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Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography

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Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2015 Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography Nathaniel Don Norman University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Norman, Nathaniel Don, "Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3516 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Nathaniel Don Norman entitled "Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. Misty G. Anderson, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Nancy Henry, Anthony Welch, Ernest F. Freeburg Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Rhetorics of Self in Eighteenth-Century Biography A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Nathaniel Don Norman August 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Nathaniel Don Norman All rights reserved. ii Acknowledgements There is not enough space to acknowledge all of the people to whom my thanks are due. The University of Tennessee’s English Department let me pursue my scholarly interests, and its Student Success Center let me draw them to a close, for now at least. As for the gradual nature of my dissertation’s progress, I hope the words of Samuel Johnson to James Boswell will suffice: “No man is always in a disposition to write; nor has any man at all times something to say.” I owe much gratitude to the people who have given me something to say and better ways to say it. I would like to thank Gordon Turnbull for his close direction in my research at Yale’s Beinecke Library. I have also been lucky to work with Nancy Henry, Anthony Welch, and Ernest Freeberg, who always gave prompt, thorough feedback on my work. My dissertation director, Misty Anderson, has been a constant source of guidance, rigor, patience, encouragement, and support. Without her push and, frankly, her deft problem solving, I never would have made it to the Beinecke, finished the dissertation, or worked for Maryville College. I am thankful for the support of Jeremy Wear, whose knowledge of our shared interests has been a well I have drawn from often. He and Katie Burnett have always been willing to advise me professionally and well. I have whiled away some of my finest hours in their company and with Jennifer Millsaps, who was willing to hear and allay my frustrations and encourage my persistence. Without my family—my parents, Don and Gail Norman, and my children, Ian Nathaniel and Rosalind Dawn Norman—I likely would never have been in a disposition to write or accomplish much of anything. Their sacrifices, encouragement, and love deserve the most acknowledgement of all. iii Abstract This study examines the rhetorical methods that eighteenth-century biographers use to produce selfhood and to educate readers in behaviors that promote sociability. The interventions of the New Science’s inductive epistemology in rhetoric and conceptualizations of selfhood, as well as the rise of print culture, offer a foundation for exploring the emergence of the modern biographical form in the eighteenth century. In its development, eighteenth-century biography utilizes various rhetorical techniques to create a rhetoric of self, which arranges documented, lived experience into a print selfhood that readers can observe empirically and sympathetically, an engagement with the print person through which they teach themselves right social practice. Fundamentally, the effect of these rhetorical techniques is a selfhood that can act as a substitute for a person, which readers can observe empirically and sympathetically. In its emergence, the biographical rhetoric of self teaches readers to apply a new ethics of reading in order to improve themselves and to engage the larger community of readers. iv Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Critical Positioning ..................................................................................................................... 1 Eighteenth-Century Notions of Biography ................................................................................. 3 The Situation of the Eighteenth-Century Self ............................................................................. 9 Private Readers, Social Subjects ............................................................................................... 14 Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 1—Situating the Self ....................................................................................................... 25 Emergence and Shift ................................................................................................................. 32 Instituting the New Scientific Epistemology ............................................................................ 38 Articulating the New Scientific Epistemology ......................................................................... 54 Individuating the New Scientific Epistemology ....................................................................... 62 Individuating the New Scientific Epistemology ....................................................................... 76 Chapter 2—Locating the Self ....................................................................................................... 92 Inductive Choice: The New Ethics of Reading ......................................................................... 93 The Life of Richard Savage: Publicizing the Personal Self in Documentation ...................... 103 Conceiving Savage’s Life: Publications, Letters, and Recollections ..................................... 110 The Life of Richard Nash: Spectating a Person and a Character Type as Documentation .... 130 Chapter 3—The Intimate Rhetoric of Self .................................................................................. 148 Ethos as a Mediator for Selfhood ............................................................................................ 155 Mediating the Private Facts of Selfhood through an Intimate Ethos ...................................... 164 Authorizing Boswell’s Public Ethos through Periodical Print ............................................... 172 “Scottifying” Johnson ............................................................................................................. 186 Chapter 4—Arranging and Innovating Biography ..................................................................... 197 Arranging the Accumulations of Johnson’s Selfhood ............................................................ 206 Composing Johnson’s Selfhood Textually ............................................................................. 213 Composing Johnson’s Selfhood Intimately ............................................................................ 225 Johnson’s School: Truth and Victory in a Conversational Locus........................................... 241 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 257 Two Bodies ............................................................................................................................. 257 The Human Frame .................................................................................................................. 261 Biography Beyond the Eighteenth Century ............................................................................ 264 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 266 Vita .............................................................................................................................................. 275 v Introduction Critical Positioning Since it relies so conspicuously on research and a chronological apparatus, modern biography can seem too formulaic or too easy, a simplistic arrangement of self-evident facts. Whether the modern reader takes up one of Claire Tomalin’s literary biographies or just a single volume of Michael Reynolds’ five volume treatment of Ernest Hemingway’s life, the familiar markers of the form are all there: chapter headings divide the life into years or noteworthy periods, citations and footnotes credential documentary evidence, and a series of plates reproduces portraits of the subject’s social network. Even Stephen Greenblatt acknowledges the
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