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How Reliable Is It? PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BANU KAYA ÖZDEMĠREL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2011 Approval of the thesis: PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? submitted by BANU KAYA ÖZDEMİREL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan _____________ Head of Department, Biological Sciences, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin _____________ Supervisor, Department of Biological Sciences, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Aykut Kence ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya ____________________ Department of Biological Sciences, METU. Prof. Dr. Nilgül Karadeniz ____________________ Department of Landscape Architecture. AU. Prof. Dr. ġebnem Düzgün ____________________ Department of Mining Engineering. METU. Date: 11.02.2011 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Banu Kaya Özdemirel Signature : III ABSTRACT PROTECTED AREA SITE SELECTION BASED ON ABIOTIC DATA: HOW RELIABLE IS IT? Özdemirel Kaya, Banu Ph.D., Department of Biology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin February 2011, 189 pages Protected area site selection is generally carried out using biodiversity data as surrogates. However, reliable and complete biodiversity data is rarely available due to limited resources, time and equipment. Instead of drawing on inadequate biodiversity data, an alternative is to use environmental diversity (ED) as a surrogate in conservation planning. However, there are few studies that use environmental diversity for site selection or that evaluates its efficiency; unfortunately, no such example exists for Turkey, where biodiversity is high but our knowledge about it is unsatisfactory. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of environmental surrogates and the utility of different biological taxa in conservation planning. The objective was to find out the most efficient surrogates, either environmental or biological, for conservation planning, so that limited resources can be used more efficiently to establish an effective protected areas network. The study was carried out in northeastern Turkey, within the Lesser Caucasus ecoregion. The taxonomic groups considered include large mammals, breeding birds, globally threatened reptiles and amphibians, butterflies, highly threatened plants, and ecological communities. The distribution data was taken from a previous study, while climate and topographical data were obtained from various sources and produced through spatio-statistical techniques. Complementarity- based site selection was carried out with Marxan software, where the planning unit IV was the 100 sq.km. UTM grid square. Various statistical methods, including geographically weighted regression, principal components analysis, and p-median algorithm, were used to determine ED across the units. Performance of different approaches and different sets of surrogates were tested by comparing them to a random null model as well as representation success. Results indicate that endemic or non-endemic highly threatened plant species, butterfly species and ecological communities represent biodiversity better than other taxa in the study area. As such, they can be used on their own as efficient biodiversity surrogates in conservation area planning. Another finding is that highly threatened plant species are required to be used in the site selection process if they need to be represented well; in other words, they are their own surrogates. It was demonstrated that while ED alone can be used as a surrogate to represent biodiversity of an area, they are not as good as biodiversity surrogates themselves. It is also suggested that using species taxa with smaller distributional ranges or taxa that complement each other due to ecological differences as surrogates provide better results. On the other hand, ED might be a more suitable surrogate if resources are very limited or field work is impossible. In such cases, using ED in conjunction with one of the better biodiversity surrogates is probably the best solution. Keywords: Biodiversity, environmental diversity, site selection, systematic conservation planning, surrogate taxa, Lesser Caucasus Ecoregion, Turkey V ÖZ ABĠYOTĠK VERĠLER ĠLE KORUNAN ALAN SEÇĠMĠ: NE KADAR GÜVENĠLĠRDĠR? Özdemirel Kaya, Banu Ph.D., Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. C. Can Bilgin ġubat 2011, 189 sayfa Korunan alan seçimi genellikle biyoçeĢitlilik verisinin temsilci olarak kullanılmasıyla gerçekleĢtirilir. Fakat sınırlı kaynak, zaman ve ekipmandan dolayı, güvenilir ve tam bir biyolojik çeĢitlilik verisi nadir olarak mevcuttur. Bu durumda bir alternatif olan çevresel çeĢitlilik (ÇÇ), temsilci olarak koruma planlamasında kullanılır. Fakat çevresel çeĢitliliği alan seçimi için kullanan ve verimliliğini değerlendiren az sayıda çalıĢma bulunmaktadır. Ne yazık ki, biyoçeĢitliliğin yüksek fakat onun hakkındaki bilginin yetersiz olduğu Türkiye için böyle bir çalıĢmanın örneği bulunmamaktadır. Bundan dolayı, bu çalıĢma çevresel temsilcilerin verimliliğini ve farklı biyolojik taksonların koruma planlamasındaki kullanıĢlılığını araĢtırmak üzere gerçekleĢtirilmiĢtir. Hedef koruma planlaması için daha verimli çevresel yada biyolojik temsilcilerin bulunmasıdır. Böylece kısıtlı kaynaklar etkili korunan alanlar ağı kurabilmek için daha verimli bir Ģekilde kullanılabilir. ÇalıĢma Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğusunda AĢağı Kafkaslar ekolojik bölgesinde gerçekleĢtirilmiĢtir. Dikkate alınan taksonomik gruplar endemilk ve endemik olmayan yüksek derecede tehtid altında olan bitkiler, üreyen kuĢlar, kelebekler, büyük memeliler, küresel ölçekte tehtid altında olan sürüngen ve çift yaĢamlılar ve yaĢam birliklerini kapsamaktadır. Ġklim ve topografya verileri farklı kaynaklardan toplanıp, mekansal istatistik yöntemleri ile üretilirken, dağılım verileri bir önceki çalıĢmadan temin edilmiĢtir. Tamamlayıcılık esasına dayanan alan seçimi 100 km²’lik UTM grid karelerinde Marxan alan seçim yazılımı ile belirlenmiĢtir. Coğrafi VI ağırlıklı regresyon, temel bileĢenler analizi ve p- medyan algoritması kullanılarak, çevresel çeĢitlilik birimler boyunca belilenmiĢtir. Farklı yaklaĢımların ve farklı temsilci setlerinin performansı temsiliyet baĢarısı yanında rastgele null model ile de karĢılaĢtırılarak test edilmiĢtir. Sonuçlar çalıĢma alanında endemik veya endemik olmayan yüksek derecede tehdit altında olan bitki türlerinin, kelebek türlerin ve ekolojik yaĢam birliklerinin biyoçeĢitliliği diğer taksonlara göre daha iyi temsil ettiğini göstermiĢtir. Bu sebeple, bu taksonlar korunan alan planlamasında verimli biyoçeĢitlilik temsilcileri olarak kullanılabilirler. Diğer bir bulguda yüksek derece tehtid altında olan bitki türlerinin iyi temsil edilmelerine ihtiyaç duyuluyorsa alan seçim sürecinde mutlaka kullanılmaları gerekir. Diğer bir Ģekilde ifade etmek gerekirse bu taksonlar kendilerinin temsilcisidir. Çevresel çeĢitliliğin kendi baĢına bir alanın biyoçeĢitliliğini yansıtması için temsilci olarak kulanılabilmesine rağmen biyoçeĢitlilik temsilcileri kadar iyi olmadığı gösterilmiĢtir. Dar dağılıĢ gösteren tür taksonları ya da ekolojik farklılıklarından dolayı birnbirinin tamamlayan taksonlar temsilci olarak kullanıldığında daha iyi sonuç verdiği önerilmiĢtir. Diğer taraftan, kaynakların çok sınırlı, arazi çalıĢmalarının olanaksız olduğu durumlarda çevresel çeĢitlilik temsilci olarak daha uygun olabilir. Bu gibi durumlarda çevresel çeĢitliliğin en iyi biyoçeĢitlilik temsilcilerinden biri ile birlikte kullanılması muhtemelen en iyi çözüm olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: BiyoçeĢitlilik, çevresel çeĢitlilik, alan seçimi, sistematik koruma planlaması, temsilci taksonlar, AĢağı Kafkaslar bölgesi, Türkiye. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to my supervisor Dr. C. Can Bilgin for his kind personality, guidance, support and advice all through the thesis. I am also thankful to examining committee members for helping me finalize the thesis and especially Dr. ġebnem Düzgün for giving invaluable guidance and support. I have special thanks to my lab-mates in the Bilgin Lab of Biodiversity and Conservation. How could I not thank my sweeties, Çiğdem Akın, Emel Kunduz, Sibel Dinç and Yeliz Ballar? They let me cry on their shoulders and help me relax whenever I need. I also want to give special thank to my family for their pure love and all kind of support during my whole life and I hope to have them beside me for a long time. Lasty- but never the least- I am grateful to my husband Tolga Özdemirel for his patience throughout the long working hours. He really made it possible that I finish this thesis by supporting and helping so much during my works. I am so glad that you exist. VIII TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................
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