www.jungsteinSITE.de Introduction einiger Behandlung Fallbeispiele. neolithische auf die ausschnitthafte volkstümlichenundkonzentriertÜberlieferungMythologie sichund bendig wurden. Dieser Artikel bedient sich Analogien aus der irischen le Erzählungen den in Dramen mythischen solche denen in truieren, rekons zu Landschaften hoffen, immerhin wir können sind, gänglich Generation zu Generation weitergegeben wurden, uns nicht mehr zu von undverstärkt Orte derBedeutung Ereignisse,die unddiedurch Personen mythischen neolithischen konkreten die Obwohl mögen. dievorgeschichtlichen Landschaften ihre Bedeutung gegeben haben Mythologien, neolithischen mit hier uns beschäftigen Wir terialien. Bauma der Herkunft die wie ebenso erkannt, Megalithgräbern von Verbreitung signifikanterdie als für Zeit einigerFaktor seit ist ebene Maßstabs- lokalen einer auf Orten von Wichtigkeit Die ver sind. bunden Neolithikums irischen des Traditionen megalithischen den mit Zusammenfassung detail. in some studies case of Neolithic number small a examines and folklore, and mythology Irish from analogies on draws paper The stories. the in life to brought were dramas cal mythi such which in landscapes the identify to hope nevertheless can we us, to lost now are prehistory deep in generation to eration gen from transmitted and reinforced were places of meaning the though the specific personalitiesmythical and events throughwhich Al landscapes. ancient to meaning havegiven might that thologies my Neolithic the with concerned are we Here ritual. construction the of element intrinsic an or construction its for reason the as seen as seen a backdrop to the megalithic tomb; at another they could be be couldplaces those level Atone built. were they which from terial megalithic tombs level at asa local well as the original source of ma of distribution the in factor significant a as established well now is place of importance The Neolithic. Irish the of tradition megalithic Summary O’Sullivan Muiris Ireland Neolithic in landscapes storied and tombs Megalithic myths about origins take their place alongside older traditions such traditions older alongside place their take origins about myths scientific modern sense, this In world. the in status its re-affirm and group the of identity distinctive and cohesion the promote to tends there? What is our future? A society’s response to questions like these out worlds other there Are unfold? world our did we?How are Who narratives tory addressingexistential the questions deepest we face: It is in the nature of humanity to mythologize, to devise explana devise to mythologize, to humanity of nature the in is It erzähltenLandschaften,denArtikelbeschäftigtDieserdiemit sich This paper is concerned with the storied landscapes underlying the ------

23. 2010 August www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 2 Locating myths Locating is invited the experience. for along is madeparagraphs an toeffort travel such a journey, and the reader following the In world. Neolithic the of locations sacred identify to efforts our inform then might analogy This terrains. Neolithic riched the past 1,000–1,500 years in Ireland as an analogy for mythically en over landscape and mythology between interplay the projecting in previ the ous over thousand years and beyond. There maysurvival be some value, their however, of measure a as taken be can ample, ex for years, thousand past the over memory folk in of myths specific survival the that even or BC millennium fourth the in roots had era historical the of myths known that suggest to unreasonable be problems table of (Ófolklore hÓgáin 1999, VIII). Accordingly it would intrac more the of one is chronology because myths of genealogy the measure to difficult however,is records, it historical of reach the Beyond least. at times medieval early to back myths these of roots Gaelic-speaking areas, and manuscript accounts allow us to trace the and rural in especially tradition, oral Irish the in live still myths cient An intractable. are mysteries underlying the because resilient ingly surpris are they but knowledge, expanding society’s by perseded su is founded are they which on information the as dated become Irish Irish imagination.England’sthe in primarily placesexist ic myth Some Scotland.to sea the across adversary an pursue could he lyconstructed by the legendary Irish hero Fionn Mac Cumhaill so that reputed Ireland, Antrim, county in Causeway Giant’s the as known cle mythologicalintoa narrative, geologicalthecaseofthe inspecta as themweaving by landscape the infeatures distinctive of origin the explainfrequently Societiespantheon? Greek the without Olympus could imagine Mount Sinai without the Ten Commandments or Mount Who places.these personalities withlife than larger supernatural or ing within it by associating liv dark those secrets, of epic lives stories,the heroicand events landscape cultural and the enrich Myths space. deepest territory,or sky,strictedtopographicalnightanomalies, the sources of wells and rivers, forbidding forests and marshes, socially re the pinnacles, mountain lands, remote world: everyday the of gins in the 12 as the biblical creation or the story Irish invasion narrative recounted same county with anoticeable county hollowsame at the summit. movalremaining visible as the Devil’s Bit, a landmark mountain in the became the Rock of Cashel in county Tipperary, the cavity byleft its re galláin bringdownfleeingthe couple remain standing the countrysidein as to tried he as Fionn by thrown Spears previouslyFionn.mentioned throughthecountryside pursuedGráinne’sby enragedhusband, the fled they as Gráinne andDiarmaid infatuatedlovers the of beds nal noctur impromptu the were tombs megalithic specific of remains the reality a settlement enclosure of the mid-first millennium AD. Likewise nated as pagan shrines or epic events at the edge of known history. known of edge the at events epic or shrines pagan as nated origi example, for tradition, Christian the of centres religious vered a in expected be could folk fairy with encounters strange Ireland In deep. the and caves ed inhabit dragons and monsters medieval Thus countryside. local the terfacewith day-to-day life isoftenlinked with mysterious features in in their society, a of lore the in feature worlds imaginary Where tions. Myths are often located in familiar located yet mysterious places are often at the mar Myths There There is a close relationship between myth and religion. Several re are as much utopian states of being as physical loca physical as being of states utopian much as are nÓg na Tír (standing stones) while afistful of rock thrown in exasperation th century manuscript century lios (fairy dwelling),(fairy inringfort, localusually a Lebor Gabhála Érenn . In time all myths Camelot and the ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 3 was also a pre-Christian shrine by is suggested the combination of was also apre-Christian day.present it the to That shrineChristian source,a remains its from away flows it as rivulet voluminous a into mysteriously transformed Ogulla, at well spring The 1991,34). (Herity manner pagan ditional tra the been have to seems what in buried were deaths their after who Rathcroghan, at Ogulla of well the at princesses two baptising tian traditions has multiple strands. An early Irish account has Patrick In earlier. not if paganismrecentprehistorictoChris more link from the cases Agesome Bronze the from role symbolic important an a pilgrimage mountain to the present day that toseems have played Patrick, Croagh of summit the on time spent also he while croghan, Rath Taraand as such Age, Iron pagan the of places iconic to visits involves life missionary his of narrative the inevitably and legion, is soil types and drainage as topographical considerations. omitted because their distribution appears to have as much to do with theyare dated primarily to the Bronze becauseAge asidewhile court tombs left are also are tombs wedgepaper, this of purpose the For alousstructures andpractices (Shee Twohig 2004,9;O’Sullivan 2007). anom numerous identification of the by challenged are they though tion and associated terminology are retained here for convenience, al tombs, passage tombs, tombs portal and wedge tombs. The classifica monuments principalidentifies these groups:four sificationcourt of clas long-established the Ireland, In landmarks. enduring and vious ob are theyendeavour because the for point startingnatural a are thologybecomes amore promising line of enquiry. Megalithic tombs historical times, the search for environments touched by Neolithic my in placesculturallyenriched awarenessof an Moreover,on building avoided. deliberately those and tradition Christian the into sorbed are open to fresh study based on an analysis of the known shrines ab scribes(Ó hÓgáin 1999, VII), thelandscapes inhabited bythese myths prehistoric narratives have been mediated through the lens of Christian below. as so Isuggest sarily neces not coincidence, but be may Age Iron and Neolithic the both from features ritual of occurrence The souterrain. a of chamber the a stone decorated with megalithic and art as recycled a roof-stone in and artefacts, other amongst macehead a producing and times eral circle but other discoveries included a large Neolithic sev pit, re-dug timber Age Iron the featuresis these of Tara.known of east best The flowspast the cluster ofritual features at Lismullin in thevalley to the which river Gabhra the of means by Boyne River the intoeventually in earlier sources (Newman 1997, 28 listed spring a Liaig,St.Patrick’saslinkedwith and well locally vered excavated during the past thirty years, the portal tomb at Melkagh Melkagh at tomb portal the years, thirty past the during excavated those Of fact. established as inference of matter a much as is ments monu these of (1986, ApSimonchronology by basic ed 6),the even highlight As limited. is excavations recent from sites these of edge founding saints, preferably the dominant figure of Patrick (5 Patrick of figure dominant the preferably saints, founding Ireland medieval In history. as much as legend by forged link uous ten rather a James, apostle the with association its from status its greatcentrethe pilgrimage Thus derivesatSantiagoCompostela da countryside. the in shrines traditional for context Christian a provided AD) tury Likewise, two spring wells rise on the Hill of Tara, one of which is re (III) with Patrick. linkage and Rathcroghan(II) oflandscape the sacred at the edge location (I) mysterious natural phenomenon, Portal tombs are intriguing (fig. 1), not least because our knowl our because least not 1), (fig. intriguing are tombs Portal evidenceThe fromRathcroghan Taraand suggests that,while later 1 The number of holy wells bearing the name of Patrick of name the bearing wells holy of number The / 89). Both streams find theirway th cen ------1 Ireland (O’Sullivan 1997). (O’Sullivan Ireland in missionaries Christian of earliest the one reputedly Saighir, of Ciarán St. with associated shrines the of two atwell holy the Galway, near ty stand the decorated stone at Turoe and in Taracoun at Fáil Lia the to akin Age, Phallic stones of the pagan Celtic Iron - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 4 scapes in the hope of prompting a debate that might extend to to extend might that contexts. other debate a prompting of hope the in scapes land iconic few a comprehensive on a dwells paper this issue, attempt the on than statement Rather principles. and ideas ical ing that these structures appear to represent intricate cosmolog been gifted a treasure house of data through the endeavours of of endeavours the 20 many through data of house have treasure We a detail. gifted been considerable in and perspectives many from represent ied tombs stud been have Passage they because us. inquiry of line to promising more a at indecipherable seems that and bold statement a once makes position, the elevated displaying an by in which, stone dug, was capstone the which the from on site constructed been have each may Wales in Samson attention Car reg and drawn Ifan Pentre at has tombs 193) portal the that (2006, possibility the to Scarre although difficulty, ilar of Neolithic Colleaguesideologyy. examination in Britain are faced with a sim meaningful a facilitate to developed insufficiently is structure and location their beyond megalith of class this of edge However, knowl millenniumBC. our fourth the of ideas ological One myth important encapsulateundoubtedly they netherworld. another or waythe of mysteries the taken to be entrances might represent monuments to these rear, to front from height ing Ó by reported as (18%), Nualláin (1983, 86). hillsides With their emphasised front and end and decreas (36%) land undulating and in flat (38%), valleys hillocks in or instead sitting ridges tombs, of passage of tops manner the the on located state, seldom are denuded they their frequently in but least tombs at Portal structures, impressive Burren. be to the tend tributary its from ometres kil two than less them of one and Barrow river the of ometres only are There Slaney. two tombsother portal in the the county, both lying within a few joins kil also that lies stream a county of 10m same the within in Kilgraney river, while Slaney, Derreen the of the of 100m tributary a within located each Carlow, are county in example, for Ballynoe and to Haroldstown close occur streams: to and seem rivers they terms in cases many down in pin to patterns, universal Difficult of (1983). Nualláin Ó in found is tombs be to portal of analysis complete most the perspective, scape land Froma comprehensiveawaitedreport. the for appetite cal archaeologi the whet to only served has 1988)(Lynch Clare tantalising ty the and 1997) coun in Poulnabrone at the excavations the of account (Cooney preliminary before began destroyed work effectively archaeological been had Longford county in th th century researchers and are on firmer ground in stat in ground firmer on are and researchers century ------Anlage. der Höhe abnehmende hinten nach vorne verdient der markante Eingang und die von Tomb, Portal Beachtung Besondere Pounabrone Irland. Clare, county Das 1. Abb. rear. to front from height tapering and trance en pronounced the Note Ireland. Clare, county tomb, portal Pounabrone 1. Fig. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 5 the Mound of the Hostages, Tara in county Meath (O’Sullivan 2005),(O’Sullivan Meath county Tarain Hostages, the of Mound the study case thepoint (fig.may to help clarify 2–4). following The blueprint. a preconceived from flowing than rather generations successive of interventions and needs nial was fashioned unsystematically over time by the distinctive ceremo site each that point the missed have may explanations these sight diachronic? or synchronic sites: tomb Passage Herity 1974, 166 and 259; O’Kelly, LynchO’Kelly,1974,259; and 166Herity 198–9; 1954, Piggott 65; 1940, (Childe project building a structing prompted archaeological interpretations relying primarily on decon 20–1),2009,(O’Sullivan past space the chosen in havethe enclosing on emphasis an by underscored often location, one the on activity diachronic of indicators Such successiveevents. of indication an ble presuma and location one in burning of concentration remarkable a holes, stake the amongst encountered were fires intense nine of tomb (Eogan passage ing 1963). isalsosignificantIt that remainsthe overly the and holes stake the between a horizon intermediate clear formed material Neolithic of layer overlying the Moreover ture. struc domestic obvious any to conform would that pattern a form vessels, but the stake holes were only 4–5 cm in diameter and did not pottery of variety a including artefacts, Neolithic and holes stake in rich wasthat horizon overa constructed was tomb passage the hall, tomb.associatedthe withcairn withinAtthe incorporated Townley subsequently exercises, ceremonial self-contained from arising ena ideas elsewhere, the cists might be interpreted as phenom pre-cairn emergent on Based 27). fig. and 70–71980, (Burenhult cairn the by enclosed area the within located were remains funerary tomb sage pas classiccontaining cists stone separate two tomb, cruciform the ment can be made in the case of Carrowmore 4 where, in addition to a constructionproject once-off (Cooney 2000, 106–8). A similar argu than rather Neolithic the during events ceremonial of chain a of uct prod the as explained best are example, for II, Fourknocks at traces surviving tialnarratives The individual sites for complex. more to be sequen contemporary allow inference and data in contrast, developments By 1974, 164–8). Herity (e.g. tomb megalithic the of tion construc the with associated activities preparatory or settlement er as habitationes, explained for example, layerswere often earlifrom post-tomb which in achievements once-off planned units, tural A reasonably clear succession of phases has been identified at identified been has phases of succession clear reasonably A integralarchitectreatedas been have often structures Megalithic activity playedactivity a subsidiary or marginal role. Pre-cairn trac / O’Kelly 1978,hind 276).O’Kelly In pre-tomb and ------sucht. unter ausgiebig Jahren letzten den in ders beson seither, und 1950ern ausge den in graben Ganggrab, ein Tara, in Hostages the of Mound des Ausgrabungsfoto 2. Abb. years. recent ing dur depth considerable in studied and 1950s the during excavated pas tomb a sage Tara, at the Hostages of the of photograph Mound Excavation 2. Fig. - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 6 in the mound until the final interment took place in the the in place 17 took interment final the until mound the in succession occurred burialsa of and mound, the of surface the from insertion to tomb the within deposition from changed practice the in the Early Bronze Age from the 21the from Age Bronze Early the in again in the later a Neolithic few hundred years later, and afterwards BC, 3,000 before shortly from tomb the within occurred deposition bone Human forthcoming). Scarre (See immediately down laid not was cairn the if might especially wellhaveaddition, anoutside been single-phase construction, although the cists built against from the a the orthostats than other anything was tomb megalithic the that in social wetrajectory, an evolutionary have no prima facie evidence stage unconsciously or consciously a structure, megalithic ensuing the of herald a as construed be could Hostages the of Mound the at setting stone the 73).2009,(Cooney Whether activity ritual sequent for sub locations as way some remembered marked and in re-filled, ceremonially dug, were pits that evidence as taken and re-digging, of episodes successive and artefacts arranged carefully of clusions in with elsewhere, pits of infilling deliberate the with linked been recoveredtery from the site. This vignette of consecutivehas activity pot Neolithic tomb non-passage 42),(O’Sullivan2005, only the tery pot Neolithic exceptional earlier some containing pit a of fill the on directly sat entrance, tomb the near 1 Burial settings, stone the of elaborate and idiosyncratic most The group: homogenous entirely an represent not do these even that suggests evidence the stones, of mini-settings distinctive with associated were most and sistent of radiocarbon dates from the cremation deposits is remarkably con series the While 2). phase 3, fig. (See perimeter southern its around especially area, focal the enclose to down 1–17)(Burialslaid was its cremationdepos individual arcof tomb,loose a passage the of tion construc the with time radiocarbon in Associated complex. the of development subsequent the through continued was phase, cairn pre- the in established variety, of theme The Tara. of Hill the on ity activ pre-cairn of focus even or scope original the about uncertain today ty leaving itself, mound the around tightly quite focused (1950s)excavationstime the the conventionof of the ing extent the Follow occurred. events pre-cairn later before soil of layer vening inter an beneath sealed was activity earliest the of some that ple, exam for seem, would It actions. of set orchestrated overtly an to amount not does but elements ritual some least at includes events pre-cairn miscellanyof This material. organic unexplained of mass a the ditch, as well as some pits, a deposit of unburnt human bone and Unconnected areas of burning pre-cairn were recorded to the east of tomb. megalithic the of west the to focused enclosure an of mains An arcartefacts. of ditch running beneath the cairn is possibly the re of amountnot to coherenta except does els package, scarcity inthe lev these from evidence The 3. figure in six the of lowest the stage, pre-cairn the is here specifically focus to wish I which on phase The pr.). i. (Bayliss/O’Sullivan chronology the of analysis Bayesian ough thor a and dates radiocarbon of sequence detailed a by supported first millennium AD, theenormous political and culturalstatus ofthe of Tara middle the By 2008). (Grogan Synods the of Rath nearby the at phases Age Iron of sequence a and example, for Hostages, the of Mound the beside immediately bone human cremated with barrow ring- a Tara,by representedof Hill the on trace a leaveto continued BC. From the Late Bronze Age, humanof a activity ceremonial nature ous set of intense firescal burned at 2000 after theperimeter shortly mysteri a and BC cal 2500 c. mound the beside constructed sades pali the as such beyond, and mound the of perimeter the around construction to cessation is reflected and complemented by residues BC. This long, occasionally interrupted sequence of from activity pre- st century BC. Just after 2,000 BC 2,000 after Just BC. century th century century ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland

Artikel vom 3. April 2009 7 Die Die Vorhügelphase; 2. Grabkon c (IV lithikum-Bronzezeit; 4. die frühbronzezeit die 4. lithikum-Bronzezeit; mittelalter airn levels, (II) the tomb construction and Neoli ) th e Ea rly Bronz che Aktivitäten. liche 1 2 3 4 5 6 e Ag e buria l N ruktion und struktion neolithische Nutzung; 3. Palisaden, htet erric n phase L 16 19 10 O M 9 J , K 6 14 (V 19 7 8 ) 5 late I Fire 1 Fire che Bestattungsphase; 5. Spätbronzezeit 5. Bestattungsphase; liche G H P 4 r Q Br thic usage, (III) the palisades erected nearby at the Neolithic/Bronze Age i 3 E onz F 42 Fir Pre-ca e e e 2 34 15 2 28 Ag 43 31 Z5 38 27 e h ditc im 29 35 30 and Iron Ag R 5m 0 32 U D 37 49 P R 39 C 1 it 36

N tch ingdi P 1 S 2 it Fir C 44 V e T 40 P A e e Fir alisade alisade activity 45 41 V1 4 Z2 e e Z 3 Z4 V2 P 1 , alisade alisade Z1 and (VI) post-medieval traces. W P alisade alisade che und Eisenzeit und liche 17 Z3 2 Y2 3 Y bei, ahebei, während des Über che Aktivitäten; 6. Nach- 6. Aktivitäten; liche gangs Neo- nterface, www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 8 been informed by similarly powerful mythological ideas. mythological by similarly informed powerful been have might gatherings, pre-cairn the Tara,including at events ritual ancient most the that doubt to reason no is There era. that of itage her oral colourful the with links create to specialists allowing Hill, the on places sacred of names medieval and location the to guide a provides This manuscript. century 10th a in account an Taraby of case the in recorded antiquity unknown of lore topographical chas, val literature. In particular, place in are the and Dinnsenfused myth that hasmythology captured for been us through the lens of medie richa and 4) (fig. traces prehistoric of palimpsest a in reflected was focused focused on megalithic tombs. In Britain, on the excavations other hand, in pre-tomb discoveries chance beyond evidence of limited dearth was a Neolithic by Irish the in life domestic of study the Céide, and Gur Lough of exceptions notably the with time, the At house. a as heralded immediately was 1972)it Nualláin (Ó Mayo county in were revealed beneath the megalithic tomb at Ballyglass court tomb structure rectangular sturdy a of postholes and slots wall the When sense. conventional the in houses domestic were these that idence ‘houses’.occurrencesof the by However, ev compellinghave we no reinforced be to seems activity domestic and ref settlement explanation erencing an where Knowth at activity pre-cairn the was as mound at activity Site L was unhesitatingly interpreted as habitation, Tara. Hostages, the conventionFollowingpre- the days, the those of of Mound the at noted that like rather time of of lapse top a indicating on it, built was mound the before developed grassline thin a and filled had hollow the that noted excavators The sur mound. viving the of reach north-east the beneath hollow a in encountered were bowls shouldered undecorated from Sherds artefacts. worked than100 more flintand of including pieces ten pits of number a ing, ments that are familiar from the sites discussed above: Areas of burn et (O’Kelly L Site at activity cairn pre- of evidence also was there 1987),1985; Sweetman 1983; al et later (O’Kelly documented presence Neolithic has been 1982; O’Kelly impressive equally an where Newgrange, At Age. Bronze Early the with interface the at horizon Beaker a finally and Ware, Grooved ed associat with circle timber a including activity Neolithic later esting inter greatfollowedbytombthe some then complex zons, passage hori pottery Neolithic Middle and huts circular by turn in followed BC 4,000 after shortly palisades and structures house-like of sisted The long Neolithic sequence at Knowth in the Boyne Valley con Valley Boyne the in Knowth at sequence Neolithic long The al. 1978, 263–5). It consisted of ele of 1978,consisted 263–5).al. It ------alterlicher Zeit. alterlicher frühmittel und Urgeschichte späteren der Pfeil vonVielzahl und einer Erdwerken markiert) (durch hostages the of mit mound Tara dem von Hügels des Luftbild 4. Abb. later times. from medieval early and prehistoric earthworks of variety a and ing the Mound of the (arrowed) Hostages Fig. 4. Aerial view of the Hill of Tara, show - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 9 mountain in Armagh. South prominent a Gullion, Slieve of summit the on cairn the with legend in associated also is 1974,She 233). (Herity apron her of out cairns the of stones the dropped have to reputed is (1990,and 68)Ireland of north-midlands the in harvesting and sowing with associated is hag, dary theshimmering humanbetween and supernatural worlds, so-called the of legend the recorded O’Donovan John antiquarian1836, thein Lough crew about writing Likewise, Ulster. of scourge and Connaught of Queen proto-historic Maeve, legendary the of memorial funerary the Carrowmore passage tomb group in county Sligo, claims it as overlooking the mountain Knocknarea of summit the on cairn topped and folklore. folklore. and myth later in prominently feature that landscapes with associated vistas Fabled to believe. the than narrowly confined archaeologicalexcavations have extensive previously led us more been have may Tara at activity Neolithic the that indicating possibly or coincidence a perhaps Hostages, the of Mound nearby the at phase tomb passage primary the to relates date traces to at this theIron Age theradiocarbon but site belonged the of bulk Tara. The of Hill Synods, the of Rath the at mound burial a charcoalunderneath date from located radiocarbon single bya ed thanso my Kilkenny, own excavations county at Knockroe, is provid more excessivelynarrow, none been has Ireland in vestigativefocus events on the ceremonialpinnacle. Tenuous circumstantial evidence that the in pre-tomb independent of elements were offering) (or consumption food and deposition burning, the that suggestion the than far-fetched more considerably is tomb, passage subsequent a of site the on area burned a in coincidentally top, mountain posed ex an on lost accidentally were head javelin and axe-head the that frequently deposited in ceremonial Accordinglycontexts. the notion Stone were axe-heads accorded significant statuspottery. in theNeolithic and Neolithic were of mention no and shelter a of indication 1941).(Walshejavelin a head and axehead stone ished no was There pol a scrapers, flint hazelnuts, charcoal, oak of specimens with eas ar burned presumably blackened, of consisted horizons pre-tomb the case, any In space. domestic inhospitable an constitute would and Slaney River the above O.D. metres 400 c. pinnacle exposed an is location The settlement. domestic pre-cairn mundane on based Hill in not does county Wicklow immediately prompt an explanation Baltinglass of summit the on cairn the beneath phenomenon this of However,occurrence focus. the and nature its of interpretations our for implications obvious with Ireland, in activity pre-tomb of extent spatial full the of understanding our limited have tomb megalithic inspiration.ment in its ele an as structure megalithic subsequent the to prelude a much so been have not may activity pre-tomb the that unequivocally out tion and modification” (Scarre 2006, 205–6). Perhaps it is time to spell construc their of process the by places these of significance the to (adding) and significance special of places “(marking) buildings nial the sites of subsequent megalithic tombs, might have ceremo been at located those especially ‘houses’, Irish the of some that possible 1997,(Lynchis them it with 16),and associated are burials no when areinterpreted normally in ceremonial terms evenstructures timber Some of the more impressively sited passage tombs in Ireland are Ireland in tombs passage sited impressively more the of Some the around excavations of focus the Tara, of case the in noted As Miosgán Meadhbha Miosgán for the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. This legen This Ireland. of Survey Ordnance the for Hag , the Gaelic name for the large flat- large the for name Gaelic the , ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 10 would bestow supernatural wisdom on the first person taste it. to person would thefirst bestow on supernatural wisdom the hisspent stalking life the salmon they were cooking. Unknown to the boy, the teacher had touched he when burned was it after thumb his sucking stinctively in by teacher his upstaged inadvertently he learn, we Here, ciated. asso are tombs passage famous most Ireland’swhich with river the Boyne, the of banks the on origins its accountlocates known better a that is knowledge of Fionn’sthumb of irony The period. medieval the thanofless those no people imagination the stoked Neolithic of (fig.sembling a doorway 5).No doubt this wouldphenomenon have re formation rock natural a is there Instead cairn. summit the under it is relevant to note here that no passage tomb can be seen within or but below further (fig.summit discussed the be 6). will Slievenamon view to which from point vantage excellent an also is Knockroe, at tomb passage decorated the group, the in monument famous most the while Slievenamon of summit the on directly aligned are group, the sites, Baunfree in the Lingaun group and Shrough in the Aherlow sage tomb clusters associated with tributaries of the Suir river. Two of pas two of monument focal the is cairn summit the and Tipperary, county south in Vale Golden the overlooking a mountain is prominent Slievenamon otherworld. the with contact brief its from edge knowl special its derived thumb the and entrance, the at slain just dwelling of an figureotherworldly named the was 5) (fig. 214).cairn 1990, This hÓgáin (Ó Slievenamon of mit sum the on cairn the of jamb and door the between crushed been had it after mouth his in thumb his inserting Fionn with ends count ac such One his gift. this rationalise to emerged stories Various sucking thumb. by knowledge superhuman to access gain could seer a who all above and hunter warrior, at poet, was gifted He singularly a countryside. once Irish the about myths medieval colourful erworldliness, and a metaphor for real tensions between the king the between tensions real for metaphor a and erworldliness, oth and barbarism heroism, of past mythic a about story a once at the all, of saga oldest) (and possibly famous most the Thus groups. various of territories the and narratives particular between similarities compelling identify to possible sometimes is it and phenomenon cultural a was landscape entire the sense, that In past. the from world magical a of accounts these with sociation as their through significance mythological with layered were built, and natural both landscape, the in features are Prominent out. they played which on stage the invariably is countryside the that ing There is no need to continue recounting such stories beyond not beyond stories suchcontinuerecounting to need no is There the of many inhabits Cumhaill Mac Fionn of figure legendary The bradánfeasa (salmon knowledge)of which Cúldubh TáinCuailgneis Bó , whom Fionn had ------den Untergrund erweckt. den in Zugangs versperrten eines Eindruck den so und überdeckt Tipperary) (Country mon Slievena Berges des Gipfel am formation Fels natürliche eine der Hügel, Ein 5. Abb. ground. under the to entrance blocked a bling resem Tipperary, country in mountain Slievenamon of summit the on mation for rock natural a overlying Cairn 5. Fig. km entfernt ist. entfernt km 10 etwa er obwohl hervor, klar Gipfel dem auf Hügel der tritt Sicht klarer Bei Kilkenny. Contiy im Knockroe, von Gang grabkomplexes des westlich Horizont fernen dominiert den Slievenamon Berg Der 6. Abb. away. kilometres ten about is it although summit, the on out stands cairn the conditions clear In Kilkenny. ty coun Knockroe, at complex tomb sage the distant horizon to the west of the pas dominates mountain Slievenamon 6. Fig. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 11 the summit cairn in memory of the achievement. Although nothing Although achievement. the of memory in cairn summit the a tradition local that those who climb the mountain place a stone on wetoday. construct In the case of Slievenamon, for example, there is explanations archaeological and geological the to resemblance no bore they that sure be can we but us, to lost now are links these to meaning gave that 321).stories 2004, (Brück The significance group or personal of places to people local binding and 2007) O’Sullivan tions in the neighbourhood and broader region (Cooney 2000, 136–7;loca of variety a referencing tombs, megalithic of construction the props. sable indispen become havespikes the which in myth important socially and colourful a spoil would view this of acceptance but traps, deer spikes,The treasured as souvenirs in many are households, probably place-name, the of version Gaelic the with consistent but myth, in only existing yet and bered remem vividly once at times, ancient in battle bloody a from rows et page (Cup Ireland south-west in Peninsula Dingle the on Croaghskearda the of mountain pass peat at Coumanare the between summits eroding of Slievanea and the from numbers considerable in recovered Statements of significance of Statements environment andall their resources” (Lévi-Strauss 1978, 19). their of knowledge precise fantastically a have writing without are who “People societies: prehistoric in pronounced more even havebeen may legends and myths of overlay the and time in transepts south. territories of Ulsterthose further from the separating BC, century first the in Fermanagh to Armagh south from countryside across the dykes of construction the in reflected is Macha, Emain and Rathcroghan Ulster, and Connaught between ry rival underlying the addition In combat. single of bout prolonged a after him killed eventually who Cúchulainn of opponent spected re and army Connaught the of champion the Ferdia, after named greatlybulls; prized two the town ofArdee tleto thedeath between bat a in culminated expedition heroic the which in Rathcroghan at enclosure an died; he defiant as and standing toremain order in self particular standing stone to which Cúchulainn reputedly bound him Táin:a the with linked are landscape the in features day, thisknown To saga. the of hero doomed but terrifying the Cúchulann, of land home the Louth, county in Peninsula Cooley the around episodes various the to Shannon, River the of west Rathcroghan at dialogue day.present The location the of various scenes are to well known, from the landscape opening the in lives saga this manuscripts, dieval me in preserved and period proto-historic or prehistoric late the in doms of Connaught and Ulster, the west and the Although north. set in this manner. Since the mid-19 esting stories and meanings tend to accompany material transferred inter that know we 2007, Barrowcloughperiod, historical the 49).In 2007,(O’Sullivan 171;materials raw exotic from fashioned pendants et Ramirez (L’Helgouac’h1983; Bueno monuments funerary in stones standing et (Bailloud jadeite Alpine from ioned is for expressed example in the widespread distribution of axes fash 2009, 10). This theme was relatively common in Neolithic Europe and with fused thatsymbolism is at and once subtlepowerful (O’Sullivan Equivalent narratives may have accompanied the material used in used material the haveaccompaniedmaynarratives Equivalent Material taken from one place and inserted elsewhere can be in be can elsewhere inserted and place one from taken Material are manuscripts medieval in preserved narratives Mythological al. 1986, 437–8). The spikes are popularly interpreted as ar as interpreted popularly are spikes 437–8). The 1986, al. al. 1999; Jones 2009, 167) and the recurring instances of instances recurring the 167)and 2009, Jones 1999; al. (the hollow of the slaughter).the of hollow (the Áir an Com th century, wooden spikes have been al. 1995,al. 115), of re-cycling the ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 12

100000.000000 125000.000000 Ne- underlying an infer might we this From landscape. storied a of nature integrated the highlight and maintain to if as Slievenamon of summit distant the to aligned also is Shrough is which of sprinkled, tombs passage of group second a which around artery the is er as an offacts -centre focus (fi g. 7).Another tributary, the Aherlow riv- Slievenamon which in countryside of swathe wide a through gently loops and Tipperary county north of midlands water-the in major rises that a way is terms, Irish in which, Suir River the of tributary a flis Lingaun eastern The the mountain. on occurs the of itself ank er riv- the of source the and Slievenamon, of summit the to aligned is pas- of Baunfree, these, sprinkling of One Lingaun. a River the where near cluster tombs east sage the to countryside the from fect lier. ear- and BC 3,000 around stories and beliefs of subject the also was it that suggests catchment Suir the of cluster tomb passage persed dis- the in formation rock natural this of role Valley.focal Boyne The cal tombs at Loughcrew (Cairns as well asL and T) Newgrange in the fo- the of direction refl the aspect ects easterly its opportunism, of 10 and below some far scape away. kilometres piece In a remarkable land- the of components visible other and hedgerows the amongst lost are structures megalithic other the and Knockroe which in east the to ground lower the over out looks doorway This mountain. or cairn the of eff interior the doorway’ to ‘blocked ect a features cairn the underneath formation rock natural The Neolithic. the in existed have easily as just could tradition this right, its in myth a than more The Slievenamon cairn is clearly designed to be seen to best ef- best to seen be to designed clearly is cairn Slievenamon The 17500.000000 17500.000000 P P assage tomb(definite) assage tombartsite 200000.000000 200000.000000 P Linkardstown tomb ortal tomb 225000.000000 225000.000000 Einzugsgebiet. Suir im (gelb) Slievenamon Berges des fel tombs Portal (rot), (Rhomben) und auf der Hügel dem Gip- Ganggräber 7. Fig. catchment Frank (Image: Prendergast). area Suir the in (yellow) namon (rhombs) and the summit on cairn Slieve- tombs portal (red), tombs 7. Fig. Passage Cairn

100000.000000 125000.000000 www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 13 ancient Irish mythology. The god Aengus, for example, was the son son the was example, for Aengus, god The mythology. Irish ancient in prominently features itself river the that 1938).Beyond (Willmot monuments burial Age excavated Iron of evigroup nearby a by denced as era pre-Christian the from inherited probably is Chris terms, in tian expressed although which, well holy traditional a is dare Kil county in Carbury near Boyne the of source the tune, different a to Answering landscape. the in places specific to tied be can alike the locations of historically established events and legends colourful that fact the by helped attraction, visitor important an become has battle the of scene the and gradual past shared is the of island ownership taking entire ly the evolves, process peace the as adays, and 1690has since Ireland. Now an icon become thefor divisions in inNorthern skirmish decisive a of scene the was It present. the to down Ireland in resonances many has Boyne The 8). (fig. inferences ciated with the sites. asso incantations and rituals the by reinforced presumably were es als from which they were constructed. The beliefs around these plac materi raw the of source the with associated stories the and tombs passage the of location the in reflected be may narrative Age Stone forgotten long the in places important that likely is It events. solar a wider cosmological context by linking the complex with significant and that of the western tomb to the mid-winter setting sun provided sun rising mid-winter the to Knockroe at tomb eastern the of ment tem and the focal mountain of Slievenamon as key agents. The align sys river the with territory, broad this in located mythology olithic

275000.000000 300000.000000 of set same the of application Valley complex Boyne more a is The P P assage tomb(possible) assage tomb(definite) 27500.000000 27500.000000 P Linkardstown tomb assage tombartsite 300000.000000 300000.000000 ------(Bild: Frank Prendergast). Gräber assoziierte dessen und Devlin Fluss der rechts, unten sowie, Boyne/Blackwater Einzugsgebiet im (rot) Ganggräber 8. Abb. gast). Prender Frank (Image: tombs sociated as its and Devlin River the right, the lower in and, area catchment Blackwater Boyne/ the in (red) tombs Passage 8. Fig. P Cort tomb ortal tomb Cairn

275000.000000 300000.000000 - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 14 begs the question: Why did this watercourse become known as known become watercourse this did Why question: the begs ogy, Avon is almost derived certainly from the Celtic word for to kilometres about two the east. tryside In a fineexample of tautol the complex to the River Avon which loops its way through the coun the sourcing of the various mega-liths. The through Stonehenge Avenue distant links and near places of referencing solar a the and above); alignment Tara (c.f. pits these of fill the into inserted mations cre with Holes) Aubrey (the perimeter the near pits in-filled of ries se a enclosure; circular on emphasis an tomb: passage Irish the of characteristics the of many had differently, evolving although plex, com The Pearson. Parker Mike by elsewhere outlined as England, southern in Stonehenge at emerged footprint ritual enduring first Valley, the Boyne the the in flourishing was that phase tomb passage time classic same the Around Britain. in analogy close one least other factors. andvarious systems changing belief heroes, folk new of emergence the communities, of displacements events, regional and local seismic myths, other with confusion loss, have become wrapped in successive layers of exaggeration, memory would times earlier from significance of kernel the Inevitably times. prehistoric through haveextended would placesiconic these about traditions oral that possibility of realms the beyond not is it ample, of continuitysuggestion through the later Age Bronze at Tara ex for the and tombs passage at burials Age Bronze earlier and features ic um AD. In conjunction with the frequent occurrence of later Neolith millenni mid-first the to BC millennium first later the from Age Iron Irish the of stages various representing evidence the Carrowmore, and Kiltierney H), Cairn (notably Loughcrew Tara, Knowth, grange, New include Examples complexes. sitesand tomb passage atterial and most obvious indicator is the regular occurrence of Iron Age ma first The explored. sufficiently consistent be nevertheless way to but broad continuity, presumably interrupted and transformed along the of suggestions enigmatic are there yet And tradition. oral of strand reliable a accommodate to long too be to appears AD millennium Britain. from came whichhead certainly almost mace- decorated Brittany,the from and inspired seemingly Knowth, at tomb west and east the in artword linear the artefacts, Iberian to compared havebeen that objects the Knowth, at tomb western the of front in nodules distinctive of alignment the Knowth, and grange quartz and water-rolled stones located around the perimeter at New the example, for through, referenced are beyond and region the in places Other tombs. passage be also may Slane at river the near ed locat mounds unclassified some while Boyne, the of banks the on almost located was Ardmulchan at site destroyed the Navan, below tombs as it flowsfrom itsorigins in LoughRamor, passage countyCavan; and, of group Loughcrew the skirts that river a Blackwater, by the joined is Boyne the Navan at Boyne; the into means various by while, far upriver, streams running from the Hill of Tara find theirway bends river the which around ridge a of points highest the at occur famously Dowth and Newgrange Knowth, together. tombs of clus ters several binding artery important an was Munster, in Suir the like river, the that is clear is What Neolithic. the during mythology Boyne of overlay rich similarly a indicates pas river the near the tombs sage of presence The Britain. Roman in origin their by hanced en offerings the of value exotic the AD, century fourth the during learn that votivenear entrancethe offerings were left Newgrangeto to therefore surprising not is It Newgrange, for name Gaelic original the Bóinne, na Brú at was Aengus of stronghold The Daghdha. god great the consort her and river, the of personification the Bóinn, of The second indicator of broad continuity is the occurrence of at of occurrence the is continuity broad of indicator second The first early the to BC millennium fourth late the from timeline The river The The . It ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 15 Concluding remarks Concluding featuresthese were of compelling the focus lore. that assume to reasonable is it narrative, mythological plementary com the lost have may we while and, times prehistoric in mounds outcropping these of significance social enduring the demonstrate to evidence archaeological direct provides work O’Connor’s usage. 1997,(Bradley humans or animals by 1845, prior fig. indicating 12.5), sites, and such panels are sometime located along routes frequented been has these at panels activity continuing (2009),implying Bradley art by highlighted rock at audience the of role The history. site complex a in phase one just represented elsewhere, tombs passage the like art, rock the that showing beyond, and Age Iron the to tory prehis of stages various through Neolithic early the from stretching activiy revealed O’Connor by excavations Small-scale 2007,184–5). (O’Connor cairns Boyne the with interacted more group a social perhaps restricted or they as just afterwards and Neolithic the in ed interact have might groups social various which with features tant impor been have to seem and lowlands surrounding the from ing emerg monuments natural of appearance the have outcrops The with water in that rock art sites are also frequently located relatively located frequently also are sites art rock that in water with relationship the is theme overlapping Another both. in decoration of presence the is as remarkable, is times prehistoric extended ing dur contexts both in activity recurring for evidence The landscape. the in places specific with interaction social regular indicate to ing seem both art, rock air open and tombs passage between link ble inextrica an provides location on emphasis The (fig. 8). sea the side be and river Delvin the of mouth the near occur Meath and Dublin between border the straddling Gormanstown and Bremore at ters clus the Indeed Down. county in Bay Millin and Wales in Gawres y Barclodiad in as sea the or example, for (Calderstones), Hill) Mersey and (Baltinglass Slaney (Seefin), Liffey (Fourknocks), Delvin the as Lingaunter,above,and discussed wellasBoyne the of case the inas wa the river, a overlooking near occurssometimes cluster the cases many In cairn. focal large the by marked location key the sumably pre with mountain tops, on often landscape, the of parts specific in Passage tombsciated are artefacts. also the ones that tend to cluster asso and structure the in used material the of means by referenced tombs is a recurrent theme, and in which a of variety other places are and distant mountain summits are common, inter-visibility between events cosmic predictable to alignments which in monuments the landscapes is strong. On the other hand, it is not surprising. These are storied richlytombs in occurrencepassage theof thisbias, for made is allowance if evenHowever, countryside. Irish the in structures ic megalith other the of any than archaeologists by examined sively ing the decorated outcrops decorated the ing surround enclosures circular recorded who 2006) (2003; O’Connor Blaze Dr. late the by detail considerable in analysed been has plex (Clarke1982). Monaghan com county This Drumirril, at marsh small open air rock art is to be found on greywacke outcrops overlooking a tombs, passage the of north kilometres 30 Some Valleyitself. Boyne England.ern erence was to a special river, an iconic waterway, the Boyne of south ref the that past distant the in everyone to clear was it Presumably Britain, and a regional neighbour of the Thames, the second longest? River It was noted earlier that passage tombs have been more exten more been have tombs passage that earlier noted was It Yet another indicator of continuity is to be found not far from the from far not found be to is continuity of indicator Yetanother when it is merely a tributary of the Severn, the longest river in river longest the Severn, the of tributary a merely is it when 2 as well as a network of coaxial fields. coaxial of network a as well as ------2 the hill the of summit the at erratic mysterious yet and impressive an catstone, the surrounds enclosure circular a where Ireland, centreof mythical the neach, Uis at occurs phenomenon similar A - www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 16 tify today.tify iden evidencewe the can of appearance the before long important symbolically was location the that suspect to reasons are there es, cas both In marshes. lakes or streams, beside else or sea the to near but the stories have the stories but grown silent with time. flourished mythology StoneAgewhich within framework the about us inform presumably They landscape. Neolithic the mega in tombs of lithic locations the explaining to come can we nearest the be cal feature around which the traditional narrative is framed. This may al and the place or natural anomaly seems to be the dominant physi option be to appear cross the as such signs Christian Standardmy. during a pilgrimage,turned are toluck reputed bad to bring an ene when which, stones cursing of use occasional the (III) and prayer; in it circling while right one’s on station pilgrimage the keep to ative sional preference for a night-time pilgrimage, (II) the absolute imper occa the (I) as such practices Christian obviously less with sociated pitted asarethey Christianrecited, caves.prayersarehills While or stones, trees, wells, as such features natural of variety a by marked areecclesiastical stations site.medieval early These local the saintof founding titular the with associated stations on in focus often Ireland practices devotional Traditional context. and meaning original their lost have they after long consciousness folk the in live can as Folk memory is both an enduring and complicated process. Ide process. complicated and enduring an both is memory Folk ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Muiris O’Sullivan Megalithic tombs and storied landscapes in Neolithic Ireland paper of the European Megalithic Studies Group published on August 23rd, 2010 17 Herity 1991: M. Herity, Rathcroghan and Carnfree: Celtic Royal Sites in Ros in Sites Royal Celtic Carnfree: and Rathcroghan 1991:Herity, M. Herity 1974:Herity 1974). (Dublin Graves Passage Irish Herity, M. in tomb megaliothic and site habitation Neolithic A Eogan, 1963:G. Eogan Jones 2009: A. Jones, Breaking down and cracking up: rock art and the ma the and art rock up: cracking and down Breaking Jones, A. 2009: Jones Lynch1997: (Bucking F. Britain in Tomb Barrow Long Lynch, and Megalithic Newman Newman 1997: C. Newman, Tara: An Survey, Archaeological Royal Irish Acad 5, Ireland Archaeology time, in stone a Poulnabrone, Lynch, A. 1988:Lynch O’Connor 2003: B. O’Connor, Recent excavations in a rock art landscape, Ar landscape, art rock a in O’Connor,excavations 2003:B. Recent O’Connor O’Connor 2006: B. O’Connor, Inscribed Landscapes: Contextualising Prehis Contextualising Landscapes: O’Connor,Inscribed B. 2006: O’Connor O’Connor 2007: B. O’Connor, Carving identity: The social context of Neo of context social The identity: Carving O’Connor, B. 2007: O’Connor Ó hÓgáin 1990: D. Ó Legend hÓgáin, and Myth, Romance: An Encyclopaedia Bradley Bradley 1997: R. Bradley, Rock and Art the of Prehistory Atlantic Europe (Lon D. 2007: Barrowclough Bayliss et Ramírez Bueno of construction relational the metaphors: Material Brück, J. 2004: Brück Art Prehistoric Rethinking Audience: and Image Bradley, R. 2009: Bradley Cuppage J. 1986: al. et Cuppage Neolith the in meaning its and stone Mundane Cooney, G. 2009: Cooney 2000). (London Ireland Neolithic of Cooney, G. Landscapes 2000: Cooney Co. Melkagh, at site tomb portal 1997: the Cooney of Cooney, Excavation G. County Dundalk, near inscriptions rock Prehistoric Clarke, J. 1982: Clarke Bailloud 1995: G. al. et Bailloud megalithic Irish for contexts Chronological ApSimon, A. 1986: ApSimon References uehl 18: . uehl, h Acaooia Ecvto a Carrow at Excavation Archaeological The Burenhult, G. 1980: Burenhult Childe 1940: V. 1940: Childe quaries of Ireland 93, 1963, Ireland of quaries 37–81. Anti of Society Royal the of Journal Louth, Co. townland, Townleyhall 1986). (Ballyferriter Kerry County Ballyferriter, Dhuibhne, Chorca Oidhreacht Peninsula, Dingle the of Survey ological common, Na Clocha Breaca (Dublin 1991). (Dublin Breaca Clocha Na common, teriality of teriality stone in Argyll. In: Kilmartin, B. O’Connor Lévi-Strauss 1978: C. Lévi-Strauss, Myth and Meaning (London 1978). (London 1978:Lévi-Strauss Meaning and Myth Lévi-Strauss, C. 161–8. 2009) (Oxford Identity Stone, Carving Working Materialitas: man, 1988, 105–7. 1997).hamshire emy, Discovery Programme Monograph 2 (Dublin 1997). 2(Dublin Monograph emy, Programme Discovery chaeology Ireland 17, Ireland chaeology 2003, 4, 14–16. 2006). (Dublin Dublin College University thesis, PhD Ireland, in Art Rock toric sidering Ritual in Archaeology (Oxford 2007) 183–90. (Oxford Archaeology in Ritual sidering Recon Context: in Cult Malone, Barrowclough/C. D.A. In: art. rock lithic Bermejo Barroso 2007) 45–53. (Oxford Archaeology in Ritual Reconsidering Context: Templecultandin PeriodMalta. BarrowcloughIn:D.A. Future to the Past (i. pr). the From Tara:(ed.) O’Sullivan M. In: Ireland. Age Bronze and Neolithic in contexts contemporary its and Tara Hostages, the of Mound the for Sites(Paris 1995). des et Historiques Monuments des Nationale Caisses Editions, CNRS Pierre, de Architectures Premières Les cial Archaeology 4, 3, 2004, 307–33. 3, 4, 2004, Archaeology cial So of Journal Britain, and Ireland in burials Age Bronze Early in identity 2009). (Oxford 1997).don Carving Identity (Oxford 2009) 64–73. 2009) (Oxford Identity Carving 244. 1997, C, Section Academy Irish 195– Royal the of Proceedings Longford, 20, 2, 1982, Journal 106–16. Archaeological Louth County Louth, 1940).don 3, 1986, 5–15. Archaeology Irish of Journal tombs, O’Connor B. In: ic. Guadyerbas (Toledo 1999). (Toledo Guadyerbas el en Megalítico Doblamiento el Navalcán: de Dolmen El González, da more, Co. Sligo, Ireland (Stockholm 1980). (Stockholm Co.more, Ireland Sligo, / Bayliss A. pr.: i. O’Sullivan G. 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