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The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park: Their Former Indigenous Uses and Management

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The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park: Their Former Indigenous Uses and Management The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park: Their Former Indigenous Uses and Management Final Report to Olympic National Park Port Angeles, Washington Winter 2009 M. Kat Anderson, Ph.D. National Plant Data Center, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Department of Plant Sciences 1035 Wickson Hall One Shields Ave. University of California Davis, California 95616 [email protected] Title Page Photo Caption Bog Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) Berries for food Makah women picking bog cranberries, circa 1936 (location unknown) Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, Sandpoint. Seattle, Washington photographer unknown Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................4 Ecological Features of the Ozette Prairies ...............................................................................................................5 Role of the Ozette Prairies in the Life of the Makah ............................................................................................10 Indian Management of the Ozette Prairies with Fire ..........................................................................................39 Cultural Purposes for Burning ................................................................................................................................47 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................56 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................60 Management Options for the Ozette Prairies .......................................................................................................61 References ...................................................................................................................................................................64 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................................................73 Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................................................................77 Appendix 3 .................................................................................................................................................................78 Appendix 4 .................................................................................................................................................................80 Appendix 5 .................................................................................................................................................................82 Appendix 6 .................................................................................................................................................................85 i List of Figures Figure 1. View of Ahlstrom’s Prairie from the boardwalk .....................................................................................2 Figure 2. Map of Ahlstrom’s and Roose’s Prairies .................................................................................................3 Figure 3. Conifer encroachment onto Ahlstrom’s Prairie .......................................................................................4 Figure 4. Huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) shrub on Ahlstrom’s Prairie .............................................................6 Figure 5. Dead bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) thatch ......................................................................................6 Figure 6. The swamp gentian (Gentiana douglasiana) ..............................................................................................9 Figure 7. Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) .........................................................................................................9 Figure 8. Map of the Ozette Village site complex ..................................................................................................11 Figure 9. Ozette Indian Village .................................................................................................................................12 Figure 10. Lars Ahlstrom ...........................................................................................................................................13 Figure 11. Pete Roose .................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 12. Pete Roose’s homestead ..........................................................................................................................14 Figure 13. Ahlstrom’s homestead ............................................................................................................................15 Figure 14. Makah seasonal round ............................................................................................................................17 Figure 15. Swan map of Wyaatch and Ts’oo-yuhs Villages adjacent to prairies ...............................................21 Figure 16. T.T. Waterman map with trail placename ............................................................................................22 Figure 17. Map of the prairies accessed by the Ozette Village ............................................................................23 Figure 18. Bud and Vera Klock .................................................................................................................................24 Figure 19. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) berries on Roose’s Prairie ............................................................................25 Figure 20. Elizabeth Barlow using salal berry sauce as a topping on vanilla ice cream ..................................25 Figure 21. Edie Hottowe, Makah, picking evergreen huckleberries ...................................................................26 Figure 22. Leah Parker at her home on the Makah Reservation .........................................................................31 Figure 23. Gary Ray, Makah, picking bog cranberries ..........................................................................................32 Figure 24. Cathy Chamblin-Peterson, Makah ........................................................................................................32 Figure 25. Indian tea (Ledum groenlandicum) on Ahlstrom’s Prairie ...................................................................33 Figure 26. Pat Boachup, Makah, picking Indian tea on Ts’oo-yuhs Prairie .......................................................34 Figure 27. Tommy Peterson, Makah, picking Indian tea on Ts’oo-yuhs Prairie ...............................................34 Figure 28. William (Makah) and Klara (Nu-chah-nulth) Tyler ............................................................................35 Figure 29. Edie Hottowe, Makah, at a bracken fern root traditional gathering site .........................................36 Figure 30. Cathy and Ed Wilbur ..............................................................................................................................36 Figure 31. The flower spike of slough sedge Carex( obnupta) in Ahlstrom’s Prairie .........................................37 Figure 32. Gary Ray, Makah .....................................................................................................................................38 Figure 33. Hans Boe slash-burning at Royal ..........................................................................................................41 Figure 34. 1895 Plat Map highlighting West Prairie and M.J. Boyle’s residence ..............................................43 ii Figure 35. 1895 Plat Map highlighting West Prairie and Manny’s Prairie .........................................................44 Figure 36. 1892-1897 Plat Map highlighting Manny’s Prairie and Sand Point Prairie .....................................45 Figure 37. Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) on Roose’s Prairie .......................................................................46 Figure 38. James Wesseler .........................................................................................................................................47 Figure 39. The home of Judge William Morton Bowlby .......................................................................................48 Figure 40. Bud Klock..................................................................................................................................................48
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