DOCSLIB.ORG

0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (Ma)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (Ma) Papilionidae 108.3 Hesperiidae Pieridae 107.07 Riodinidae - Lycaenidae 101.63 Nymphalidae - 1 Libythea celtis 97.93 70.77 Danaus plexippus 8.3 Danaus chrysippus 82.58 Charaxes jasius Lasiommata maera 14.18 Lasiommata deidamia 11.04 Lasiommata petropolitana 79.5 Lasiommata paramegaera 21.75 Lasiommata megera Pararge xiphia 10.83 Pararge xiphioides 5.93 Pararge aegeria 19.17 Kirinia climene 64.38 7.93 Kirinia roxelana 17.27 Lopinga achine Coenonympha phryne 13.61 Coenonympha oedippus Coenonympha glycerion 17.78 Coenonympha thyrsis 1 3 7.06 Coenonympha pamphilus 10.26 Coenonympha tullia 5.7 Coenonympha amaryllis 46.1 12.28 Coenonympha rhodopensis Coenonympha dorus 11.67 Coenonympha corinna 8.85 Coenonympha hero 5.29 Coenonympha leander Coenonympha gardetta Coenonympha arcania Coenonympha orientalis Proterebia phegea 34.83 Ypthima asterope Melanargia arge 4.74 Melanargia occitanica Melanargia pherusa 14.22 Melanargia ines 44.5 13.52 Melanargia russiae 7.12 Melanargia larissa Melanargia lachesis Melanargia galathea Hipparchia statilinus Hipparchia fatua 8.79 Hipparchia tamadabae 6.33 Hipparchia wyssii Hipparchia tilosi 5.48 Hipparchia bacchus Hipparchia fidia 16.19 Hipparchia gomera 28.67 Hipparchia neomiris 4.99 Hipparchia fagi Hipparchia syriaca Hipparchia autonoe Hipparchia hermione 7.33 Hipparchia mersina Hipparchia miguelensis 35.91 Hipparchia azorina 4.71 Hipparchia maderensis Hipparchia senthes Hipparchia aristaeus Hipparchia neapolitana Hipparchia blachieri Hipparchia volgensis 19.98 Hipparchia semele Hipparchia leighebi Hipparchia pellucida Hipparchia cretica Hipparchia christenseni Hipparchia cypriensis Hipparchia sbordonii Oeneis tarpeia Oeneis bore 11.43 Oeneis ammon Oeneis melissa 6.56 Oeneis jutta Oeneis magna 3.67Oeneis norna 15.86 Oeneis polixenes Oeneis glacialis Arethusana arethusa 12.3 Minois dryas 33.15 10.12 Brintesia circe Satyrus ferula 14.46 Satyrus actaea Satyrus virbius 12.59 Chazara briseis 5.1 Chazara persephone Chazara prieuri Pseudochazara graeca 10.86 Pseudochazara amymone Pseudochazara geyeri 5.32 Pseudochazara anthelea Pseudochazara amalthea Pseudochazara cingovskii Pseudochazara orestes Pseudochazara tisiphone Pseudochazara euxina Pseudochazara williamsi Pseudochazara mercurius Hyponephele huebneri 11.88 Hyponephele lycaon 8.05 Hyponephele lupina Pyronia bathseba 27.77 13.12 Aphantopus hyperantus 15.4 Pyronia tithonus 11.94 Pyronia cecilia 17.07 Maniola cypricola Maniola halicarnassus Maniola telmessia Maniola jurtina Maniola chia Maniola nurag 29.54 Maniola megala Erebia edda 6.66 Erebia fasciata Erebia discoidalis 10.06 Erebia rossii 7.76 Erebia cyclopius Erebia embla Erebia disa 16.6 Erebia epistygne Erebia ottomana 4.99 Erebia callias Erebia rondoui Erebia hispania 13.09 Erebia nivalis Erebia calcarius Erebia tyndarus Erebia arvernensis Erebia cassioides 11.74 Erebia neleus Erebia claudina Erebia christi 7.15 Erebia pharte Erebia epiphron Erebia orientalis 10.25 Erebia jeniseiensis 9.65 Erebia dabanensis Erebia meolans 11.46 Erebia palarica 9.51 Erebia albergana 8.13 Erebia triarius Erebia polaris Erebia medusa 10.76 Erebia aethiops 9.36 Erebia pandrose Erebia sthennyo 8.39 Erebia flavofasciata Erebia gorge 9.99 Erebia pluto Erebia sudetica Erebia melampus 8.27 Erebia manto Erebia eriphyle Erebia euryale 10.44 Erebia ligea Erebia oeme 7.92 Erebia gorgone Erebia aethiopella Erebia mnestra 9.08 Erebia rhodopensis Erebia scipio 6.84 Erebia melas Erebia pronoe Erebia lefebvrei Erebia zapateri Erebia neoridas Erebia montana Erebia stiria Erebia styx 100 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 Time (Ma).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OCHRANA DENNÍCH MOTÝLŮ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE Analýza Stavu
    OCHRANA DENNÍCH MOTÝL Ů V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE Analýza stavu a dlouhodobá strategie Pro Ministerstvo životního prost ředí ČR zpracovali: Martin Konvi čka, Ji ří Beneš, Zden ěk Fric Přírodov ědecká fakulta Jiho české university (katedra zoologie) & Entomologický ústav BC AV ČR (odd ělení ekologie a ochrany p řírody) V Českých Bud ějovicích, 2010 SOUHRN Fauna českých denních motýl ů je v žalostném stavu – ze 161 autochtonních druh ů jich p řes 10 % vyhynulo, polovina zbytku ohrožená nebo zranitelná, vrší se d ůkazy o klesající po četnosti hojných druh ů. Jde o celovropský trend, ochrana motýl ů není uspokojivá ani v zemích našich soused ů. Jako nejznám ější skupina hmyzu motýli indikují špatný stav p řírody a krajiny v ůbec, jejich ú činná aktivní ochrana zast řeší ochranu v ětšiny druhového bohatství terrestrických bezobratlých. Příčinou žalostného stavu je dalekosáhlá prom ěna krajiny v posledním století. Denní motýli prosperují v krajin ě poskytující r ůznorodou nabídku zdroj ů v těsné blízkosti. Jako pro převážn ě nelesní živo čichy je pro n ě ideální jemnozrnná dynamická mozaika nejr ůzn ější typ ů vegetace, udržovaná disturbancí a následnou sukcesí. Protože sou časé taxony jsou starší než geologické období čtvrtohor, v ětšina z nich se vyvinula v prost ředí ovliv ňovaném, krom ě i dnes p ůsobících ekologických činitel ů, pastevním tlakem velkých býložravc ů. Řada velkých evropských býložravc ů b ěhem mladších čtvrtohor vyhynula, zna čnou m ěrou p řisp ěním člov ěka. Člov ěk však nahradil jejich vliv svým hospoda řením udržoval v krajin ě, jež dlouho do 20. století udrželo jemnozrnnou dynamickou mozaiku, podmínku prosperity mnoha druh ů.
    [Show full text]
  • Révision Taxinomique Et Nomenclaturale Des Rhopalocera Et Des Zygaenidae De France Métropolitaine
    Direction de la Recherche, de l’Expertise et de la Valorisation Direction Déléguée au Développement Durable, à la Conservation de la Nature et à l’Expertise Service du Patrimoine Naturel Dupont P, Luquet G. Chr., Demerges D., Drouet E. Révision taxinomique et nomenclaturale des Rhopalocera et des Zygaenidae de France métropolitaine. Conséquences sur l’acquisition et la gestion des données d’inventaire. Rapport SPN 2013 - 19 (Septembre 2013) Dupont (Pascal), Demerges (David), Drouet (Eric) et Luquet (Gérard Chr.). 2013. Révision systématique, taxinomique et nomenclaturale des Rhopalocera et des Zygaenidae de France métropolitaine. Conséquences sur l’acquisition et la gestion des données d’inventaire. Rapport MMNHN-SPN 2013 - 19, 201 p. Résumé : Les études de phylogénie moléculaire sur les Lépidoptères Rhopalocères et Zygènes sont de plus en plus nombreuses ces dernières années modifiant la systématique et la taxinomie de ces deux groupes. Une mise à jour complète est réalisée dans ce travail. Un cadre décisionnel a été élaboré pour les niveaux spécifiques et infra-spécifique avec une approche intégrative de la taxinomie. Ce cadre intégre notamment un aspect biogéographique en tenant compte des zones-refuges potentielles pour les espèces au cours du dernier maximum glaciaire. Cette démarche permet d’avoir une approche homogène pour le classement des taxa aux niveaux spécifiques et infra-spécifiques. Les conséquences pour l’acquisition des données dans le cadre d’un inventaire national sont développées. Summary : Studies on molecular phylogenies of Butterflies and Burnets have been increasingly frequent in the recent years, changing the systematics and taxonomy of these two groups. A full update has been performed in this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Qrno. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CP 2903 77 100 0 Cfcl3
    QRNo. General description of Type of Tariff line code(s) affected, based on Detailed Product Description WTO Justification (e.g. National legal basis and entry into Administration, modification of previously the restriction restriction HS(2012) Article XX(g) of the GATT, etc.) force (i.e. Law, regulation or notified measures, and other comments (Symbol in and Grounds for Restriction, administrative decision) Annex 2 of e.g., Other International the Decision) Commitments (e.g. Montreal Protocol, CITES, etc) 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 Prohibition to CP 2903 77 100 0 CFCl3 (CFC-11) Trichlorofluoromethane Article XX(h) GATT Board of Eurasian Economic Import/export of these ozone destroying import/export ozone CP-X Commission substances from/to the customs territory of the destroying substances 2903 77 200 0 CF2Cl2 (CFC-12) Dichlorodifluoromethane Article 46 of the EAEU Treaty DECISION on August 16, 2012 N Eurasian Economic Union is permitted only in (excluding goods in dated 29 may 2014 and paragraphs 134 the following cases: transit) (all EAEU 2903 77 300 0 C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113) 1,1,2- 4 and 37 of the Protocol on non- On legal acts in the field of non- _to be used solely as a raw material for the countries) Trichlorotrifluoroethane tariff regulation measures against tariff regulation (as last amended at 2 production of other chemicals; third countries Annex No. 7 to the June 2016) EAEU of 29 May 2014 Annex 1 to the Decision N 134 dated 16 August 2012 Unit list of goods subject to prohibitions or restrictions on import or export by countries- members of the
    [Show full text]
  • Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Goldenrod Invasions on Native Pollinator and Plant Populations
    Biol Invasions (2019) 21:947–960 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1874-1 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Linear and non-linear effects of goldenrod invasions on native pollinator and plant populations Dawid Moron´ . Piotr Sko´rka . Magdalena Lenda . Joanna Kajzer-Bonk . Łukasz Mielczarek . Elzbieta_ Rozej-Pabijan_ . Marta Wantuch Received: 28 August 2017 / Accepted: 7 November 2018 / Published online: 19 November 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The increased introduction of non-native and native plants. The species richness of native plants species to habitats is a characteristic of globalisation. decreased linearly with goldenrod cover, whereas the The impact of invading species on communities may abundance and species richness of bees and butterflies be either linearly or non-linearly related to the decreased non-linearly with increasing goldenrod invaders’ abundance in a habitat. However, non-linear cover. However, no statistically significant changes relationships with a threshold point at which the across goldenrod cover were noted for the abundance community can no longer tolerate the invasive species and species richness of hover flies. Because of the non- without loss of ecosystem functions remains poorly linear response, goldenrod had no visible impact on studied. We selected 31 wet meadow sites that bees and butterflies until it reached cover in a habitat encompassed the entire coverage spectrum of invasive of about 50% and 30–40%, respectively. Moreover, goldenrods, and surveyed the abundance and diversity changes driven by goldenrod in the plant and of pollinating insects (bees, butterflies and hover flies) D. Moron´ (&) Ł. Mielczarek Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Department of Forests and Nature, Krako´w Municipal Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krako´w, Greenspace Authority, Reymonta 20, 30-059 Krako´w, Poland Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] P.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet Our Associate Editor Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, , Vol
    Meet Our Associate Editor Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 17, No. 5 485 Meet Our Associate Editor Prof. Roberto Paolesse University of Rome Rome Italy Prof. Roberto Paolesse graduated cum laude in chemistry from the University of Rome “La Sapienza” in 1983. He started his academic career at the Department of Chemical Science and Technologies of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” in 1986 as an assistant professor. He has carried out several National and European research projects, and he is also a coordinator of the FET-OPEN project INITIO within the Horizon2020 EU program. He is a full professor of chemistry at the Department of Chemical Science and Technologies of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and also co-director of the Sensors Group of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Prof. Roberto Paolesse authored more than 400 articles on international journals, six patents and edited two books. His papers received 10473 citations with an H-index=54. His research interests are synthesis and reactivity of metal complexes of porphyrins and related macrocycles, thin film deposition of organic materials, development of porphyrin-based chemical sensors and artificial sensorial systems (E-nose and E-tongue) and study of the optoelectronic properties of porphyrin and related macrocycle thin films. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS [1] Nardis, S.; Mandoj, F.; Stefanelli, M.; Paolesse, R. Metal complexes of corrole. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2019, 388, 360-405. [2] Pinzari, M.; Santonico, M.; Pennazza, G.; Martinelli, E.; Capuano, R.; Paolesse, R.; Rao, M.D.; D’Amico, A.; Cesaroni, D.; Sbordoni, V.; Natale, C.D. Chemically mediated species recognition in two sympatric grayling butterflies: Hipparchia fagi and Hipparchia hermione (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, satyrinae).
    [Show full text]
  • Maquetación 1
    About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union composed of both government and civil society organisations. It harnesses the experience, resources and reach of its 1,300 Member organisations and the input of some 15,000 experts. IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com/IUCN/ IUCN – The Species Survival Commission The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions with a global membership of more than 10,000 experts. SSC advises IUCN and its members on the wide range of technical and scientific aspects of species conservation and is dedicated to securing a future for biodiversity. SSC has significant input into the international agreements dealing with biodiversity conservation. http://www.iucn.org/theme/species/about/species-survival-commission-ssc IUCN – Global Species Programme The IUCN Species Programme supports the activities of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and individual Specialist Groups, as well as implementing global species conservation initiatives. It is an integral part of the IUCN Secretariat and is managed from IUCN’s international headquarters in Gland, Switzerland. The Species Programme includes a number of technical units covering Species Trade and Use, the IUCN Red List Unit, Freshwater Biodiversity Unit (all located in Cambridge, UK), the Global Biodiversity Assessment Initiative (located in Washington DC, USA), and the Marine Biodiversity Unit (located in Norfolk, Virginia, USA). www.iucn.org/species IUCN – Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation The Centre was opened in October 2001 with the core support of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment, the regional Government of Junta de Andalucía and the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID).
    [Show full text]
  • The Radiation of Satyrini Butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): A
    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 64–87. With 8 figures The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods CARLOS PEÑA1,2*, SÖREN NYLIN1 and NIKLAS WAHLBERG1,3 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru 3Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Received 24 February 2009; accepted for publication 1 September 2009 We have inferred the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis to date of butterflies in the tribe Satyrini. In order to obtain a hypothesis of relationships, we used maximum parsimony and model-based methods with 4435 bp of DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes for 179 taxa (130 genera and eight out-groups). We estimated dates of origin and diversification for major clades, and performed a biogeographic analysis using a dispersal–vicariance framework, in order to infer a scenario of the biogeographical history of the group. We found long-branch taxa that affected the accuracy of all three methods. Moreover, different methods produced incongruent phylogenies. We found that Satyrini appeared around 42 Mya in either the Neotropical or the Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, and/or Indo-Australian regions, and underwent a quick radiation between 32 and 24 Mya, during which time most of its component subtribes originated. Several factors might have been important for the diversification of Satyrini: the ability to feed on grasses; early habitat shift into open, non-forest habitats; and geographic bridges, which permitted dispersal over marine barriers, enabling the geographic expansions of ancestors to new environ- ments that provided opportunities for geographic differentiation, and diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies & Flowers of the Kackars
    Butterflies and Botany of the Kackars in Turkey Greenwings holiday report 14-22 July 2018 Led by Martin Warren, Yiannis Christofides and Yasemin Konuralp White-bordered Grayling © Alan Woodward Greenwings Wildlife Holidays Tel: 01473 254658 Web: www.greenwings.co.uk Email: [email protected] ©Greenwings 2018 Introduction This was the second year of a tour to see the wonderful array of butterflies and plants in the Kaçkar mountains of north-east Turkey. These rugged mountains rise steeply from Turkey’s Black Sea coast and are an extension of the Caucasus mountains which are considered by the World Wide Fund for Nature to be a global biodiversity hotspot. The Kaçkars are thought to be the richest area for butterflies in this range, a hotspot in a hotspot with over 160 resident species. The valley of the River Çoruh lies at the heart of the Kaçkar and the centre of the trip explored its upper reaches at altitudes of 1,300—2,300m. The area consists of steep-sided valleys with dry Mediterranean vegetation, typically with dense woodland and trees in the valley bottoms interspersed with small hay-meadows. In the upper reaches these merge into alpine meadows with wet flushes and few trees. The highest mountain in the range is Kaçkar Dağı with an elevation of 3,937 metres The tour was centred around the two charming little villages of Barhal and Olgunlar, the latter being at the fur- thest end of the valley that you can reach by car. The area is very remote and only accessed by a narrow road that winds its way up the valley providing extraordinary views that change with every turn.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan
    NEPA Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan An Output of the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environment Management (NCSA) for Afghanistan June 2008 United Nations Environment Programme Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch First published in Kabul in 2008 by the United Nations Environment Programme. Copyright © 2008, United Nations Environment Programme. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme Darulaman Kabul, Afghanistan Tel: +93 (0)799 382 571 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unep.org DISCLAIMER The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP, or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Unless otherwise credited, all the photos in this publication have been taken by the UNEP staff. Design and Layout: Rachel Dolores
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of Albanian Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysAnnotated 323: 75–89 (2013) checklist of Albanian butterflies( Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) 75 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.323.5684 CHECKLIST www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Annotated checklist of Albanian butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) Rudi Verovnik1, Miloš Popović2 1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 HabiProt, Bulevar oslobođenja 106/34, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: Rudi Verovnik ([email protected]) Academic editor: Carlos Peña | Received 25 May 2013 | Accepted 6 August 2013 | Published 13 August 2013 Citation: Verovnik R, Popović M (2013) Annotated checklist of Albanian butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). ZooKeys 323: 75–89. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.323.5684 Abstract The Republic of Albania has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. However, due to its political isolation, it has never been studied in great depth, and consequently, the existing list of butterfly species is outdated and in need of radical amendment. In addition to our personal data, we have studied the available litera- ture, and can report a total of 196 butterfly species recorded from the country. For some of the species in the list we have given explanations for their inclusion and made other annotations. Doubtful records have been removed from the list, and changes in taxonomy have been updated and discussed separately. The purpose of our paper is to remove confusion and conflict regarding published records. However, the revised checklist should not be considered complete: it represents a starting point for further research.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid. 23 (2): 1 19-140; 01.VIL2000 ISSN 0342-7536 Comparative data on the adult biology, ecology and behaviour of species belonging to the genera Hipparchia, Chazara and Kanetisa in central Spain (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) Enrique Garcia-Barros Department of Biology (Zoology), Universidad Autönoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, e-mail: [email protected] Summary. The potential longevity, fecundity, mating frequencies, behaviour, and sea- sonal reproductive biology were studied in several satyrine butterflies belonging to the genera Hipparchia, Chazara and Kanetisa, in an area located in central Spain. All the species studied appear to be potentially long-lived, and a relatively long period of pre- oviposition is shown to occur in C. briseis and K. circe. Potential fecundity varies between 250 and 800 eggs depending on the species (with maxima exceeding 1300 eggs in K. circe). The results are discussed in terms of the possible ecological relationships between adult ecological traits and the species abundance, and the possibility of a marked geographic variation between species, that might be of interest in relation to specific management and conservation. Zusammenfassung. Für mehrere Vertreter der Gattungen Hipparchia, Chazara und Kanetisa (Satyrinae) wurden in einem Gebiet in Zentralspanien potentielle Lebensdauer, potentielle Fekundität, Paarungshäufigkeiten im Freiland und saisonaler Verlauf der Reproduktionstätigkeit untersucht. Alle untersuchten Arten sind potentiell langlebig, eine relativ lange Präovipositionsperiode tritt bei C. briseis und K circe auf. Die potentielle Fekundität variiert je nach Art zwischen 250 und 800 Eiern (mit einem Maximum von über 1300 Eiern bei K circe).
    [Show full text]
  • Grazing Effects on Day Butter Ies in a Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystem in Northern Israel
    Grazing Effects on Day Butteries in a Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystem in Northern Israel Gad Ish Am ( [email protected] ) The Israeli Lepidopterists Society https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-3186 Talia Oron Israel Nature and Parks Authority Research article Keywords: Mediterranean woodland, biodiversity conservation, day-butteries, cattle grazing, monophagous species, endangered species Posted Date: November 3rd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-99467/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/26 Abstract The effects of cattle grazing on biodiversity in Mediterranean woodlands are yet unknown. To assess these effects on diurnal butteries, we conducted daytime surveys in the Mt. Meron nature reserve (northern Israel) in two habitats over two different years. In each habitat we chose one site that was grazed by cattle and, as a control, a similar but ungrazed site. Belt transects (5m wide), divided for 100m replications, were surveyed ve times on ridges in 2015 (11 replications, 538 butteries, 25 species), and nine times in valleys in 2016 (12 replications, 3,944 butteries, 38 species). In both habitats, species similarity index between sites was high. Richness was higher in the ridge control and evenness was higher in the valley grazed site. In both habitats total abundance was ca. twofold higher in the control, and the abundance of woody aliated butteries was threefold higher in the control, probably due to overgrazing, which affects butteries’ breeding niches. For batha polyphagous and oligophagous buttery species, abundance was similar between the sites, and for a few of those, associated with increaser plants, it was even higher in the grazed sites.
    [Show full text]