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Two Case Studies of Activist Mobilization in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1960-1982

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Two Case Studies of Activist Mobilization in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1960-1982 ‘All the Messy Details’: Two Case Studies of Activist Mobilization in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1960-1982 by Matthew James J. Baglole Master of Arts, University of New Brunswick, 2002 Bachelor of Arts, Dalhousie University, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Academic Unit of History Supervisors: Gail Campbell, Ph.D., History/Canadian History Margaret Conrad, Ph.D., History/Canadian History Examining Board: Paul Howe, Ph.D. Political Science, Chair David Frank, Ph.D., History/Canadian History Linda Kealey, Ph.D., History/Canadian History External Examiner: Matthew Hayday, Ph.D., History/Canadian History This dissertation is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK September 2011 ©Matthew James J. Baglole, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-92840-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-92840-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of H.A.J. ‘Gus’ Wedderbum and Muriel Duckworth, whose tireless dedication to their vision of a better world was unsurpassed, uncommon, inspiring and transformational. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the history of activist mobilization as process, analyzed through case studies of feminists and African-Nova Scotians in Halifax, Nova Scotia between the Bill of Rights (1960) and Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982). Drawing on archival records, oral history interviews, and secondary sources while applying social movement theory, it explores mobilization as a process characterized by four challenges: creating a political consciousness, establishing formal organizations, mobilizing resources and designing tactics. Mobilization allowed local activists to join other state and non-state actors in a series of dialogues then shaping Canada’s ‘rights revolution’: a period of significant rights reform. Feminist and African Nova Scotian mobilization occurred within a shifting historical context characterized by local manifestation of trends within the North Atlantic world. The local context — including pervasive racial and gender inequality, (international rights movements, a state interest in human rights and demographic shifts — influenced how local activists met mobilization challenges. Examining mobilization as a process unfolding in a particular time and space, this study explores the extent to which historical context shaped local activism. It argues that the Canadian state, directly and indirectly active in the process of rights reform and activist mobilization, was central to African-Nova Scotian and feminist mobilization in Halifax. The history of these local movements, from inception to action and outcome, suggests that the blurred lines between social and political actors, actions and goals comprised part of the dynamic historical context in which action/reaction shaped the environments where mobilization occurred. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to my loving wife, Dawn. Her support sustained me during this long journey. My family and friends also lent considerable support, in every conceivable way. Great thanks are due to my supervisors, Dr. Gail Campbell and Dr. Margaret Conrad. Their patience and commitment to this project, was vital to its completion. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my examining committee whose suggestions further strengthened this dissertation. The University of New Brunswick, Canada Research Chair in Atlantic Canada Studies and the Atlantic Human Rights Centre at St Thomas University offered much-needed financial support. I am also grateful to the many people with whom I have worked and learned: the History Department, library staff, Human Rights Programme and the wonderful people I had the pleasure of working with at the ETC. The archivists and staff at Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, Library and Archives Canada, University of New Brunswick Special Collections, Dalhousie University Archives and McMaster University Archives were invariably helpful as was Senator Noel Kinsella, who agreed to share his personal papers. I am especially indebted to the activists who shared their personal histories with me and to the Gorsebrook Research Institute and to Peter Twohig for his time, support, encouragement and advice. Table of Contents ‘ALL THE MESSY DETAILS’: TWO CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVIST MOBILIZATION IN HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, 1960-1982.......................................... i Dedication..................................................................................................................................ii Abstract.....................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments i v Table of Contents......................................................................................................................v List of Acronyms.....................................................................................................................vi Introduction...............................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: Social Movement Theory...............................................................................27 Chapter Two: Political Consciousness: The Wellspring of Political Action..................... 57 Chapter Three: Formal Organization: A Vehicle for Polical Action................................ 119 Chapter Four: Resource Mobilization: The Means to Political Action............................169 Chapter Five: Tactics: Taking Political Action................................................................. 234 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 299 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 307 Appendix A: Select Newsletters of Social Movement Organizaitons Active in Halifax, NS from 1960 to 1982......................................................................................................... 329 Curriculum Vitae v List o f Abbreviations ACLM Afro-Canadian Liberation Movement AUBA African United Baptist Association AWP A Woman’s Place-Forrest House BEA Black Educators Association BPWG Black Professional Women’s Group BUF The Black United Front CACSW Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women CCDPP Canadian Communities Development Projects Program CCIL Colored Citizens Improvement League CEC Colored Education Centre CEDAW Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CFUW Canadian Federation of University Women CHRC Canadian Human Rights Commission CMHC Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation CR Group Consciousness-Raising Group CRIAW Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women CUCND Combined University Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CYC Company of Young Canadians HBPWC Halifax Business and Professional Women’s Club HDWL Halifax-Dartmouth Women’s Liberation HERO Historical Education Research Organization HRAC Halifax Human Rights Advisory Council IWY International Women’s Year IYHR International Year for Human Rights LCW Local Council of Women LIP Local Initiatives Program MOVE Citizens Movement for Voice and Action NAC National Action Committee on the Status of Women NBCC National Black Coalition of Canada NDP New Democratic Party of Canada NSAACP Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Colored People NSACSW Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women NSHRC Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission NSWAC Nova Scotia
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