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Home , Boyne Navigation, Dowth, Knowth, Monknewtown, Newgrange, Rosnaree

Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site

MANAGEMENT PLAN January 2017 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS, HERITAGE, REGIONAL, RURAL AND GAELTACHT AFFAIRS National Service Custom House, Dublin 1 D01 W6XO

Tel: 01 888 2000 LoCall 1890 202021 E-mail: [email protected] 3

Contents

Acknowledgements 5

Foreword 6

PART 1

Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 12 Chapter 3: Significance of Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site 27

PART 2

Chapter 4: Management and Policy Framework 34 Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 38

PART 3

Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 50 Chapter 7: Implementing the Brú na Bóinne Management Plan (2017) 60

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Members of Steering Group 65 Appendix 2: Summary of Public Consultation Process 67 Appendix 3: Submissions to Second Phase of Consultation 73 Appendix 4: Brú na Bóinne National Monuments 94 Appendix 5: Natural Heritage Designations 102 Appendix 6: Record of Protected Structures 103 Appendix 7: Meath Industrial Heritage Survey 107 Appendix 8: Protected Views in the Meath County Development Plan 111 Appendix 9: Retrospective Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 113 Appendix 10: Action Plan 122 Appendix 11: Review of Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2002 140 Appendix 12: Architectural Conservation Areas 143 Appendix 13: Screening Report for Appropriate Assessment 144 Appendix 14: Screening Report for Strategic Environment Assessment 145 Appendix 15: Bibliography 155 Appendix 16: Glossary of Terms 157 Figures Fig. 1: Aerial view looking south-west with in centre background Fig. 2: Core Area and Buffer Zone map of WHS Fig. 3: Sites and Monuments record for Brú na Bóinne Fig. 4: Natual Heritage designations within Core Area and Buffer Zone of the World Heritage Site Fig. 5: Site location map Fig. 6: Geology Fig. 7: Swans at with barrow in middle ground Fig. 8: winter flooding in vicinity of Visitor Centre Fig. 9: Passage tombs in Brú na Bóinne area Fig. 10: Passage at Newgrange during Fig. 11: Aerial view looking north towards Newgrange with embanked enclosures (), ritual ponds, barrows and ring-ditches in foreground Fig. 12: Newgrange, April 1950 Fig. 13: Excavation of kerbstones and sockets to the rear of the Newgrange Fig. 14: Harvest moonrise over the great , Newgrange Fig. 15: Aerial view looking east along the Newgrange ridge with cursus in the background Fig. 16: Hall built in the late eighteenth-century Fig. 17: The eighteenth-century grain mill at Fig. 18: The eighteenth-century canal Fig. 19: Location of central action in in eastern Buffer Zone of WHS Fig. 20: Carving on passage orthostat at Newgrange Fig. 21: Newgrange roof box through which the rising shines during the winter solstice Fig. 22: Carving on a passage orthostat in the western tomb at Knowth Fig. 23: Newgrange, triple on chamber orthostat Fig. 24: Newgrange from the north-east with folly in the foreground Fig. 25: Red deer on Dowth demesne Fig. 26: The entrance to Newgrange, 1954 Fig. 27: The Bend of the Boyne below Newgrange Fig. 28: Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Fig. 29: A badger taking refuge in the chamber at Newgrange (Photo: Clare Tuffy) Fig. 30: Eighteenth-century Johnson's Mill at Fig. 31: Interpretive displays in the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Fig. 32: Newgrange from the south Fig. 33: Display within the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Fig. 34: The passage tomb at Dowth Fig. 35: A guide addressing visitors at Newgrange Fig. 36: Satellite passage tomb at Knowth with the outbuildings of Knowth House in the background Fig. 37: Visitors leaving WHS by footbridge Fig. 38: Map showing 19th century buildings in WHS and Buffer Zone Fig. 39: Early medieval ringfort in Knowth townland Fig. 40: Medieval land ownership in WHS area Fig. 41: Decorated basin stone, eastern tomb, Knowth Fig. 42: Flooding on the Boyne at Newgrange Fig. 43: Dowth Fig. 44: Lidar mapping of the WHS are at Brú na Bóinne 5

Acknowledgements

The National Monuments Service wish to acknowledge the many individuals and organisations that assisted during the production of this Management Plan. The active Steering Group played a major role and included members from the Boyne Valley Consultative Committee, The National Monuments Service (DAHRRGA), Meath County Council, Louth County Council, Slane Historical Society, Fáilte , The Heritage Council, An Taisce, ICOMOS (Ireland) and the Office of Public Works (see Appendix 1 for list of members).

Images were provided by the following: Photographic Unit (DAHG): Figs 1, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16., 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42 and 43; Ann Lynch: Fig. 13; Claire Tuffy: Fig 29. Matthew and Geraldine Stout: Figs 5, 6, 9, 19, 38, and 40. Katie McFarland and Debbie Lawlor of DAHRRGA: Figs 2-4; The Discovery Programme and Meath County Council: Fig 44. Foreword

Brú na Bóinne is one of the world’s most important archaeological land- scapes, a fact that was recognised through its designation as a World Heritage Site in 1993 by UNESCO.

The archaeological ensemble of Brú na Bóinne, which covers some 780 hectares, with a buffer area of 2,500 hectares surrounding it, contains many outstanding archaeological features, notably its , the large and varied grouping of monuments and evidence of continuous set- tlement and activity in the area for some 7,000 years.

One of the requirements for a World Heritage Site designation is having in place a comprehensive Management Plan. Recent developments have underlined the need for a structured approach to the management and protection of this unique area. Much of the emphasis in the long period of consultation has been to attempt to balance the protection of this site with the needs and aspirations of its residents and of other important stakeholders in the area. To this end I am happy that all parties are participating in ongoing discussions with local communities and I look forward to the contin- uation of this engagement during the lifetime of this Plan.

This Plan which has a ten year lifespan, with a review after 5 years, sets out to address the many complex issues that inevitably arise at a site of the importance of Brú na Bóinne. It provides comprehensive information on various aspects of the site, including its management history, its resources, visitor management policies and the concerns expressed by stakeholders during the management consultation process. Drawing on this information base, the Plan proposes a total of 101 actions under 18 different headings. While many of the key objectives reflect what is happening on the ground today, there are a number of new measures being proposed particularly in the area of research and local involvement.

The initial draft of this Plan was developed by a multi-disciplinary team drawn from the archaeologists, architects and administration of my Department together with the conservation architects, administrators and guide service of the Office of Public Works. However, conscious that Brú na Bóinne, as well as being an important archaeological ensemble, is a living landscape, my Department also engaged in an extensive public consultation process. This process has directly influenced the shape of the final draft of the Plan and I would like to take the opportunity to thank all who took the time to make their views known.

I believe that the publication of this Management Plan is an essential step towards the continued success of the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site and I look forward to the implementation of the actions recommended in the Plan.

______Heather Humphreys T.D. Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs Introduction 8

Chapter 1 Introduction

A Vision Statement for Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site To protect, conserve and promote the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site by putting in place a management framework that will ensure its Outstanding Universal Value is maintained and enhanced for present and future generations. This will include promotion of the site as a resource for research and learning, and protection of its status as a world-class visitor experience. It will be a focus for achieving sustainable economic, social and environmental benefits for local communities.

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MANAGEMENT Brú na Bóinne. It will be a working document, open to PLAN periodic review, with additions and amendments made as Brú na Bóinne, or the ‘Archaeological Ensemble of the conditions change. Bend of the Boyne’, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1993 and refers to the complex of archaeological The Plan will employ the principles put forward in the monuments located in a distinct U-shaped bend formed Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the by the River Boyne c. 4.8km west of the town of World Heritage Convention (2013) and those of Managing (Fig. 1) . The property, located in , but con- Cultural World Heritage (2013) and will include a values- tiguous with a portion of the Louth county boundary, is led approach, and delivery of management which antici- characterised by a number of distinct topographical zones pates and manages change. and some of the most prestigious monuments in the coun- try. The international significance of Brú na Bóinne has The Management Plan is not a statutory document and been gradually revealed through a process of discovery does not supersede the responsibilities of individual part- and research which began over 300 years ago. ner organisations and bodies. However, in order for the Plan to be effective, the partner organisations should ensure that it is reflected in their own strategic and statu- 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN tory plans as these are prepared, reviewed and imple- The Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site Management Plan mented over the lifetime of this Plan. (2017) sets out the key objectives and vision for the man- agement of the World Heritage Site (WHS). The Management Plan provides a framework for the proactive 1.3 PREPARATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN (2017) management of the site, helping to ensure that its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) is sustained and pre- According to the Operational Guidelines for the served for future generations. The site must have an ade- Implementation of the World Heritage Convention issued quate protection and management system to ensure its by the World Heritage Centre (July 2013), every site safeguarding (OG78). The Management Plan will inform inscribed on the World Heritage List must have a and guide the day-to-day and long-term management of Management Plan that explains how the OUV of a prop- Chapter 1: Introduction 9 erty will be preserved, how the management will be Office of Public Works (OPW) following consultation with focused on sustainable development (where possible a range of relevant public bodies, advisory bodies, non- through participatory means) and how the site can be pro- governmental organisations’ (NGO) interest groups, stake- tected for present and future generations. holders and the local community. In accordance with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural The Brú na Bóinne Management Plan (2016) has been Organisation (UNESCO) requirements, the main responsi- drafted in accordance with these guidelines. It will include: bility for the implementation of the Management Plan is shared between the DAHRRGA and the OPW. • A thorough shared understanding of the property by all stakeholders; The Plan does not set out to provide a comprehensive con- • A cycle of Planning, implementation, monitoring, eval- textual history or physical analysis of the WHS. Such infor- uation and feedback; mation can be found in a range of other documents, • The monitoring and assessment of the impacts of publications and references including the Brú na Bóinne trends, changes, and of proposed interventions; Management Plan 2002 and the Brú na Bóinne World • The involvement of partners and stakeholders; Heritage Site, Research Framework (Smyth 2009). • The allocation of necessary resources; • Capacity-building; 1.3.1 Brú na Bóinne WHS Management Plan • An accountable, transparent description of how the Steering Committee management system functions (OG111). The Brú na Bóinne WHS Management Plan Steering Committee was established under the auspices of the The Management Plan has been produced by the DAHG in 2011 to help oversee the preparation of the Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Management Plan. Gaeltacht Affairs (DAHRRGA), in conjunction with the

Fig. 1: Aerial view looking south-west with Knowth in centre background 10 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

The Steering Committee included officials from the discharged. It makes heritage processes more responsive DAHRRGA and the OPW, as well as representatives from and delivers outputs and outcomes that are better aligned Louth County Council, Meath County Council, Fáilte with the actual needs of the property and its stakehold- Ireland, the Heritage Council, the International Council on ers” (Managing Cultural World Heritage, 60), the State Monuments and Sites Ireland (ICOMOS Ireland), An Party must ensure that a participative approach does not Taisce–the National Trust for Ireland and local interest deliver any outcome which might have a negative impact groups. (See Appendix 1 for list of members.) on the OUV of the property.

1.3.2 Stakeholder and Public Consultation 1.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE The preparation of this Management Plan took place over MANAGEMENT PLAN four years during which there were two periods of public consultation. The Management Plan addresses cultural and natural her- itage issues in an integrated manner and strives to achieve First Public Consultation: a balance between conservation of the built and natural In April 2011 submissions were invited from the public as heritage, visitor management and increased public aware- part of the preparation of a new draft Management Plan ness. While managing this cultural landscape and preserv- for the Brú na Bóinne WHS. A public meeting was held ing its OUV we must look to the economic wellbeing of on-site on 23 June 2011 in order to improve community the population of the WHS. These are the people who awareness of the Management Plan. A consultation paper have not only helped preserve its values, but know and and a draft framework document were uploaded to the understand these landscapes from a unique, insiders’ per- World Heritage Ireland website www.worldheritageire- spective. The Management Plan has been divided into land.ie. The final closing date for submissions was 30 three sections with seven basic components: September 2011. Concerns raised by stakeholders are PART 1 recorded in Appendix 2. Chapter 1: Introduction – Details the structure, content Fifty-seven submissions were received by DAHG, all of and purpose of the Management Plan. which were considered in the drafting of the new Brú na Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description – Bóinne World Heritage Site Management Plan. The rele- Describes the WHS, its , built heritage and nat- vant issues identified in the submissions are presented in ural heritage. Appendix 2. Chapter 3: Significance of Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site – Describes the significance of the WHS, stating the Second Public Consultation: OUV and justifying its inscription as a WHS. The National Monuments Service (NMS) within DAHG took over the role of focal point in the third quarter of PART 2 2013 and a second round of consultation began in 2014. Chapter 4: Management and Policy Framework– Outlines A list of the concerns of stakeholders is given in Appendix the statutory and non-statutory policies regulating the pro- 3. These concerns have been addressed, except in cases tection of the WHS. where the requested actions are the responsibility of Chapter 5: Current Management Systems – Details the another organisation, or in cases where the requested current management systems. action could impact on the OUV of the site. The reasons for either agreeing or not agreeing to a proposed action PART 3 are given in Appendix 3. Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and actions – Lists key man- agement objectives, issues and actions. While it is accepted that: “A shared understanding of the property and its significance by all stakeholders and their Chapter 7: Implementing the Brú na Bóinne Management involvement in management processes can radically Plan (2016) – Outlines an implementation and monitoring change how the functions of a management system are strategy for the WHS. Part 1 12

Chapter 2 Brú na Bóinne Location and Description

2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BRÚ NA tributary, the River Mattock. The WHS also includes areas BÓINNE WHS of Natural Heritage including a section of the River Boyne which is both a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a 2.1.1 Location and Setting Special Protection Area (SPA) (Fig. 4; Appendix 5). Brú na Bóinne is located predominantly in County Meath but the Buffer Zone also extends partly into The legal basis on which SACs are selected and designated (NGR O008727; longitude W 6°24’ to W 6°30’; latitude is the EU HABITATS DIRECTIVE, transposed into Irish law N 53°40’ to N 53°43’). It is located 4.8km west of the by Statutory Instruments SI233/1998 and SI378/2005 in medieval port town of Drogheda and almost the same dis- 1998 and 2005. The Directive lists certain habitats and tance to the east of the 18th-century village of Slane (Fig. species that must be protected within SACs. Irish habitats 2). There are 247 monuments currently recorded within include raised bogs, blanket bogs, turloughs, sand dunes, the WHS; 154 in the Core Area and 93 in the Buffer Zone machair (flat sandy plains on the north and west coasts), (Fig. 3; Appendix 4). The WHS is to a large extent bounded heaths, lakes, rivers, woodlands, estuaries and sea inlets. by the River Boyne to the south and to the north by its The 25 Irish species which must be afforded protection

Fig. 2: Core Area and Buffer Zone map of WHS Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 13

Fig. 3: Sites and Monuments record for Brú na Bóinne

Fig. 4: Natual Heritage designations within Core Area and Buffer Zone of the World Heritage Site 14 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 5: Site location map Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 15 include salmon, otter, freshwater pearl mussel, bottlenose necessary infrastructure, replacement buildings compara- dolphin and Killarney fern. ble in scale to those being removed, and minor works such as small extensions to existing domestic dwellings”. The Ireland’s obligations under The EU Birds Louth County Development Plan 2015-2025 also refer- Directive (2009/147/EC) ences the WHS. Its policies are very similar to those of Ireland is required under the terms of the EU Birds Meath County Council although the area of its responsi- Directive (2009/147/EC) to designate SPAs for the bility is entirely in the Buffer Zone. protection of endangered species of wild birds: The Management Plan, in acting to protect the WHS, will • Listed rare and vulnerable species; also play an important role in protecting the natural her- • Regularly occurring migratory species, such as ducks, itage of the River Boyne SAC (see 2.6 below). geese and waders; • Wetlands, especially those of international importance, 2.2 LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION which attract large numbers of migratory birds each year. Brú na Bóinne is a cultural landscape formed by people and nature. The archaeological site is continuous through- The SACs together with the SPAs form Natura 2000, a out the Core Area and Buffer Zones. The landscape has network of protected areas or European Sites throughout both visible and below-surface sites and features of pre- the EU. historic, early medieval, medieval and post-medieval date, bearing testimony to continuous habitation for over 5,000 2.1.2 World Heritage Site Boundary years. There is also a group of 18th- to 21st-century build- The WHS comprises approximately 780 hectares contained ings within the WHS associated with farming and country within the bend of the River Boyne. This Core Area is sit- house activities. uated entirely within the county of Meath, and comprises the townlands of Knowth, Dowth, Newgrange, Guidelines such as Good Farming Practice and Proudfootstown and Glebe (Fig. 2). Archaeology (DEHLG 2003) promote working in partner- ship with individual landowners and, together with the The Buffer Zone, comprising approximately 2,500 National Landscape Strategy for Ireland, 2015–2025 hectares, extends to the River Mattock in the north and (DAHG 2015), they provide the starting point for the dis- includes the River Boyne itself to the south and extends to cussion and development of a setting and landscape strat- the ridgeline of an escarpment that overlooks the Core egy over the timespan of the Management Plan. Area. The boundaries of the Buffer Zone were set having taken into account views into and out of the WHS. The WHS is sited in the lower reaches of the valley of the River Boyne where the watercourse follows a large U- Both the Core Area and the Buffer Zone (Fig. 5) are recog- shaped bend and encompasses a series of low knolls to nised in the Meath County Development Plan 2013–2019 the north and to the south, with higher ground at its east- (formulated in accordance with the Planning and ern edge near Dowth. The large passage tombs are sited Development Acts 2000–2014), where protection against on high ground overlooking the valley, while there are undesirable development is the stated objective. The numerous other archaeological sites on the low-lying ter- Meath Development Plan 2013–2019 states that “Within races and the floodplain flanking the river. The river is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne, and in species-rich with noted salmonid waters and, along with particular the Core Area, with the exception of one-off adjacent habitats, is designated as both an SAC and an houses for those with a clear local need based on agricul- SPA. The diverse range of agricultural practices in the area ture, other new development will be limited to carefully has created an attractive mosaic of mixed farmland rang- designed and sited agricultural buildings, sensitively ing from intensive arable to permanent pasture. Many of designed extensions to existing developments for the pro- the historic hedgerows and field boundaries survive and vision of public services, the restoration of the Boyne are a key element of the landscape and there are also Towpath for recreational purposes inclusive of associated areas of deciduous woodland. 16 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 6: Geology

2.3 CLIMATE scape during the last Ice Age and created the distinctive ‘Bend of the Boyne’, have left their imprint on the land- Brú na Bóinne is situated within one of Ireland’s driest scape in the form of terminal morraines and terraces. This areas and possesses a maritime climate associated with suite of landforms and sedimentary structures is an impor- the Gulf Stream which helps to moderate temperatures. tant physical resource and can aid public understanding The average humidity is high and the prevailing winds are of the physical evolution of the area. Fossil-rich rock out- south-westerly to north-westerly. This climate has been crops, gravel pits and sections are mapped in Fig. 6. favourable to agriculture and settlement from times through to the present day. 2.5 TOPOGRAPHICAL ZONES There are five principal topographical zones which 2.4 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY dominate the Brú na Bóinne WHS: The geology of Brú na Bóinne is characterised by underly- ing Carboniferous limestone with a low ridge of shale and • The escarpment, banks and hills on the south of the its derivatives making up most of the WHS. Much of the river; soil is alluvial and highly suitable for grazing and tillage. • The river itself; The River Boyne, which is 105km long, is one of the main • The present floodplain of the river; catchment drainage channels to the Irish Sea. At Brú na • The glacial floodplain (from when the river was a Bóinne the river is at the lower plain stage; a number of glacial meltwater channel); and tributaries and streams join it in the Core Area, which is • The moraines which stretch from Knowth on the west subject to winter flooding. The physical processes of to Dowth on the east and to the River Mattock on the glaciation and deglaciation, which transformed this land- north. Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 17

Fig. 7: Swans at Newgrange with barrow in middle ground

2.6 NATURAL HERITAGE 2.7 GENERAL WILDLIFE Brú na Bóinne contains an important section of the River 2.7.1 Birds Boyne, which is both an SAC and an SPA (see Appendix The annual Irish Wetland Birds Survey (Birdwatch Ireland) 5). The SAC was designated in 2003 (Site Code 002299) lists 21 different wetland bird species for the River Boyne in recognition of the presence of salmon, otter and lam- at Newgrange. Several species occur in the general area, prey, species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive including cormorant, grey heron, mallard, snipe, moorhen, (1992). Moreover, the SAC was selected for the presence black-headed gull, great black-backed gull and herring of alkaline fen and alluvial woodlands, both habitats listed gull (Delany 1996; 1997). Other notable bird species in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. (The alluvial wood- found in the area include whooper swan, common buz- lands are located on the Boyne River Islands downstream zard and kingfisher for which the river has been desig- of the Obelisk Bridge.) Other areas of special conservation nated an SPA (Fig. 7). merit within the Brú na Bóinne area are Crewbane Marsh, Rossnaree Riverbank and Dowth Wetlands. 2.7.2 Mammals Otters have been identified within the Boyne River Islands The SPA was designated in 2011 in recognition of the River Boyne as one of the important rivers in the country site together with several other mammals including red for the kingfisher. It has recently been recognised that pet- deer, badger, stoat, pine marten, mountain hare, brown rifying springs (also Annex I habitats) occur frequently long-eared and the common pipistrelle . along the southern side of the river. These are complex and specialised habitats where ‘tufa’ (calcium carbonate) 2.7.3 Amphibians is deposited by the emerging lime-rich ground water. It is The common frog and the smooth newt have been iden- typically dominated by bryophytes and in particular by the tified in the Oldbridge area. beautiful curled hook moss (Palustriella commutate). A good example can be found beside the canal upstream 2.7.4 The River Boyne from Oldbridge. The Boyne rises in Newbury Pond near Carbury, County Kildare, flowing north-eastwards through Offaly, Meath and Louth before entering the sea 120km later at Mornington. The Boyne has many major salmon spawn- ing tributaries. Most salmon angling takes place in the 18 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 8: River Boyne winter flooding in vicinity of Visitor Centre main channel, but there is also some localised salmon lakes and canals associated with the system provide excel- angling in the two deepest, largest tributaries: the Kells lent coarse and pike fishing. Blackwater, which flows south-eastwards from Lough Ramor in Virginia, County Cavan, through Kells, joining With the exception of the outer reaches of the estuary and the Boyne at , and the River Deel, which flows with very few exceptions further upstream, fishing rights south-eastwards from Delvin to join the Boyne upstream for the entire Boyne main channel are overseen by angling of the well-known salmon area at Inchamore Bridge (Fig. clubs. The River Boyne is currently designated Catch and 8). Release for salmon angling. There is no commercial fishing allowed on the river. 2.7.5 Salmon Fishing on the River The River Boyne boasts some excellent salmon fishing, par- ticularly at the top of the tidal section and further 2.8 AGRICULTURE upstream at Donore, Slane, Navan, Trim, with Longwood Brú na Bóinne lies in a premier farming area with some of marking the top of the regular salmon angling areas. It the most fertile soils in Ireland, providing a strong eco- was traditionally famed as a spring salmon river, but also nomic base for the local rural community. There has been has a good grilse run from August onwards. Salmon well a direct continuity of agriculture in the area since the into double-figure weights are commonplace, whilst the megalithic tombs were built by early farming communities. grilse tend to weigh in at the upper end of the weight Many of the modern smaller holdings are derived from range for this age class. There is also excellent brown trout Land Commission subdivisions1 given to migrant families fishing both in the main channel and in several of the trib- from Mayo in the late 1930s and 1940s. These smaller utaries, with good sea trout fishing in the tidal waters. The holdings have proven to be non-sustainable in today’s

1 The Irish Land Commission was set up to transfer freehold of land from landlord to tenant, in some cases disadvantaged tenants were moved onto land in other counties. Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 19

Fig. 9: Passage tombs in Brú na Bóinne area farming market and many are leased and used for dry stock. The larger farms practise intensive dairying, dry stock and tillage.

There has been considerable restructuring of farms, with investment in both land improvement and buildings. Between 1950 and 1990 an estimated 12.5% of the land within Brú na Bóinne was reclaimed with grant aid. Fig. 10: Passage at Newgrange during winter Solstice

2.9 ARCHAEOLOGY Neolithic period through to the Anglo-Norman period and Brú na Bóinne’s archaeological remains are comprehen- later, has 30 monuments listed on the official inventory. sively identified in both the Record of Monuments and These include passage tombs adorned with megalithic art. Places (RMP) of County Meath (1997) and that of County The Newgrange group is mainly prehistoric, with a cursus, Louth (1991). The Archaeological Inventory of County passage tombs and henges. The Dowth group is similar to Meath (1987) and the Archaeological Survey of County that at Newgrange but there is evidence of medieval set- Louth (1991) provide a list of archaeological monuments tlement including a church and a castle. The WHS includes and sites in the area along with corresponding maps. The the largest assemblage of megalithic art in Europe. inclusion of archaeological monuments and sites on the RMP, established under the National Monuments Acts Internationally one of the better known features of Brú na 1930–2004, forms the basis for their legal protection. Bóinne is the mid-winter solstice phenomenon, when the rising sun breaks the horizon of Red Mountain on the There are 247 records of monuments located within the southern bank of the Boyne and shines directly through WHS and its Buffer Zones, 154 in the Core Area and 93 in the roof box feature above the entrance to the the Buffer Zone (see Appendix 4; see also Newgrange passage tomb illuminating the chamber at the www.archaeology.ie). end of the passage. This is a result of the deliberate align- ment of the tomb on the mid-winter solstice (Fig. 10). The 2.9.1 Archaeological Summary annual nature of this event helps to keep Brú na Bóinne The Brú na Bóinne WHS is dominated by the three great in the public eye and sustains the sense of wonderment passage tombs of Knowth, Newgrange and Dowth. The around, and public engagement with, the monuments in site has been an important ritual, social and economic cen- the WHS. tre for thousands of years (Fig. 9). While the prominence of the Boyne in the archaeological The Knowth group, with features dating from the and historical record can be largely attributed to the 20 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 11: Aerial view looking north towards Newgrange with embanked enclosures (henges), ritual ponds, barrows and ring- ditches in foreground

Fig. 12: Newgrange, April 1950 Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 21 important prehistoric complex of monuments at Brú na Bóinne, it is because of the river itself and especially that part of the river which virtually encircles all of the key archaeological sites that the location was given such high importance in prehistoric times. The river also has the potential to contain significant archaeological deposits and artefactual remains as it was a major focal point through- out all periods, being used in a variety of different ways including religious veneration, ritual deposition of arte- facts, possible deposition of cremated human remains, travel and transport of goods, fishing and general exploita- tion of the resources of the river (Fig. 11).

2.9.2 Archaeological Investigations There is a long history of research on the megalithic mon- uments in Brú na Bóinne going back to the 17th century. Modern archaeological investigations and other research have been instigated for a variety of reasons ranging from targeted research to improving visitor access, interpretation and presentation, and to facilitate conservation work. The modern archaeological investigation of megalithic monuments in Brú na Bóinne commenced in 1960 when the small passage tomb at Townleyhall was excavated (Eogan 1963). Shortly afterwards, the lengthy excavation Fig. 13: Excavation of kerbstones and sockets to the rear of campaigns at Newgrange and Knowth commenced, under the Newgrange tumulus the direction of Professor Michael J. O’Kelly and Professor George Eogan respectively (Fig. 12). The excavations at (NMS) in order to facilitate stabilisation works at the Newgrange had a research element, although they were (Lynch 2015). An earthwork complex at Knowth, downs- initiated to improve visitor access and presentation (O’Kelly lope from the main passage tomb, was investigated 1979, 1982, and 1994), while at Knowth the excavations between 2002 and 2004. This has been interpreted as an began as a research project and later became concerned early medieval ‘secular’ cemetery (Stout and Stout 2008). with the presentation of the (Eogan 1974, Since the 1990s extensive excavations have been carried 1977, 1984 and 1986; Eogan and Roche 1994 and 1997). out in the hinterland of Brú na Bóinne, largely as a result At Newgrange the site produced evidence for settlement of the major infrastructural schemes which were initiated and ritual throughout the prehistoric period, while at at that time. The results of these investigations are con- Knowth the site produced material ranging from the tributing to our understanding of the wider context of the Neolithic to the 17th century AD. The results of both con- Brú na Bóinne monuments. tinue to inform our understanding of the societies which built these great tombs and underline the continuity of 2.9.3 Recent Archaeological Research usage of the sites through to modern times. The excavation campaigns begun at Newgrange and Knowth in the 1960s were extraordinary in their extent Excavations carried out by David Sweetman (NMS) in the and duration. More recently, research undertaken in Brú 1970s and 1980s examined several henge-type monu- na Bóinne has been largely non-invasive, using fieldwalk- ments at (Sweetman 1976) and ing, remote sensing techniques and satellite coverage in Newgrange (Sweetman 1985 and 1987) and, in the an effort to create a broader focus in order to examine the 1980s, a small-scale excavation was carried out at the context of sites and to interpret the complexity of the Brú back of the mound at Newgrange (Fig. 13) by Ann Lynch na Bóinne area. 22 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Recent decades have also seen increased awareness of the geophysical survey has taken place in the area of the pos- wider astronomical significance of monuments within the sible cursus east of Newgrange (Fig. 15) and at a rectilinear WHS. Investigations to date have demonstrated a pivotal enclosure close to Rossnaree ford (Fenwick et al. 2009), relationship between the entrance stone at Newgrange as well as in the context of site management works at the and the positioning of the stones of the Great Circle Brú na Bóinne and Battle of the Boyne visitor centres and, (Prendergast 1991a; 1991b), with the standing stones more recently, at Dowth. The geophysical properties of the throwing shadows on the entrance stone during such key locations of lithic scatters identified through a recent large- times in the year as the winter and summer solstices and scale fieldwalking programme are also currently being the midpoints between (Fig. 14). An archaeoastronomical investigated. In 2007, one of the newer remote sensing investigation of the passage orientations at Knowth Tomb technologies, LiDAR survey, was applied to the WHS land- 1 has also been completed (Prendergast 1991b). Other scape and the resulting bank of spatial data is already research in the WHS has reflected the growing interest in being used to map newly discovered sites and to build up ploughzone archaeology and in mapping the extent of models of landscape change (see Fig.44). sub-surface remains (e.g. Brady 1996, 2002, 2007a, 2007b; Cooney et al. 2001). Refinement of absolute dating techniques and the appear- ance of other techniques such as isotopic analysis have The development and refinement of additional remote given new value to the material conserved in the older sensing techniques such as magnetometry and electrical excavation archives. The dedicated publication programme resistivity from the 1990s onwards has brought greater of the Royal Irish Academy has ensured that the results of clarity to the quantification of the archaeological resource four decades of excavation at Knowth have steadily at Brú na Bóinne, although geophysical survey has yet to emerged. be systematically applied over the entire WHS. Targeted

Fig. 14: Harvest moonrise over the great stone circle, Newgrange Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 23

Fig. 15: Aerial view looking east along the Newgrange ridge with cursus in the background

The most recent Royal Irish Academy monographs, vol- Over the centuries, the discovery of thousands of artefacts umes 3, 4 and 5, deal with the extensive early medieval from all periods including several logboats from various faunal assemblage, the historic hinterland of Knowth and locations along the river, mainly as a result of dredging the archaeology of Knowth in the first and second millen- and reclamation works, has highlighted the archaeological nia AD respectively (McCormick and Murray 2007; Byrne significance of the river, the important role it has played et al. 2008; Eogan 2012). over time and the archaeological potential it still retains. Future studies of Brú na Bóinne should take into consid- Archaeological excavation necessitated by development, eration the underwater archaeological potential of the while not tied into any specific research programme, is river and put in place appropriate strategies for a multi- also furthering an understanding of the WHS. Important disciplinary approach to assessing this important aspect of evidence for funerary activity has been uncov- its archaeological potential. ered along the route of the Oldbridge–Sheephouse Bypass and in nearby Stalleen ahead of the construction of a pri- 2.10 BUILT HERITAGE vate dwelling. In 2008, extensive medieval remains includ- ing a stone gatehouse were also revealed in Stalleen. The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) is Immediately to the east of the WHS, the considerable a nationwide survey of the built environment post-1700 body of data recovered from excavations along the M1 identifying buildings and structures of significance (Fig. Drogheda Bypass, though largely unpublished, is already 16). An interim survey of the architectural heritage of beginning to shed new light on past communities of the County Meath was published in 2002 by the NIAH. The Brú na Bóinne area (e.g. Smyth 2007; 2014). NIAH also published its survey of the architectural heritage of County Louth in 2008. The survey of County Meath includes a range of buildings within the WHS area such as 24 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2002

Fig. 16: Dowth Hall built in the late eighteenth-century

Fig. 17: The eighteenth- century grain mill at Slane

Dowth Hall, Boyne Valley Cottage, Rossnaree Mill, and Protected Structures (RPS). The RPS is a list of all Protected two World War II concrete pillboxes which are included in Structures in a county and includes structures of special the list of Protected Structures for Meath (Appendix 6). architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, The survey of County Louth includes buildings and struc- social, scientific or technical importance (Fig. 17). tures within, immediately adjacent to, and visible from, the WHS such as the Obelisk Bridge over the River Boyne Protected Structures within the WHS are listed in the cur- and the nationally important Townley Hall. rent Meath County Development Plan (2013–2019) and Louth County Development Plan (2009–2015) in accor- On completion, many of the structures recorded in the dance with the provisions of Section 51 of the Planning NIAH interim surveys of counties Meath and Louth were and Development Act 2000 (as amended). The area con- the subject of a Recommendation by the then Minister for tains 33 Protected Structures which are exemplars of the the Environment, Heritage and Local Government for built heritage of the area (28 in Meath and five in Louth). inclusion in the relevant planning authority’s Record of These are set out in Appendix 6. Chapter 2: Brú na Bóinne Location and Description 25

Fig. 18: The eighteenth- century Boyne Navigation canal

2.12 BATTLE OF THE BOYNE 1690

A number of features pertinent to the 1690 Battle of the Boyne (James II and William of Orange) are already listed on the RMP. These include the principal locations/sites where hostilities took place and where artefacts have been recovered in the past. Also included are weirs and fords in the river that may have played a role during the course of the battle (Fig. 19).

Research indicates that the battle took place within the designated WHS and close to its periphery. The principal engagements of the battle took place at several places: Tullyallen and Oldbridge; Roughgrange and Stalleen; the area around Donore and, finally, the area around the bridge at . The State owns a property at Oldbridge which was at the heart of this battle and where a visitor centre was opened in 2008. This land lies within the Buffer Fig. 19: Location of central action in Battle of the Boyne in eastern Buffer Zone of WHS Zone at the eastern end of the site and lies directly across the river from Proudfootstown which is in the WHS. The Oldbridge Estate is an Architectural Conservation Area 2.11 THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SURVEY (see Appendix 12). OF COUNTY MEATH

An Industrial Heritage Survey of County Meath (2010) lists 2.13 THE BOYNE NAVIGATION 68 entries within the WHS (Fig. 18). Many of these entries relate to the various components which together make up Part of the Boyne Navigation, the earliest navigation the Boyne Navigation (sections of canal, weirs, bridges, scheme in Ireland (1748–1790), lies within Brú na Bóinne. locks, lock-keeper cottages, mooring posts etc.) (see The River Boyne is the most important river crossing on Appendix 7). the road from Ulster to Dublin. It is a natural defensive line as well as being an inland communication route. The 26 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Boyne was canalised between 1748 and 1790 in order to The aim of the Boyne Navigation was to use horse-drawn encourage trade with the Dublin market and to transport vessels to transport produce from the large grain and flour corn to the port at Drogheda from inland markets. mills at Navan to the port of Drogheda and to carry imported coal from Drogheda in the opposite direction. A project to open navigation from Oldbridge to Navan was The original plan to link the navigation from Navan to the begun in the mid-18th century by the Boyne Navigation Royal Canal at Trim was not achieved. There are currently Company. It was divided into two parts, the upper navi- restoration works taking place on the Boyne Navigation gation from Slane to Navan and the lower portion from that runs through the WHS. It is an action of this Plan to Drogheda to Slane. The navigation channel was the River encourage this while ensuring that the development has Boyne itself and a series of canals alongside the river no negative impact on either the built or natural heritage. where there are bridges and lock gates. Eight locks were built between Drogheda and Slane, six of which lie within Brú na Bóinne, i.e. Oldbridge, Stalleen (2), Roughgrange 2.14 PROTECTED VIEWS (2) and Newgrange. There are eighteen protected views which include the WHS in the Meath County Development Plan (see Appendix 8) and some work on landscape characterisation has taken place (Davis et. al. 2010). 27

Chapter 3 Significance of Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site

3.1 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The scale of passage tomb construction within Brú na Bóinne, the important concentration of megalithic art (Fig. 20), as well as the range of sites and the long and contin- uous duration of activity, were cited as reasons for the site’s inscription as a WHS. Significantly, the OUV of Brú na Bóinne is linked not only with the Neolithic monu- ments, but includes all monuments in the WHS, which tes- tify to the longevity of settlement.

3.2 RETROSPECTIVE STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE

Many properties inscribed on the World Heritage List do not have an agreed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (SOUV). This is an essential tool that became a mandatory requirement for the first time following the amendment of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in 2005.

Fig. 20: Carving on passage orthostat at Newgrange SOUVs are made up of several elements; a brief descrip- tion, Statement of Significance, Statement of Authenticity, Statement of Integrity and a section describing how the WHS. The landscape is vulnerable to incremental change WHS is protected and managed. These Statements need of a man-made nature but also has permanent physical to be approved by the as a threats to deal with such as visitor footfall and the annual way of articulating the OUV that was identified at the time flooding of the Boyne which must be monitored on a of inscription. The full text of the retrospective SOUV for yearly basis. the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage property in Ireland, as adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 37th ses- 3.3.2 Authenticity sion (Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2013), is attached as The monuments in the WHS have a high level of authen- Appendix 9. ticity. Major excavations have been carried out at Newgrange and Knowth, the results of which have either been fully published or are currently in preparation. 3.3 INTEGRITY AND AUTHENTICITY Numerous small excavations and surveys have also been 3.3.1 Integrity carried out in the general area. The main conservation The property includes all elements necessary to express its works undertaken within the site have concentrated on OUV. The boundaries are adequate and the Buffer Zone the two main passage tombs at Newgrange and Knowth. encompasses the wider landscape setting of the monu- All conservation and restoration work has been carried out ments and gives them a context which embraces the by skilled professional staff. 28 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 21: Newgrange roof box through which the rising sun shines during the winter solstice

At Newgrange, extensive conservation work was carried out in the passage and entrance areas in the 1960s and 70s. Subsequent work took place at the rear of the site where orthostats were excavated and subsequently con- served (Fig. 21).

At Knowth, structures from all periods have been con- served. In some passage tombs outer support walls have Fig. 22: Carving on a passage orthostat in the western tomb at been built for the burial chambers, involving the use of Knowth modern materials such as cement and plastic. Where such new additions are visible they are clearly distinguished in Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne’ for inscription on the appearance from original materials. World Heritage List a year later. Following an ICOMOS evaluation, the property was inscribed by the World At Dowth, large quantities of stone were quarried for road Heritage Committee in December 1993. making in the 19th century and an engineer dug into the mound looking for a passage and chamber similar to the The ‘Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne’ Newgrange one. He opened a large cutting extending was judged to be of Outstanding Universal Value on the from the west side of the mound towards its centre which, basis of meeting three of the six criteria for the assess- when abandoned, was never properly backfilled. Few ment of OUV for cultural heritage World Heritage prop- records of this investigation survive but it is clear that no erties (Fig. 22): new chamber was discovered although the chamber and passage of the North Tomb were investigated. Apart from [i] represents a masterpiece of human creative genius a small excavation outside of the entrance, no modern [iii bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a excavations have occurred at the site. cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

3.4 JUSTIFICATION OF OUTSTANDING [iv] is an outstanding example of a type of building, UNIVERSAL VALUE architectural or technological ensemble or landscape Ireland ratified the World Heritage Convention on 16 which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human September 1991, nominating the ‘Archaeological history. Chapter 3: Significance of Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site 29

• The presence and scale of a series of megalithic tombs dating from the Neolithic period within the Bend of the Boyne, the important concentration of megalithic art and the landscape setting of this within the Bend of the Boyne. The importance of this complex is in the context of the wider European megalithic phenomenon (Fig. 23).

• The views from most locations within Brú na Bóinne, in particular at the key monuments, are broad ones that take in many other key cultural and natural Fig. 23: Newgrange, triple spiral on chamber orthostat features, e.g. the River Boyne and the surrounding hills, which enable the visitor to share a sense of awe. This sense of awe undoubtedly played a role in establishing The ICOMOS advisory body evaluation (1992) concluded order among the ancient societies that lived in these that: landscapes.

“The archaeological area in the Bend of the Boyne is • Brú na Bóinne provides an outstanding example of a one of the largest and most important prehistoric and monumental landscape associated with the adaptation later complexes in Europe, and also one of the least of agriculture. disturbed. Its importance extends beyond Ireland, since it represents the largest assemblage of megalithic art • The Neolithic passage tomb was constructed so that in Europe. It is also outstanding because of the conti- the rays of the rising sun would shine into the inner nuity that it demonstrates over two long historical peri- sanctum of the tomb at the winter solstice, ods, from the 4th to early 2nd millennia BC and from demonstrating a high level of human knowledge, the Early to the High Middle Ages. It is impor- ingenuity and creativity. tant for the information that it provides about social, economy, and, above all, religious organization and • The longevity of settlement in this location is of continuity. Although megalithic monuments are dis- particular significance. From early , through tributed widely in the “Atlantic Zone” of western to the early medieval and medieval periods, and Europe, from Malta to Scandinavia, there is no com- including more recent times, the landscape of the WHS plex that compares in density of monuments and high contains a large concentration of settlement and ritual artistic quality with the Brú na Bóinne group.” sites and vernacular heritage. These remains contain considerable information about life, ritual, economy, environment and settlement, and more discoveries will 3.5 ATTRIBUTES TO THE STATEMENT OF be made through future research and investigation SIGNIFICANCE (Fig. 24). The general approach to assessing the significance of Brú na Bóinne is adapted from the principles set out by James • The site of the Battle of the Boyne (1690) has relevance Semple Kerr (2013). It relies on an understanding of the and meaning beyond the boundaries of the Irish State physical attributes, uses, relationships and associations of and was a battlefield of European significance during the place up to and including the present day which make the wars of grand alliance against the French Sun King. a place of value to us and our society. In the 20th century during World War II, the River Boyne was equipped with a series of military As attested by its inscription on the UNESCO World structures (pillboxes and other structures) to enable it to Heritage List, the complex at Brú na Bóinne is of excep- operate as a defensive line of the Irish Free State. These tional significance for the following reasons: structures still exist within the Buffer Zone and the WHS. 30 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 24: Newgrange from the north-east with folly in the foreground

• The navigable River Boyne is a prime example of 18th- 3.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUE century river navigation. Its construction commenced The Brú na Bóinne WHS plays an important part in the in 1748 and it consists of a series of bypass canals, wider local economy. The site has considerable social value locks, bridges and other associated structures such as for residents and tourists, as attested by visitor numbers mill complexes and quarries with their attendant in excess of 250,000 per year, as a resource of learning, workers’ dwellings. The presence of these underlines enjoyment and tourism and as a living landscape requiring the role of the river as a primary route of international careful management and partnership. However, a more trade and influence for millennia since the earliest detailed study is required to fully identify the complete settlements took place along its banks. socio-economic impact of the WHS designation on the area. A preliminary study on the position of the WHS in 3.6 NATURAL VALUE relation to other areas of rural Meath is being carried out The presence of ecological designations in the WHS adds and its findings will inform any required amendments to to the significance of the complex (Fig. 25). The WHS the Plan. While protecting the OUV of the site, the Plan encompasses several Natural Heritage Areas—Crewbane must emphasise sustainable development and land use, Marsh, Rossnaree Riverbank, Dowth Wetlands and the consistent with the aims of the Plan (Managing Cultural Boyne River Islands. The latter is one of the few examples World Heritage 2013, 20–22). in the State of alluvial wet woodland—a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive. It is also part of a much 3.8 OTHER VALUES AT BRÚ NA BÓINNE larger SAC and also an SPA incorporating the majority of the Boyne and Blackwater river valleys. The Boyne itself The values identified for the Brú na Bóinne WHS cover a has been designated a salmonid river under the EU wider expanse than those acknowledged in the World Freshwater Fish Directive. Heritage inscription, which tended to celebrate the mon- Chapter 3: Significance of Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site 31

Fig. 25: Red deer on Dowth demesne

umental passage tombs, the megalithic art and the dura- WHS which requires that every site has an appropriate tion of settlement. Ecological significance (various desig- management structure in place. This Management Plan is nations) as well as social values, as represented by the not a statutory document. However, during its drafting all scale of visitor interest, are clearly worth expanding upon relevant statutory and non-statutory frameworks and in any statement of values. The important landscape set- guidelines were taken into consideration. The previous ting of the monuments is also a key issue that needs to plan was reviewed (see appendix 11) and two periods of be acknowledged and valued. consultation were engaged in with the relevant local and national bodies and with stakeholders with and around Ireland has obligations under UNESCO’s World Heritage the WHS. Convention in relation to the effective management of the

Part 2 34

CHAPTER 4 Management and Policy Framework

4.1 STATUTORY PROTECTIONS able, requiring the prior written consent of the Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht for any proposed The protection and conservation of Brú na Bóinne is con- works at, or in proximity to them. Any proposed works trolled by a range of international charters and conven- at Recorded Monuments, which make up the majority of tions, by national legislation, local planning mechanisms those located within the WHS and the Buffer Zone, must and statutory and non-statutory guidance. These legisla- be notified to the Minister at least two months in advance tive provisions include, amongst others, the National (see Appendix 4). Monuments Act 1930–2004 (the Principal Act of 1930 and subsequent amending Acts are construed as one Act), the Wildlife Acts, 1976 and 2000, the Planning and 4.3 WILDLIFE ACTS 1976 AND 2000 Development Acts 2000 to 2014, various EU Directives The Wildlife Acts allow for the designation of Natural and international instruments. Heritage Areas, Nature Reserves (State-owned) and refuges for fauna, as well as for the making of Flora 4.2 THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS ACT Protection Orders. The Acts provide a legal basis for the 1930–2004 designation of the Natural Heritage Areas in the vicinity of The National Monuments Act provides the statutory Brú na Bóinne, i.e. Crewbane Marsh, Rossnaree Riverbank, framework for the protection of Ireland’s archaeological, Dowth Wetlands and Boyne River Islands, as well as the architectural and cultural heritage. The Act provides for: Boyne Coast and Estuary. Designation would provide a level of protection comparable to that provided for SACs • The protection of monuments, including a higher level in the 1997 EU Habitats Regulations. of protection for National Monuments; • The regulation of the conduct of archaeological 4.4 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ACTS excavations and the use of devices such as metal 2000–2014 detectors; • The regulation of the ownership, possession, alteration The Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended) and export of archaeological objects; consolidated the law on planning and development by • The protection of the underwater archaeological repealing and re-enacting, with amendments, the earlier heritage, including historic wrecks and other Planning Acts 1963–1999. Under the associated Planning archaeological objects which have been submerged; Regulations, the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, • Penalties for damage and destruction of protected Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs is a prescribed body to which monuments, wrecks and archaeological objects; applications for planning permission, which may have the • Allowing the State to protect and preserve National potential to affect the designated archaeological, archi- Monuments in its care through conservation works, tectural or natural heritage, should be referred for com- management, by-laws and the provision of public ment. Such applications are assessed by the DAHRRGA to access. determine the impact, if any, that the proposed develop- ment might have on the archaeological, architectural and The three major sites (Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth) natural heritage, and appropriate recommendations may in Brú na Bóinne are National Monuments (as defined in be made to the relevant planning authority. Following rep- the National Monuments Act) in State ownership and are resentations from local groups it has been decided to offer afforded the highest level of statutory protection avail- pre-planning advice to applicants within the WHS and this Chapter 4: Management and Policy Framework 35 will include planning advice both from the Local Authority and from the archaeologists and architects of the DAHRRGA. Local planning is one of the most contentious issues in the WHS and Buffer Zone, and many respondents wanted the system to be more flexible and to include one- off housing. This is contrary to the Development Plans of both counties Meath and Louth. The fact is that DAHRRGA is a statutory consultee in relation to monu- ments whether in a WHS or not and works to protect all registered monuments in the country. It also has respon- sibilities through this Plan in relation to the OUV of the site and its management (Fig. 26).

4.4.1 County Development Plans The County Development Plan is the statutory framework for describing the current strategic planning policies for a county. The Plan sets out objectives for the protection, conservation and enhancement of both built and natural Fig. 26: The entrance to Newgrange, 1954 heritage in a county. Whilst the various archaeological monuments and wildlife sites and features are protected under separate legislation, the protection of the overall 4.5 HERITAGE PLANS landscape and interpretation of various structures and fea- The Meath and Louth County Heritage Plans were pro- tures is largely the domain of the Development Plan (Local duced in response to a key action contained in the Government Planning System). National Heritage Plan 2002. This action required Local Authorities to provide for heritage at a local level through Meath County Development Plan 2013–2019 the preparation and adoption of County Heritage Plans. https://meathcountydevelopmentplan.files.word- The Heritage Plan is intended to complement the County press.com/2013/12/meath-development-plan-vol- Development Plan and other statutory plans through the ume-1-written-statement_lowres.pdf collection of relevant data and by undertaking actions to Chapter 9 of the Meath County Development Plan out- ensure that heritage policy is effectively implemented. lines Meath County Council’s policies and proposals for the protection, conservation and enhancement of the her- Meath Heritage Plan itage of Meath. A number of policies are outlined in this http://www.meath.ie/CountyCouncil/Heritage/Herita chapter which specifically detail the Council’s commitment gePlan/File,5063,en.pdf to the protection and conservation of the WHS. The first County Heritage Plan covered the period 2007–

Louth County Development Plan 2015–2021 2011. Its timeframe was extended to allow http://www.louthcoco.ie/en/Publications/Developme implementation of key actions. The County Heritage Plan nt-Plans/Louth_County_Council/Volume-1-Written- is currently being revised by Meath County Council. Statement.pdf A number of new policies in relation to the WHS and the Louth Heritage Plan Buffer Zone are included. These include policies on refur- Louth’s first Heritage Plan covered the period 2007–2011. bishment of vernacular architecture, a new development A new Heritage Plan has been drafted but has not yet zone 6 specifically relating to Brú na Bóinne and been sent for consultation or adopted. (on the Tentative List) to ensure that its sig- nificance, authenticity and integrity are not adversely affected by inappropriate and cumulative change and development. There is a full section on the WHS. 36 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

sions for SPAs are contained within the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulation 2011 (Fig. 27).

In order to protect and maintain the nature conservation status of the Annex habitats within Natura 2000 sites, cer- tain activities may be restricted within the designated areas. These activities (known as Activities Requiring Consent, formerly called Notifiable Activities) have been identified as having the potential to destroy or significantly alter, damage or interfere with the ecology of a site. The list of such activities varies depending on the habitats and species present.

Finally, the Boyne River has been designated a salmonid river under the EU Freshwater Fish Directive (78/659/EC), given effect in Irish law by S.I. No. 293 of 1988.

This plan was examined both in terms of Appropriate Assesment and Strategic Environmental Assessment (see appendices 13 and 14).

4.7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, GUIDANCE AND CHARTERS 4.7.1 UNESCO World Heritage Convention Fig. 27: The Bend of the Boyne below Newgrange The World Heritage Convention was adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in 1972. Currently, 190 4.6 EU HABITATS AND BIRDS DIRECTIVES countries (known as States Parties) have ratified the In 1992 the EU adopted the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Convention, including Ireland in 1991. The Convention on the conservation of natural and semi-natural habitats established the World Heritage List as a means of identi- and species of flora and fauna. The Directive, which fying that some places, either natural or cultural, are of requires Member States to designate SACs in order to pro- such significance as to be the responsibility of the inter- tect particular habitats and species listed in Annexes to the national community as a whole. By signing up to the Directive, was transposed into Irish law by the European Convention, States Parties pledge to conserve not only the Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations in February WHS in their territory but also to avoid deliberate meas- 1997 (and subsequently by the European Communities ures that could damage WHS in other countries. They also (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulation 2011 (S.I. No. 477 must endeavour by appropriate means, particularly by of 2011)).The SACs, together with SPAs, designated under educational and information programmes to strengthen the 1979 Birds Directive, form Natura 2000, a network of appreciation and respect by their peoples of the cultural protected areas or ‘European Sites’ throughout the EU. and natural heritage.

Article 4.1 of the Birds Directive provides that Member 4.7.2 International Conventions States classify the most suitable territories as SPAs. This Four international conventions signed by Ireland are per- Article was implemented in Ireland in the first instance by tinent. The Granada Convention (1985) and the Valletta the EC (Conservation of Wild Birds) Regulations 1985 (S.I. Convention (1991) confirmed the State’s desire to protect No. 291 of 1985). Like the SACs, the enforcement provi- its architectural and archaeological heritage, firstly by their Chapter 4: Management and Policy Framework 37 identification through the establishment of architectural 4.7.3 Operational Guidelines for the and archaeological inventories and secondly through the Implementation of the World Heritage provision of statutory procedures for their designation for Convention (2013) protection. The Ramsar Convention (ratified by Ireland in Ireland ratified the UNESCO World Heritage Convention 1984) provides for the designation of important wetlands (WHC) in 1991.The WHC establishes a list of properties for protection. The Bern Convention (1979) provides for ‘deemed to be of Outstanding Universal Value’ and legally the conservation of wild flora and fauna in their natural obliges States Parties to protect and manage them to the habitats, especially those species and habitats whose con- highest international standards. The Operational servation requires the co-operation of several States, and Guidelines for the WHC (July 2013) require adherence to promotes such co-operation. criteria of authenticity, protection under national legisla- tion, adequate planning control and management mech- anisms, conservation, accessibility to the public and suitable administrative and resourcing arrangements. It also focuses on the need for the active participation of communities and other stakeholders. 38

CHAPTER 5 Current Management Systems

5.1 OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE canals and pathways along the Boyne. Some of these tow- paths have been opened as recreational walking routes. The pattern of ownership of the WHS is varied. A signifi- Navigation restoration efforts by the Inland Waterways cant portion of the WHS surrounding Knowth, Association of Ireland are focused on the section upriver Newgrange and Dowth is owned by the State but the from Oldbridge which will allow the passage of boats as greater part of the WHS is in private ownership; most of far as Newgrange. the Buffer Zone is also in private ownership. The State The remainder of the lands within the WHS are in private owns land at Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, as well as ownership. A fuller understanding of ownership would some other individual monuments, and is also the owner benefit the site’s management and allow for more effec- of the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. The State also owns tive consultation with landowners. An action of this Plan the house and grounds at Oldbridge Estate, the centre- will be to establish and maintain an ownership map for piece of the Battle of the Boyne site. the WHS, with the aim of extending it to the Buffer Zone. A new owner has recently purchased land at Dowth and An Taisce – the National Trust for Ireland (an environmen- with DAHRRGA support is preparing a Conservation Plan tal NGO holding charitable status dedicated to the protec- for the estate. tion of Ireland’s built and natural heritage) owns the River Boyne Navigation and Towpath, a series of bypassing

Fig. 28: Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 39

Fig. 29: A badger taking refuge in the chamber at Newgrange Fig. 30: Eighteenth-century Johnson's Mill at Rosnaree (Photo: Clare Tuffy)

Finally, a number of rated occupiers are recorded as hold- National Monuments Service ing fishing rights on the river and many lease these rights The formulation and implementation of the Department’s to the local angling clubs. policy relating to the protection of Ireland’s archaeological heritage is the responsibility of the NMS. The NMS has responsibility for archaeological issues arising at National 5.2 OVERVIEW OF RESPONSIBILITY— Monuments in State care and also for carrying out surveys KEY PARTNERS of known and suspected sites. The NMS also compiles 5.2.1 State Party inventories of sites and monuments. It implements the In this instance the State Party is the Irish Government. legislation in relation to the protection of monuments and The DAHRRGA is the State’s focal point for the implemen- sites, including historic wrecks and underwater tation of the WHC in Ireland. The DAHRRGA is responsible archaeological sites and it regulates archaeological for the State’s overall policy on all matters related to World excavations, the use of detection devices for Heritage. The NMS within the DAHRRGA is the contact archaeological purposes and diving activities on historic point with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre. The NMS wrecks and underwater archaeological sites. It provides provides archaeological input to the conservation and advice to planning authorities on development proposals presentation of the site and operates a Service Level (development plans, heritage plans and individual Agreement with the OPW, which has responsibility for planning applications) that may have implications for the day-to-day management including conservation and the archaeological heritage. It also provides advice to provision of visitor facilities (Fig. 28). The National Parks individuals and local groups on archaeological issues, and and Wildlife Service (NPWS) of the DAHRRGA is responsi- all records of sites and monuments are available on its ble for the protection and conservation of the natural website www.archaeology.ie . habitats and landscape elements of our WHSs. Meath and Louth County Councils have planning responsibilities with National Parks and Wildlife Service respect to the WHS Core Area and Buffer Zones. The NPWS section manages the Irish State’s nature conservation responsibilities under national and European 5.2.2 Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, law (Fig. 29). A particular responsibility of the NPWS is the Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs designation and protection of SACs, SPAs and Natural The DAHRRGA oversees the conservation, preservation, Heritage Areas . (www.npws.ie) protection and presentation of Ireland’s heritage and cul- tural assets. It is responsible for the State’s overall policy Built Heritage and Architectural Policy on WHSs. Within the DAHRRGA there are several different The Built Heritage and Architectural Policy section is specialist sections whose responsibility encompasses the responsible for the Department’s policy relating to the WHS at Brú na Bóinne: nation’s architectural heritage (Fig. 30), achieving this 40 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 through legislation, the recording of that heritage relevant projects at these sites through the directly (through the NIAH), the provision of capital funding for employed labour force. It also provides a guide service to the built heritage, and the provision of professional National Monuments (Fig. 31). guidance (www.buildingsofireland.ie). Heritage Services (National Historic Properties) 5.2.3 Office of Public Works The National Historic Properties section of the OPW is The OPW is a State Agency of the Department of Public responsible for the care, maintenance, management and Expenditure and Reform. The OPW has responsibility for presentation of significant properties and historic parks, the day-to-day management and conservation of all State gardens and designed landscapes in State care. The properties. Its National Monuments Service and National principal objective is to protect, conserve, maintain and Historic Properties Service manage all monuments in State present national historic properties and also encourage ownership including Brú na Bóinne and the Battle of the appropriate public access, through informal guided or Boyne centre at Oldbridge Estate. The OPW also possesses organised events. It is responsible for Oldbridge House the primary role in facilitating presentation and public where the Battle of the Boyne is interpreted; this estate is access. Within the OPW there are two specific sections in the Buffer Zone to the east of the WHS. with responsibility for Brú na Bóinne. 5.2.4 Local Government – Meath and Louth Heritage Services (National Monuments) County Councils The Heritage Services (National Monuments) of the OPW Meath and Louth County Councils have responsibility has responsibility for the day-to-day operation of all under the statutory planning system for the making of National Monuments in State care (i.e. in State ownership development plans and for the operation and implemen- and guardianship). The bulk of its resources is dedicated tation of the development management process for each to conservation activities and the delivery of a range of of their respective counties and within the WHS area and

Fig. 31: Interpretive displays in the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 41

Fig. 32: Newgrange from the south the Buffer Zone. There is an appeals process through An tection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage Bord Pleanála, an independent national body that is around the world which is considered to be of outstanding responsible for the determination of planning appeals and value to humanity (Fig. 32). This is embodied in an inter- certain other matters. national treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Meath County Council which was adopted by UNESCO in 1972. The World Meath County Council is the planning authority Heritage Committee, the main body with responsibility for responsible for the area of the WHS that lies within the the implementation of the Convention, has developed county of Meath, which includes the entire Core Area, precise criteria for the inscription of properties on Southern Buffer Zone and most of the Northern Buffer the World Heritage List and for the provision of interna- Zone of Brú na Bóinne. tional assistance under the World Heritage Fund. The cri- teria and procedures are set out in the Operational Louth County Council Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Louth County Council is the planning authority responsible Convention (2013). for the area of the WHS that lies within the county of Louth (a small part of the Northern Buffer Zone of Brú na 5.3 OTHER STAKEHOLDERS Bóinne). 5.3.1 Local Communities 5.2.5 United Nations Educational, Scientific and The WHS and its Buffer Zone are part of an established, Cultural Organisation predominantly rural landscape. Like most communities the UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations WHS has a great variety of groups and organisations which is responsible for the designation of sites nominated working within and close to it, e.g. Boyne Valley by State Parties for World Heritage status. One of the main Consultative Committee, Irish Farmers Association, youth aims of UNESCO is to encourage the identification, pro- organisations, sports teams and clubs, service clubs (Lions, 42 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Rotary, etc.) and businesses. Engagement with these 5.3.5 An Taisce important local groups ensures better relationships An Taisce–the National Trust for Ireland was established in between statutory and community interests and greater 1948 and is an influential environmental body in Ireland. mutual understanding of the issues involved in successfully An Taisce is a prescribed body under the Planning Acts, the managing a WHS in the midst of a vibrant community set- only such body which is independent of the State, and ting. The community is well informed and acutely aware Local Authorities are obliged to consult it with regard to of the importance of the site’s OUV. It is entitled to a level development proposals which may have heritage implica- of input into the active management of the site and to be tions. An Taisce seeks to educate, inform and lead public consulted so that it can make an effective contribution to opinion on the environment and to advocate and influence management decisions. A policy of inclusivity is critical to policy at European, national and local levels. An Taisce is the success of the Management Plan. currently Ireland’s executive representative on the European Environmental Bureau, a Brussels-based NGO that shadows 5.3.2 Private Landowners and Leaseholders the European Commission on environmental matters. An Local landowners and leaseholders within the Brú na Taisce is also a significant landowner within the WHS. Bóinne WHS continue to play a major role in the preser- vation of monuments on their lands. The owners and 5.3.6 Academic and Research Community occupiers of land within the WHS have a proud history of There is a long history of archaeological and historical preserving and maintaining the wealth of archaeological research in Brú na Bóinne, going back as far as 1699, monuments located on their lands, and their stewardship when Welsh antiquarian Edward Lhuyd first wrote about down the centuries has been one of the primary reasons the then newly discovered tomb at Newgrange. Research for the preservation of the OUV of the site as a whole. contributes to awareness, appreciation and understand- ing, all of which are vital ingredients of sustainable man- 5.3.3 ICOMOS Ireland (International Council on agement. The Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site, Monuments and Sites) Research Framework was at the time (2009) only the third ICOMOS International was founded in 1965 and is an such document to be published globally and its production NGO with members from around the world. ICOMOS drew together all previous work and promoted an inte- Ireland was founded in 1984 and since then it has grown grated understanding of the WHS. Since publication there and developed and currently has over 100 members. has been a sustained and coordinated approach to the These are professionals from a range of disciplines drawn study of Brú na Bóinne. from the State heritage services, local government, muse- ums, third level institutions and private practice. ICOMOS 5.3.7 Directed Research Ireland follows, advises and comments on matters relating The Directed Archaeological Research Fund has been to World Heritage in Ireland. ICOMOS International established by DAHRRGA and is administered through the advises the World Heritage Committee on built heritage Royal Irish Academy with a view to producing research matters in relation to already inscribed sites and has a role which also aids in the management of the archaeological in monitoring the management of WHSs and maintaining resource. During the lifetime of this Plan it is hoped that their OUV. much of the research work will also produce useful gazetteers of sites, whether surveyed, excavated or dis- 5.3.4 Fáilte Ireland covered through geophysics within the WHS and the Fáilte Ireland is the National Tourism Development Buffer Zone, which will allow a more detailed manage- Authority, responsible for supporting Ireland’s tourism ment scheme to emerge. industry and sustaining Ireland as a high-quality and com- petitive tourism destination. Fáilte Ireland works with other State agencies and representative bodies at local and 5.4 CURRENT PROPERTY MANAGEMENT national levels to implement and champion positive and FRAMEWORK practical strategies that will benefit Irish tourism and the As the State Party to the UNESCO World Heritage larger economy. Convention, overall responsibility for the protection of the Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 43

Fig. 33: Display within the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre

by the NMS of the DAHRRGA. Archaeological and archi- tectural works on monuments in State care are only car- ried out with the consent of the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs. All other archaeological works on non-National Monuments sites are carried out under licence.

5.6 GENERAL MAINTENANCE WORKS

The maintenance work at Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth is carried out by the OPW direct labour force which Fig. 34: The passage tomb at Dowth is based at the Knowth House sub-depot. Maintenance works at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre, a contemporary Brú na Bóinne WHS rests with the DAHRRGA. The building but also a Protected Structure which is included Department is responsible to the Oireachtas for the in the RPS in the Development Plan for County Meath, is national legislative and policy framework for built and nat- carried out by maintenance staff based at the centre. ural heritage. The OPW manages the State-owned lands in the WHS, including the Visitor Centre (Fig. 33). 5.7 CONSERVATION WORKS

The two organisations liaise to provide an integrated All conservation works by the OPW are carried out under approach to the management and operation of the site. Ministerial Consent from the DAHRRGA and are under- Coordination between the OPW and the DAHRRGA is taken with due regard to the various international char- subject to a Service Level Agreement. ters, conventions and guidance documents that provide a framework for the preservation of historic monuments and WHSs. Legislation in relation to National Monuments 5.5 CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT and wildlife must be complied with when undertaking STRUCTURE conservation work (Fig. 34). The management of the cultural heritage at Brú na Bóinne is part of the remit of the OPW. Archaeological input to Conservation works are carried out by a direct labour force the conservation and presentation of the site is provided under the direction of the OPW Senior Architect for the 44 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 35: A guide addressing visitors at Newgrange

Trim region. Archaeological input into the works is carried 5.8.2 Knowth out either under contract, subject to licence from the Since the winter of 2005, all the external carved stones DAHRRGA, or directly by Departmental staff. District including standing stones and kerb stones have been Works meetings between OPW and DAHRRGA are held loosely wrapped for the duration of the winter months to every few months to review projects in the district, includ- protect them from frost damage. ing those concerning the WHS. 5.8.3 Dowth The site is open and accessible but public access to the 5.8 RECENT AND ONGOING WORKS south tomb is restricted at present due to concerns regard- Some conservation works at Knowth and Newgrange have ing safety. recently been completed. Ongoing activity will include the long-term monitoring of the works on these sites. 5.8.4 Knowth House Knowth House was re-roofed in 2003 and since then the 5.8.1 Newgrange entire complex of outbuildings has been re-roofed. In the previous Management Plan it was recommended Consideration will be given to the use of this house for that an advisory group be set up to look at the option of educational purposes. moving the entrance stone indoors and replacing it with a replica (Fig. 35). Since October 2004 the highly deco- rated entrance stone has been covered with a waterproof 5.9 SURVEY AND RECORDING fabric and insulation each evening during the winter A full survey was carried out at the sites of Newgrange months, from October until the end of March. During the and Knowth passage tombs in 2009. The survey is avail- extreme weather over the winter of 2010–2011 the site able in Autocad; the two chambers at Knowth have been was closed for a number of days and the stone remained fully recorded (post-conservation) and the locations of all covered throughout the day. recorded megalithic art in the passageway have been inte- Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 45

Fig. 36: Satellite passage tomb at Knowth with the outbuildings of Knowth House in the background grated into the survey. This information will be part of the soon to be published volumes on the megalithic art and the conservation works in the Knowth publication series.

5.10 VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 5.10.1 Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre and Facilities Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre is situated on the south side of the River Boyne. The centre contains exhibitions that describe the society that created the Neolithic tombs, their homes, dress, food, tools and weapons. Great emphasis Fig. 37: Visitors leaving WHS by footbridge is placed throughout the exhibition on the building of the monuments: why they were built: how they were used; where the building stones were found, and how these Knowth is open from Easter until the end of October. were moved to the site. An audio–visual show deals pri- These details may change but can be looked up on the marily with the solar alignments of the monuments in the OPW website: www.heritageireland.ie. Boyne Valley. The extensive exhibition also contains a par- tial full-scale replica of the chamber at Newgrange as well It is possible to view the mound at Dowth by going directly as a replica of one of the smaller sites at Knowth. The cen- to the site but there is no public access to the tombs them- tre provides other facilities such as tourist information, selves. restaurant, picnic area and parking. 5.10.2 Access to Brú na Bóinne The Visitor Centre is the starting point for all visits to Current public access to the WHS at Brú na Bóinne is Newgrange and Knowth passage tombs. Visitors wishing strictly controlled as the current road infrastructure is not to access Newgrange and Knowth must join formal tours capable of taking significant numbers of private cars or which leave from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. Visitors tour buses (Fig. 37). Road signage diverts all traffic to the are transported from the Visitor Centre to the monuments Visitor Centre, at which there is ample parking for cars by shuttle bus. The last tour to the monuments leaves 1 and buses. Public transport is provided by Bus Éireann hour and 45 minutes before the centre closes. The last which currently operates a twice daily bus service between admission to the Visitor Centre is 45 minutes before clos- the Visitor Centre and Drogheda (Monday to Saturday ing time. Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre and Newgrange are only, no Sunday service). open all year round except for 24–27 December inclusive. 46 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

5.11 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Within the WHS there is potential to develop, in collabo- ration with the local community, local property owners and tourism networks, a number of sensitive agritourism initiatives. Any proposed new sustainable tourism activity would have to be appropriate to its setting within the WHS and contribute to maintaining the OUV. Sustainable tourism initiatives might, for example, include escorted walking tours of monuments and other heritage sites within the WHS, or allowing visitors the experience of being temporary residents within the landscape of the WHS by adapting existing traditional buildings for use as short-term holiday letting accommodation. The develop- ment of sustainable tourism has actions associated with it Fig. 38: Map showing 19th century buildings in WHS and and the addition of a Community Forum representative to Buffer Zone the Brú na Bóinne Implementation Group is designed to allow the local community to help set the agenda for 5.10.3 Visitor Experience and Safety progress in this area. All actions will have timelines asso- The Management Plan strives to achieve a balance ciated with them and will be reported on annually to the between the conservation of the site, visitor management, Community Forum and to UNESCO. local needs, access and safety. A proposed scheme for a new exhibition for Knowth Farm buildings will consider- 5.11.1 Pilot Study on the Adaptive Re-use of ably enhance the visitor experience at that site. Vacant or Derelict Buildings within the UNESCO Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site 5.10.4 Visitor Numbers The Brú na Bóinne WHS area contains a range of disused The table below provides details of the numbers of visitors traditional and vernacular buildings ranging in size from to the WHS over the last six years. the small cottage through to larger two-storey buildings, in addition to a number of former industrial structures and complexes of buildings (Fig. 38). Some of these buildings have the potential to be sustainably re-used, possibly by sensitively adapting and/or extending them. In 2014

Visitor Numbers

2009 2010* 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre Only 40,406 37,071 43,820 42,483 44,990 48,735 44,705 Knowth 51,941 49,414 51,962 54,350 51,138 58,883 69,057 Newgrange 130,083 122,785 132,760 132,649 133,616 139,173 150,125 Complimentary Ticket Holders (7,238) (7,187) (12,069) (11,103) (11,211) (13,101) (14,842) OPW Free for Schools Scheme (7,504) (7,775) (8,624) (8,847) (7,915) (9,343) (9,144) Heritage Card Users (11,196) (9,271) (9,700) (8,448) (10,854) (10,646) (13,171) Total Number of Visitors 222,430 209,270 228,542 229,482 229,744 246,791 263,838

*In 2010, the Visitor Centre and monument were closed for an extended period due to snow. Visitor numbers were also affected during May due to the volcanic ash cloud which affected flights. Chapter 5: Current Management Systems 47

Meath County Council, in collaboration with local prop- • To engage with the local community; erty owners, the DAHRRGA and the Heritage Council, • To raise awareness of the contribution of traditional commenced an innovative pilot project to explore the buildings to the landscape. potential of bringing three of these buildings back to sus- tainable use. It is hoped that the model of positive engagement devel- oped during the pilot phase will assist in the ongoing sus- The 2014 Pilot Study on the Adaptive Re-use of Existing tainable development management of the WHS. As part Buildings and Sites within the World Heritage Landscape of its role in maintaining the character and integrity of the of Brú na Bóinne has a number of objectives: WHS, it is the intention of Meath County Council to con- tinue to provide advice on best practice for the appropriate • To encourage the sustainable re-use of existing re-use of existing traditional and vernacular buildings buildings within the UNESCO WHS of Brú na Bóinne; within the WHS area. • To demonstrate best practice in the design of extensions and use of materials to give energy efficiency upgrading for the traditional rural building stock;

Part 3 50

Chapter 6 Issues, Objectives and Actions

6.1 STATEMENT OF INTENT • Allocation of the necessary resources to meet identified requirements; This Management Plan will be used as a tool for the effec- • Effective monitoring and periodic reporting; tive implementation of a number of policies and objectives • Dissemination of information and enhanced enjoyment over its lifetime. Where required, actions will be subject to of site for widest possible audience; the appropriate environmental assessments, including • Provision of safe and efficient visitor access; Appropriate Assessment of the likely significant effects on • Optimal liaison with community and local interest Natura 2000 sites in accordance with Article 6(3) of the groups: EU Habitats Directive. • Effective conservation and management of both cultural and natural heritage; The following outcomes are sought during the 10-year • Effective monitoring of conservation and risk lifetime of the Plan: assessment; • Support for the research framework strategy for both • Effective implementation of the actions set out in the the cultural and natural heritage; Management Plan; • Formal interim review of the Management Plan after five years.

Fig. 39: Early medieval ringfort in Knowth townland Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 51

In order to achieve the outcomes in the Statement of works, as necessary and to promote appreciation of Intent over the next 10 years, the various objectives and the Brú na Bóinne WHS. actions—outlined in Section 6.3 below—will need to be • Liaise with public agencies, e.g. ICOMOS Ireland, the implemented. Heritage Council and Fáilte Ireland, NGOs, local communities and interest groups, as required, to ensure the effective implementation of the 6.2 OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS Management Plan. The main objectives and key actions proposed in this Plan • Establish and maintain a land ownership map for the for Brú na Bóinne WHS reflect the Steering Group’s vision Core Area (WHS) and also the Buffer Zone to enable and priorities, taking into account the comments and more effective communication and consultation to views expressed during the extensive consultation process, take place. which is ongoing. A programme of action for the imple- • Set up a Community Forum to air issues of concern to mentation of these objectives is set out in Appendix 10. the local communities and send a representative to the Implementation Group. The Community Forum will meet at least twice a year to: 6.3 ISSUES • review ongoing implementation of the The Management Plan sets out to preserve the OUV of the Management Plan; WHS and its attributes in order to ensure that it continues • consider proposed on-site works programmes; to have a sustainable future (Fig. 39). The key objectives • advise on future objectives; identified in that context, along with the associated issues • provide the Implementation Group with any other and the actions formulated to address them, are set out relevant comments or observations. below. Apart from the establishment of the Community Forum it 6.3.1 Objective No. 1 – Statement of Outstanding would also be helpful to set out systems for communica- Universal Value tion outside those biennial meetings. To inform, and seek the co-operation of all stakeholders in the implementation of measures that set out to preserve Produce an annual report to be submitted to UNESCO and the OUV of the WHS and to incorporate the protection of uploaded to www.worldheritageireland.ie. the OUV into relevant legislation, planning guidelines and policies. 6.3.2 Objective No. 2–WHS Core Area and Buffer Zones Issue To monitor and maintain the adequacy of the WHS Core The Management Plan sets out to maintain the OUV of Area and Buffer Zones—in particular the protection of the the WHS and its attributes to ensure its continuing sus- boundaries of the property and its setting. tainable use. Key issues identified in the Management Plan need to be addressed by the development of policies and Issue actions to deal with them. The Core Area and its Buffer Zone formed part of the orig- inal inscription of the Brú na Bóinne WHS. While there are Actions currently no plans to increase or decrease the designated • Establish a Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site zones, there is a need to protect them from negative Management Plan Implementation Group. impacts from development. • Appoint a Site Manager and Management Team with overall responsibility for day-to-day management issues Action arising in relation to the Brú na Bóinne WHS. • To carry out a review and study of the boundaries of • Provide adequate funding, resources and logistical the WHS property at regular intervals. support to: effectively manage Brú na Bóinne; protect • To monitor the effectiveness of the existing Core Area the natural and built heritage; continue conservation and Buffer Zones in the protection of the OUV of the 52 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Action • Request Meath County Council and Louth County Council to incorporate the Management Plan 2017 into their respective County Development Plans by invoking appropriate statutory processes, as required. • Address World Heritage issues in the updating of the National Monuments Acts to secure particular protection for the WHS and protection of its OUV. • All newly discovered monuments within the WHS and the Buffer Zone will be entered onto the RMP for their protection.

6.3.4 Objective No. 4–Promotion of the OUV To promote a wider knowledge of the significance of the WHS, its OUV, its attributes and other values through the Fig. 40: Medieval land ownership in WHS area dissemination of information relevant to the WHS and the benefits of its ongoing preservation and conservation. WHS. • To promote knowledge and understanding of the Issue significance of the WHS Core Area and Buffer Zones The presentation of the WHS is a key duty of the State among those who manage and promote projects likely Party to the World Heritage Convention. This will be to impact upon the zones and those who live within achieved mainly by access for visitors to the WHS, and close to the zones. although remote access, for example via websites, is • To integrate protective measures for the WHS with becoming increasingly important. Sustainable tourism can development plans and other infrastructural also provide benefits for the WHS as well as for local com- programmes. munities and the local economy. It is also considered that • To consult with the Community Forum before making wider knowledge of the OUV will assist in the conserva- any changes to the boundaries. tion, preservation and sustainability of the WHS. • To inform UNESCO of any large-scale or infrastructural schemes that may affect the WHS. Action • Improve access to relevant information and 6.3.3 Objective No. 3–Statutory Protection of the disseminate such information in various media, WHS including websites and related media through the use Agree adequate measures and procedures with Meath of digital technologies. and Louth County Councils for inclusion in their County • Improve access by way of virtual tours of the Development Plans for the protection of the WHS; recom- monuments not open to the public, e.g. Knowth and mend appropriate measures for adoption in the proposed Dowth. updating of the National Monuments Act. • Maintain liaison with Meath County Council and Louth County Council with regard to raising the public profile Issue of the WHS OUV. The National Monuments Acts, the Planning and • Include more promotional material such as solstice Development Acts and the associated Planning events on www.worldheritageireland.ie. Regulations provide the primary tools for achieving appro- • Work with OPW to improve arrangements for access priate protection from undesirable impacts on the WHS to Dowth (South) passage tomb. and its OUV as well as individual monuments, their set- tings, and the greater landscape. Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 53

Fig. 41: Decorated basin stone, eastern tomb, Knowth

6.3.5 Objective No. 5–Research and • Work on the new visitor facility at Knowth House and Understanding ensure a high quality of information and presentation. To promote and use the existing research framework in • Continue to give grant aid to the Royal Irish Academy order to encourage projects that will inform not only for the Directed Archaeological Research Fund. archaeological and related research but also management of the WHS (Fig. 40). 6.3.6 Objective No. 6 – Conservation of Built Heritage Issue To preserve the cultural heritage of the WHS and sustain A research framework for the WHS has been drawn up and enhance the WHS OUV and its attributes through the which summarises the history and background to research conservation of its archaeology and built heritage includ- to date within the WHS and indicates areas that would ing its structures, artwork and landscape (Fig. 41). reward further detailed research (Smyth 2009, Fig. 4.10). Brú na Bóinne is a cultural landscape formed by people Actions and nature. The landscape is known to have both visible • Draft terms of reference for, and appoint, an Expert and below-surface sites and features of prehistoric, early Advisory Committee to advise on best practice for a medieval, medieval and post-medieval date, bearing tes- publication programme and future research. timony to a continuous habitation of what is in essence a • Review the research framework at appropriate cultural landscape. intervals. • Enhance the experience of visitors to the site through Guidelines such as Good Farming Practice and Archaeology increasing knowledge of Brú na Bóinne, by (DEHLG 2003) work with the partnership, interest and encouraging research and by ensuring its results are respect of individual landowners. Alongside the National appropriately disseminated. Landscape Strategy for Ireland 2015–2025 (DAHG 2015) • Support any relevant national research programmes. they provide the starting point for the discussion and devel- • Implement the research framework and promote the opment of a proactive setting and landscape strategy over participation of universities and interested parties in the timespan of the Management Plan. research programmes. • Establish a research archive. Issue • Update the exhibition at the WHS Visitor Centre in Archaeological sites in the WHS should be managed to light of new information and research. protect and explain their significance, authenticity and 54 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 integrity. The artwork at the three main passage tombs is • Produce a detailed report on all conservation unparalleled and its conservation is a major issue. interventions for lodgement in the Archive Section, However, a balance has to be struck between the obliga- DAHRRGA. tion to present the WHS to the public and its protection. Conservation must take precedence in balancing these 6.3.8 Objective No. 8–Conservation of Natural twin aims (Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2002). Heritage To identify and protect the natural heritage of the WHS. Actions • The condition and vulnerability of all archaeological Issue sites and monuments throughout the WHS will be The WHS has a rich natural heritage. The introduction of reviewed regularly to guide future management action alien species could have a detrimental effect on biodiver- and priorities. sity within Brú na Bóinne and it is important to prevent • All artwork will be regularly monitored and such occurrences. vulnerabilities identified to inform work plans. • The setting of visible monuments and sites in the Actions landscape and their inter-relationships will be • Prepare and implement a five-year biodiversity plan for maintained and enhanced with particular attention the WHS. given to achieving an appropriate landscape setting for • Maintain close co-operation, including regular the passage tombs and other key monuments. meetings, between the project team, the Guide service • A framework will be created for archaeological survey and the NPWS, with an NPWS representative on the of the Core Area with an aim of extending the survey site management and implementation committees. out to the Buffer Zone. • Apply, as necessary, Ministerial Consent in respect of any operation/activity requiring consent within the 6.3.7 Objective No. 7–Conservation of State- SAC/SPA. owned Properties within the WHS • Ensure an Appropriate Assessment is carried out for To preserve the cultural heritage of the WHS, and sustain any plan or project (either individually or in and enhance its OUV through the conservation of its combination) likely to have a significant effect on the archaeology and landscape setting. species and their habitats for which the SPA or the SAC has been designated. Issue Given the nature of the WHS there is considerable focus 6.3.9 Objective No. 9–Liaison with Local on the State-owned monuments. With the number of vis- Communities itors and potential impacts, and the need to properly pres- The local communities, many of whom actively participate ent the sites, there is a continuing need for ongoing in the conservation, preservation and promotion of the conservation and archaeological works. All such works will WHS, are stakeholders in its management. The Plan be screened for an Appropriate Assessment. acknowledges and will support the rights of local commu- nities in relation to sustainable socio-economic growth Actions and development. To this end, it recognises that in work- • Draft a full pre-works survey and a detailed ing to achieve the primary objective of the protection of specification for each phase of future works, in the OUV of Brú na Bóinne, it must also assist communities advance of any work commencing on the site. to continue to sustain and develop the area’s economy • Prepare a formal, structured maintenance programme and social cohesion. for all conserved structures. • Produce a detailed stratigraphic report of the Issue archaeological excavations for lodgement in the The Management Plan sets out to protect the sustainabil- Archive Section, DAHRRGA, and for publication on the ity and encourage the viability of the communities living website (worldheritageireland.ie). within the Core Area and Buffer Zone of the WHS. Key to Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 55 the sustainability of these communities is their ability to 6.3.10 Objective No. 10–Risk Management continue to live, work and engage in recreation within the To protect and preserve the OUV of the WHS and its set- area. ting by assessing risks and potential risks, reviewing cur- rent preparedness and suggesting appropriate corrective Actions measures. • Establish a Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site Community Forum to discuss issues relating to the Issue WHS in general and to make observations on the Risk Management Plans should be developed to reduce implementation of the Plan. the likelihood and impact of loss of significant features to • Work with Local Authorities to develop a guidance flood, fire, unauthorised demolition, vandalism etc., and document which provides advice on siting and design to highlight the cumulative effect of multiple small-scale in relation to residential and agricultural development risks, e.g. theft of stone from monuments. within the WHS. • Work with the Local Authorities to facilitate Actions consultation with applicants regarding the siting and • Identify and evaluate the protection of the WHS and design of developments affecting the UNESCO WHS OUV from risks and potential risks. of Brú na Bóínne, and the scope of any necessary • Document risks and potential counter-measures. impact assessments. • Recommend monitoring systems and possible • Work with the Local Authorities and other relevant preventative measures and plans. agencies in promoting and encouraging sustainable economic development in the area, particularly in 6.3.11 Objective No. 11–Tourism tourism and agriculture. Make all reports referenced in To develop the tourism potential of the site and to achieve this Plan available to the public. an appropriate balance with the protection and preserva- • Examine and, where possible, rectify issues raised in tion of the OUV of the WHS and its setting. the consultation process. These are listed in Appendices 2 and 3. Issue • Liaise with Local Authorities on issues raised: The full potential of tourism as a stimulus to the local • signage, liaise with both the Local Authorities and economy may not be realised unless the existence and sig- Transport Infrastructure Ireland to ensure that the nificance of the WHS is adequately identified and pro- local roads and motorways have accurate and moted. Conversely, tourism may cause damage if defined helpful signage; capacities are exceeded or if resulting facilities and traffic • work with OPW to deal with issues relating to the threaten the authenticity and integrity of the WHS in its shuttle bus service and derelict sites in the spatial context. Therefore, the capacity for tourism-related ownership of the State in order to deal with local usage of the WHS must be optimised with the necessary concerns; infrastructure put in place to achieve this and appropriate • work with OPW to ensure delivery of an online marketing strategies implemented to support sustainable ticketing service; tourism activity. • ensure that the Community Forum has access to site managers and officials from DAHRRGA and Actions OPW on a regular basis; • Ensure that all visitor management and promotion • work with the Community Forum to ensure that practices are consistent with the maintenance of the their terms of reference are developed is such a OUV of the WHS. way as to provide influence, accountability and • Maintain ongoing assessment of visitor numbers and relevance to the Forum and the local community management to ensure early identification of potential . threats to the OUV. • Develop an integrated approach involving Ireland’s Ancient East, the Boyne Valley Tourism Office, Fáilte 56 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 42: Flooding on the Boyne at Newgrange

Ireland, local tourism networks, Local Authorities, local should be actively managed so that they do not impact businesses and local communities in the development negatively on Brú na Bóinne. of a tourism strategy for the greater area. • Identify monuments in private ownership which could Actions be made accessible to the public with co-operation • Continue to review the optimum number of visitors to from the landowner. the individual sites consistent with site protection. • Advise landowners proposing to allow access to • Education values will also be reviewed by carrying out monuments on their land of best practice for visitor a detailed assessment of visitor impact and trends. management and assist, where possible, with • Collect visitor statistics for each season and analyse proposals to provide tours or visitor services to sites in trends. the WHS that are not currently accessible. • Continue to explore sustainable cultural tourism • Collaborate with the local community, Fáilte Ireland initiatives that have the potential to further deepen the and Meath and Louth County Councils to advise and engagement of the local community, visitors and assist with sustainable agritourism initiatives tourists with the WHS. appropriate to the WHS. • Continue to liaise and co-operate with Fáilte Ireland and local tourism bodies to ensure conservation 6.3.12 Objective No. 12–Effective Management obligations are communicated to tourism agencies. of Visitors and Tourists • Investigate future uses for Knowth House. To sustainably manage tourism strategies and initiatives in • Provide an online booking/ticketing system to create a light of the obligation to preserve, conserve and maintain more flexible and open approach to the tourist the OUV of the WHS. experience.

Issue 6.3.13 Objective No. 13–Visitor Access, Capacity It is essential that a sustainable balance is maintained and Interpretation between tourism strategies for the region and the preser- To ensure that visitors have a safe and informative experi- vation of the WHS. It is important to recognise and sup- ence when they visit the site and that a quality service is port cultural tourism insofar as it is compatible with the provided for them. primary obligation of the conservation, maintenance and protection in perpetuity of this WHS. Visitor numbers Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 57

Issue The provision of an appropriate standard of visitor access and interpretation.

Actions • Maintain a quality Guide service to enhance the visitor experience by ensuring that there are relevant training programmes in place for the Guides. • Continue to balance the need to preserve the OUV of the WHS while facilitating public access through appropriate management. • Liaise with Transport Infrastructure Ireland, Meath and Louth County Councils to place internationally recognised UNESCO WHS signage at the boundaries Fig. 43: Dowth Henge of the site. • Replace all signs which mention Newgrange when they Actions actually indicate the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. • Monitor and document, at appropriate intervals, the • Discuss with the Local Authority, provision of signage condition and vulnerability of monuments within the for other attractions in the area. WHS. • Liaise with relevant bodies on a review of the current • Identify potential threats to the monuments and the directional signage. OUV. These would include flooding, storm damage, • Examine, in co-operation with the Local Authorities drought and air pollution. and residents, the issues relating to road traffic, buses • Take appropriate action and prioritise the protection of and parking raised by the local community during the monuments. consultations associated with the making of this Plan. • Make use of the arts to interpret and promote the 6.3.15 Objective No. 15–Impacts from WHS to the people of Ireland and the world. Agriculture To protect and preserve the OUV of the WHS and its set- 6.3.14 Objective No. 14–Climate Change ting by preventing negative impacts from agricultural To protect and preserve the OUV of the WHS and its set- activities and by promoting best farming practice (Fig. 43). ting by reviewing the condition and vulnerability of the sites and monuments and their setting within the WHS Issue and to adjust management actions and guidance accord- The generality of agricultural activity in the area presents ingly (Fig. 42). no significant threat to the WHS. However, certain agri- cultural practices, such as inappropriate livestock grazing Issue (at or on monuments), tree planting, hedgerow removal, Threats to the WHS from the potential effects of climate ground levelling, deep ploughing and farm building change. renewal and extension, have the potential to impact adversely on the site. The changing climate has the potential to affect the WHS in a number of different ways, and these need to be con- Actions sidered. Negative impacts could occur as a result of • Monitor agricultural practices within the WHS at changes in temperature, rainfall and flooding patterns, appropriate intervals. changes in vegetation and biodiversity, and air particle lev- • Identify vulnerabilities and potential threats to the OUV. els. • Ensure that all practices are consistent with the maintenance of the OUV of the WHS. • Liaise with the farming bodies (IFA and Teagasc) to 58 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

produce good practice guidelines in relation to farming Issue practices within WHSs. Provision of outreach services and interpretive and educa- tional material across the widest range of platforms to 6.3.16 Objective No. 16–Sustainable effectively communicate the OUV of the WHS at Brú na Development Management Bóinne. To protect and preserve the OUV of the WHS, its attributes and landscape setting by providing appropriate guidance Actions and advice to Local Authorities and development agents • Continue to promote the WHS as a learning resource concerning the protection of the OUV of the WHS. to schools, third level institutions, communities and other interested parties. Issue • Upgrade the information and display in the Visitors Threats to the WHS from the impacts and potential Centre to the highest standard and ensure it is impacts of development. reflective of recent archaeological research. • Ensure that academic publications are followed up Significant negative impacts on the WHS and its setting with non-specialist material based on the results of the can be caused by developments within and adjacent to it. academic work. Such impacts may include direct physical impacts, negative • Examine the uses of Knowth House for educational visual impacts and the gradual cumulative accretion of purposes. intrusive elements. • Ensure that the new facility in Knowth House complements the information displayed in the Visitors Actions Centre. • Protect the WHS and OUV from adverse development • Create a virtual visit to the WHS for people unable to impacts. visit the site. • Offer appropriate advice and guidance to Local Authorities and relevant development agencies and 6.3.18 Objective No. 18–Boyne Valley Navigation agents. To ensure protection of the Boyne Navigation where it • Implement the provisions of the Local Authority passes through the WHS. At the relevant stage of imple- Development Plans and other relevant mentation, actions will be screened for Appropriate legislation/regulations in a consistent manner. Assessment, and an Appropriate Assessment carried out • Encourage, where appropriate, the conservation and where necessary. sustainable re-use of existing traditional and vernacular buildings within the WHS. Issue • Monitor and document, at appropriate intervals, the Ensure that the Boyne Valley Navigation route is effectively nature and density of development within and around incorporated into the visitor experience to enhance the the WHS. offering provided by the WHS as a whole. • Continue, in conjunction with Meath County Council, to provide an integrated pre-planning service where Actions the Local Authority and the DAHRRGA officials will • Facilitate the preservation and the restoration of the jointly comment on pre-planning issues within the Boyne Canal and its Navigation where it passes WHS. through the WHS and its Buffer Zone. • Facilitate access to and along the Boyne Canal and 6.3.17 Objective No. 17–Education Navigation for the purpose of restoration. To protect and promote the OUV of the WHS and its set- • Maintain public access to and along the existing ting by highlighting the educational value of the site and towpath which runs alongside the Boyne Canal. its potential to inspire and inform people from across the • Facilitate the provision of a walking and cycling track world due to its unique nature. on the towpath. • Maintain close co-operation and levels of consultation Chapter 6: Issues, Objectives and Actions 59

with An Taisce, as owners of the Boyne Navigation, in whilst ensuring that it does not pose any likely all matters relating to the Boyne Navigation where it significant effects on the conservation objectives of the passes through the WHS. relevant Natura 2000 sites. • Ensure that all works on the Boyne Navigation are recorded archaeologically and that the underwater and The Management Plan is a dynamic document that will land-based archaeology on and surrounding the site evolve as the management priorities shift, conditions on- are preserved or excavated. site change and other factors come into play. It is essential • Facilitate navigation along the Boyne Canal and that there is regular monitoring to provide the most up- relevant sections of the River Boyne where the to-date information. The Management Plan will underpin Navigation passes through the WHS and Buffer Zone all management actions carried out in relation to the WHS. 60

Chapter 7 Implementing the Brú na Bóinne Management Plan (2017)

7.1 IMPLEMENTATION assessment of the legislative and administrative provisions adopted by Ireland and the actions undertaken in relation The Management Plan’s objectives and policies set out in to the Brú na Bóinne WHS. The next cycle of UNESCO peri- Chapter 6 will be achieved through a wide range of proj- odic reporting of Ireland’s WHSs will take place in 2018. ects, to be undertaken by a variety of organisations involved in the WHS. 7.3 FUNDING AND RESOURCES Under this Plan, the DAHRRGA will establish a Community It is important for the effective delivery of the Plan that it Forum which will meet at least twice a year to discuss is adequately resourced in both funding and staff. All issues relating to the WHS in general and to make obser- vations upon the implementation of the Plan. The mem- organisations involved should fully recognise the signifi- bership of the Forum will be drawn from relevant cance of the WHS and devote sufficient resources towards stakeholders, including the communities within the area its management. encompassed by the WHS and from Donore and Slane. The Forum will be encouraged to become a proactive part- A number of projects identified in Chapter 6 are additional ner in the management of the WHS and will be repre- to the core activities of partner organisations and will sented on the Implementation Group which oversees the require their joint input. Many will require input from exist- management of the site. Part of this will be the establish- ing staff resources and the organisations involved should ment of direct lines of communication so that the Forum commit all the necessary time required to collaborative can make its views known directly to WHS management projects. outside of these meetings. 7.4 REVIEWING THE PLAN’S The Management Plan Implementation Group (consisting EFFECTIVENESS of representatives drawn from the DAHRRGA, OPW, the County Councils, tourism interests, the Site Management It is recognised that, with varying management priorities Team, and the Community Forum), together with the and other factors stemming from the complexity of the objectives and actions identified in the Plan and the annual site, the relevance of the Management Plan may change reports on the Plan, will ensure the sustainability of the over time. As such, the effectiveness of the implementa- Brú na Bóínne WHS for present and future generations. tion of the Plan will be addressed by: The monitoring required by the Plan will focus on indica- tors linked to the site’s OUV, authenticity and integrity. • Production of annual Brú na Bóinne WHS reports and publication of them on www.worldheritageireland.ie; The aims and objectives are laid out in Appendix 10. These • Periodic reporting; will now form the basis for annual work plans. • Monitoring the progress of actions; • Assessment of the effectiveness of each action to achieve objectives; 7.2 PERIODIC REVIEW • Undertaking interim reviews, as required; The DAHRRGA, as focal point, in consultation with the • Extensive reassessment of the Plan after five years. OPW, will be responsible for periodic reporting on the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. This is As these steps are taken, relevant sections of the Plan may a report that will be submitted to UNESCO providing an need to be updated accordingly and the Plan reissued. Chapter 7: Implementing the Brú na Bóinne Management Plan (2016) 61

Public consultation may be undertaken to inform relevant results, these will form the basis for the annual report to stakeholders of new issues, if they arise. All the actions UNESCO. are specified in Appendix 10; together with timelines and 62 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Fig. 44: Lidar mapping of the WHS are at Brú na Bóinne Appendices

65

Appendix 1 List of members of Steering Group

Name Details

Brendan McSherry Heritage Officer, Louth County Council

Emer O'Callaghan Louth County Council

Marguerite Quinn Louth County Council

Patrick Gallagher Meath County Council

Councillor Paddy Meade Meath County Council

Lorreto Guinan Heritage Officer Meath County Council

Wendy Bagnall Meath County Council

Jill Chadwick Conservation Officer Meath County Council

Councillor Wayne Harding Meath County Council (Slane)

Frank Lynagh Slane Historical Society

Gareth Kyne Boyne Valley Consultative Committee

Ian Doyle Head of Conservation Unit, The Heritage Council

Michele Whelan Boyne Valley Tourism Officer

Tómas ÓhÓistín Representing local interests

Geoffrey Clarke An Taisce (The National Trust for Ireland)

Gráinne Ward Fáilte Ireland

Gabriel Cooney ICOMOS Ireland

Clare Tuffy Manager, Brú na Bóinne Centre, OPW

Ana Dolan Senior Conservation Architect, OPW

John Cahill Senior Conservation Architect, OPW

Patricia Ryan Higher Executive Officer, OPW

Maurice Eakin District Conservation Officer, NPWS, DAHRRGA

Marc Ritchie Architect AHAU, DAHRRGA

Tom Condit Archaeologist NMS, DAHRRGA

Terry Allen Principal Officer, NMS, DAHRRGA

Edward Bourke Senior Archaeologist NMS, DAHRRGA

Paul Connolly Assistant Principal Officer, NMS, DAHRRGA

Karen Brophy Higher Executive Officer, NMS, DAHRRGA 66 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Previous Members

Name Details

Gabriel Mullen Group representing local interests

Councillor Ann Dillon-Gallagher Meath County Council (Slane)

Councillor Frank Maher Louth County Council (Drogheda)

Fionnuala Parnell Assistant Principal Officer, OPW

John Ducie Properties Officer, An Taisce (The National Trust for Ireland)

Margaret Gowen ICOMOS Ireland

Eugene Kearney Group representing local interests

Mark Rowlette Fáilte Ireland

Brian Lucas Principal Officer Heritage Policy, DAHRRGA

Margaret Carroll Assistant Principal Officer, DAHRRGA

Paula McCaul Acting Boyne Valley Tourism Officer

Gráinne Downey Boyne Valley Consultative Committee

Eddie Forsyth Assistant Principal Officer, NMS, DAHRRGA

Catherine Desmond Archaeologist, NMS, DAHRRGA 67

Appendix 2 Summary of first phase of Public Consultation Process

Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site Management Plan Consultation up to 2011 - Public Submissions

In April 2011 submissions were invited from the public as submissions addressed more than one issue relating to the part of the preparation of a draft new Management Plan WHS. Issues have been extracted from the submissions and for the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site (WHS). A are presented below. They have been placed under the consultation paper and a draft framework document for relevant headings which are based on UNESCO the Plan were uploaded to the World Heritage Ireland recommendations. Some of the comments are no longer website www.worldheritageireland.ie and a public meeting relevant with actions having been implemented since the was held at Brú na Bóinne on 23 June 2011. The final submissions were made in 2011. All submissions have closing date for submissions was 30 September 2011. been considered in the drafting of the new Brú na Bóinne Fifty-seven submissions were received by the World Heritage Site Management Plan. Department. It should be noted that most of the

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY

MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE – Councils. Any action to be included in the Plan must take BOYNE CANAL cognisance of this. Liaison between all parties should be encouraged in the Management Plan. • To facilitate the preservation and the restoration of the Boyne Canal and its Navigation where it passes through the WHS and its Buffer Zone. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE • To maintain public access to, and on, the existing tow - • Allow admittance to Newgrange from both sides of the path which runs alongside the Boyne Canal. river or correct the road signs. Regular maintenance of • To facilitate the provision of a walking and cycling track the area should be a priority in order to ensure a posi - on the towpath along the Boyne Canal. tive image of our WHS thus increasing the likelihood of • To facilitate navigation along the Boyne Canal and rel - repeat visits. evant sections of the River Boyne where the Navigation • Serious consideration should be given to the possibility passes through the WHS or the Buffer Zone. of working with landowners to open up access to the • To facilitate access to and along the Boyne Canal and wealth of other monuments and places in the WHS. Navigation for the purpose of restoration. • A walkway was created in Roughgrange with a car park • To maintain close co-operation and levels of consulta - at the west end but none at the east end, this must be tion with An Taisce, as owners of the Boyne Navigation, addressed at it is leading to dangerous road traffic con - in all matters relating to same. ditions. • Development of the Boyne Canal would greatly • A shuttle bus service should be implemented, starting improve the local amenity and allow the unique atmos - from Drogheda out to Battle of the Boyne Centre at phere and natural habitat of the area to be better expe - Oldbridge, and on to Donore, Brú na Bóinne, Slane rienced, improve tourist retention within the area and Castle and village, the Hill of Slane, the Francis reduce current leakage to Dublin. The alternative access Ledwidge Museum and back to Drogheda. to the Brú na Bóinne facility would potentially increase • A new Management Plan and team should take cogni - visitor numbers to the centre. sance of the potential to develop routeways through the WHS such as a cycleway along the towpath of the Comments : Boyne Canal. Such potential developments would This is an issue that is not just relevant to the Management mean that new ways of accessing the WHS have to be Plan but also to An Taisce and Louth and Meath County considered and planned for. 68 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

• They could also include a relaxation of the access policy needs to highlight the difference between travelling to to encourage pedestrian or cycling access to the State- Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre and travelling to owned monuments. The use of IT booking systems to Newgrange, Knowth, Dowth and other townlands. manage this could add a measure of control. Such a • Signage must be accurate, correct and legal. Slane vil - move would also open up the possibility of sustainable lage should be centre point on any new plan. local businesses, e.g. bike rental, walking tours. • High definition webcams should be installed at all three • If all visitor traffic is encouraged to travel via the M1 sites and be freely available on the World Heritage and Donore it will lead to fewer people staying in local Ireland website in real time. These cameras should be accommodation and less economic benefit for the local placed in the passage and chamber of Newgrange and community. There may also be an opportunity to Dowth and in each passage of Knowth, in addition to a develop an alternative route. wide angle view of the exterior of each site. This has the • A developed walking route would create opportunities potential to bring the magic of the solar alignments and for local accommodation providers in providing B&B, the sites to a worldwide audience and could be a valu - lunches and luggage forwarding, etc. The developed able educational tool throughout the rest of the year. route would need to have signage and information boards, picnic areas, parking and litter facilities, map Comments : guides etc. The provision of an appropriate standard of visitor access and interpretation is an essential requirement for the • It would seem to make sense to develop a car park area WHS. It is crucial that visitor numbers are actively man - on the north side of the river near the pedestrian aged so that visitor numbers do not impact negatively on bridge. This would allow visitors to come into the centre Brú na Bóinne. There will be objectives and actions relating from the north side of the river (by parking and walking to this heading in the Management Plan. across the bridge to the centre) and participate in the various tours etc. from there. TOURISM/ECONOMIC IMPACTS Comments : Any actions arising out of this issue will require close co- • Any future plan will look to breathe life, energy and operation with the Office of Public Works (OPW), Louth positivity into our most historic area, and ensure that and Meath County Councils, Fáilte Ireland, Transport tourists can experience a true, hearty, Irish welcome and Infrastructure Ireland and the local community. see our culture and heritage thriving. • The operation of the WHS must be accepted as a tourism resource – rather than only as a monument INTERPRETATION/SIGNAGE conservation resource as at present – and must operate as part of a wider targeted tourist resource encompass - • Directional signage to Junction 9, along the R152 from ing the wide Boyne Valley Area. the exit ramp of the M1 at Junction 8 to the exit ramp/roundabout at Junction 9 of the M1 and continu - • As a matter of urgency, the Department should estab - ing at every junction on the L1601 towards the Brú na lish a working relationship with all paper/online map - Bóinne Visitor Centre, in Drogheda at all major junctions ping companies and travel guide publishers to ensure along an axis between Drogheda McBride train station that all their respective products direct visitors to the Visitor Centre and not the individual sites. to the N51/M1 (Junction 10) roundabout – including R132/Donore Road, R132/Trinity Street/R168, • Re-establishing Slane as a tourist hub is of the utmost R132/Patrick Street/R166, R132/Cement Road/Cross importance to create local jobs and stimulate the local Lane/R166, R132/R168 roundabout and R168/Mell economy. roundabout, at all junctions along the N51 between the • Increase efforts in the promotion of local accommoda - M1 Junction 10/N51 and the M3 Junctions 8 and 9, on tion, facilities and related or alternative activities in the the N2 and N51 at all approaches to Slane village, at the area and thus greatly improve the retention of visitors N2/N51 Junction in Slane village, on the M3 at Junctions within the area. 8 and 9, in Navan at all road junctions along the rivers Boyne and Blackwater (i.e. N3/N51, R147/R153/ Comments : R161/R162) and Navan from R147 at all junctions along Tourism may cause damage if defined capacities are the L1600 to the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. exceeded or if resulting facilities and traffic threaten the authenticity and integrity of the WHS in its spatial context. • Please address the removal of the sign to Dowth. Therefore the extent of tourism-related use a WHS can tol - Nobody knows where L1607 leads to. erate, the necessary infrastructure to do so and limits to • A clearer signage system needs to be put in place. It tourism development and marketing have to be deter - Appendix 2 Summary of first phase of Public Consultation Process 69 mined. There will be objectives and actions in the actions should then be easily adapted from this objective. Management Plan relevant to this heading. Actions can be extracted from the above submissions and should be included in the new Management Plan.

RESEARCH CORE AREA/BUFFER ZONE • It is recommended that the Draft Management Plan would be underpinned by an up- to-date understand - • As set out in the research framework, it is recom - ing of the WHS as set out in the Brú na Bóinne World mended that under the new Management Plan previ - Heritage Site, Research Framework and by current ous work on the boundaries and Buffer Zone needs to research. be revisited and built upon to provide a robust setting and landscape-use strategy to aid future planning and • The new Management Plan will hopefully create an management of the WHS. Such a review should be explicit link between the research carried out in the informed by an examination of definitions in existing WHS and environs and the Management Plan. policy documents, legislation and case studies. • The Plan might include measures to allow for the imple - • The Core Area should be expanded to include at least mentation of at least some of the recommendations of the north-facing slopes of the south valley of the River the research framework document including some Boyne and preferably the entire current Buffer Zone. mechanism for the funding or at least active facilitation of ongoing research incorporating new technologies. • Through engagement and agreement with the local community, the Core Area and Buffer Zone and an • The lack of action on the refurbishment of Knowth appropriate extent of the surrounding landscape should House as a research and education centre, despite plan - be designated as an Archaeological and Ecological ning permission being sought and granted, is most dis - National Park with appropriate regulation and protec - appointing. tion measures. • Remote sensing techniques like Lidar survey, monitoring • Define more accurately the landscape setting and its of aerial photographic imagery, monitoring of multi - role/contribution to the Outstanding Universal Values spectral and hyperspectral imagery could be consid - (OUV) of the WHS. This should include lands within the ered. This could be integrated with terrestrial Core Area and the Buffer Zone. geophysics and field inspection. • A research group could be formally set up under the Comments : aegis of the emerging Management Plan to advise on The Core Area and its Buffer Zone formed part of the orig - inal inscription of the Brú na Bóinne WHS. There are no the implementation of the research framework, and on plans to increase or decrease the designated zones. how new research findings can be reflected in manage - However, there is a need to protect them from the nega - ment and interpretation. tive impacts of development. The Department should con - • Maintain support for the Knowth publication project, tinue to monitor the effectiveness of the existing Core now in its final stages, and for a publication aimed at Area and Buffer Zones in protecting the OUV. There will the general public. be objectives and actions in the Management Plan rele - vant to this heading. • Geoarchaeology should to be included in the new Management Plan. There is still much that can be achieved in terms of sourcing the lithic materials utilised PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT in megalithic passage tomb construction at Brú na Bóinne. • To integrate protective measures with development • Engagement with the local community and landown - plans and other infrastructural development plans. ers, focus on landscape not just monuments, dedicated • The new Management Plan should include specific and research programme, remote sensing and digital explicit reference to this community and to the planning recording and dissemination. requirements that exist within same. • Any plan should be dynamic, taking into account the • A radical overhaul of our planning structures and pro - requirements and potential benefits of ongoing cedures is required. The common good of a living com - research and tailoring, where appropriate, visitor expe - munity is dependent on an all-inclusive fair-minded riences to these. process.

Comments : • A Local Area Plan should be prepared for the area fol - UNESCO recommends that science and research are iden - lowing the completion and endorsement of the new tified as objectives of a management plan. A number of (WHS) Management Plan. 70 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

• Planning issues should be resolved so people can live in IDENTITY, SOCIAL COHESION, CHANGES IN their community. By working together we can increase LOCAL POPULATION AND COMMUNITY tourism in the area for the benefit of Brú na Bóinne and the local community. • One of the key requisites for the designation must be • Planning issues in the area need to be as fair as possible. recognition of the local people and communities. Planning must not be any more restrictive than in other • There needs to be balance and fairness for local plan - areas, as the importance of having a living countryside ning applications. must be a key element of the designation. Comments : • Donore village should be acknowledged in this plan and Article 5 of the World Heritage Convention states the promoted as a destination and Heritage Village under responsibility ‘to adopt a general policy which aims to give public/private auspices. Incorporate the Battle of the the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of Boyne centre in the overall plan. the community and to integrate the protection of that her - • Having a WHS in our midst should be a positive thing. itage into comprehensive planning programmes’. It should benefit the local community in lots of ways. Many people feel that there is little or no benefit for LAND CONVERSION, E.G. AGRICULTURAL the local community at present and in fact for many (CROPS AND LIVESTOCK) people there are disadvantages, inconveniences and barriers to development. • Agriculture is the main, and in many cases the only, • The local community must have an ongoing involve - source of income to people in the Core Area and Buffer ment in the operation of the Management Plan. Zones. Any proposed activities which are currently in use and acceptable elsewhere could result in less • A sea-change in attitude is needed on the part of offi - income to the farming community. cialdom (OPW, tourism bodies, Department, County Councils etc.) Rather than seeing it as an archaeological • Large-scale routine assessment of plough damage within the WHS should be undertaken at regular inter - area only, it should be recognised for what it is – a living vals with appropriate measures taken to deal with prob - landscape that has been farmed. lems where identified. • Include a specific section in the draft Plan for the local • Reservations were expressed in relation to restrictions community, recognising the importance of partnership that will be placed on farming that would threaten the in designing and effecting the draft Plan. viability of farming enterprise. • The Management Plan must have at its core the build - • While being mindful and respectful of the important ing of bridges with the surrounding communities and historical site in our midst, local farmers need to be Slane village. These communities must be given a sense allowed to progress and modernise their farms and of ownership of this unique, ancient landscape. farming systems appropriately. • The villages and rural communities in and around the • There needs to be more encouragement for farmers to WHS of Brú na Bóinne have not benefitted in any real develop their lands so as the area as a whole can be way from the World Heritage status bestowed on the enhanced. area. This is the most important aspect of any new plan • Identify what features in the landscape must be main - that can be adopted. tained, managed and protected. Ensure appropriate • The protection of local heritage, landscape, waterways monitoring and management strategies are put in place and flora and fauna becomes redundant should there and agreements with private landowners where neces - be no similar protection of the interests of the people. sary. Use agricultural support systems as appropriate. Adopt proactive approaches to mitigating the cumula - • The consultation, consideration and reflection envis - tive impact of recent developments. aged as an integral part of the formulation of the plan cannot focus only on the stones and earth which make Comments : up the assorted monuments in the area but must also There are currently several sources of potential activities take real account of the people who live there. within the WHS that could have impacts on its OUV, • It is recommended that other measures to explore including agricultural practices such as livestock erosion, greater community involvement in the Brú na Bóinne tree planting, hedgerow removal, levelling, deep plough - WHS could be considered. This should include ongoing ing and farm building renewal and extensions. There will community involvement in the management structures be objectives and actions in the Management Plan rele - vant to this heading. emerging from the new Management Plan. Dialogue Appendix 2 Summary of first phase of Public Consultation Process 71

with Meath Partnership (Leader Company) should be extended over the following months until in high season initiated over the possible funding of sustainable local the Visitor Centre is open from 9.00am until 7.00pm. businesses to maximise the value of the WHS and to thereby build community support by demonstrating WHS status as a resource. TECHNICAL • Create a historic park, with access improvements, walks • The local community engagement is pivotal to the and related amenities and ensure that there is a synergy future of the WHS and without a dedicated onsite man - between the heritage of the area and its management ager this engagement will not be possible. as a living/working landscape and benefits for the local • Specific qualitative and quantitative metrics, including community/economy. deadline dates, should be included within Chapter 5 of the Management Plan. Comments : • In order to promote consistency and clarity for all stake - Account needs to be taken of the desires, wishes and holders, a single term should be used to describe the needs of the local community while protecting the OUV of WHS and I would suggest “Brú na Bóinne”. the site. Actions can be extracted from the above submis - • The Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and sions and may be included in the new Management Plan. Gaeltacht Affairsshould engage with the Department of Transport and the Irish Aviation Authority to re-clas - sify airspace in the Archaeological Park/ WHS to prohibit VISITOR CENTRE movements below 3,000ft. • The various activities and strategies need to be actively • The OPW should be allowed to protect and maintain managed. It is also considered necessary to ensure strict the monuments, which is what it excels at, and a regulation and provide guidance as to acceptable tourist agency or private company be given the oppor - change and new development. tunity to run the Interpretive Centre, thus providing • It is our view that there are considerable existing assets employment to local people. within the area that are not being optimised, with detri - • The current time allowance for visitors has been noted mental results to both the visitor experience and the as being overly restrictive. economic benefit and sustainable development within • The various opening times which exist throughout the the local area. year should be consolidated into two categories: sum - mer and winter. Comments : The official name of the WHS is now ‘Brú na Bóinne – • The village of Slane and its people are crying out for a Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne’. All Heritage Centre. points raised above will be considered during the drafting • By focusing on the megalithic art, especially on the of the Management Plan. The above submissions are var - exterior of the tombs, visitor numbers to the sites could ied and some are outside the scope of the Management be managed and facilitated in a different way, particu - Plan. larly if combined with new and sustainable modes of access to the sites, i.e. cycleways. THE FOLLOWING COMMENTS ARE OUTSIDE THE REMIT OF THE DEPARTMENT: Comments : All the employees of the OPW at the site live locally—those Policy HER67 of the current Meath County Development employed in the Tea Rooms, the shop in the Visitor Centre, Plan which implements the aforementioned Policy and the Guides who work at the monuments and the OPW Regulations is in my opinion discriminatory and in breach staff based in Knowth Sub Depot. There are 37 permanent of the constitutional rights of the people in this area. staff and 65 seasonal staff currently employed by the OPW. In peak season, there is a maximum time allowed to be inside the chamber at Newgrange. This is to facilitate CURRENT PHASE OF CONSULTATION 2013–2015: all the visitors equally. In off season, there is much more flexibility and fewer restrictions. The opening times have The current Management Plan was to last from 2002 to evolved over many years to best suit visitors. In November, 2007. World Heritage was managed by another section December and January, the Visitor Centre closes at 5.00pm until 2012. There was a consultative process which lasted as the evenings are dark. However, in February the opening until 2011 and then that section passed the responsibility hours are extended by 30 minutes and continue to be on to the National Monuments Service in mid-2012. 72 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

As our service was new to the situation, we reopened the designed to take on board as many of their concerns as consultative process in order to get to know the stake - possible. A detailed list of the issues raised in the second holders and deal directly with their concerns. This process phase of consultation is included as Appendix 3. lasted until spring this year and the new plan of 2016 is 73

º Actions/Comments 1. Noted 1. Noted. 1. noted. authority, local for Matter 2. Noted. 3. per- planning addressed, be to issue Signage 4. bussing matter, authority local a is mission problem a is area the of out and in tourists countrywide. statutory are DAHRRGA given Clarification 5. decisions Acts, Planning the under consultees Council. County the by taken are stakeholders. major are community local The 6. in 16.6 Action is and clarified been has This 7. plan. the monu- main the surrounding - to Amended 8. own landowners private that notes - ments WHS. the in land the of most implementa- the on are interests local The 9. day into input an have not do but group, tion the in monuments major the of running day to WHS. Plan. the of objectives are issues these All 1. for actually are Newgrange for Signs 1. WHS, Bóinne na Brú read should they Donore, rectified. be to is this This widened. Newgrange past road Wants 2. and Authority Local the with discussed be can Forum. Community the Authority Local by conducted be to Survey 3. issue. this on ment plan. ment subjective. too is Wants businesses. encourage to permission planning no businesses, transport. public of review required. stakeholder. major a as listed not is community local guidelines. pre-planning clear State". the by owned are core the track. walking and towpath to access public Maintain boat. by access 1.manage- the to related specifically not offer, marketing PERF Picture 1. consultation. public of description our in extensive word the to Objects 2. plan Development County Meath in development undesirable term The 3. community. local the than protection more receive fauna and Flora 4. local to visits omit signs road visit, after Dublin to back bussed Tourists 5. DAHRRGA of role the and process pre-planning on Clarification 6. the yet owned, privately is Zone Buffer the within land of majority The 7. provide to up set are initiatives pre-planning joint that imperative is It 8. in lands the of portion significant "a phrase the of use the to Objects 9. management. in involvement local of level with Unhappy 1. Navan, to Drogheda from Navigation Boyne historic the restore To services. emergency and tourists for both confusing is signage Road 1. width. and maintenance Road 2. B&Bs. of closure economy, local restricts WHS 3. Submissions to 2nd Phase of Consultation and Consultation of Phase 2nd to Submissions Responses Co. Cork Co. Louth Co. Meath Co. Address1 line Summary Address 2 line Kinsale Knowth Drogheda Newgrange Appendix 3 74 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 r . n e e e s i r n h t i

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Newgrange website as it is part of the A

Archaeological Ensemble. p p

9. Both DAHRRGA and OPW make planning e 9. This is untrue. As planning issues were the main n recommendations. DAHRRGA refused to allow d i

bone of contention we asked that they would x

planning discussions at the steering committee. be left until the end of each meeting so that 3 S

10. Meath County Council and DAHRRGA defaulted non-contentious issues could be discussed first. u b

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weeks and the Joint Pre-Planning meetings are i o n

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towpath should not impact the OUV. SPA and s to the river and canal. e

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Appendix 4 Brú na Bóinne National Monuments Buffer Zone Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME020-025001- Battlefield 704480 775970 ARDAGH, GLEBE (Slane Upper By.), OLDBRIDGE, RATHMULLAN, SHEEPHOUSE

ME019-101---- Enclosure 698546 773471 CREWBANE

ME020-074---- Enclosure 704695 772650 CRUICERATH

ME027-002---- Enclosure 704435 771640 CRUICERATH

ME019-064---- Architectural fragment 701801 774477 DOWTH

ME019-117---- Linear earthwork 702049 774061 DOWTH

ME020-073---- Mound 702428 774692 DOWTH

ME026-022---- Enclosure 700171 771456 GILLTOWN

LH023-005---- Enclosure 701519 775159 LITTLE GRANGE

LH023-006---- Enclosure 701610 775196 LITTLE GRANGE

ME019-019006- Armorial plaque 701021 775241 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-016003- Barrow - ditch barrow 700648 775505 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-017---- Barrow - mound barrow 700832 775438 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-019---- Church 701014 775241 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-019005- Cross 701021 775241 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-019004- Cross - Churchyard cross 701025 775234 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-016001- Embanked enclosure 700658 775519 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-097---- Enclosure 700543 775179 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-114---- Field system 700649 775634 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-019003- Font 701021 775241 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-018---- Font (present location) 700977 775299 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-018001- Font (present location) 700969 775300 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-019001- Graveyard 701021 775227 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-016002- Hut site 700640 775498 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-016004- Pit-burial 700677 775534 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-112---- Ring-ditch 700488 775522 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-113---- Ring-ditch 700501 775636 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-115---- Ring-ditch 700871 775488 MONKNEWTOWN Appendix 4 Brú na Bóinne National Monuments 95

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME019-019002- Ritual site - holy well 701084 775179 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-015---- Ritual site - pond 700366 775222 MONKNEWTOWN

ME019-116---- Road - road/trackway 700550 775498 MONKNEWTOWN

ME026-005003- Ford 699793 771924 NEWGRANGE, ROSSNAREE

ME019-068003- Weir - fish 699409 772218 NEWGRANGE, ROSSNAREE

ME020-025014- Barrow - ring-barrow 704042 775649 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025015- Barrow - ring-barrow 704353 775314 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025016- Barrow - ring-barrow 704353 775345 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025017- Barrow - ring-barrow 704378 775323 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025004- Burial 704624 775970 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-002---- Cist 703880 775862 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025010- Cultivation ridges 704401 776009 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-003---- Enclosure 704683 775668 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025011- Field system 704615 775899 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025012- Field system 704748 775952 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025018- Field system 704215 775325 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025019- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 704831 774998 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025020- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 704528 775098 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025021- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 704316 775014 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025022- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 704482 775504 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025023- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 705444 775027 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025002- Ring-ditch 704206 775580 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025003- Ring-ditch 705037 775165 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025005- Road - road/trackway 704624 775970 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-025013- Settlement cluster 704342 776150 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-004---- Souterrain 705228 775337 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-007---- Souterrain 704293 774836 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-079---- Souterrain 704353 774465 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-004001- Standing stone 705284 775293 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-030---- Standing stone 705176 775151 OLDBRIDGE

ME020-024002- Weir - fish 703817 775750 OLDBRIDGE, PROUDFOOTSTOWN 96 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME020-052---- Excavation - miscellaneous 706634 773696 RATHMULLAN

ME020-058---- Excavation - miscellaneous 706663 773655 RATHMULLAN

ME020-060---- Excavation - miscellaneous 706338 774072 RATHMULLAN

ME020-061---- Excavation - miscellaneous 706653 773705 RATHMULLAN

ME020-021---- Ringfort - rath 706556 773677 RATHMULLAN

ME019-059---- Barrow - mound barrow 699180 772558 ROSSNAREE

ME019-080---- Enclosure 699157 773149 ROSSNAREE

ME026-005002- Mill - unclassified 699715 771909 ROSSNAREE

ME026-005001- Sheela-na-gig 699709 771906 ROSSNAREE

ME019-048---- Souterrain 699192 772228 ROSSNAREE

ME019-068002- Weir - fish 699310 772558 ROSSNAREE

ME027-104---- Cross 702433 771007 ROUGHGRANGE

ME027-080---- Enclosure 702303 771823 ROUGHGRANGE

ME027-077---- Mound 702630 771575 ROUGHGRANGE

ME019-054---- Sheela-na-gig 701931 772534 ROUGHGRANGE

ME026-021003- Ford 701206 771918 ROUGHGRANGE, NEWGRANGE

ME020-011---- Church 705495 774070 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-011003- Cross 705495 774070 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-008---- Enclosure 705848 774634 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-029001- Fulacht fia 704498 773340 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-029002- Fulacht fia 704450 773218 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-029003- Fulacht fia 704523 773234 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-011002- Graveslab 705495 774070 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-011001- Graveyard 705495 774070 SHEEPHOUSE

ME020-069---- House - 16th/17th century 704826 774621 SHEEPHOUSE

ME027-068001- Barrow - embanked barrow 703309 771670 STALLEEN

ME027-068002- Barrow - mound barrow 703358 771684 STALLEEN

ME027-068003- Barrow - mound barrow 703229 771615 STALLEEN

ME027-001---- Burial 703917 771916 STALLEEN

ME020-070---- Enclosure 703812 773360 STALLEEN

ME020-067001- Gatehouse 703332 773122 STALLEEN

ME020-027---- House - 17th century 702707 773150 STALLEEN

ME020-067004- Kiln - corn-drying 703302 773139 STALLEEN Appendix 4 Brú na Bóinne National Monuments 97

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME020-028003- Mill - unclassified 702568 773039 STALLEEN

ME020-077---- Prehistoric site - lithic scatter 704050 773207 STALLEEN

ME020-067003- Ringfort - rath 703335 773140 STALLEEN

ME020-067002- Souterrain 703302 773139 STALLEEN

LH024-008001- Habitation site 702220 775725 TOWNLEYHALL

LH024-008002- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 702220 775725 TOWNLEYHALL

Core Area

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME019-040---- Barrow - mound barrow 701956 773284 DOWTH

ME019-042---- Barrow - mound barrow 702100 773340 DOWTH

ME019-043---- Barrow - mound barrow 701353 773024 DOWTH

ME020-012---- Barrow - mound barrow 702940 773983 DOWTH

ME020-018---- Castle - tower house 702550 773805 DOWTH

ME020-019---- Church 702509 773768 DOWTH

ME019-103---- Embanked enclosure 701580 772664 DOWTH

ME020-010---- Embanked enclosure 703350 774200 DOWTH

ME020-075---- Enclosure 703174 773554 DOWTH

ME020-016001- Field system 702360 773860 DOWTH

ME020-019003- Font 702509 773768 DOWTH

ME020-019004- Graveslab 702495 773768 DOWTH

ME020-019001- Graveyard 702495 773768 DOWTH

ME020-013---- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 702948 773932 DOWTH

ME020-017---- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 702305 773798 DOWTH

ME019-041---- Mound 701999 773314 DOWTH

ME019-052---- Mound 701557 772772 DOWTH

ME020-015---- Mound 702612 773942 DOWTH

ME020-020---- Mound 702267 773448 DOWTH

ME020-023---- Mound 703328 773551 DOWTH 98 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME020-080---- Passage tomb art 702856 774037 DOWTH

ME020-016003- Ritual site - holy well 702446 773698 DOWTH

ME020-019002- Sheela-na-gig 702509 773768 DOWTH

ME020-064---- Sheela-na-gig 702509 773768 DOWTH

ME020-017001- Souterrain 702275 773804 DOWTH

ME019-053---- Standing stone 701593 772601 DOWTH

ME020-009---- Stone circle 703476 774463 DOWTH

ME020-028001- Weir - fish 702528 773008 DOWTH, STALLEEN

ME020-028002- Weir - fish 702479 772888 DOWTH, STALLEEN

ME019-099---- Barrow - unclassified 699453 773229 KNOWTH

ME019-030061- Burial 699590 773435 KNOWTH

ME019-028---- Burial ground 699837 773861 KNOWTH

ME019-030039- Burnt spread 699603 773398 KNOWTH

ME019-030066- Church 699614 773448 KNOWTH

ME019-030021- Enclosure 699559 773464 KNOWTH

ME019-030040- Enclosure 699617 773455 KNOWTH

ME019-073---- Enclosure 699725 773833 KNOWTH

ME019-075---- Enclosure 699895 773958 KNOWTH

ME019-077---- Enclosure 700044 773859 KNOWTH

ME019-093---- Enclosure 699766 773287 KNOWTH

ME019-104---- Enclosure 699712 773395 KNOWTH

ME019-105---- Enclosure 699758 773397 KNOWTH

ME019-030034- Excavation - miscellaneous 699614 773487 KNOWTH

ME019-030035- Excavation - miscellaneous 699664 773449 KNOWTH

ME019-030036- Excavation - miscellaneous 699644 773415 KNOWTH

ME019-030037- Excavation - miscellaneous 699639 773410 KNOWTH

ME019-030038- Excavation - miscellaneous 699606 773396 KNOWTH

ME019-027---- Field system 699859 773892 KNOWTH

ME019-030041- House - early medieval 699580 773426 KNOWTH

ME019-030042- House - early medieval 699585 773471 KNOWTH

ME019-030043- House - early medieval 699581 773422 KNOWTH

ME019-030044- House - early medieval 699574 773443 KNOWTH

ME019-030045- House - early medieval 699653 773451 KNOWTH

ME019-030046- House - early medieval 699651 773454 KNOWTH Appendix 4 Brú na Bóinne National Monuments 99

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME019-030047- House - early medieval 699651 773446 KNOWTH

ME019-030048- House - early medieval 699652 773447 KNOWTH

ME019-030049- House - early medieval 699652 773445 KNOWTH

ME019-030050- House - early medieval 699649 773445 KNOWTH

ME019-030071- House - early medieval 699641 773452 KNOWTH

ME019-030072- House - early medieval 699634 773465 KNOWTH

ME019-030073- House - early medieval 699624 773434 KNOWTH

ME019-030074- House - early medieval 699611 773426 KNOWTH

ME019-030075- House - early medieval 699650 773486 KNOWTH

ME019-030062- House - medieval 699614 773448 KNOWTH

ME019-030019- House - Neolithic 699562 773457 KNOWTH

ME019-030020- House - Neolithic 699659 773448 KNOWTH

ME019-030022- House - Neolithic 699565 773462 KNOWTH

ME019-030023- House - Neolithic 699633 773493 KNOWTH

ME019-030024- House - Neolithic 699636 773491 KNOWTH

ME019-030025- House - Neolithic 699634 773481 KNOWTH

ME019-030026- House - Neolithic 699650 773487 KNOWTH

ME019-030027- House - Neolithic 699649 773485 KNOWTH

ME019-030028- House - Neolithic 699656 773463 KNOWTH

ME019-030029- House - Neolithic 699656 773464 KNOWTH

ME019-030030- House - Neolithic 699655 773463 KNOWTH

ME019-030031- House - Neolithic 699657 773442 KNOWTH

ME019-030032- House - Neolithic 699658 773439 KNOWTH

ME019-087---- Industrial site 699828 773852 KNOWTH

ME019-106---- Kiln 699767 773399 KNOWTH

ME019-030067- Kiln - corn-drying 699665 773477 KNOWTH

ME019-030068- Kiln - corn-drying 699664 773484 KNOWTH

ME019-030069- Kiln - corn-drying 699574 773498 KNOWTH

ME019-030070- Kiln - corn-drying 699574 773498 KNOWTH

ME019-030001- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699613 773448 KNOWTH

ME019-030002- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699633 773389 KNOWTH

ME019-030003- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699616 773396 KNOWTH

ME019-030004- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699575 773386 KNOWTH

ME019-030005- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699554 773408 KNOWTH 100 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME019-030006- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699555 773431 KNOWTH

ME019-030007- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699450 773418 KNOWTH

ME019-030008- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699562 773452 KNOWTH

ME019-030009- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699544 773464 KNOWTH

ME019-030010- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699554 773478 KNOWTH

ME019-030011- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699561 773491 KNOWTH

ME019-030012- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699570 773503 KNOWTH

ME019-030013- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699606 773498 KNOWTH

ME019-030014- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699620 773500 KNOWTH

ME019-030015- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699642 773499 KNOWTH

ME019-030016- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699643 773479 KNOWTH

ME019-030017- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699658 773471 KNOWTH

ME019-030018- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699667 773464 KNOWTH

ME019-030076- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699677 773423 KNOWTH

ME019-030077- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699592 773378 KNOWTH

ME019-030078- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 699714 773493 KNOWTH

ME019-074---- Mound 699703 773788 KNOWTH

ME019-030065- Passage tomb art 699677 773519 KNOWTH

ME019-030033- Pit circle 699668 773447 KNOWTH

ME019-038---- Promontory fort - inland 699495 772928 KNOWTH

ME019-029---- Ring-ditch 699910 773970 KNOWTH

ME019-030051- Souterrain 699573 773463 KNOWTH

ME019-030052- Souterrain 699623 773503 KNOWTH

ME019-030053- Souterrain 699575 773435 KNOWTH

ME019-030054- Souterrain 699617 773430 KNOWTH

ME019-030055- Souterrain 699639 773496 KNOWTH

ME019-030056- Souterrain 699628 773462 KNOWTH

ME019-030057- Souterrain 699637 773456 KNOWTH

ME019-030058- Souterrain 699646 773457 KNOWTH

ME019-030059- Souterrain 699661 773453 KNOWTH

ME019-086---- Structure 699828 773852 KNOWTH

ME019-067001- Architectural fragment 700669 772858 NEWGRANGE

ME019-049001- Barrow - mound barrow 701057 772318 NEWGRANGE

ME019-051---- Barrow - mound barrow 701321 772771 NEWGRANGE Appendix 4 Brú na Bóinne National Monuments 101

Monument Description ITM_E ITM_N Townland

ME019-058001- Barrow - mound barrow 701490 772142 NEWGRANGE

ME019-045002- Cairn - unclassified 700705 772724 NEWGRANGE

ME019-044001- Cursus 700851 772777 NEWGRANGE

ME019-050---- Earthwork 701235 772463 NEWGRANGE

ME019-049002- Embanked enclosure 701071 772328 NEWGRANGE

ME019-058002- Embanked enclosure 701425 772173 NEWGRANGE

ME019-094---- Embanked enclosure 700233 772064 NEWGRANGE

ME026-006---- Embanked enclosure 700700 771975 NEWGRANGE

ME019-065---- Enclosure 699568 772644 NEWGRANGE

ME019-100---- Enclosure 700891 773497 NEWGRANGE

ME019-119---- Enclosure 700123 772612 NEWGRANGE

ME019-045004- Habitation site 700713 772705 NEWGRANGE

ME019-045003- Hut site 700694 772714 NEWGRANGE

ME019-067005- Linear earthwork 701011 772472 NEWGRANGE

ME026-027---- Linear earthwork 700471 772014 NEWGRANGE

ME019-044003- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 700776 772737 NEWGRANGE

ME019-044004- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 700746 772744 NEWGRANGE

ME019-045---- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 700676 772749 NEWGRANGE

ME019-046001- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 700544 772721 NEWGRANGE

ME019-046003- Megalithic tomb - passage tomb 700573 772724 NEWGRANGE

ME019-068004- Mill - corn 699629 772074 NEWGRANGE

ME019-041001- Passage tomb art (present location) 700752 772664 NEWGRANGE

ME019-044002- Pit circle 700772 772706 NEWGRANGE

ME019-067002- Ring-ditch 700459 772328 NEWGRANGE

ME019-078---- Ring-ditch 700808 772157 NEWGRANGE

ME019-039---- Ringfort - rath 700529 773102 NEWGRANGE

ME019-067003- Ritual site - pond 700409 772178 NEWGRANGE

ME026-021002- Ritual site - pond 700963 772058 NEWGRANGE

ME019-055---- Standing stone 701535 772535 NEWGRANGE

ME019-045005- Stone circle 700676 772746 NEWGRANGE

ME020-024001- Weir - fish 703794 775644 OLDBRIDGE, PROUDFOOTSTOWN

ME020-024003- Weir - fish 703842 775541 OLDBRIDGE, PROUDFOOTSTOWN

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Appendix 8 Protected Views

View Location Description Importance No.

31 County road between Boyne Intermittent views of the main tumulus in International Canal and Roughgrange Newgrange can be obtained from many points along this road and adjacent areas. Visibility often determined by the current state of hedgerow maintenance.

34 N2 between Slane and Balrath View of Boyne Valley with open view of Knowth International and Newgrange. Mixed composition of working landscape. Slane visible on left (west). Roads and house visible.

58 County road between N51 First view of tumulus to south. Regional and Knowth

59 Knowth tumulus Panoramic views in all directions from top of International Knowth tumulus. Extensive views across a working countryside.

60 Obelisk Bridge at Oldbridge View north west from bridge is selected as typical International of the quality of local visual amenity at this location. A site of considerable scenic and historic significance. Site of Battle of the Boyne.

61 Hill at Graveyard at Sheephouse Extensive view of settled lowland with extensive National urbanisation visible to the east and north. Views to the north are extensive and encompass important cultural landscape of significance. Much woodland to the north and west.

62 County road between Duleek Panoramic views across mixed agriculture and International and Boyne Canal tillage, pasture and woodland. Views to north and west – dense woodland. Distant horizon skyline to north and west.

63 County road between Donore Extensive view to north across woodland, pasture International and Redmountain and tillage. Middle distance views of Knowth and Newgrange in centre of view and very little development visible.

64 County road between Duleek Extensive view to north across woodland, pasture International and Boyne Canal and tillage. Middle distance views of Knowth and Newgrange in centre of view and very little development visible.

89a Views towards Brú na Bóinne Views along the N51 looking south into the National from N51 Core Area of the World Heritage Site. from N51 Area of the World 112 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

View Location Description Importance No.

89b Views towards Brú na Bóinne Views along the N51 looking south into the Core National from N51 Area of the World Heritage Site.

89c Views towards Brú na Bóinne Views along the N51 looking south into the Core National from N51 Area of the World Heritage Site.

90 West of crossroads at Views at Monknewtown towards the Core Area of Monknewtown the World Heritage Site. Regional

91 Views from Boyne and towpath All views from within the World Heritage Site International boundaries along the Boyne/Boyne Navigation towpath and proposed greenway looking towards the Core Area of the World Heritage Site.

92 Corballis Views in from the road at Corballis turning in Regional north westerly direction towards the Core Area of the World Heritage Site.

93a Local road L16002, 1.2km east View towards the Core Area of the World Regional of Fenner Cross Roads Heritage Site.

93b Local road L16002, 0.7kn View towards the Core Area of the World Regional west of Rossnaree Heritage Site.

93c Local road L16002, 1.65km View towards the Core Area of the World Regional east of Fennor Cross Roads Heritage Site. 113

Appendix 9 Retrospective Statement of OUV 114 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 Appendix 9 Retrospective Statement of OUV 115 116 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 Appendix 9 Retrospective Statement of OUV 117 118 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 Appendix 9 Retrospective Statement of OUV 119 120 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 Appendix 9 Retrospective Statement of OUV 121

Annex III

Extract of the Decisions adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 37th session (Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2013)

Changes to names of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List

Decision: 37 COM 8B.2

The World Heritage Committee,

1. Having examined Document WHC-13/37.COM/8B,

2. Approves the name change to the Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne as proposed by the Irish authorities. The name of the property becomes Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne in English and Brú na Bóinne - Ensemble archéologique de la Vallée de la Boyne in French.

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p x i i o o e h h o h e o n n n x o L M I A i U b L a a d t M r r p c c t p C g t M p a W i M s e t i E

t c 3 4 6 5 2 1 ...... A 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 a .

e t m i v y e s t i a i h l v h t

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p f r e a x o a e n h b t e s t s T U S O Appendix 10 Action Plan 135 e t a i s r n p o

o i r t g p n n i e p r v a o r

t i s e t a n

n o s i

t t m a

n e f r a o s v h

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d n n n n

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t c 1 2 3 . . . A 4 4 4 1 1 1 s t e e y n h h t d i t t e l

s

i n e t e i n m b a

i h

v

. t a u r h d s y

r l t n e i n n g e s g t o a o n n 4 e s w

i n i l e

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j 1 c g d w p u v

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d i h V v d n j p t t t i d i n

H t

a U a u f n o o e n b t g W O a m s c o T U S O 136 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 e c i t t c a a

r d g s p l n n

i a a r d

s v r s o o e t t e i o n t a i l n g e n s

i e r o

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f s m r o I

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n

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o i t o y g h r e g t n i e n g v r O W O E a T s e i c n e g A A A A

A G G G F R R R I d

, R R R a H H H H e L A A A A D D D D s e y e s f c c e d e o i n o r u t i t c

o

i

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y

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s i a t n n o i r i v i i i

t e d O W r ) s n t n u s

i h h n i o e s a t t n o A e e a n l t i e i a o n F o i h h e I n d o M i w I t E r w g c m ( t L i t c 1 2 3 4 . . . . A 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 f e o

h e e t n v h

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i h

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e l g r n e e e S i a a i n V v u r j p t t n g p i r a

H t o U a e e u h o e n b m t i W w b O c n c s T U S O Appendix 10 Action Plan 137 d n s s a e

g a d o s e h t n n n t s i

g

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i

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r g o g g g g g n f i n n n n n

i i i i i o t o o o o o g e g g g g g n g n n n n n r O O O O O O a T

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r r a l n t v o e n v c a

p

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t u u e d n n n u m i v s i

d e p d p c t v p p f e i r o e e e e o f n o g o l a f o o e o u n a e l r f r n g p x n p n r e r h h h e e m m o P f i O t g a a I o r a e v a M a E t n a d C p M p C o t D r i t

c 1 2 5 4 6 3 ...... A 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 d f d n o n

e a a

g v

V r e n S i s U e c t s d H n i O n 6 e

a v e r e W e d o

1 p u g i r

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n a i g a c i i m S o e o t t V r i s i n e t n p i t

r t H r c r p t U m c o e o t o l e e o r e c e W O e r e c h i e t

v j t p s t v p v i n

e e o u a r e s d p o o n h h b t t p a c t a A d i t T U S O 138 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 t n e m e e p g n u a n i o n r ó a G B d

M e

n a t d d e s o n e t i r e e

l i t t t e ú p S a e e r

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l n

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d d

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r o o s u i r i g n g t p p t o r d a p p i e e l a n R V U P W R U S I n o i n n n t a a a a l l l t P P P

n f f f o o o e

s s s r r r m a a a e n l e e e a y y y l p

P 4 4 4

m f t t t I

s s o s

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n n f e i i g g g

y o o t n n n

i i i t g g r r r e s n n u u u r g i r O D D F D O a T s e i A A A A c W G G G G P n R R R R O e / R R R R g A H H H H A G A A A A

R D D D D d / / / / R a H W W W W W e P P P P P A L D O O O O O n s i t h

e p l t r e y n n u a i e t i c u

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i o e e r r g r s c i s e e

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l n i e r

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u l h

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m n t m f a e s V n e e e e i i e l n

c i

a e r e r o h t d u i e

n m a t s r w r l i V S b n c a u e d u m p

n

i h h h n u g o s b a r s s s s t m e a a H e

e a o i c i g o r o p n n u a n i u

n c n x r o h o h t E p w b a C E C m K t m u h E H p W t c U t i a o i t 6 4 5 1 3 2 c ...... 7 7 7 7 7 7 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 e

v . r S e s H 7 e e r W 1

p u

l e f d e h a o t n

V v t a f

i l o t n

t a c e V s e c t r U m o e e r O e j

v p t i

e b a o n h t t T U S O Appendix 10 Action Plan 139 e e e e e c c c c c s s s s s i i i i i á á á á á T T T T T y

t i n n n n n r o A A A A A

h t h h h h h t t t t t u i i i i i A w w w w w

l s s s s s a g g g g g c n n n n n o i i i i i t t t t t L

e e e e e s h e e e e e r t i o m m m m m

t w

r r r r r a a a a a a n l l l l l c o i u u u u u s i d g g g g g a e e e e e i n I L R R R R R n o i t a t n e m e l p m I

r o g g g g g g f n n n n n n

i i i i i i t o o o o o o e g g g g g g g n n n n n n r O O O O O O a T A A A A A G G G G G R R R R R R R R R R H H H H H A A A A A s D D D D D e

i , , , , , c e e e e e y c c c c c t n i s s s s s i i i i i r e á á á á á o g T T T T T h

t A n n n n n

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g i r r i i a i u a i i r t t B B S n n i l e s

l l l s c n n v o k i i i i i

i t e e t i h l h t o n v n e y y n d d e n t c H c c c c a a e r e e e n a c l s h h a i h a a g o o o o r n n a o a a a e i h h h h h e e o F C t w s w t Z d s a c r w t W M a w m M a w F B B t F N t r F i

t

c 1 6 3 4 5 2 ...... A 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 s n n h f o o g o i i

t t u c n a o e r o g i i 8 s h e t

v l t c

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f t n N e

a o a s o e

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n p a v

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o S e t r n t s i B y u

H r c

s m o e e e r n e B W e h

v e j e t t i

e e h a f o n h h b t t o w t T U S O 140

Appendix 11 Review of the 2002 Management Plan

Summary • To ensure protection of the site’s cultural and natural heritage by implementing legislation, co-operating This document sets out a review of the 2002 Management with landowners, and liaising effectively with planning Plan and the issues arising. The objectives of the Plan and and development authorities and other interested its implementation are highlighted and reviewed. This bodies. section is an important connection between the 2002 • To undertake a monitoring programme of the impact Management Plan and the 2017 Plan. By reviewing of the conservation works at the megalithic tombs at progress on the implementation of actions under the 2002 Newgrange and Knowth and to prepare conservation Plan, actions can be identified that should be taken strategies for the archaeological sites, the Special Areas forward in the 2017 Plan. of Conservation and the Natural Heritage Areas in Brú na Bóinne. The first Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site Management • To provide a high standard of public access and Plan was published in 2002 following a full public interpretation of the site. consultation process. The 2002 Plan was envisaged as a • To establish key priorities for research in order to five-year plan for the management of the World Heritage provide a greater understanding of the site’s broad property dealing with issues surrounding the protection, range of archaeological monuments. conservation, research, presentation and general • To maintain close co-operation with the local management of the property. However, due to a number community and government departments and of factors the new Plan is, regrettably, only now being agencies to ensure the effective implementation of the published (2017). Management Plan.

The review indicates that significant progress has been Protection Objectives of the 2002 made in many areas during the period since the Management Plan implementation of the 2002 Management Plan and that, overall, that Plan has been effective. Some of the aims of The National Monuments Acts 1930–2004 provide a the 2002 Plan were not achieved but, where appropriate, strong legislative base for the protection of the these actions were incorporated into the 2017 Plan. archaeological monuments at Brú na Bóinne. Practical Use of the 2002 Management Plan Monitoring of individual monuments is carried out from time to time and new discoveries have been made. The The Management Plan has been used as an important National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) interim reference document in a number of areas including survey of County Meath was published in 2004 and the planning and development, interpretation and education. interim survey for County Louth in 2005, with Ministerial The Plan has influenced the production of a research recommendations issued to the relevant planning framework document for the site, The Brú na Bóinne authority in relation to the inclusion of properties on the World Heritage Site, Research Framework 2009 . Record of Protected Structures.

Objectives With regard to planning and development issues in relation to the protection of the landscape within the Core The Plan provided comprehensive information on the Area and Buffer Zones of the World Heritage Site, officials management history of the World Heritage Site together from the Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht with an outline of the legal and protective measures in Affairs (DAHRRGA) regularly liaise with the Local place for the area. Public access and visitor management Authorities and local property owners at pre-planning and were also addressed in the Management Plan. planning application stages.

The key objectives of the 2002 Brú na Bóinne World The Boyne River Islands and the River Boyne have been Heritage Site Management Plan were as follows: included in the Special Areas of Conservation, with Appendix 11 Review of the 2002 Management Plan 141 ongoing monitoring carried out by the National Parks and Research Framework which summarises the current state Wildlife Service of the DAHRRGA. of knowledge of more than 6,000 years of activity at Brú na Bóinne. The framework highlights gaps in our Conservation Objectives of the 2002 knowledge in relation to the site and presents a series of Management Plan 38 research questions.

The Office of Public Works monitors the conservation Several other publications on archaeological excavation works on an ongoing basis measuring the effects of are available, in particular on the Royal Irish Academy pollution, weathering and human impact on the decorated website. There has been no recent aerial photography stones at Dowth, Knowth and Newgrange. The kerbstones carried out in the Brú na Bóinne area. However, a full at Knowth are protected from the weather for the winter LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) survey of the World months and the entrance stone in front of Newgrange is Heritage Site area was carried out as an action of the protected at night during the winter months. In relation to Meath Heritage Plan in 2007. archaeological investigation at Dowth only non-invasive techniques are used. No management plan has yet been General Management Objectives of the drafted for the conservation of the Natural Heritage Areas 2002 Management Plan in Brú na Bóinne. The 2002 Plan sought the adoption and inclusion of the Presentation, Interpretation and Access World Heritage Site Management Plan in the County Objectives of the 2002 Management Plan Development Plans of County Louth and County Meath. Chapter 8 of the Meath County Development Plan 2007– The management of the presentation, interpretation and 2013 contains several formally adopted policies of the access to the World Heritage Site has progressed World Heritage Site Management Plan. The Louth County successfully during the period since the publishing of the Development Plan (2015-2015) now contains similar 2002 Plan. Public consultation, organised by Fáilte Ireland policies. in association with Louth and Meath County Councils, was held in 2010 on matters surrounding directional signage Implementation of the 2002 for the Boyne Valley area. Management Plan

A feasibility study on the development of a cycleway along A consultative committee was established to assist the the route of the Boyne Valley has been carried out with a implementation of the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site view to providing safe, accessible and attractive routes Management Plan while at the same time providing a suitable for a variety of users, such as pedestrians, young channel for communication between Government children and cyclists, and to connect the various agencies and the local community. Regular meetings of landscape, cultural, heritage and social assets of the this committee took place until 2006. region. The Boyne Valley Destination Programme has been established to fully optimise the tourism potential in the The absence of an active Brú na Bóinne World Heritage area. The exhibitions in the Visitor Centre are monitored Site Management Plan Implementation Group has resulted for effectiveness with a possible review following the in the lack of a co-ordinated approach to the monitoring completion of publications on the monument at Knowth. of the implementation of the actions outlined in the Plan. Visitor numbers are recorded and certain information is It is proposed to set up such a group in advance of the collected through student survey projects. Detailed surveys adoption of the new Brú na Bóinne Management Plan on visitors are not carried out on a regular basis and these (2017). would ensure a continued high standard of presentation. Lessons Learned during the 2002 Research Objectives of the 2002 Management Plan Period Management Plan • There are and will continue to be particular challenges In 2009, the then Department of Environment, Heritage to conserving the World Heritage Site, arising from and Local Government (DoEHLG) and the Heritage some types of land use, development and the impact Council published the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site, of increasing visitor numbers. 142 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

• The range and complexity of interests within the World • The effective management of the World Heritage Site Heritage Site make its effective management depends on adequate and sustained resourcing. inherently challenging. • The vision for co-operation with local landowners and • Although it has improved significantly, the maintaining close co-operation with local communities understanding of the importance and values of the as set out in the objectives of the 2002 Plan has not World Heritage Site need continual investment and been achieved to the standard aspired to. Whereas resources. sections of the local community have availed of the use • Signage continues to be an issue which must be of the Visitor Centre facilities to hold local events, and addressed as a priority in the current Management local schools have conducted education programmes Plan. there, insufficient consultation has taken place during • The interests of conservation and local socioeconomic the period of the Plan on the implementation of the regeneration need to continue to be balanced in such actions outlined within it. a way that the needs of each can be met where possible, without compromising the Outstanding Universal Value of the site. 143

Appendix 12 Architectural Conservation Area within the World Heritage Site

Oldbridge Estate

Overlooking the site of the Battle of Although quite plain in exterior 1. To preserve the character of the the Boyne, Oldbridge House is appearance, the architectural quality, demesne, its designed landscape located on a bend in the Boyne design and symmetry of this house and built features by limiting the which allows it to enjoy two views are apparent. Oldbridge House is extent of new development of the river. It is located very close reputed to have been designed by permitted within the demesne to the remains of the obelisk built George Darley. The 1832 alterations and requiring that any such at Oldbridge as a memorial to the were carried out by Frederick Darley, development respect the setting Battle of the Boyne in 1690, which a relative of the original builder. The and special qualities of the was fought in the locality around layout of the estate’s farmyards and demesne. the house. Consequently the site is labourers' houses is of a high of significant historical interest and standard and the house forms an 2. To require that all works, national importance. Its location in interesting group with the related whether of maintenance and the Buffer Zone of the World outbuildings, entrance gates, lodge, repair, additions or alterations to Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne gives and the octagonal garden. The existing buildings or built it additional status. The lands at Boyne Canal and towpath encircle features within the demesne Oldbridge were held by the Moore the estate on the north and west shall protect the character of family (later Earls and Marquesses and feature a number of canal those buildings and features by of Drogheda) in the 17th century. related structures, including locks the use of appropriate materials The Coddington family were and fish weirs. During the and workmanship. established in North County Dublin emergency of the 1940s a number since the 17th century. In 1729 of fortifications – blockhouses and John Coddington purchased the machine gun pits were built along Oldbridge Estate from the 5th Earl the Boyne, the highest density being of Drogheda and the family made within the Oldbridge estate. their home there until a series of raids on the house in the 1970s forced them to leave. The house has not been lived in since, and the house and estate have been sold to the State which has restored the house in association with the site of the Battle of the Boyne. 144

Appendix 13 AA Screening Conclusion Statement 145

Appendix 14 SEA Screening body

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(1) 1 A “framework for development consent “could be interpreted when the P/P would lead to, or give guidance for the consent of development projects. This may be observed as the demarcation of areas zoned for specific types of development, measures which identify circumstances under which development will be encouraged or allowed, criteria which may be applied to decisions on development consent or forward programmes which identify certain types of development to be pursued in a particular sector.

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152 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

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Appendix 14 SEA Screening Body 153

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154 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017 155

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theories and approaches. Unpublished PhD thesis, Policy University College Dublin. Smyth, J. 2014. Settlement in Neolithic Ireland: new County Louth Heritage Plan 2007–2011, Louth County discoveries on the edge of Europe . Prehistoric Society Council. Research Paper 6. Oxford County Meath Heritage Plan 2007–2011, Meath County Stout, G. 1993. Grant-aided change in the Boyne Valley Council. Archaeological Park: agricultural grants 1950–1990. Draft Louth County Development Plan 2015–2021, Louth Irish Geography 26, 79–88. County Council. Stout, G. 2002. Newgrange and the Bend of the Boyne . Draft Louth Heritage Plan 2014, Louth County Council. Cork: Cork University Press. Draft Meath Heritage Plan 2014, Meath County Council. Stout, G. and Stout, M. 2008. Newgrange . Cork: Cork Louth County Development Plan 2009–2015, Louth University Press. County Council. Sweetman, P. D. 1976. An earthen enclosure at Meath County Development Plan 2007–2013, Meath Monknewtown, Slane, Co. Meath. Proceedings of the County Council. Royal Irish Academy 76C, 25–73. Meath County Development Plan 2013–2019, Meath Sweetman, P. D. 1985. A Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age County Council. pit circle at Newgrange, Co. Meath. Proceedings of the Sceilig Mhichíl World Heritage Site Management Plan Royal Irish Academy 85C, 195–222. 2008–2018, Department of the Environment, Heritage Sweetman, P. D. 1987. Excavation of a Late Neolithic/Early and Local Government and the Office of Public Works. Bronze Age site at Newgrange, Co. Meath. Proceedings UNESCO 1972, Convention Concerning the Protection of of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 283–98. the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . UNESCO, Paris. World Heritage Centre 2013. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (http://www.whc.unesco.org ) World Heritage Centre 2013. Managing Cultural World Heritage (http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/827/ ) Good Farming Practice and Archaeology, 2003. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. National Landscape Strategy for Ireland, 2015–2025. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Industrial Heritage Survey of County Meath 2010. Meath County Council and The Heritage Council. National Heritage Plan 2002. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Interim Survey of the Architectural Heritage of County Meath 2004. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Interim Survey of the Architectural Heritage of County Louth 2005. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. 157

Glossary

An Bord Pleanála / Planning Appeals Board – Established in 1977 under the Local Government (Planning and Dvelopment) Act, 1976, the Board is responsible for the determination of appeals and certain other matters under the Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended) and is also the decision-making authority in relation to applications for strategic infrastructure development, including proposals for major road, railway and energy developments. AA (Appropriate Assessment) – The EU Habitats Directive requires an ‘Appropriate Assessment’ to be carried out where a plan or project is likely to have a significant impact on a Natura 2000 site. Buffer Zone – Area surrounding the World Heritage Site as a means of protecting the landscape setting of the World Heritage Site. DAHRRGA (Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht) – Department which deals with all aspects of arts and heritage, specifically responsible for Archaeology and World Heritage. EU Birds Directive –Provides legislation to protect the 500 wild bird species in Europe. It also requires member states to provide Special Protection Areas for their survival. EU Freshwater Fish Directive – Council Directive on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life. EU Habitats Directive – The Habitats Directive (together with the Birds Directive ) forms the cornerstone of Europe’s nature conservation policy. It is built around two pillars: the Natura 2000 network of protected sites and the strict system of species protection. Heritage Services – Section within the Office of Public Works which deals with National Monuments, conservation architecture, visitor services and other heritage buildings. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) – International non-government organisations of professionals dedicated to the conservation of the world’s historic monuments and sites. IFA (Irish Farmers’ Association) – A national organisation to represent the interests of all sectors of farming in Ireland. Inscription – Formal registration of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. IWeBS (Irish Wetland Birds Survey) – The Irish Wetland Birds Survey is the scheme that monitors wintering waterbirds in Ireland. The survey runs from September to March each winter. Land Commission – The Land Commission was created in 1881 as a rent fixing commission by the Land Law Act 1881, also known as the second Irish Land Act . For a century it was the body responsible for redistributing farmland in Ireland . LiDAR –Aremote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analysing the reflected light. Natura 2000 – A network of protected areas or European Sites throughout the EU. Nature Reserve – An area of importance to wildlife, which is protected under Ministerial order. NIAH (National Inventory of Architectural Heritage) – The purpose of the NIAH is to identify, record, and evaluate the post-1700 architectural heritage of Ireland, uniformly and consistently as an aid in the protection and conservation of the built heritage. It is a State initiative under the administration of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NMS (National Monuments Service) – Section within the Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs which deals with archaeology and World Heritage. NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) – Responsible for the protection and conservation of the natural habitats and landscape elements of Ireland’s World Heritage Sites. 158 Brú na Bóinne Management Plan 2017

NRA (National Roads Authority) – Now part of Transport Infrastructure Ireland, it has overall responsibility for the planning, supervision of construction, road network management and maintenance on national roads. Oireachtas – The Oireachtas (National Parliament of Ireland) consists of the President and two Houses: Dáil Éireann (the House of Representatives) and Seanad Éireann (the Senate). Operational Guidelines – Guidelines for the implementation of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention, which set forth the procedure for the inscription. OPW (Office of Public Works) – M anages and maintains the State’s property portfolio. The OPW has responsibility for the day-to-day running of all National Monuments and National Historic Properties. OUV (Outstanding Universal Value) – This underpins all World Heritage Sites, it is the quality which shows that the site is not just important on a national or regional basis but is a site which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and is of universal importance internationally. PNHA (Proposed Natural Heritage Area) – This is an area considered important for the habitats present or which holds species of plants and animals whose habitat needs protection. RIA (Royal Irish Academy) – Is the principal learned society in Ireland its Standing Committee for Archaeology grant aids archaeological research. RMP (Record of Monuments and Places) – A statutory list of all known archaeological monuments provided for in the National Monuments Acts. There are over 120,000 Recorded Monuments included in the RMP. RPS (Record of Protected Structures) – Lists all protected structures and buildings in Ireland. This includes structures of architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, social, scientific or technical importance. SAC (Special Areas of Conservation) – Defined in the European Union’s Habitats Directive, also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment) – The process by which environmental considerations are required to be fully integrated into the preparation of plans and programmes and prior to their final adoption. SPA (Special Protection Area) – Strictly protected sites classified in accordance with Article 4 of the EC Birds Directive. They are classified for rare and vulnerable birds and for regularly occurring migratory species. States Parties – Countries which have adhered to the World Heritage Convention. They thereby agree to identify and nominate properties on their national territory to be considered for inscription on the World Heritage List. States Parties are also expected to protect the World Heritage values of the properties inscribed and are encouraged to report periodically on their condition. Townland – A small geographical division of land used in Ireland. Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) – Is a newly established State organisation to deal with road and light rail infrastructure. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) – A specialised agency of the United Nations which is responsible for the designation of sites nominated by State Parties for World Heritage status. WHS (World Heritage Site) – A natural or man-made site, area, or structure recognised as being of outstanding international importance and therefore as deserving special protection. Sites are nominated to and designated by the World Heritage Convention.