominant.Gaultheria shallonis usuallypresent but lowgrowing and not codominant.

This communityis most similar to theKalmia occidentalis-Ledumsroenlandicum- Gaultheri a shallon/Pteridi um aaui1 inum/S~haanum spp. community . It differs from thatcommunity in thepresence Xero~hvllumof tenax and paucityof its flora. IndicatorSpecies : Gaultheri a shallon Kalmia occidentalis Ledum groenlandi cum Pteridiumaquil inum Xerophyl1um tenax Other Species: C1adina rangiferina Pyrus fusca Cornuscanadensis Sphagnumspp. Gentiana sceptrum Trientalisarctica Maianthemum dilatatum Tsugaheterophyl 1a Piceasi tchensi s Vacciniumoxycoccos Pinuscontorta Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum groenlandicum-Gaultheria shallon/Pteridium aauilinum/S~haqnum spp. community: Thiscommunity is foundin westernCl a1 1am County,mostly in "prairies".It occursin areas thatare relativelydry seasonally,The soils remainmoist year round and are seasonally supersaturated. Typicallyit occurs on slopesor ridges.The soilstend to be very thin,overlaying mineral soil. It is possiblethat it is associated withpast burning.

Thevegetation typically is stuntedbut the shrublayer can be tall and dense. Thereare scattered somewhatstunted Thu.ia PI icata and Tsusahetero~hvll a and sometimes Piceasitchensis. Ledumsroenlandicum is always a dominantspecies. Kalmiaoccidental is, Gaul theria shal lon, Pteridium aaui 1 inum, Blechnum s~icant and S~hasnumspp. are usuallycodominant,

Thiscommunity is mostsimi 1 ar to the Tsusahetero~hvll a/Ledum sroenl andicuml S~hasnumspp. community. It differsphysically from the latter communityby occurringon slopes,being seasonally drier and havinga thinnerlayer of peat. Vegetationally,this community has far lessstunted trees, but the shruband herbaceousvegetation is morestunted. This community may be a sera1stage of theThu.ia plicata-Tsusa hetero~hvlla/Vaccinium ovatum- Gaultheriashallon wet forestcommunity, the otherdoes not appearto be.

IndicatorSpecies: Blechnum spi cant Calamagrostisnutkaensis Gaultheri a shallon Kalmiaoccidental is Ledumgroenl andi cum Pteridium aquilinum Sphagnumspp.

Other Species: Agrostisspp. Lycopodium cl avatum Carexinterior complex Maianthemum dilatata Carexlivida Panicum occidentalis Carexobnupta Piceasitchensis Cladina rangiferina Pyrus fusca Cornuscanadensis Sanguisorbaofficinal is Danthoniaspicata Spiraeadougl asi i Droserarotundifolia Thuja pl icata Empetrumnigrum Tofieldiagl utinosa Gentiana douglasi ana Trientalis arctica Gentiana sceptrum Tsugaheterophyl 1a Hypericumanagal 1oi des Vacciniumovatum Linnaeaboreal is Vacciniumoxycoccos

Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum groenlandicum-Mwica aale/S~haanum spp. community: Thiscommunity occurs throughout the studyarea. It occursin areasthat are wet yearround and seasonallyflooded. The community may be influenced seasonallyby minerotrophic water.Soils are a mixtureof sphagnum,fibrous and heathpeat. Thevegetation is lush.Mvrica sale is always dominanta species.In most cases, eitheror both Kalmia occidentalis and Ledumsroenlandicum are also dominant.S~hasnum spp. are usually dominant too. StuntedThu.ia pl icata and/orPinus contorta are commonbut not dominant.

This communityis similarto theKalmia occidentalis-Ledum groenl andicum- Vacciniumoxvcoccos/S~hasnum spp.community. They differin that Mvricasale is presentin thiscommunity. Vaccinium oxvcoccos is more consistently presentand has higherpercent cover values in thelatter community. IndicatorSpecies : Kalmia oceidentalis Ledumgroenlandicum Myricagale Sphagnumspp. OtherSpeci es : Agrostissp. Linnaea boreal is Agrostis aequivalvis Lycopus uniflorus Agrostis oregana Lysichitum americanum Agrostis scabra Maianthemumdilatatum Blechnumspicata Menyanthestri foliata Boykiniasp. Nephrophyllidiumcrista-galli Calamagrosti s nutkaensi s Nupharpolysepalum Carexcanescens Picea sitchensis Carexinterior complex Pinuscontorta Carex 1as i ocarpa Pinus mont icol a Carex1 eptal ea Pl antagomacrocarpa Carex1 ivida Platanthera dilatata Carexobnupta Potentilla palustris Carexrostrata Pteridium aquilinum Carexsitchensis Pyrus fusca Cornuscanadensis Rhamnus purshiana Deschampsia caespitosa Rhynchosporaa1ba Rubus pedatus Dodecatheonjeffreyi Sanguisorba officinal is Droserarotundi fol i a Dulichiumarundinaceum Senecio triangularis Thujaplicata Gaultheri a shallon Tsugaheterophyll a Gentiana dougl asi ana Trientalis arctica Gentiana sceptrum Vacciniumovatum Hypericumanagal 1oides Vacciniumoxycoccos Juncusensi fol i us Violapalustris Juncussupiniformis

Kalmiaoccidental is-Ledum ciroenl andicum-Vaccini urn ox~coccos/Spha~num spp. comunity:This community occurs throughoutthestudy area. Thecommunity is wet yearround and oftenseasonally flooded.Substrates area mixture of heath, fibrousand sphagnumpeat.

Thecommunity is speciesrich. Shrubsare moderately1ow-growing, reaching about4-feet tall, and form anopen canopy.Kalmia occidentalis, Ledum aroenl andicumand Sohaanum spp. are codominant.Vaccini um oxvcoccosis presentin a11 standsand hasan average rangeof cover values between 5% and 15%.

Thiscommunity is similar to Carexthe livida-Sanauisorba officinalis/S~haqnum spp.community, The latter tends to be wetterand have higher frequency and coverof Sanauisorba officinal is, Rhvnchosoora m, Carex1 i vida, Carex interior complexand Carex obnuota. It alsohas higher frequencyand cover of Thu.-ia~l icata, Pl atanthera di1 atata and Gentianadous1 asi ana often occurin thelatter communityanddo not occurin this community.The shrub layer in thelatter community tends tobe lowergrowing and havea moreopen canopy thandoes this community.

IndicatorSpecies: Kalmia occidentalis Ledumgroenl and i cum Sphagnumspp. Vacciniumoxycoccos OtherSpecies : Agrostissp. Juncusensi fol ius Agrostis scabra Linnaea boreal is Anemone oreganavar. fel i x Lycopusuni fl orus Blechnum spicant Lysichitum ameri canum Boykiniaspp. Maianthemum dilatatum Calamagrostiscanadensis Nephrophyl1idi um crista-gal 1i Calamagrostis nutkaensis Nupharpolysepal um Camassiasp. Piceasitchensis Carexcanescens Pinustontorta Carexcusicki i Pinus mont icol a Carexinterior complex Potenti11a palustri s Carex1 ivida Pteridium aquilinum Carexobnupta Pyrus fusca Carexpl urifl ora Rhamnus purshiana Rhynchosporaa1ba Carexrostrata Sanguisorbaofficinalis Carexsi tchensi s Spiraeadougl asi Cladina rangiferina i Cornuscanadensi s Spiranthes romanzoffiana Deschampsiacaespitosa Thuja pl icata Droserarotundi fol i a Tofiel di a glut i nosa Empetrumni grum Trientalisarctica Eriophorumchami ssoni s Tsugaheterophyll a Gaultheri a shallon Vacciniumuliginosum Gentiana sceptrum Veratrumsp. Wypericum anagalloides Veronicascutel 1ata Juncusacuminatus Xerophyl1um tenax

Kalmi a occidentalis-Ledum groenl andi cum-Vacci nium ox~coccos/Carexobnu~ta/ S~haqnumspp. community: Examples of thiscomuni ty arelocated in western ClallamCounty. It occursin sphagnumbogs and"prairies" in whichthe soils remain wetto saturatedyear round and may be floodedseasonally. The soils are a mixtureof heath,fibrous and sphagnumpeat, and oftenhave somewoody debris.Peat hummocks oftenare well developed withinthis community.

The shrubs areusually 2 to 4 feettall and forman open canopy.Kalmia occidentalis,Ledum sroenlandicum and Sehaqnumspp. are codominant.Vaccinium ox~coccosand Carexobnueta areusually presentand often codominant.Carex plurifloraand Em~etrumniqrum have highfidelity to thiscommunity.

Thiscomunity is mostsimilar to the Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum groenlandicum- Vaccini um oxvcoccos/Sehaanumspp. community , Rhvnchoseora a1ba/S~haanum spp. communityand Kalmiaoccidental is-Ledum aroenl andicum-Gaul theri a shallon/ PteridiumaauilinumfSehasnum spp.community. It is distinguishedfrom the Kalmia occidentalis-Ledum aroenl andicum-Gaul theri a shallon/ Pteridium aaui1 i num/Sehaanum spp. communityby being wetter and generally not having Pteridiumaauilinum, Gaultheria shallon or Calamasrostisnutkaensis. It is distinguishedfrom theRhvnchoseora alba/S~hasnum spp. community by having no or lowpercent cover of Rh~nchos~oraa1ba and Lysichitum americanum,in having Carex obnuotaand generallyhaving Li nnaea borealis, Bl echnumsei cant and higher percentcover of Thu-iael icata. It is distinguished fromtheKalmia occidentalis-Ledum sroenlandicum-Vacciniumox~coccos/~~haanum spp. community by thepaucity of speciesin the latterand particularlythe lackof Carex obnueta.

Indicator Speci es : Carexobnupta Kalmia occidentalis Ledum groenlandi cum Sphagnumspp. . Vaccinium oxycoccos

OtherSpecies: Agrostisspp. Gentiana sceptrum Agrostis aequivalvi s Hypericum anagal1oi des Blechnum spicant Linnaea borealis Boykini a cfmajor Lysichitum americanum Calamagrost is nutkaensis Nupharpolysepal um Carexinterior complex Picea sitchensis Pinus mont Carexlivida icol a Carexpl urifl ora Platanthera di1 atata Carexsitchensis Pteridiumaquilinum Cladina rangiferina Rhynchosporaa1ba Cornuscanadensi s Sanguisorba officinalis Droserarotundifolia Spiraeadougl asi i Empetrumnigrum Thujapl icata Eriophorum chamissonis Tofieldia glutinosa Gaul theria shall on Tsugaheterophyll a Gentiana dougl as i ana Trientalis arctica

Myricasa1 e/Garex rostrata-Ne~hro~hvll idiumcrista-sall i-Sansuisorba officinalis/S~haqnumspp. community: This communityis known from northwesternGrays Harbor County.The community is seasonally flooded,and thesoils remain yearwet round. Thecommunity is seasonally floodedwith minerotrophicwater. Soils aremixture a of fibrous,heath and sphagnumpeat.

This communityhas two subgroupseasily distinguishedby the height of Mvrica sale. Thelow growth form of thecommunity occursin openings withindense Mvricasale dominated vegetation. Mvricae is qal dominant withinthis community,and is typicallyless than 4 feettall. S~hasnumspp. are a1 so dominant.Carex rostrata is alwayspresent and usually codominant. Ne~hro~hvllidiumcri sta-aall i and Sansuisorba officinal is are a1ways present and can be codominantbut usuallyhave lower covervalues. Ne~hro~hvll idium crista-aallihas veryhigh fidelity to this community.

In thetall growth form of thiscommunity, Mvrica sale is typically5-7 feet tall. Carexrostrata occurs in most sitesand is often codominant.Sphagnum spp occurin mostsites but have1 ow percentcover (4%) . Thiscommunity is most similarto theMvrica qale/Carex sitchensis-Sansuisorba officinalis/S~hasnumspp,community. It differsin its speciescomposition, particularlyin having Carex rostrata and not havingCarex si tchensi s. IndicatorSpecies (1 ow growthform) : Carexrostrata Myricagale Nephrophyll idiumcrista-gall i Sanguisorba officinal is Sphagnumspp.

Other Species(low growth form) : , Agrostissp. Ledum groenlandi cum Agrostis scabra Piceasi tchensi s Carexinterior compl ex Pinuscontorta Carexlivida Pinus mont icol a Deschampsiacaespitosa Platanthera dil atata Eriophorum chamissonis Pteridium aquilinum Gaultheria shal lon Pyrus fusca Gentiana sceptrum Rhynchosporaa1ba Hypericum anagall oides Rubus pedatus Juncusensi fo1 ius Thujapl icata Kalmia occidentalis Tsugaheterophyll a

IndicatorSpecies (tall growth form) : Carexrostrata Myricagale

Other Species(tall growth form): Calamagrost is canadensis Pyrus fusca Deschampsiacaespitosa Rhamnuspurshi ana Gentiana sceptrum Rhynchosporaa1ba Hypericumanagall oides Rubuspedatus Juncusensi fol ius Sanguisorba officinal is Kalmiaoccidental is Spiraeadougl asi i Ledum groenlandi cum Sphagnumspp. Picea sitchensis Violapalustris Pinuscontorta

M~ricagal elcarex sitchensi s-Sanaui sorba officinal islSphasnum spp. comunity: This communityis known tooccur in northwesternGrays Harborand western ClallamCounties. It is wet yearround and seasonallyflooded with minerotrophicwater. Soilsare a mixtureof fibrous,heath and sphagnum peat.

This communityhas two subgroupseasily distinguishable by height of Mvrica sale. Onehas lowgrowing Mvrica sale, typically less than 1 foottall. The otheris dominatedby Mvrica qale at least4 feettall. Mvricasale is a dominant speciesin both cases. Both subgroups have highfrequency of Sanuuisorba officinal is and Carexsi tchensi s. Thesubgroup with the 1 ow growthform is more speciesrich than thetall growth form subgroup. The low growthform subgroup has a greatertendency to have presentDescham~sia caespitosa, Triental is arctica,Dodecatheon jeffrevi , Carex 1 ivida, Gentiana douslasianaand Gentianasceptrum than does the tall growthform subgroup.

Thiscommunity is most similarto the MvrSca salelCarexrostrata- Ne~hro~hvllidiumcrista-nall i-Sansuisorba officinal is/Sohaunum spp. community. It is distinguishableby the lackof Nephro~hvllidiumcrista-qalli, and by the presenceof Carexsitchensis. IndicatorSpecies : Carexsi tchensi s Myricagale Sanguisorbaofficinalis Sphagnumspp.

OtherSpecies : Agrostissp. Juncus supiniformis Agrostisaequivalvis Kalmia occidentalis Agrostisoregonensis Ledum groenlandi cum Agrostis scabra Lycopus uniflorus Anemone oreganavar. filix Lysichitum americanum Blechnum spicant Menyanthestrifoliata Boykini a spp. Nupharpolysepal um Carexinterior complex Picea sitchensis Carex1 ivida Pinuscontorta Carexobnupta PIantago macrocarpa Carexrostrata Platanthera atatadil Ca1amagrost is canadensis Potentilla pal ustri s Deschampsiacaespitosa Pteridium aquilinum Pyrus fusca Dodecatheonjeffreyi Rhamnus purshiana Droserarotundifolia Rhynchosporaa1ba Dulichiumarundinaceum Seneciotriangul ari s Eriophorum chamissonis Spiraeadougl asi Galium sp. i Gentiana dougl asi ana Thujap1 icata Gentianasceptrum Trientalis arctica Glyceriaelata Trisetum canescens Hypericum anagalloides Tsuga heterophylla Juncusacuminatus Vacciniumoxycoccos Juncusensi fol i us Violapalustris Juncusnevadensis

S~iraeadoual asi i fSDhaan~m spp, comunity: This community occurs infrequently in western ClallamCounty, but iscommon in other areasof western Washington. It occursin areasthat areat leastseasonally floodedand supersaturated the restof theyear. Soils aremixture a of sphagnum,fibrous and sphagnumpeat.

S~iraeadoualasii and S~hasnumspp, are codominant. Typicallytheshrub layer is relativelylow growing (2-4 feet tall) and formsan opencanopy. Sedge species,particularly Carex obnu~ta, are commonand canbe codominant. Indicator Speci es : Carexobnupta Gentiana sceptrum Sphagnumspp.

Spiraeadougl asi i

OtherSpecies : Blechnum spicant Lycopusuni fl orus Carexcanescens Maianthemum dilatata Menyanthestrifol Carexrostrata iata Carexsitchensis Nupharpolysepal um Dulichium arundinacea Pyrusfusca Kalmiaoccidental is Sali x spp. Ledum groenlandicum Trientalis arctica

PinuscontortafLedum groenl andi cumfs~hasnum spp, community: Thi s community occursin northwestern Grays Harborand western JeffersonCounties withinthe studyarea. It typically occursin seasonally dry areas,and in somecases thereare signsof past fire.

Thecommunity variesfrom open shrublandswith low-growing Kalmia occidentalis and Ledumaroenlandicum, and scattered stunted Pinus contorta, to standsof polesized Pinus contorta with Ledumaroenl andicum and Gaultheri a shallon. Wherethere are signs of fire,there is 1ittle or no 1iving S~haanum spp. and thereis highcover of Pteridiumaauil inum.Substrates aare mixture of sphagnumand heathpeat, with woodydebri s.

Thiscomunity is most similar to thePinus contorta-Thu-la ~1icatafMvrica sale/S~hasnum spp. community. It differsin beingdrier, having greater abundanceof Kalmia occidentalis, Ledumgroenl andicum and Pteridiurn aaui1 i num, and lessBlechnum soicant, Carex interior, Lvsichitum americanum,sale, Mvrica Vacciniumspecies, Picea sitchensisand Pvrus fusca. Indicatorspecies: Gaultheriashallon Kalmia occidentalis Ledumgroenlandicum Pinuscontorta Pteridiumaquilinum Sphagnumspp. Thujapl icata Tsugaheterophyll a

Otherspecies : Agrostis scabra Maianthemumdilatatum Anemone oreganavar. felix Myrica gale Bl echnumspi cant Nephrophyllidiumcrista-galli Boykiniaspp. Picea sitchensis Carexinterior complex Pinus monticol a Carexrostrata Rhamnus purshiana Cladina rangiferina Rubuspedatus Cornuscanadensis Sanguisorba officinalis Empetrum nigrum Trientalisarctica Eriophorum chamissonis Vacciniumsp. Gentiana sceptrum Vaccinium ovatum Hypericumanagal 1oides Vaccinium oxycoccos Linnaea boreal is Xerophyl1um tenax Lysichitum americanum

Pinus contorta-Thuja ~l i cata/Myrica sal e/S~haanum spp. community: Thi s communityoccurs in Grays HarborCounty and western Clallam County.Thewater tableis fromslightly below to slightly abovethe soil surface year round, and probably is seasonally flooded.Someareas haveground water discharge. Soilsare organic, a mixtureof fibrous,heath, woody and sphagnumpeat. Thereis somewoody debriswhich providesan elevated substrate for typically up1and species.

Thecommunity hasan open canopyand is speciesrich. Trees generallyobtain polesize diameters,Thu.ia pl icata,Pinus contorta, Mvrica saleand S~hasnum spp.are codominantin most cases.Ledum qroenlandicum, Gaultheriashallon, Lvsichitum americanumand Tsuqa hetero~hvlla occur in allor moststands and aresometimes codominant.

This community bemay ecotonal between Mvrica salecomuni ties and theThu.ia pl icata-Tsuqa heterophvll a/Gaul theri a shallon/ Lvsichiturn americanumls~hasnum spp.community. It differs fromthe Mvrica salecommunities in havingan abundanceof trees. It differs fromthe Thuja olicata-Tsuaa hetero~hvlf a/ Gaultheriashallon/Lvsichitum americanum/S~hasnum spp.community by being wetterand in having Mvricasale and Carexinterior complex,

IndicatorSpecies : Blechnum spicant Carexinterior compl ex Gaul theria shall on Ledum occidentalis Lysichitum americanum Myricagale Pinus contorta Sphagnumspp. Thujaplicata Tsugaheterophyll a OtherSpecies : Agrostis aequivalvis Maianthemum dilatatum Agrostis exarata Oenanthe sarmentosa Athyriumfil ix-femina Picea sitchensis Boykiniaspp, Platanthera dil atata Calamagrost is nutkaensi s Pteridium aqui1 inum Carex1 eptal ea Pyrus fusca Carex1 ivida Rhamnuspurshiana Carexobnupta Rhynchosporaa1ba Carexrostrata Rubus pedatus Carexsitchensis Rubusursinus Cornuscanadensi s Sanguisorba officinalis Deschampsia caespi tosa Senecio triangularis Dodecatheonjeffreyi Spiraeadougl asi i Droserarotundi fol i a Trientalis arctica Gentiana dougl asi ana Vaccini um ovalifol i um Gentiana sceptrum Vacciniumovatum Juncusensi fol i us Vacciniumoxycoccos Kalmia occidentalis Vaccinium parvifolium Linnaea boreal is

Thuja~l icata-Tsuqa hetero~hvl 1a/Gaul theri a shallon/Lysichi tum ameri canurn/ S~hasnumspp, community: This community occurs throughoutthe study area. Theground ranges beingfrom covered withshallow standing water tobeing saturated.The ground is a combinationof sphagnum, fibrousand heath peat, andwoody material. Large woodydebris and fallentrees are typical,and providean aboveground substrate that supportsup1and species.

Thiscommunity has an open canopyand at leastsome 1 iving S~haanum spp. Conifersreach 1 arge diameters, but oftenhave brokentops. The mid-and understoriesare amosaic of wetlandand uplandspecies, and of herband shrub dominatedassemblages. The community is codominatedby Thujaplicata, Tsusa heteroohvllaand Gaultheria shallon. Rhamnus ~urshiana, Lvsichitum americanum,Blechnum soicant, Pvrus fusca, Picea sitchensis,Menziesia ferruaineaand Vaccinium spp,frequently occur within the community.

Thiscomunity is most similarto thePinus contorta-Thu-ia plicata-Tsusa hetero~hvlla/Mvri ca sale/Sohasnumspp. comuni ty. It differsin nothavi rig Pinuscontorta, Mvrica sale orCarex interior complexand havS ng significantly lessLedum qroenlandicum, Kalmia occidentalis,S~hasnum spp. andCalamasrostis nutkaensis.It hassignificantly more Rhamnus ourshiana, Pvrus andfusca Vacciniumspp. than the other community. Nenziesia ferruainea inoccurs this communityand not in theother. IndicatorSpecies: Blechnumspicant Gaultheri a shallon Lysichitumamericanum Menziesiaferruginea Rhamnus purshiana Sphagnum spp. Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Vacciniumspp.

Other Species: Abies amabilis Menziesi a ferruginea Agrostis sp. Oenanthe sarmentosa Agrostis oregonensis Picea sitchensis Anemone oregana var. felix Polystichummunitum Boykiniael ata Pseudotsugamenziesii Calamagrostiscanadensis Pteridiumaquilinum Camassia sp. Pyrus fusca Carex interiorcomplex Rhamnus purshiana Carex 1ivida Rhynchosporaa1 ba Carex obnupta Rubus pedatus Cornus canadensis Rubus spectabi1 is Deschampsiacaespitosa Rubus ursinus Drosera rotundifol i a Sanguisorbaofficinalis Gentianasceptrum Spiraeadouglasii Hypericum anagalloi des Spiranthes romanzoffiana Juncus ensifolius Trientalisarctica Juncus supiniformis Trisetumcanescens Kalmia occidentalis Vacciniumovatum Ledum groenlandi cum Vacciniumoxycoccos Linnaea borealis Vacciniumparvifolium Luzula sp. Veratrum sp. Maianthemumdil atatum Viola palustris

Tsuqa hetero~hvlla/Ledumgroenlandicum/S~haanum spp. community: This communityoccurs inwestern Clallam County within the study area but is more common elsewhere inwestern Washington. Substratesare wet year round, but may never be flooded. The substrateis composed of sphagnum, other mosses, heath and woody peat.

The trees are highly stunted. The canopy is open. The shrub layer is moderatelydense and usuallybetween 2 and 4 feet tall. Ledum sroenlandicum, S~haanumspp. and highly stunted Tsusa hetero~hvllaare consistentlydominant in this community. Kalmia occidentalis, Pteridiumaauilinum, Gaultheria shallon and Blechnumspicant usually occur and are often dominant species.

This community is most similarto the Kalmia occidentalis-Ledumsroenlandicum- Gaultheria shallon/Pteridiumaauil inumfsphaanum spp. community. It differs in occurring in basins rather than slopes, having greater peat development, being wetter and having more highly stunted trees. It appears to be a sera1 stage community whichfollows most Kalmiaoccidentalis-Ledum sroenlandicum/S~hasnum spp.communities, probably in theabsence offire. IndicatorSpecies : Gaultheri a shallon Ledum groenlandicum Sphagnumspp. Tsugaheterophyll a Thujaplicata Other Species: Blechnum spi cant Menziesia ferrugi nea Carexinterior complex Picea sitchensis Carexobnupta Pteridiumaquil inum Carexrostrata Pyrus fusca Cladina rangiferina Rhamnus purshiana Cornuscanadensi s Spiraeadougl asi i Droserarotundi fol i a Trientalis arctica Gentiana sceptrum Vacciniumsp. Kalmiaoccidental is Vacciniumovatum Linnaea boreal is Vacciniumoxycoccos Lysichitum americanum Vaccinium parvifol ium Maianthemum di 1 atata

LOW ELEVATION FRESHWATER WETLAND COMMUNITIES Freshwaterwetlands are thosewhich have marineno derivedsalts, and very littlesphagnum, eitherliving or in thesoil. ThepH is greater than5.5, eithercircumneutral or basic. Theymay be highor lownutrient systems.

Eauisetumfl uviati le community: This community occursaround the margin of LakeOzette, Clallam County.It occurs in areas thatare permanently flooded, in water thatisn't morethan 3 feet deep duringthesummer months. Substratesare mostlysandy. In areasthere are somesilt or cobble-gravel substratesas we1 1.

Thecommunity is sparselypopulated. Eauisetum fluviatile is the indicator andmost consistently occurringspecies. This is theprimary habitat for Lobe1ia dortmannaand in placesLobe1 ia dortmannais codominantwith Eaui setum fluviatile.

Thiscommuni tyintergrades with the Scir~us acutus and S~araaniumeurvcaroum communities.The three communities are easily distinguishedby their dominant species.

IndicatorSpecies : Equisetumfluviatile

Other Species: Isoetes bo1 anderi Ranunculus aquati1 i s Lobe1ia dortmanna Ranunculus flammul a Polygonumsp. Sparganium eurycarpum Potamogeton epihydrus

Nu~harpol.~se~alum comunity: This community occurs throughoutstudy the area. It occursin shallow,permanently flooded inareas therooted aquatic zonebut extendsinto the emergent zone. Soilstend tobe anoxic muckor peat. It is foundin bothsphagnum and non-sphagnum wetlands.

Thecommunity is monospecificor composed ofseveral aquatic plant species. In a11 cases,Nuohar polvse~alum is a dominantspecies.

Indicator species: Nupharpolysepal um

Otherspecies: Braseniaschreberi Menyanthestri fol iata Carexsitchensis Potamogeton natans Elodeasp. Potenti11a palustri s Juncussupiniformis Sparganium emersum

Scir~usacutus community: Thi s community occurs around LakeOzette, Cl a1 1 am County. It occursin thepermanently floodedzonein water(3 feetdeep duringthe summer. Soils are mostly firm sand with some organicmaterial and pocketsof softsilts. Wave actionis reducedwithin the stand by theScirpus acutusstems.

Thecommunity is clearlyidentified by the presence Scirpusof acutus,which fohslarge circular colonies. There appears to beenergy, an substrateand species composition gradientwhichruns throughthe Scir~us acutus stand from the openwater to theshore. Energy andparticle size decreaseshoreward as speciesrichness increases.

The understoryof this communityis similar to the Eauisetumfluviatile communitybut has Utricul ari a intermedi a and moreRanuncul us fl ammula. Shoreward,on softsilty soils,this community intergrades with the Carex sitchensis-Potentilla ~alustris community.

Indicator Species: Ranunculus flammul a Scirpusacutus

Other Species: Carexsitchensis Ludwigia palustris Carexvesicaria Menyanthestri foliata Duli chi um arundinaceum Nupharpolysepal um El eocharis pa1 ustri s Potentil lapalustris Equisetum fluviatile Utriculari a intermedia Isoetesbol anderi S~araaniumeurycarDum comunity: This community occursmostly in bays around LakeOzette, Clallam County. It was not surveyedwell because thewater was too deepand the substrate toosoft. It occursin waterat least1 footdeep. The substrates usuallyare softsilt and organicdebris ormuck. The soft , substrates sometimes overlaysand.

The comunityis easily identifiedby prominent standsof Sparqanium eurvcarDum.Associated species notwere well surveyed exceptin the rare caseswhere the communityoccurred in shallow waterand on firmsubstrates.

In places,this community formsa mosaic with the Nu~harpolvse~alum community.On firmsubstrates, the communityhas associatedspecies sirni 1 ar to the Eauisetum fluviatilecommunity, IndicatorSpecies : Sparganium eurycarpum OtherSpeci es : Equisetum fl uvi at i 1 e Nupharpolysepal um Lobe1ia dortmanna Ranunculus flammul a

Carexobnu~ta community: This community occursoccasional 1y in western Clallam Countyand iscommon el sewherein western Washington.It occurs in areasthat are floodedyear round or nearlyyear round. Soils areorganic muck withsome fibrousmaterial.

The communityoften is solely composedof Carex obnu~ta. The vegetationis lush. Whereit is floodedyear round, Carex obnu~ta forms pedestal led bases.

Thiscommunity is not verysimilar toother wetland communities, but intergradeswith several,forming mosaicsor ecotonal vegetation. Common associatesare Carexvesicaria, Carex sitchensis and Spiraeadouslasii communities. IndicatorSpecies : Carexobnupta Other Species: Carexsi tchensi s Nupharpolysepal um Carexvesicaria

Carexobnuuta-Juncus nevadensis-Ranunculusflamulacomunity: This community occursaround the marginsof LakeOzette, Clallam County. It is located along the waterward edgeof the seasonally floodedzone, usually on a low benchup to 2 feetabove the lakebed. Soilsremain wetyear round. It is seasonally floodedand waves carry waterover the communityyear round. It is abradedby wavesand possiblywinter ice. Substrates are sandyand have fibrouspeat and roots. The vegetationis low growing, somewhatmat forming, and is immediately recognizablewithin the landscape. It lies betweenthe permanently flooded lakebed and shrubdominated communities of the seasonally flooded lake shore wet1ands, Themost prevalentspecies are Juncus nevadensi s, Carexobnu~ta and Ranunculusflammula. Additional indicatorspecies include Eauisetum fluviatile,Mentha arvensis and Carexlenticularis, Species which are sometimes abundantbut not indicatorsare Carex si tchensis, low growing Mvrica &, lowgrowing Salixspp. and Potentilla oalustris. This communityis very similar to theCarex sitchensis-Potentilla ~alustris communityand perhaps they shouldbe lumped together, The latter occursin slightlymore protected areas, or slightlyinland of the former.The latter is clearly dominatedby tall sedges.

IndicatorSpecies: Carexlenticularis Carexobnupta Equisetum fluviatile Juncusnevadensis Menthaarvensi s Ranuncul usf1 ammul a

Other Species: Astersp. Lobe1ia dortmanna Carexsitchensis Lycopus uniflorus Carexvesicaria Myosotis 1axa Deschampsia caespitosa Potenti11a pacifica Drosera rotundifolia Potenti11a palustri s El eocharis pal ustri s Sal ixspp. Gentiana sceptrum Spiranthes romanzoffiana Juncusbal ti cus Utricularia intermedia Juncuscovi 11 ei Veronicascutell ata Juncussupiniformi s Violapalustris

Carexsi tchensi s-Potenti11a pal ustri s community:Thi s community occursaround LakeOzette, Clallam County. It is locatedon thelakeward margin of the seasonally floodedzone in someembayments and in smallbackwater ponds within the seasonally floodedzone. It is seasonally to permanently andflooded receiveswater fromwaves year round. Soils are siltywith sedge peat, and in the backwater areas are softand muck.silt Thecommunity sometimes occurs as closelyspaced hummocks in theecotone between permanentlyand seasonally floodedareas. Thesedge hummocks provide a peatsubstrate elevated theabove permanentlyflooded zone.

The communityis dominated by lush Carexsitchensis. Potentillaoalustris is consistentlypresent and occasionallyis codominant, Eauisetum fluviatileis usually present.Carex vesicaria and Dulichiumarundinacea are often present.

This communityis closely re1 ated to theCarex obnuota-Juncusnevadensi s- Ranuncul usfl ammul a community.It occursin slightly more protected areas, or slightlyinland of the,latter. It is clearly dominatedby tall sedgesas opposedto the low mat like growth formof the latter,

IndicatorSpecies: Carexsitchensis Carexves i cari a Equisetumfl uviatile Potentilla palustris OtherSpeci es : Astersp. Ludwigia palustri s Boykin i a cf major Menthaarvensi s Carex1 asi ocarpa Menyanthestri fol iata carex1 ent i cul aris Myosotis 1axa Carexobnupta Myricagale Carexoederi Nupharpolysepal um Deschampsiacaespitosa Ranunculus flammul a Dulichium arundinaceum Salix sp. El eocharis palustri s Utricularia intermedia Juncusnevadensis Veronicascutel 1ata Juncussupi ni formi s Viola palustris

M~ricasale/Aster sp. -Boykinia major-Descham~sia caespi tosa community: Thi s communityoccurs around LakeOzette, Cl a1 1am County. It occursnear the landwardend of the seasonallyflooded zone around the lakemargin. It is seasonally floodedand is abradedby wavesand possiblyice during thewinter. Substratesare mostlysand with someheath and fibrouspeat.

Most species withinthis community are stunted.The shrub layeris usually lessthan 1 foottall but can be as much as4 feethigh and havean open canopy.The herb layeris unusuallyspecies rich and iscomposed of many specieswhich havehigh fidelity tothe community.It containssome species typicalof sphagnumbogs.

Thiscommunity is easily distinguished from the surrounding byvegetation its lowgrowth form. However,it does intergradewith the M~ricasale-Soiraea douslasii/Carexobnuota community which is located waterwardof it.

IndicatorSpecies: Astersp. Boykiniacf major Carexobnupta Deschampsia caespi tosa Myricagale Panicumoccidental is

OtherSpecies: Agrostis a1ba Lycopusuni fl orus Agrostis oregonensis Maianthemumdilatatum Agrostis scabra Menthaarvensis Athyriumfil ix-femina Physocarpus capitatus Botrychium multifidum Plantago macrocarpa Calamagrostis canadensis Pl atantheradil atata Calamagrostiscrassiglumis Potentilla pacifica Carexbuxbaumii Prune11a vulgari s Carexinterior complex Pteridium aquilinum Carex1 ent icul ari s Pyrus fusca Carex1 ivida Ranunculus flammul a Carexoederi Rhynchosporaa1ba Carexsitchensis Rosanutkaensi s Dodecatheonjeffreyi Salixspp. Droserarotundi fol i a Sanguisorba officinalis Dulichium arundinaceum Sisyrinchiumsp. Equisetum fl uviatil e Sphagnumspp. Galium sp. Spiraeadougl asi i Gentiana sceptrum Spiranthes romanzoffiana Hypericum anagalloides Tofieldia glutinosa Juncusbal t i cus Trientalisarctica Juncuscovi 11 ei Vaccinium ul iginosum Lonicera involucrata Violapalustris Lycopodiuminundatum

Myrica4ale/L~sichitum americanum community: This community occursin northwesternGrays HarborCounty. It was found associatedwithsprings, seeps and veryslow moving streams.It is seasonally to permanently flooded.Soils area mixtureof fibrousand heathpeat.

Thisis a lushcommunity codominatedby Mvrica saleand Lvsichitum americanum. TheMvrica sale is 6-8 feettall. S~iraeadou~l asii is codominantin p1 aces. Stunted,scraggly Picea sitchensisoften are scattered throughthecommunity. Pvrus fuscaand Gaultheria shallon are common. There are noS~hasnum spp. in this community.

This community differs fromMvrica other sale communities in its species composition,particularly lackits of SDhasnumspp. and generallycombined abundanceof S~iraeadouslasii and Lvsichitum americanum. Indicator Species : Gaultheriashallon Lysichitum americanum Myricagale Piceasitchensis Pyrusfusca Spiraeadougl asi i Other Species: Blechnum spicant Rhamnus purshiana Carexobnupta Rubusursinus Garexsi tchensi s Salixsp. Epi1 obi um sp. Thujaplicata Ledum groenlandi cum Tsugaheterophyll a Lonicerainvolucrata Typha1 at i fol i a Menziesia ferruginea Vacciniumovatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Vacciniumparvifolium Physocarpus capitatus

M~ricacia1 e-Spiraea doucrl asi i/Carex obnupta comuni ty: This communityoccurs aroundLake Ozette, Clallam County, It is seasonallyflooded, but receives waterfrom waves year round. It is abradedby wavesand possiblyseasonally by ice. Theshrub layeris 4 to 6 feettall and formsa nearlyclosed canopy. Thesubstrate is mostlysand, but thereis someheath and fibrouspeat.

Thiscommunity is thedense, tall Mvrica sale zonethat dominatesthe seasonally flooded wetlandsaround Lake Ozette.There is a gradientfrom the edgeof thepermanently flooded laketo highershoreand drier areas shoreward.The former areas are constantlyscoured by wavesand generally depauperate,often with Mvricasale the dominantspecies and anyothers having lowabundance. The latter areas are lessoften affectedby wave action, tend to havemore soi 1 development,and are more speciesrich. SD~raea dousl asi i , Carexsitchensis and Carexobnu~ta can be codominantin the latter.

Waterwardthis community can intergradewith the Carex obnu~ta-Juncus nevadensis-Ranunculus flammula and Carexsitchensis-Potentill a ~alustri s communities.Landward it can intergradewith the Mvrica sal efAster sp. - Bovkiniamajor-Descham~sia caes~itosa community. The former two communities forma fairlysharp edgewith this community and are easilydistinguished by the lackof or lowgrowth form of shrubbyspecies. The later integrationis themost difficult sortto out. Thiscommunity is notas speciesrich as the otherand there arenumber a of specieswhich do .not occur in it thatdo occur in-theother,

IndicatorSpecies : Carexobnupta Carexsitchensis Myricagale Spiraeadougl asi i

OtherSpecies: Astersp. Myosotis 1axa Boykiniacf major Panicum occidentalis Carex1 ent i cul aris Potentillapacifica Carexvesicaria Potenti11a palustri s Dodecatheon j ef f reyi Ranuncul usflammul a Equisetumfl uviatil e Sali x spp. Juncusnevadensi s Scirpus acutus Mentha arvensis

S~iraeadoual asi i comunity: Thiscommunity occurs throughoutthe study area. It canbe eitherseasonally or permanentlyflooded. Soils are organicmuck, fibrouspeat and heathpeat. SD~raea douql asi i typically forms densenearly monospeci fi c stands,6- 10 feet tall. In areas,the communityis less denseand can havea varietyof herbaceous species(usually sedges)in the understory.

This communityis easily distinguishedfromother communities. It oftenforms mosaicswith other communities,particularly communities dominated by Carex spp. It is easily distinguishedfromthe S~iraea dous1 asi ilsohasnum spp. communityby itstall growth formand 1ack of S~hasnumspp. It is distinguished fromSD~ theraea douql asi i -Sal ix spp./Carexobnu~ta community by its densecanopy dominatedby S~iraea douql asi i , 1ack of Sal ixspp. and more depauperateflora. Typicalspecies : Spiraeadougl asi i Otherspecies : Carexobnupta Pyrusfusca Carexrostrata Rhamnus purshiana Oenanthe sarmentosa Salixspp. Picea sitchensis

Piceasitchensis-Alnus rubrafLysichitum americanum community: This community commonly occurs throughoutthestudy area.Soils are wetyear round and in placesare permanently flooded.Fallen trees and soilmounds provide drier microsites.Soils are organic,ranging from softmuck to firm fibrous,heath and woodypeat.

Ni crotopographic differences are correlated 'differenceswith in hydro1 ogy and plantspecies composition: Depressions areusually permanently floodedand dominatedby Carexobnupta and Oenanthesarmentosa. Seasonally flooded areas usually have high percentcoverof Pvrusfusca, Rubus s~ectabilis, Lonicera invol ucrata, Sal ix spp.,Lvsi chitum americanum andCarex obnu~ta, Dry micrositesare dominated by Gaultheria shal lon.

Severalspecies have high affinities with this community: Alnus rubra, Rubus s~ectabilis,Athvrium fil ix-femina and Oenanthesarmentosa.

IndicatorSpecies : Alnus rubra Athyriumfil ix-femina Carexobnupta Gaultheri a shall on Lysichitum americanum Oenanthe sarmentosa Piceasitchensis Rubusspectabilis Tsugaheterophyll a OtherSpecies : Agrostis exarata Nupharpolysepal um Angelica genuflexa Physocarpuscapitatus Blechnum spicant Polygonum sp . Botrychium multifidum Puccinelliasp. Calamagrostisnutkaensis Pyrusfusca Carexrostrata Rhamnus purshiana Carexsitchensis Rubusursinus Carexvesicaria Salixspp. Cornuscanadensis Scirpusmicrocarpus Cornusst01 oni fera Sparganium emersum Epi1 obi um sp. Sphagnumspp. Gali um sp. Spiraeadougl asii Glyceri a elata Typha latifolia Hypericum anagalloides Vacciniumsp. Juncusbal ti cus Vacciniumovatum Ledum groenlandi cum Vacciniumparvifolium Lonicera i nvol ucrata Veronicaamericanum Maianthemum dil atata Viburnumedul e Menziesia ferruginea Viola palustri s Myricagale NON-RECURRING COMMUNITIES

LOW ELEVATION SPHAGNUMBOG COMMUNITIES

Carexobnuota/Sohaqnum spp. community:This communityis known fromone locationin westernClall am County. It occursin a troughthat is supersaturatedyear round and seasonallyflooded. The soils area mixture of sphagnumand fibrous peat.

This community occursin the same habitat asthe Carex livida-Sanquisorba officinalis/S~haqnum spp, commun i ty . Theoccurrence appearsto have burned in the past,and wasused as pasturefor livestock.

IndicatorSpecies: Carexobnupta Sphagnumspp. OtherSpecies : Agrostis spp. Gentiana sceptrum B1echnum spicant Hypericumanagalloides Boykiniamajor Lysichitum americanum Calamagrosti s nutkaensi s Sangui sorba officinalis Eriophorum chamissonis Viola palustri s Gali um sp.

Erio~horumchamissonis/S~haqnum spp. communi ty: Thiscommunity occurs inonce the study areaand infrequently throughout Washington.western The communi ty occurson floating sphagnumpeatmats thatsink when stepped on.The water levelis at thesoil surface year round.

Thevegetation is characterizedby highpercent cover of Erio~horum chamissonis. Ledumgroenlandicum is common, but is lessthan a foottall and is scraggly.In manycases, thewater level of thewetland is higherthan it was in thepast.

This communityis re1ated to theRhvnchos~ora a1ba/S~haqnum spp. communitybut occursin wetterareas.

Indicator Species: Eriophorum chamissonis Sphagnumspp. Other Species: Carexpl urifl ora Lysichitum americanum Ledum groenlandi cum Vacciniumoxycoccos MYricaqal e/Cal amasrosti s canadensi s/S~haclnum spp. comunity: Thereare two knownoccurrences of thiscommunity, both in westernClallam County. In both cases, thesoils are seasonally flooded.In one thesoils remain supersaturated the ofrest the year and in the otherthey are saturatedto , wet. The soils area mixtureof heath, fibrousand sphagnumpeat.

The vegetationis characterized by the codominanceof Mvrica sale and Calamasrostis canadensis.

Indicator Species: Calamagrostiscanadensis Hyricagale OtherSpeci es : Agrostis oregonensis Lysichitumamericanum Boykiniacf major Pl atantheradil atata Carexobnupta Potenti11 a palustri s Carexrostrata Pyrusfusca Carexsitchensis Sphagnumspp. Gentiana sceptrum Spiraea dougl as i i Lycopusuni f 1 orus

LOW ELEVATION FRESHWATER WETLAND COMMUNITIES

Brasenia schrebericommunity: This community is known from onesite in westernCl a1 1am Countyand one in northwestern Grays HarborCounty, but is more commonelsewhere in westernWashington. It is not we11 studied.It occursin shallow, permanently floodedport ionsof 1akes, often waterwardof peatwet1 ands . Withinthe study area,it is foundin proximityto S~haanumspp. mats and adjacentto Nu~harpolvse~alum community. The lake wateris tea coloredand may be acidic.

Indicator Species: Brasenia schreberi OtherSpeci es : Dulichiumarundinaceum Scirpus subterminal is Nupharpolysepal um

Scirpussubterminalis community: This community is knownfrom one sitein Grays HarborCounty withinthe studyarea, but is more commonelsewhere in western Washington.It occurs in shallowponds which can be permanently floodedor occasionally flooded mostof theyear and supersaturated seasonally.The soilsare a mixtureof peat and muck.

Thecommunity is often solelycomposed of Scir~ussubterminalis. Nu~har polyseoal um is sometimespresent. Thiscommunity occurs adjacentto Nuphar polvsepalum and sometimesBrasenia schrebericommunities.

Indicator Species: Scirpussubterminalis OtherSpecies : Nupharpolysepal um

Carexrostrata comuni ty: Thiscommunity occurs mostly in northwesternGrays HarborCounty but a1 so occursin westernClal lam County. It is either seasonallyor permanently floodedand affected by minerotrophic water seasonally.Substrates are typicallyfibrous peat, but may contain some sphagnum.

Thiscommunity is dominatedby Carexrostrata. It is usuallyeither in a mosaicwith Mvricasale communities, in whichcase someS~hasnum spp, are usuallypresent, or it is in a mosaicwith Carexsitchensis dominated vegetation.It is not a clearlydefined community but maybe ecotonalbetween low and high nutrient conditions.

Typicalspecies: Carexrostrata

Otherspecies: Angeli ca genuf1exa Glyceriaelata Calamagrostiscanadensis Mimulusguttatus Carexcusicki i Myosotis 1axa Carexsitchensis Oenanthe sarmentosa Cicutadouglasi i Potentilla palustris Epi1 obi um sp. Puccinellia pauciflora Gali um spp.

Carexrostrata-Carex sitchensis community: This communi ty occurs throughout the studyarea. It occursin areas thatare permanentlyflooded, associated with pondedwater or slowmoving streams.Soils are mostlyfibrous peat and muck,and can be very soft.

The vegetationis lushbut composedof few species.Carex si tchensi s and Carexrostrata are codominant.Potenti 11 a ~alustri s is abundantin some stands.

Thisis a poorly definedcommunity and maybe splitinto more thanone communityupon furtherstudy.

Indicator Speci es : Carexrostrata Carexsitchensis Other Species: Agrostis scabra Myosotis 1axa Alnusrubra Myricagale Angelica genuflexa Nupharpolysepal um Athyriumfil ix-femina Nephrophyllidiumcrista-galli Calamagrost is canadensis Oenanthe sarmentosa Carexobnupta Picea sitchensis Carexcanescens Potentilla pal ustri s Carexcusickii Pyrus fusca Carexobnupta Rhamnuspurshi ana Epilobiumwatsonii Sanguisorbaofficinalis Gali urn spp. Scirpusmicrocarpus Gentiana sceptrum Sphagnumspp. Glyceriael ata Spiraeadougl asi i Hypericum anagal1oi des Stel1aria 1 ongipes Juncusbal t i cus Veronicaamericana Ledum groenlandi cum Veronicascutell ata Lycopusun i f 1 orus Violapalustris Lysichitum americanum

Carexsitchensis community: This community occurs throughoutthestudy area. It occursin areasthat are permanently flooded, along the marginsof ponds or slowly flowingwater. Soilsare composed of fibrouspeat and muck. The pedestalled basesof the sedge and logs provide elevatedsubstrates for typicallyupland species.

Thevegetation is lush. Carexsitchensis is dominant.Oenanthe sarmentosais codominantalong some stream channels. Potentilla ~alustris is codominant alongsome pond margins.

lndicator Species : Carexsitchensis OtherSpecies : Agrostis exarata Lysichitum americanum Alnusrubra Oenanthe sarmentosa Angelica genuflexa Physocarpus capitatus Athyriumfilix-femina Piceasi tchensis Epi1 obi um sp. Potentilla palustris Equisetum fl uviatile Spiraea dougl asii Gali um spp. Stel1aria calycantha Glyceria el ata Veronicaamericana Lonicera. invol ucrata Veronicascutell ata

S~iraeadou~lasii-Salix spp./Carex obnu~ta community: This community occurs in northwestern GraysHarbor and westernClal lam Counties.It occursin areas thatare seasonally to shallowlyand permanentlyflooded. The soils arevery soft muckand organicmaterial, with large organic debris. These areasmay be in transitionto forestedwetlands, or may be areasof forestedwetlands that have raisedwater levels andare being invaded bymore hydrophytic vegetation.

The canopyis moreopen than in the Soiraeadouslasi i community, resulting in a speciesrich understory.

IndicatorSpecies: Carexobnupta Sali x spp. Spiraeadougl asi i

OtherSpecies: Agrostis scabra Nupharpolysepal um Alnus rubra Oenanthe sarmentosa Athyriumfil ix-femina Physocarpus capitatus Blechnumspi cant Piceasitchensis Carexcanescens Polypodium glycyrrhiza Carexcusicki i Potentilla palustris Carexsitchensis Pyrusfusca Carexvesicaria Rhamnus purshiana Cornusst01 oni fera Scirpus cyperi nus Droserarotundi fol i a Scirpus microcarpus Equisetumfluvi atile Sparganiumsp. Galiumsp, Sphagnumspp. Gaultheri a shall on Thujapl icata Ledum groenlandicum Typhalatifol ia Lonicera involucrata Vacciniumsp. , Lycopus uniflorus Veronicascutel 1ata Lysichitumamericanum Violapalustris Menyanthestrifol iata

P~rusfusca comunities: This community occurs throughout thearea. study It typicallyforms theuppermost edgeof wetlands. It is seasonallyflooded. Some exampleshave supersaturated soilsrest theof theyear, while others are seasonally wet.Soils range fromblack anoxicmuck, to peat,to sandwith organicmatter.

Thespecies compositionof this community varieswith the composition of the adjacent wetland communitybut is always dominatedby Pvrus fusca. Pyrus fusca formsa closed to nearly closed canopy.Understory vegetation is absent to sparserthan the adjacent associated community.Carex obnu~ta commonly occursin theunderstory.

IndicatorSpecies : Pyrusfusca OtherSpeci es : Agrostisoregonensis Lysichitum americanum Alnusrubra Maianthemum dilatatum Athyriumfil ix-femina Menthaarvense

147 Bl echnum spicant Menziesia ferruginea Boykiniacf major Rhamnus purshiana Carexobnupta Physocarpuscapitatus Carexsitchensis Piceasitchensis Cornuscanadensi s Rosanutkaensis Gali um sp. Salixsp. Gaultheri a shallon Spiraea dougl asi i Gentiana sceptrum Vacciniumsp. Ledumgroenl andi cum Vacciniumparvifolium Lonicera involucrata

P~rusfusca/Cal amacirosti s canadensis communi ty: This comunity is knownto occurat onesite in western ClallamCounty. It occurson a low riseand is wet yearround. It may be flooded seasonally. are Soils fibrous and woody peatover sand.

Pvrusfusca forms an opencanopy overa dense understoryof Calamaqrostis canadensis.

Indicator Speci es : Calamagrosti s canadensi s Pyrusfusca

Other Species: Agrostisoregonensis Carexsitchensis Bl echnum spicant Gentiana sceptrum Boykiniacf major Lycopusuni fl orus , Carexobnupta Myrica- gal e Carexrostrata Trisetumcanescens

Thujapl icata-Tsuuaheterophvl 1a/Lysi chi tum americanum community: Thi s communityoccurs throughout the study area.The water table is slightly above to slightly belowthe soil surface.It occursin areas withperched water tables, groundwater dischargeheadwater areas, areasand adjacentto nearly stillstreams. The soils are soft organicmuck and peat. Large woodydebris and fallen logsprovide a substrateelevated above the soil surface.

Thecommunity is characterizedby re1 atively 1arge Tsusa heterophvll a and candelabraThu.ia ~l icata. S~haanumspp. may be presentbut don't exceed15% cover. Microtopographicdifferences are correlatedwith differences in hydro1ogy and plantspecies composition:Depressions areusually permanently floodedand havehigh percent cover of Lvsichitum americanum. Raised ground, or fallenlogs have high percent cover of Gaultheriashallon.

This communityintergrades with the Thu.ia ~licata-Tsuaa hetero~hvllal Gaultheriashallon/Lvsichitum americanum/S~hasnum spp.community. This comunityappears to be influencedby highernutrient water, and thetrees tend tobe largerthan the latter. Thetwo communities toseem intergrade and may proveto be different formsof the samecommunity. IndicatorSpecies: Gaultheriashallon Lysichitum americanum Thujapl icata Tsugaheterophyll a

OtherSpecies: Agrostis aequival vi s Oenanthe sarmentosa Athyriumfi1 ix-femina Picea sitchensis Blechnum spicant Pyrus fusca Calamagrost is nutkaensi s Rhamnuspurshi ana Carexinterior complex Rubusspectabi 1is Carexobnupta Rubusursinus Cornuscanadensis Sphagnumspp. Ledumgroenl and icum Spiraea dougl iasi Maianthemum dilatatum Vaccinium ovatum Menziesi a ferruginea Vaccinium parvifol ium Myricagale

APPENDIX C

PLANT SPECIESSCIENTIFIC AND COMMONNAMES

ScientificName Common Name

Abies amabilis Pacificsilver fir Agrostissp. bentgrass Agrostis aequivalvi s A1 aska bentgrass Agrostisa1 ba redtop Agrostisexarata spikebentgrass

Agrostisoregonensis Oregon bentgrass Agrostis scabra winter bentgrass Alnus rubra red alder Angeli ca genuf1 exa kneelingangelica Anemoneoregana var. felix Oregon anemone

Aster sp. aster Athyriumfilix-femina 1ady-fern Blechnumspicant deer-fern Botrychiummultifidum 1eathery grape-fern Boykiniaelata sl ender boykini a

Boykiniamajor mountainboykinia Ca1amagrost i s canadensis bl uejointreedgrass Calamagrostiscrassiglumis thickglumereedgrass Ca1.amagrostis nutkaensis Pacificreedgrass Callitrichespp. water-starwort

Camassiasp. camas Carex buxbaumi i Buxbaum's sedge Carex canescens gray sedge Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge Carex interiorcomplex = Carex interior in1and sedge Carexmuricata muricatesedge Carex phyllomani ca coastalstel 1ate sedge

Carex 1asi ocarpa s1ender sedge Carex 1ent i cul aris 1ent i culate sedge Carex 1eptal ea bristle-stal ked sedge Carex livida pale sedge Carex obnupta sloughsedge

Carex oederi green sedge Carex pluri fl ora several-flowered sedge Carex rostrata beaked sedge Carex si tchensis Sitkasedge Carex vesicaria inflatedsedge Cicutadouglasii Doug1as' water-hem1ock Cladina rangiferina reindeer1i chen Cornuscanadensis bunchberry Cornusstoloni fera red-osier dogwood Danthonia spicata povertydanthonia

Deschampsia caespitosa tuftedhai rgrass Dodecatheonjeffreyi Jeffrey'sshooting star sundew Droserarotundi fol i a du1 Duli chi um arundinaceum i chium Eleocharispal ustri s creepingspi ke-rush

Elodeasp. waterweed Elodea canadensis Canadianwaterweed Empetrum nigrum crowberry Epilobiumcf watsonii willow-herb Equisetumarvense fieldhorsetail

Equisetumfluviatile waterhorsetai 1 Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso'scotton-grass Gali um spp. bedstraw Galium cymosum Pacificbedstraw Gaultheri a shall on sa1a1

Gentiana dougl asi ana swampgent ian Gentiana sceptrum king'sgentian Glyceria el ata tallmannagrass Holcus 1 anatus commonvelvet-grass Hypericumanagall oides bog St. John's-wort

Isoetesbol anderi Bolander ' s qui 11 wort Juncusacuminatus tapered rush Juncusbal ti cus Baltic rush Juncuscovi 11 ei Coville'srush Juncus effusus softrush Juncusensi fol i us dagger-1eaf rush Juncus nevadensis sierra rush Juncus supiniformis spreadingrush Kalmia occidentalis westernbog laurel Ledum groenlandi cum Labrador-tea westerntwinfl ower Linnaea boreal is water1 obel Lobe1i a dortmanna ia Lonicera i nvol ucrata blacktwin-berry Ludwigiapal ustri s fa1se loosestrife Luzula sp. woodrush

Lycopodium clavatum elk-moss Lycopodium inundatum bog clubmoss Lycopusuni fl orus northernbug1 eweed Lysichitum americanum skunkcabbage Maianthemumdilatatum beadruby

Menthaarvensis corn mint Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean fool Menziesiaferruginea ' s huckleberry Mimulus guttatus ye11 ow monkey-flower Myosoti s 1axa small-flowered forget-me-not Myricagale sweetgale Nephrophyll idiumcrista-gall i deer-cabbage Nupharpol ysepal um Indianpond lily Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacificwater-pars1 ey Panicum occidentale western witchgrass Phalari s arundinacea Physocarpuscapi tatus reedcanarygrass Piceasitchensis Pacificninebark Pinus contorta Sitka spruce Pinusmonticol a 1odgepol e pi ne western whitepine Plantago macrocarpa Pl atantheradi Alaska plantain 1atata whitebog-orchid Polygonurnsp. knotweed Polypodiurn glycyrrhi za 1icorice-fern Polystichummuni turn sword-fern

Potamogetonepi hydrus ri bbon -1 eaf pondweed Potamogeton natans f1 oat i ng-1 eaved pondweed Potenti11 a pacif i ca Pacific silverweed Potenti11a palustri s purpleci nquefoi 1 Prune11a vulgari s self - heal

Pseudotsugamenziesi i Doug1as fir Pteridium aquilinum bracken Puccinellia sp, a1kal igrass Puccinellia paucifl ora weaka1 kal igrass Pyrus fusca western crabapple Ranuncul usaquat i1 i s , whitewater- buttercup Ranuncul usfl ammul a 1esser spearwort Rhamnuspurshi ana cascara Rhynchosporaa1ba whitebeakrush Rosanutkana Nootkarose

Rubuspedatus fi ve- 1eaved brambl e Rubusspectabi 1is salmonberry Rubusursinus Pacificbl ackberry Salix spp willow Sanguisorba officinalis gardenburnet Scirpus acutus hardstembulrush Scirpuscyperinus wool-grass Scirpusfl uviatilis riverbu1 rush Scirpusmicrocarpus small-frui t bulrush Scirpussubterminalis water c1ubrush

Seneciotri angulari s arrow1eaf groundsel Sisyrinchium sp. bl ue-eyed grass Solidagocanadensis Canadiango1 denrod Sparganiumsp. bur-reed Sparganiumemersum simp1estem bur-reed

Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruitedbur-reed Sparganiumcf minimum small bur-reed Sphagnumspp. sphagnum Spiraeadougl asi i spirea Spiranthesromanzoffiana 1adies-tresses

Stel1 aria calycantha northernstarwort Stellaria longipes longstalkstarwort Thuja pl icata westernred cedar Tofieldi a glutinosa stickytofieldia Trientalis arctica northernstarfl ower

Trisetum canescens tall tri setum Tsuga heterophylla westernhemlock Typha 1at i foli a cat-tai 1 Utricularia intermedia mountain bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris common.bl adderwort

Vaccini um a1askaense A1 askan bl ueberry Vacciniumdeliciosum bl ue-1eafed huckleberry Vaccini um ovali foli um early bl ueberry Vacciniumovatum evergreenhuckleberry Vacciniumoxycoccos wild cranberry

Vaccini um parvifol i um red bilberry Vacciniumuliginosum bog blueberry Veratrumsp. fa1se he11 ebore Veronicaamericana Americanbrook1 ime Veronicascutel 1ata marsh speedwell

Viburnumedul e moosewoodvi burnum Viola palustris marsh violet Xerophyl1 um tenax indian basket-grass