GOULD'S HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD VOLUME III From a photograph by Underwood and Underwood . King Gustav of Sweden . From the painting by Bernhard Osterman . .o .o.o.o.o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o.o 0 0 0 Eas 0 xxo~ m~N o En o SNOS S,2i3[~I8I2iDS S3ZU 0 ,XHJ o ~y<~~ v o +5 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 III 3I~1Ifl 0 ZOn o Eys, 0 0 v v v 4 o~ 0 a ////~I1\`\ •O E 7S, 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ey; 0 v Gl"HOm 9H~L .Lf10HO110UH,L o E-r, v0 0 0 v 0 v IN A 0 s vw a 4 N 0 0 0 40 v E-1 0 A S vs 0 I( I H S~QZ~109 a $ u eee.e.e.e.eee .e.e.ae.a.e.e.e.e.e.e .ese.e.e.e.e.eeeeee <~ .eee0 .e.e.e.eee.e.e.e.e.oee.e .e. v Z/~~Z/~~S?/~~SZ/~~SZ/n~SZ/ti~5?/~~SZh~SZ/~15Z/~~S?h\SZ/,~5?h~S~/n~S?/\5?/~\SZ/n~S?h~S~/n~SZ/n~SZln~?!~~ W` ,~` W~ W~ W~ W` W` W` W` ~W w.! W~ W` i~W rW W` W~ W` wy y uy J1 COPYRIGHT, 1936, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER ' S SONS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA ww •o •o •o ww •oww•o•ow•wo•o w•o •aoww •o•o •o•o•o•o•o •wo •o •owwwww•ow•o www•o• 0 I ° GOULD'S HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD REVISED BY DUDLEY WRIGHT EDITOR OF THE MASONIC NEWS THIS EDITION IN SIX VOLUMES EMBRACES NOT ONLY AN Q Q INVESTIGATION OF RECORDS OF THE ORGANIZATIONS OF THE FRATERNITY IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, THE BRITISH COLONIES, EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA, BUT INCLUDES ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ESPE- CIALLY PREPARED ON EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA, ALSO o b CONTRIBUTIONS BY DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS OF THE FRATERNITY COVERING EACH OF THE o FORTY-EIGHT STATES, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND THE POSSESSIONS OF THE b o UNITED STATES 4 4 THE PROVINCES OF CANADA AND THE 4 COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA b UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 0 MELVIN M. JOHNSON 2 Past Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts, and M . •. P .- . Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, U Q Masonic Jurisdiction of the United States o 33 5 for the Northern O Q AND 3 J . EDWARD ALLEN b Foreign Correspondent and Reviewer Grand Lodge, Grand Chapter, Grand Council, Grand Commandcry 4 of North Carolina and the Grand Encampment K. T . of the United States u ILLUSTRATED °• o b Q CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK 0 .e.~.e.e.e.e.e.e.eNe.e.e.e.e.e.e .e.e.e.e.e»e.e.e .e .e .ere .e .a.e.e.e.e .e .e .e .e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e. 1 CONTENTS VOLUME III CHAPTER ONE PAGE INTRODUCTION OF FREEMASONRY ABROAD - THE RISE OF ADDITIONAL RITES - THE CHEVALIER RAMSAY I CHAPTER TWO FREEMASONRY IN FRANCE 20 CHAPTER THREE FREEMASONRY IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE 89 CHAPTER FOUR FREEMASONRY IN AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY 161 CHAPTER FIVE FREEMASONRY IN RUSSIA 1 73 CHAPTER SIX FREEMASONRY IN DENMARK AND HOLLAND 20I CHAPTER SEVEN FREEMASONRY IN SWEDEN, NORWAY AND FINLAND 22I CHAPTER EIGHT FREEMASONRY IN SWITZERLAND 233 CHAPTER NINE FREEMASONRY IN ITALY 241 CHAPTER TEN FREEMASONRY IN BELGIUM 2 55 CHAPTER ELEVEN FREEMASONRY IN SPAIN 262 vii viii CONTENTS CHAPTER TWELVE PAGE FREEMASONRY IN PORTUGAL 273 CHAPTER THIRTEEN FREEMASONRY IN MALTA 2.82- CHAPTER FOURTEEN FREEMASONRY IN POLAND 2-90 CHAPTER FIFTEEN FREEMASONRY IN BOHEMIA AND CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 299 CHAPTER SIXTEEN FREEMASONRY IN RUMANIA AND JUGO-SLAVIA 307 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN FREEMASONRY IN TURKEY, GREECE AND CYPRUS 3 1 3 4 ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME III King Gustav of Sweden Frontispiece PACING PAGE A Masonic Lodge in Paris, 1740 i6 Comte de Clermont 2.6 Regalia of the Grand Orient of France (Colour) 40 Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orleans 42 Joseph Bonaparte 54 Napoleon Bonaparte, at the Lodge of Faubourg St . Marcel 56 A Masonic Banquet - A Toast 66 The Reception of an Apprentice 84 A Freemason's Lodge, Frederick the Great Presiding go F. L . Schroeder, Ritual Reformer, 1744-1816 92 Freemason's Sword of Frederick the Great 94 A Representative Selection of German Lodge Jewels (Colour) io8 J . G. Fichte, Masonic Historian and German Philosopher, 1762-1814 132 Altar in the Little Temple, Berlin 1 44 A Master with Apron 1 5 8 Headquarters of the Grand East of the Netherlands, at The Hague 204 Lodge Room at Copenhagen, Denmark 206 Masonic Temple, Amsterdam 2-14 Masonic Temple, Amsterdam - West End 218 Freemasons' Hall, Oslo, Norway 222 A Rare Swiss Jewel of the Second Degree 234 ix x ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Heinrich Zschokke 2.40 Grand Master Giuseppe Garibaldi 2.50 The Duke of Cumberland 2.56 Prominent Churchmen, Members of the Masonic Fraternity Hosea Ballou, Edward Bass, Gregory T . Bedell, Sr., Thomas C . Brownell, Thomas Chalmers, Philander Chase, Leighton Coleman, James E . Freeman, Alexander V . Griswold, Thomas Starr King, William H . Odenheimer, Henry C . Potter, Samuel Seabury At end of volume GOULD'S HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD VOLUME III A HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD VOL . III CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION OF FREEMASONRY ABROAD-THE RISE OF ADDITIONAL RITES-THE CHEVALIER RAMSAY T has been regarded as a matter for astonishment that, in the short space of from ten to twenty years after the establishment of the Grand Lodge of England, Freemasonry should have obtained a firm footing in the remotest partsJ of the continent of Europe . The circumstance, however, seems to be a natural result . England at that time was, without doubt, the centre of all eyes and any important movement in this country was bound to attract especial attention from the world at large . Marlborough's brilliant achievements abroad had made her weight felt on the Continent ; the States of Europe were distracted and impoverished by constant wars, whilst England was at least undisturbed within her own frontiers and had become exceedingly wealthy . Her possession of Hanover brought her into close contact with Germany, but her alliance and, above all, her large subsidies, were desired by each of the contending States in turn and, as a consequence, her capital was the rendezvous of thousands of foreigners . In these circumstances the formation of the Grand Lodge could barely have escaped notice ; but, when noblemen of high position and men celebrated for their learning began to frequent the assemblies, to accept office, to take part in public processions, proudly wearing the jewels and aprons, no foreigner resident in the City of London could fail to be struck with the phenomenon . For in those days London was not a province of vast extent . It was a city of ordinary dimensions and each citizen might fairly be expected to be acquainted with every part of it, as well as with the personal appearance of its chief notabilities . A duke or earl was not lost amongst the millions of people who now throng the thoroughfares . His person, equipages and liveries were familiar to the majority of residents, his words and actions the talk of every club and coffee-house . The Fraternity, so suddenly brought into prominence, must have attracted everyone's attention and many visitors to the metropolis must have been introduced into its circle . Returning to their own country, what more natural than a wish to enjoy there also those charming meetings 2 INTRODUCTION OF FREEMASONRY ABROAD-THE RISE OF where kindliness and charity prevailed, where the strife of parties was unknown, where the slightest allusion to political or religious controversy was forbidden . What more natural than that those debarred from visiting its shores should desire to benefit by the new whim of " those eccentric islanders" and that, given a sufficient number of the initiated in any one town, Lodges should be formed ? Even before regular Lodges were constituted, it cannot be doubted that informal receptions into the Fraternity took place whenever a few Freemasons met together . Wherever the earliest Lodges existed, there are found traces of previous meetings and, in no other way, can the presence in the first stated Lodges, of undoubted Freemasons initiated elsewhere, be accounted for . There seems little doubt that, within five years of 1717, Freemasons were by no means scarce on the Continent . But little doubt can exist that no single Freemason ever lived on the Continent or elsewhere, whose Masonic pedigree did not begin in Great Britain . No former association, guild or otherwise, ever grew into a Fraternity of Freemasons outside these islands, nor was any connexion with the building trades of the Continent ever claimed by the first Freemasons of Europe . The Craft there is a direct importation from England and, in its infancy and for many subsequent years, was confined entirely to the upper classes without the least admixture of the artisan . Even in Germany the language of the Fraternity was French, being that of the court and of diplomacy . All the earlier Minutes are recorded in that tongue and all the names of the first Lodges are French . For a few years the references are invariably to England and to English usages but, about 1740, a change took place . In contradistinction to English Masonry, a Scottish Masonry, supposed to hail from Scotland, but having no real connexion with the sister kingdom, arose, which was presumed to be superior to the hitherto known Craft and possessed of more recondite knowledge and extensive privileges .