Butterfly Descriptions for Android App

Hesperiidae

Carcharodus alceae — Mallow Flight Time: April to October Elevation: 500-2600m Habitat: Meadows, forest clearings, and grassy hills. Food Plants: sylvestris (Common Mallow), officinalis (Marshmallow) Life Cycle: Univoltine or multivoltine depending on elevation.

Hesperia comma — Silver-Spotted Skipper Flight Time: Late June to early September Elevation: 2000-4000m Habitat: Mountainous meadows, steppes, and scree areas Food Plants: ovina (sheep’s fescue) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid singly on F. ovina. overwinters as an egg, hatching in March. Univoltine

Muschampia proteus — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 2600m Habitat: Steppes, dry meadows, xerophytic gorges. Food Plants: N/A Life Cycle: N/A

Pyrgus malvae — Grizzled Skipper Flight time: May to early July Elevation: 1000-3000m Habitat: Forest clearings, mountainous meadows, steppes Food Plants: Potentilla spp. (cinquefoil) and Rosa spp. (wild rose) Life Cycle: Eggs laid singly on host plant. Species overwinters as an egg. Likely univoltine.

Spialia orbifer — Orbed Red-Underwing Skipper Flight time: Univoltine from May to August, bivoltine from April to June and July to August Elevation: Up to 3200m Habitat: Mountainous steppes, xerophytic meadows, and cultivated land. Food Plants: Rubus spp. (raspberry) and Potentilla spp. (cinquefoil) Life Cycle: N/A

Thymelicus lineola — Essex Skipper Flight time: May to August. Elevation: Up to 2600m Habitat: Xerophytic slopes and grassy areas Food Plants: spp. (cocksfoot grass) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid in a string near host plant. Species overwinters as an egg. Univoltine

Lycaenidae

Aricia agestis — Brown Argus Flight time: May to September Elevation: 1700-3800m Habitat: Dry meadows or steppe areas Food Plants: Erodium spp. (storcksbill) and Geranium spp. (cranesbill) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid singly. Species overwinters as larva and pupates in the spring. Univoltine or bivoltine.

Celastrina argiolus — Holly Blue Flight time: April to September Elevation: Up to 2000m Habitat: Mesophytic areas with trees or bushes. Food Plants: Berberis spp. (barberry) and Cuscuta spp. (dodder) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as pupa. Bivoltine.

Cupido buddhista — Buddhist Blue Flight time: June to September Elevation: 2300-3400m Habitat: Alpine biomes with lots of herbaceous plants Food Plants: Oxytropis spp. (locoweed) Life Cycle: N/A

Glaucopsyche alexis — Green-Underside Blue Flight time: May to July Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Mountainous meadows and river valleys Food Plants: Hedysarum spp. (sweetvetch) Life Cycle: N/A

Lycaena phlaeas — Small Copper Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 4500m Habitat: Lowland and mountainous meadows Food Plants: Rumex acetosa (sorrel) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid singly on the host plant. Species overwinters as a larva. Pupa is attended to by ants. Bivoltine

Phengaris rebeli — Mountain Alcon Blue Flight time: June to August Elevation: 1500-2000m Habitat: Meadow-like slopes facing north or west Food Plants: Gentiana cruciata Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a larva. As an immature it is a brood parasite to a species of ant, Myrmica schencki, pupation occurs inside the ant nest.

Polyommatus icarus — Common Blue Flight time: May to September Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Grassy meadows, xerophytic slopes and river valleys, and mountainous areas Food Plants: spp. (burclover), spp. (sainfoin), Trifolium spp. () Life Cycle: Eggs are laid singly. Species overwinters as larva. Larva is attended to by ants (From the genera Lasius, Formica, Plagiolepis, and Myrmica) Typically bivoltine.

Thersamonia thersamon — Lesser Fiery Copper Flight time: April to October Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Meadows, steppes, and semideserts. Food Plants: Polygonum aviculare (Common Knotgrass) Life Cycle: Overwinters as an egg or larva, multivoltine Vacciniina fergana — No Common Name Flight time: May to July Elevation: 800-3000m Habitat: Xerophytic slopes, steppes, and gorges. Food Plants: Astragalus spp. (milkvetch) Life Cycle: N/A

Nymphalidae

Aglais urticae — Small Tortoiseshell Flight time: April to September Elevation: Commonly found up to 3000m but can sometimes be found up to 4000m Habitat: Open areas and mountain gorges with a high density of the host plant Food Plants: Urtica spp. (stinging nettle) Life Cycle: Adults overwinter in a state of hibernation begun around October. They emerge during early spring.

Argynnis pandora — Cardinal Fritillary Flight time: May to August Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Steppes, meadows, and adjacent mountain slopes of forest biomes. Food Plants: spp. (violet) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a small larva. Usually univoltine.

Argynnis paphia — Silver Washed Fritillary Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Meadows and river valleys in mountainous areas Food Plants: Viola spp. (violet) and Prunus spp. (plum, cherry, apricot etc.) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid 1-2 meters above ground in tree bark near host plant. Eggs hatch in August and the newly hatched larva immediately begins hibernation. Adults emerge in June. Univoltine.

Boloria generator — No Common Name Flight time: July to September Elevation: 2500-4500m Habitat: Moist mountain meadows and stream banks Food Plants: Polygonum alpinum (Alpine Knotweed) Life Cycle: N/A

Clossiana erubescens — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: 2000-3600m Habitat: Mountain meadows and stream valleys Food Plants: Violaceae (violets and pansies) Life Cycle: N/A

Inachis io — European Peacock Flight time: March to September Elevation: Up to 3200m Habitat: Open areas in mountainous and steppe biomes Food Plants: Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Humulus lupulus (hops) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid in spring in groups of up to 400 on the host plant. Species overwinters as an adult. Univoltine.

Issoria lathonia — Queen of Spain Fritillary Flight time: April to October Elevation: Up to 3500m Habitat: Low elevation plains up to subalpine biomes Food Plants: Violaceae (violets and pansies) Life Cycle: Species can overwinter as a larva or pupa. Bivoltine or multivoltine.

Fabriciana adippe — High Brown Fritillary Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Mountainous meadows Food Plants: Violaceae (violets and pansies) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as either an egg or larva.

Fabriciana niobe — Niobe Fritillary Flight time:June to September Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Mountainous meadows Food Plants: Violaceae (violets and pansies) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a larva.

Melitaea ala — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: 1400-3000m Habitat: Mountain meadows Food Plants: Stachys spp. (betony), Eremostachys spp., Phlomoides oreophila, Pedicularis spp. (lousewort) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a larva.

Melitaea didyma - Spotted Fritillary Flight time: May to September Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Steppes, vallies, and stoney slopes Food Plants: Stachys spp. (Betony), Plantago spp. (Plantain), Phlomoides spp., spp. (Toadflax), spp. (Gypsyweed), Verbascum spp. (Mullein), Artemisia spp. (Wormwood), Pedicularis spp. (Lousewort), spp. (Plumeless Thistle), Echinops spp. (Globe Thistle), spp. (Knapweed), Trifolium spp. (Clover), and Scabiosa spp. (Pincushion Flowers). Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a larva. Bivoltine or multivoltine depending on location.

Melitaea fergana — No Common Name Flight time: May to August Elevation: 1500-4200m Habitat: Scree on mountain slopes Food Plants: Veronica spp. (gypsyweed), Phlomoides spp. Life Cycle: Species overwinters as a larva.

Melitaea solona — No Common Name Flight time: June to July Elevation: 2700-4000m Habitat: Humid alpine meadows Food Plants: Pedicularis spp. (lousewort) Life Cycle: N/A

Neptis rivularis — Hungarian Glider Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Stream or river biomes, dry mountain slopes, foothills with bushes Food Plants: Spiraea spp. Life Cycle: Overwinters as a larva. Usually univoltine

Nymphalis antiopa — Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty Flight time: April to September Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Stream or river biomes with willow and birch trees present Food Plants: Salix spp. (willow) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid in a ring group on a branch of the host plant. Species overwinters as an adult.

Nymphalis xanthomelas — Scarce Tortoiseshell Flight time: March to October Elevation: Up to 2700m Habitat: Stream or river biomes with willow and birch trees present Food Plants: Populus spp. (poplar, aspen, cottonwood) and Salix spp. (willow) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as an adult.

Vanessa atalanta — Painted Lady Flight time: March to October Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Open landscapes from deserts to mountains Food Plants: 27 different host plants including Carduus spp. (plumeless thistle), Plantago spp. (plantain), and Salvia spp. (sage) Life Cycle: Species overwinters as an adult.

Vanessa cardui — Red Admiral Flight time: May to November but in Ala Archa only in Autumn Elevation: 600-1800m Habitat: Valleys and foothills Food Plants: Urticae dioica (Stinging Nettle), Humulus lupulus (Hops) Life Cycle: Overwinters as an adult.

Papilionidae Papilio machaon — Old World Swallowtail Flight time: April to November Elevation: N/A Habitat: Found in virtually any ecosystem from lowlands to high mountains. Food Plants: Prangos spp. (), Artemisia spp. (Wormwood), Haplophylum spp. (), Ferula spp. () Life Cycle: Eggs laid singly on host plant. Overwinters as a pupa. Pupal diapause is possible for up to 3 years before adult emergence. Univoltine or bivoltine depending on location.

Parnassius apollo — Apollo Flight time: June to September Elevation: 1400-3000m Habitat: Steppe and meadow slopes Food Plants: Sedum hybridum (Hybrid Stonecrop) and Sedum ewers (Stonecrop) Life Cycle: Overwinters as an egg hatching in spring. Pupates on the ground next to host plant. Pupal period lasts 15-18 days depending on the temperature.

Parnassius delphius — Banded Apollo Flight time: June to July Elevation: 3000-4000m Habitat: Western facing rocky slopes, scree fields,and mountain meadows. Food Plants: Cysticorydalis fedtschenkoana (), Corydalis tenella (Discreet Corydalis), Corydalis gortschakovi () Life Cycle: Follows a two year life cycle. Initially overwinters as an egg then hatches in spring. Larvae feed for one year and then overwinter as pupae the second winter.

Parnassius mnemosyne — Clouded Apollo Flight time: May to July Elevation: 1300-3000m Habitat: Grassy stepped slopes as well as mountain valleys and river terraces Food Plants: Corydalis ledebouriana and Corydalis glaucescens Life Cycle: Overwinters as an egg.

Parnassius tianschanicus — Large Keeled Apollo Flight time: May to September Elevation: 1700-3500m Habitat: East and south facing rocky slopes in subalpine and alpine areas. Food Plants: Rhodiola spp. (), Sedum ewersii (Stonecrop), Sedum hybridum (Hybrid Stonecrop) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a larva.

Pieridae

Anthocharis cardamines — Orange Tip Flight time: May to July Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Meadows, hedges, forest lawns, mountain and river valleys, and grassy slopes Food Plants: Cardamine spp. (Bittercress), Turritis spp. (Rockcress), Sisymbrium spp. (Rocket), Brassica spp. (Cabbage) Life Cycle: Eggs are laid singly on individual host plants. The female leaves a pheromone on the plant to deter other females from depositing eggs on the same plant as a single plant can only support one larva. Overwinters as a pupa and can have a diapause of up to two years in the pupal stage.

Aporia crataegi — Black-Veined White Flight time: May to June Elevation: 1000-2500m Habitat: Mountain slopes, valleys, and gorges Food Plants: Prunus spp. (Bird Cherry and Rowan), Crataegus spp. (Hawthorn), Malus spp. (Apple) Life Cycle: Eggs laid in groups of 30-100 and take about 3 weeks to hatch. Overwinter as a group of small larvae in a silk tent.

Aporia leucodice — Himalayan Blackvein (synonym is Metaporia leucodice) Flight time: May to June Elevation: 1000-3000m Habitat: Mountain slopes and gorges Food Plants: Berberis spp. (Barberry) Life Cycle: Larvae feed together in a silk web where they also overwinter together.

Colias erate — Pale Clouded Yellow Flight time: April to October Elevation: Up to 3300m Habitat: Steppes, fields, and mountain meadows. Food Plants: Onobrychis spp. (Sainfoin), Medicago spp. (Burclover), Trifolium spp. (Clover), Trigonella spp. (Fenugreek), Alhagi spp. (Camelthorn) Life Cycle: Bivoltine. Overwinters as either a pupa or larva.

Colias romanovi — No Common Name Flight time: May to August Elevation: 1500-3500m Habitat: East and South facing steppe slopes Food Plants: Astragalus platyphyllus (Milkvetch) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a second-instal larva. Pupal period is only 7 days.

Gonepteryx farinosa — Powdered Brimstone

Flight time: March to October

Elevation: 1000- 3000m Habitat: Arid xerophytic mountain gorges and slopes. Food Plants: spp. (Buckthorn), Zizyphus spp. (Buckthorn), spp. (Buckthorn) Life Cycle: Overwinters as an adult

Leptidea sinapis — Wood White Flight time: May to June Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Meadows, forest lawns, mountain and river valleys, and gorges. Food Plants: Vicia spp. (Vetch), Astragalus spp. (Milkvetch), Lotus spp. (Bird’s-foot Trefoil), Medicago spp. (Burclover), Trifolium spp. (Clover) Life Cycle: Eggs laid singly. Pupation takes place in July and the pupa overwinters.

Pieris brassicae — Cabbage White Flight time: April to September Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Cultivated land, meadows, river valleys, and mountain slopes Food Plants: Brassica spp. (Cabbage), Lepidium spp. (Peppercress), Sinapis spp. (Mustard), Raphanus spp. (Wild Radish), Rorippa spp. (Yellowcress), Nasturtium spp. (Yellowcress), Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette) Life Cycle: Bivoltine or multivoltine depending on the altitude. Eggs laid in bunches on the underside of the leaf. Overwinters as a pupa.

Pieris bryoniae — Dark Veined White Flight time: June to July Elevation: Up to 2700m Habitat: Damp foothills and meadows Food Plants: Thlaspi spp. (Pennycress) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a pupa.

Pieris napi — Green Veined White Flight time: April to September Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Meadows and river valleys Food Plants: Brassica spp. (Cabbage), Cardamine spp. (Bittercress), Alyssum spp., Arabis spp. (Rockcress), Barbarea spp. (Winter Cress), Descurainia spp. (Tansymustard), Erysimum spp. (Wallflower), Sisymbrium spp. (Rocket), Thlaspi spp. (Pennycress), Draba spp. (Whitlow-grass), Lepidium spp. (Peppercress), Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette) Life Cycle: Bivoltine or multivoltine depending on the altitude. Eggs are laid singly. Overwinters as a pupa.

Pieris rapae — Small White Flight time: April to September Elevation: Up to 3000m Habitat: Meadows, steppes, and cultivated lands Food Plants: Brassica spp. (Cabbage), Cardamine spp. (Bittercress), Arabis spp. (Rockcress), Barbarea spp. (Winter Cress), Descurainia spp. (Tansymustard), Erysimum spp. (Wallflower), Sisymbrium spp. (Rocket), Hesperis spp. (Rocket), Turritis spp. (Rockcress), Raphanus spp. (Wild Radish), Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette) Life Cycle: Bivoltine or multivoltine depending on altitude. Eggs laid singly. Overwinters as a pupa.

Pontia callidice — Lofty Bath White Flight time: May to September Elevation: 2000-4500m Habitat: South facing river valleys and steppe slopes Food Plants: Brassica spp. (Cabbage), Alyssum spp., Arabis spp. (Rockcress), Barbarea spp. (Winter Cress), Descurainia spp. (Tansymustard), Erysimum spp. (Wallflower), Sisymbrium spp. (Rocket), Thlaspi spp. (Pennycress), Draba spp. (Whitlow-grass), Lepidium spp. (Peppercress), Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette), Orostachys spp. (Chinese Hat) Life Cycle: Bivoltine. Second generation hibernates as a pupa.

Pontia daplidice — Bath White Flight time: April to October Elevation: 500-4000m Habitat: Deserts, steppes, river valleys. Food Plants: Alyssum spp., Arabis spp. (Rockcress), Berteroa spp. (Hoary Alison), Erysimum spp. (Wallflower), Sisymbrium spp. (Rocket), Thlaspi spp. (Pennycress), Turritis spp. (Rockcress), Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette), Vicia spp. (Vetch), Lathyrus spp. (Sweet Pea), Pisum spp. (Pea), Trifolium spp. (Clover) Life Cycle: Multivoltine. Overwintering generation does so as a pupa.

Satyridae

Arethusana arethusa — False Grayling Flight time: June to August Elevation: Up to 2500m Habitat: Grasslands and arid foothills Food Plants: Festuca spp. (Fesuce), Dactylis spp. (Cocksfoot Grass), spp. (Meadowgrass), (Meadow Brome) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a small larva. Pupation happens underground

Chazara briseis — Hermit Flight time: June to October Elevation: 1000-2500m Habitat: Xerophytic slopes with high clay and stone content Food Plants: spp., Festuca spp. (Fescue), spp. (Feather Grass), Poa spp. (Meadowgrass) Life Cycle: Adult females wait several weeks after insemination before ovipositing. Eggs laid singly on host plants. Overwinters as a larva

Chazara enervata — No Common Name Flight time: May to August Elevation: 500-2500m Habitat: Xerophytic stoney areas Food Plants: (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Chazara heydenreichi — No Common Name Flight time: June to October Elevation: 1000-3000m Habitat: Xerophytic stoney steppes and dry river beds Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Coenonympha caeca — No Common Name Flight time: June to July Elevation: 2000-3500m Habitat: Alpine meadows, stream banks, and stoney slopes that face eastward Food Plants: Carex spp. (Sedge) Life Cycle: N/A

Coenonympha pamphilus — Small Heath Flight time: May to October Elevation: 700-2000m Habitat: Meadows and steppes Food Plants: Poa spp. (Meadowgrass), Anthoxanthum spp. (Vernal Grass), Cynosurus spp. (Dogstail Grass), Dactylis spp. (Cocksfoot Grass), Festuca spp. (Fescue), Nardus spp. (Matgrass) Life Cycle: Bivoltine. Eggs generally laid singly or in very small groups. Overwinters as a third-instal larva.

Coenonympha sunbecca — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: 1500-3400m Habitat: Sloped meadows and stream banks Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Erebia mongolica —

Flight time: June to July

Elevation: 3200-3700m Habitat: Grassy alpine areas. Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Erebia mopsos — No Common Name Flight time: June to July Elevation: 2800-3500m Habitat: West, north, and northeast facing meadow slopes in subalpine and alpine areas. Food Plants: Festuca spp. (Fescue) Life Cycle: N/A

Erebia sokolovi — No Common Name Flight time: July to August Elevation: 3000-3600m Habitat: West, east, and north facing meadow slopes in subalpine and alpine areas. Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Erebia turanica — No Common Name Flight time: May to July Elevation: 1200-3000m Habitat: Damp meadows and river valleys Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Hyponephele naubidensis — No Common Name Flight time: July to September Elevation: 1500-4100m Habitat:Steppe and dry meadow slopes up to glacial areas Food Plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Life Cycle: N/A

Melanargia parce — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: 700-2800m Habitat: Meadows and steppe slopes Food Plants: Bromus oxydon (Brome Grass), Elytrigia spp. (Couchgrass) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a larva

Urrusia eversmanni — No Common Name Flight time: June to August Elevation: 1000-2700m Habitat: River valleys and vegetated slopes Food Plants: Elytrigia spp. (Couchgrass) Life Cycle: Overwinters as a third-instar larva.